diff --git a/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/SumOfSquares.java b/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/SumOfSquares.java new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..c050d5a75f7b --- /dev/null +++ b/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/SumOfSquares.java @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +package com.thealgorithms.maths; + +/** + * Implementation of Lagrange's Four Square Theorem + * Find minimum number of perfect squares that sum to given number + * + * @see Lagrange's Four Square Theorem + * @author BEASTSHRIRAM + */ +public final class SumOfSquares { + + private SumOfSquares() { + // Utility class + } + + /** + * Find minimum number of perfect squares that sum to n + * + * @param n the target number + * @return minimum number of squares needed + */ + public static int minSquares(int n) { + if (isPerfectSquare(n)) { + return 1; + } + + for (int i = 1; i * i <= n; i++) { + int remaining = n - i * i; + if (isPerfectSquare(remaining)) { + return 2; + } + } + + // Legendre's three-square theorem + int temp = n; + while (temp % 4 == 0) { + temp /= 4; + } + if (temp % 8 == 7) { + return 4; + } + + return 3; + } + + private static boolean isPerfectSquare(int n) { + if (n < 0) { + return false; + } + int root = (int) Math.sqrt(n); + return root * root == n; + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/SumOfSquaresTest.java b/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/SumOfSquaresTest.java new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..834fe61a049e --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/SumOfSquaresTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +package com.thealgorithms.maths; + +import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals; + +import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; + +/** + * Test class for SumOfSquares + * + * @author BEASTSHRIRAM + */ +class SumOfSquaresTest { + + @Test + void testPerfectSquares() { + // Perfect squares should return 1 + assertEquals(1, SumOfSquares.minSquares(1)); // 1^2 + assertEquals(1, SumOfSquares.minSquares(4)); // 2^2 + assertEquals(1, SumOfSquares.minSquares(9)); // 3^2 + assertEquals(1, SumOfSquares.minSquares(16)); // 4^2 + assertEquals(1, SumOfSquares.minSquares(25)); // 5^2 + } + + @Test + void testTwoSquares() { + // Numbers that can be expressed as sum of two squares + assertEquals(2, SumOfSquares.minSquares(2)); // 1^2 + 1^2 + assertEquals(2, SumOfSquares.minSquares(5)); // 1^2 + 2^2 + assertEquals(2, SumOfSquares.minSquares(8)); // 2^2 + 2^2 + assertEquals(2, SumOfSquares.minSquares(10)); // 1^2 + 3^2 + assertEquals(2, SumOfSquares.minSquares(13)); // 2^2 + 3^2 + } + + @Test + void testThreeSquares() { + // Numbers that require exactly three squares + assertEquals(3, SumOfSquares.minSquares(3)); // 1^2 + 1^2 + 1^2 + assertEquals(3, SumOfSquares.minSquares(6)); // 1^2 + 1^2 + 2^2 + assertEquals(3, SumOfSquares.minSquares(11)); // 1^2 + 1^2 + 3^2 + assertEquals(3, SumOfSquares.minSquares(12)); // 2^2 + 2^2 + 2^2 + assertEquals(3, SumOfSquares.minSquares(14)); // 1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 + } + + @Test + void testFourSquares() { + // Numbers that require exactly four squares (form 4^a * (8b + 7)) + assertEquals(4, SumOfSquares.minSquares(7)); // 1^2 + 1^2 + 1^2 + 2^2 + assertEquals(4, SumOfSquares.minSquares(15)); // 1^2 + 1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 + assertEquals(4, SumOfSquares.minSquares(23)); // 1^2 + 1^2 + 3^2 + 3^2 + assertEquals(4, SumOfSquares.minSquares(28)); // 4 * 7, so needs 4 squares + assertEquals(4, SumOfSquares.minSquares(31)); // 1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 + 3^2 + } + + @Test + void testLargerNumbers() { + // Test some larger numbers + assertEquals(1, SumOfSquares.minSquares(100)); // 10^2 + assertEquals(2, SumOfSquares.minSquares(65)); // 1^2 + 8^2 + assertEquals(3, SumOfSquares.minSquares(19)); // 1^2 + 3^2 + 3^2 + assertEquals(4, SumOfSquares.minSquares(60)); // 4 * 15, and 15 = 8*1 + 7 + } + + @Test + void testEdgeCases() { + // Test edge case + assertEquals(1, SumOfSquares.minSquares(0)); // 0^2 + } +}