From 953a685c627c94f632fff09880bdca3bdb1b1259 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vini Antunes <vinicius.aoliveira@yduqs.com.br>
Date: Wed, 8 Oct 2025 12:48:10 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 1/2] Add Faraday-Lenz law algorithm

---
 physics/faraday_lenz_law.py | 93 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 93 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 physics/faraday_lenz_law.py

diff --git a/physics/faraday_lenz_law.py b/physics/faraday_lenz_law.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5439713350fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/physics/faraday_lenz_law.py
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+"""
+According to Faraday's law, the emergence of electric currents depends on the change in
+magnetic flux. Therefore, we write that the time variation of the magnetic flux is
+equivalent to an electric potential measured in volts (V), which, for historical
+reasons, is called the induced electromotive force (ε). This relationship is expressed
+by the following formula:
+
+---------------
+| ε = ΔΦ / Δt |
+---------------
+
+ε --> induced electromotive force (V - volts)
+
+ΔΦ = ΦF - Φi - variation in magnetic flux (Wb)
+
+Δt - time interval (s)
+
+Furthermore, due to the principle of conservation of energy, we need to add a negative
+sign to Faraday's law. This signal was introduced by Lenz's Law, which allows us to
+determine the direction of the electric current:
+
+An electric current will always be formed in a direction such that the magnetic flux it
+produces opposes the magnetic flux that induced it.
+
+The combination of these pieces of information gives rise to the Faraday-Lenz Law.
+Check it out:
+
+-----------------
+| ε = - ΔΦ / Δt |
+-----------------
+
+(Description adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_induction )
+"""
+
+
+def __check_args(final_flux: float, initinal_flux: float, time_interval: float) -> None:
+    """
+    Check that the arguments are valid
+    >>> __check_args(50, 10, -10)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: Invalid time interval. Should be a positive number.
+    >>> __check_args("50", 10, 10)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    TypeError: Invalid final flux. Should be an integer or float.
+    """
+
+    # Ensure valid instance
+    if not isinstance(final_flux, (int, float)):
+        raise TypeError("Invalid final flux. Should be an integer or float.")
+
+    if not isinstance(initinal_flux, (int, float)):
+        raise TypeError("Invalid final flux. Should be an integer or float.")
+
+    if not isinstance(time_interval, (int, float)):
+        raise TypeError("Invalid time interval. Should be an integer or float.")
+
+    # Ensure valid time interval
+    if time_interval < 0:
+        raise ValueError("Invalid time interval. Should be a positive number.")
+
+
+def induced_electromotive_force(
+    final_flux: float, initinal_flux: float, time_interval: float
+) -> float:
+    """
+    >>> induced_electromotive_force(50.0, 20, 3.0)
+    -10.0
+    >>> induced_electromotive_force(40, 30, 10.0)
+    -1.0
+    >>> induced_electromotive_force(30.0, 50.0, 10)
+    2.0
+    >>> induced_electromotive_force(100, 100.0, 20.0)
+    -0.0
+    >>> induced_electromotive_force(10.0, 2.0, -2.0)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: Invalid time interval. Should be a positive number.
+    >>> induced_electromotive_force(11.0, 'a', 5.0)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    TypeError: Invalid final flux. Should be an integer or float.
+    """
+    __check_args(final_flux, initinal_flux, time_interval)
+    flux_variation = final_flux - initinal_flux
+    return round(-flux_variation / time_interval, 1)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    from doctest import testmod
+
+    testmod()
\ No newline at end of file

From 16bbb6842ca9015b4dd55f018cf9296c255faf28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Oct 2025 16:16:46 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2/2] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 physics/faraday_lenz_law.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/physics/faraday_lenz_law.py b/physics/faraday_lenz_law.py
index 5439713350fc..290e00844464 100644
--- a/physics/faraday_lenz_law.py
+++ b/physics/faraday_lenz_law.py
@@ -90,4 +90,4 @@ def induced_electromotive_force(
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     from doctest import testmod
 
-    testmod()
\ No newline at end of file
+    testmod()