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DMMs

Information about digital multimeters, especially used models of interest to volt-nuts.

Models with 6.5-digit resolution

General info:

Make Model Introduced Comms Image
HP 3455A 1976? GPIB
HP 3456A 1980? GPIB
HP 3457A 1985? GPIB
HP / Agilent / Keysight 34401A 1991? GPIB, RS-232
HP / Agilent / Keysight 34410A
HP / Agilent / Keysight 34465A
Keithley 192 1982? ?
Keithley 193 1985? GPIB
Keithley 196 1986? GPIB
Keithley 2000 GPIB, RS-232
Keithley 2015 GPIB, RS-232
Keithley 2100
Fluke 8502A 1978? GPIB (opt. 05)
Fluke 8505A 1983? GPIB (opt. 05)
Fluke 8506A 1983? GPIB (opt. 05)
Fluke 8845A 2006? GPIB, RS-232, Ethernet
Fluke 8846A 2006? GPIB, RS-232, Ethernet
Tektronix DMM4050
Datron 1061A GPIB
Datron 1062 GPIB
Datron 1065A
Rigol DM3068

Notes:

  • "The rebadged Keithley 2100 was quite terrible" [1]
  • "Avoid the Keithley 2100, it was an outsourced design with limited support/documentation and some annoying firmware bugs that were never fixed as far as I know." [1]
  • The Tektronix DMM4050 is a re-badge of the Fluke 8846A [1]

Range info:

Make Model Range scheme A/D counts Max value
HP 3455A 1x, 10x, ... 1.499999
HP 3456A 1x, 10x, ... 1.199999
HP 3457A 3x, 30x, ... 3.030000
HP/Agilent 34401A 1x, 10x, ... 1,200,000
Keithley 192 2x, 20x, ... 2,000,000 1.999999
Keithley 193 2x, 20x, ... 2,200,000 2.199999
Keithley 196 3x, 30x, ... 3,030,000
Keithley 2000 1x, 10x, ... "120% overrange"
Keithley 2015 1x, 10x, ... "120% overrange"
Fluke 8502A (gain:) x64, x8, x1, x/8, x/64 312.5mV, 2.5V, 20V, 160V, 1200V
Fluke 8505A 2x, 20x, ... 2.000000
Fluke 8506A 2x, 20x, ... 2.000000
Fluke 8845A 1x, 10x, ... "20% overrange"
Fluke 8846A 1x, 10x, ... "20% overrange"
Datron 1061A 1x, 10x, ... 1,999,999
Datron 1062 1x, 10x, ... 1,999,999
Datron 1065A 1x, 10x, ... 1,999,999

Notes:

  • HP 3457A supports greater resolution via GPIB
  • HP 34401A supports greater resolution via GPIB / RS-232
  • Fluke 8505A and 8506A support 7.5-digits in the 10V range (1uV resolution) using AVG operating mode

DC Volts info:

Make Model Ref. Best res. (range) Hi-Z (value)
HP 3455A 1uV (1V) 100mV, 1V, 10V (>10G)
HP 3456A 100nV (100mV) 100mV, 1V, 10V (>10G)
HP 3457A LM399 10nV (30mV) 30mV, 300mV, 3V
HP/Agilent 34401A LM399 100nV (100mV) 100mV, 1V, 10V (>10G)
Keithley 192 1uV (2V*) 200mV, 2V, 20V (>1G)
Keithley 193 100nV (200mV) 200mV, 2V
Keithley 196 100nV (300mV) 300mV, 3V (>1G)
Keithley 2000 100nV (100mV) 100mV, 1V, 10V (>10G)
Keithley 2015
Fluke 8502A 1uV (1V) 100mV, 1V, 10V
Fluke 8505A 100nV (200mV) 200mV, 2V, 20V
Fluke 8506A SZA263 [1] 100nV (200mV) 200mV, 2V, 20V
Fluke 8845A LM399? 100nV (100mV) 100mV, 1V, 10V (>10G)
Fluke 8846A LM399 [1] 100nV (100mV) 100mV, 1V, 10V (>10G)
Datron 1061A Zener diodes (unconfirmed)
Datron 1062 Zener diodes (unconfirmed)
Datron 1065A Zener diodes (unconfirmed)

Note:

  • Keithley 192 has no 0.2V range in 6.5-digit mode (best 6.5-digit resolution is 1uV in 2V range).

Calibration info:

Make Model Cal methods
HP 3455A Trimpots
HP 3456A Trimpots
HP 3457A Front panel, Remote
HP/Agilent 34401A Front panel, Remote
Keithley 192 Trimpots
Keithley 193 Front panel, Remote
Keithley 196 Front panel, Remote
Keithley 2000 Front panel, Remote
Keithley 2015 Front panel, Remote
Fluke 8502A Front panel (calibration memory, option -04) or trimpots
Fluke 8505A Front panel
Fluke 8506A
Fluke 8845A Remote only
Fluke 8846A Remote only
Datron 1061A Front panel, Remote
Datron 1062 Front panel, Remote
Datron 1065A

Notes:

  • The 34401A's calibration counts each range as a "calibration", so a full calibration will increase the count by 35.

Ohms calibration info:

Make Model Standards needed Valid cal. input range
HP 3455A 1k, 10k, 100k, 1M, 10M (arbitrary)
HP 3456A 1k, 10k, 100k, 1M, 10M (arbitrary)
HP 3457A 30R, 300R, 3k, 30K, 300K, 3Meg, 30Meg (See note*)
HP/Agilent 34401A 100R, 1k, 10k, 100k, 1M, 10M, 100M 0.9x to 1.1x
Keithley 192 190R, 1.9k, 19k, 190k, 1.9M, 10M (must less than full-scale, e.g. 1.999999)
Keithley 193 200R, 2k, 20k, 200k, 2M, 20M, 200M (allows entering arbitrary values)
Keithley 196 300R, 3k, 30k, 300k, 3M, 30M, 300M (allows entering arbitrary values)
Keithley 2000 1k, 10k, 100k, 1M 0.9x to 1.1x
Keithley 2015 1k, 10k, 100k, 1M 0.9x to 1.1x
Fluke 8502A 1.9k, 250K, 4M, 100M (arbitrary)
Fluke 8505A 1.9k, 250k, 4M, 19M, 100M "any known value from 60% of range to full scale"
Fluke 8506A 1.9k, 250k, 4M, 100M
Fluke 8845A 100R, 1k, 10k, 100k, 1M, 10M, 100M
Fluke 8846A 10R, 100R, 1k, 10k, 100k, 1M, 10M, 100M, 1G
Datron 1061A 10R, 100R, 1k, 10k, 100k, 1M, 10M "20% to 200% of range"
Datron 1062 10R, 100R, 1k, 10k, 100k, 1M, 10M "20% to 200% of range"
Datron 1065A

Notes:

  • The 3457A allows entering the exact value of the calibration source, but I'm not sure of the allowed range of values.
  • The Keithley 192 calls for 1.9x calibration values. The manual also specifies "To prevent AD saturation, peak AC+DC value must be less than full scale on any range".
  • Fluke 8502A, 8505A and 8506A use a set of 2k, 256k, and 4.091M reference resistors internally.

Additional resources:

Models with 5.5-digit resolution

General info:

Make Model Introduced Comms Image
HP 3468A 1981? HP-IL
HP 3468B 1981? HP-IL
HP 3478A 1981? GPIB
Keithley 195 1982?
Keithley 195A 1984? GPIB
Keithley 199* 1988? GPIB
Fluke 8800A 1974? TTL output (opt. 02)
Fluke 8810A 1978? TTL output (opt. 002)
Fluke 8520A 1979? GPIB
Fluke 45 1989? GPIB (opt. O5K), RS-232
Fluke 8840A 1991? GPIBG (opt. 05)
Fluke 8842A 1991? GPIBG (opt. 05)
Fluke 8808A 2007? RS-232
Datron 1061
Datron 1065
Rigol DM3058E

Notes:

  • The HP 3468A comes in a "carrying case" (with a handle) and the HP 3468B comes in a "system case".
  • It appears the Keithley 195A is a 195 with the addition of temperature measurement.
  • The Keithley 199 is a scanner.
  • The Fluke 45 can only do 99,999 counts (5 digits), so it isn't a "true" 5.5-digit meter.
  • lmester's HP 3478A GPIB control program (windows) [1] [2]
  • mdijkens' Fluke 45 control program (windows) [1]

Range info:

Make Model Range scheme A/D counts Max value
HP 3468A, 3468B 3x, 30x, ... 3.01000
HP 3478A 3x, 30x, ... 3.03099
Keithley 195 2x, 20x, ... 1.99999
Keithley 195A 2x, 20x, ... 1.99999
Keithley 199 3x, 30x, ... 302,999
Fluke 8800A 2x, 20x, ... 1.99999
Fluke 8810A 2x, 20x, ... 1.99999
Fluke 8520A 1x, 10x, ... 1.99999
Fluke 45 3x, 30x, ... / 1x, 10x, ... 3.0000 / 9.9999
Fluke 8840A 2x, 20x, ... 1.99999
Fluke 8842A 2x, 20x, ... 1.99999
Fluke 8808A 2x, 20x, ... 1.99999
Datron 1061 2x, 20x, ... 199,999
Datron 1065 2x, 20x, ... 199,999

Notes:

  • Fluke 45
    • The Fluke 45 uses a 3x range scheme in 4.5-digit mode, and a 1x range scheme in 5-digit mode.
  • Fluke 8520A
    • DCV full-scale readings: 199.999mV, 1.99999V, 16.0100V, 130.100V, 1024.00V

DC Volts info:

Make Model Ref. Best res. (range) Hi-Z (value)
HP 3468A, 3468B 1uV (300mV) 300mV, 3V (>10G)
HP 3478A 100nV (30mV) 30mV, 300mV, 3V (>10G)
Keithley 195 100nV (20mV) 20mV, 200mV, 2V (>1G)
Keithley 195A 100nV (20mV) 20mV, 200mV, 2V (>1G)
Keithley 199 1N4579 [1] 1uV (300mV) 300mV, 3V (>1G)
Fluke 8800A SZA263? 1uV (200mV) 200mV, 2V (>1G)
Fluke 8810A 1uV (200mV) 200mV, 2V (>1G)
Fluke 8520A SZA263 [1] 1uV (100mV) 100mV, 1V, 10V
Fluke 45 1uV (100mV) n/a (10M on all ranges)
Fluke 8840A LTFLU-1 [1] 1uV (200mV) 200mV, 2V, 20V
Fluke 8842A LTFLU-1 [1] 100nV (20mV) 20mV, 200mV, 2V, 20V
Fluke 8808A 1uV (200mV) 200mV, 2V
Datron 1061 Zener diodes [1]

Calibration info:

Make Model Cal methods
HP 3468A, 3468B Front panel, Remote
HP 3478A Front panel, Remote
Keithley 195 Front panel, Remote
Keithley 195A Front panel, Remote
Keithley 199 Front panel, Remote
Fluke 8800A Trimpots
Fluke 8810A Trimpots
Fluke 8520A Trimpots
Fluke Fluke 45 Front panel, Remote
Fluke 8840A Front panel, Remote
Fluke 8842A Front panel, Remote
Fluke 8808A Front panel, Remote

Notes:

  • Fluke 45
    • Specific values cannot be entered for the three calibration points (0V, 90mV, -90mV). I.e., you must supply exactly 90.000mV.

Ohms calibration info:

Make Model Standards needed Valid cal. input range
HP 3468A, 3468B (100R, 1k, 10k, 100k, 1M, 10M) or (300R, 3k, 30k, 300k, 3M, 30M) +/-1000 counts
HP 3478A (10R, 100R, 1k, 10k, 100k, 1M, 10M) or (30R, 300R, 3k, 30k, 300k, 3M, 30M) +/-7%
Keithley 195 19R, 190R, 1.9k, 19k, 190k, 1.9M, 10M
Keithley 195A 19R, 190R, 1.9k, 19k, 190k, 1.9M, 10M
Keithley 199 190R, 1.9k, 19k, 190k, 1.9M, 19M, 100M
Fluke 8800A 100R, 1k, 10k, 100k, 1M, 10M (arbitrary)
Fluke 8810A 100R, 1k, 10k, 100k, 1M, 10M (arbitrary)
Fluke 8520A 100R, 1k, 10k, 100k, 1M (arbitrary)
Fluke 45 290R, 2.9k, 29k, 290k, 2.9M (See table 4-9 in service manual)
Fluke 8840A 100R, 1k, 10k, 100k, 1M, 10M
Fluke 8842A 10R, 100R, 1k, 10k, 100k, 1M, 10M
Fluke 8808A 1R, 10R, 50R, 100R, 150R, 500R, 1k, 1.5k, 5k, 10k, 15k, 50k, 100k, 150k, 500k, 1M, 1.5M, 5M, 10M, 15M, 20M, 50M, 100M

Notes:

  • Fluke 8840A, 8842A
    • The manual recommends using calibration values between half and full-scale, so 1.9x values could also be used here.
  • Fluke 8808A
    • What an obnoxious Ohms calibration procedure!

Notes:

  • Fluke 45
    • The service manual also describes using 1.9x Ohm values as alternate calibration points, but calibrating further away from a full-scale value introduces additional error.
    • Table 4-9 in the service manual lists the valid ranges for all calibration constants. For Ohms, these are:
      • Ohms range 1: 0.9990 to 1.0090
      • Ohms range 2: 1.0000 to 1.0100
      • Ohms range 3: 1.0040 to 1.0140
      • Ohms range 4: 0.9990 to 1.0090
      • Ohms range 5: 0.9990 to 1.0090
      • Ohms range 6: 0.9990 to 1.0090

Additional resources:

Models with 7.5-digit resolution

General info:

Make Model Introduced Comms Image
HP / Agilent / Keysight 34420A
HP / Agilent / Keysight 34470A
Keithley 2001
Keithley 2010
Keithley DMM7510
Datron 1071
Datron 1072
Datron 1081
Datron 1082

Range info:

Make Model Range scheme A/D counts Max value
Datron 1071 2x, 20x, ... 19,999,999
Datron 1072 2x, 20x, ... 19,999,999
Datron 1081 2x, 20x, ... 19,999,999
Datron 1082 2x, 20x, ... 19,999,999

DC Volts info:

Make Model Ref. Best res. (range) Hi-Z (value)
Datron 1071 1N829 Zener diodes [1]
Datron 1081 1N829 Zener diodes [1]

Additional resources:

Models with 8.5-digit resolution

General info:

Make Model Introduced Comms Image
HP / Agilent / Keysight 3458a
Keithley 2002
Datron 1271
Datron 1281

DC Volts info:

Make Model Ref. Best res. (range) Hi-Z (value)
HP / Agilent / Keysight 3458a LTZ1000
Keithley 2002 LTZ1000

Obscure models

See obscure.md.

Special thanks

  • TiN at xDevs.com for his extremely thorough repair and teardown articles, high resolution photos and manuals collection.