From 4a76175c64dec83ba4b04547823f2503d5eed58e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Nov 2025 19:50:38 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 01/57] fix: add library stb

---
 CMakeLists.txt | 11 +++++++++++
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 757c702..9494cd9 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -94,6 +94,17 @@ target_include_directories(imgui PUBLIC
 )
 target_link_libraries(imgui PUBLIC SDL3::SDL3)
 
+FetchContent_Declare(
+        stb
+        GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/nothings/stb.git
+        GIT_TAG master
+        GIT_SHALLOW TRUE
+        GIT_PROGRESS TRUE
+)
+FetchContent_MakeAvailable(stb)
+add_library(stb INTERFACE)
+target_include_directories(stb INTERFACE ${stb_SOURCE_DIR})
+
 FetchContent_Declare(
         googletest
         GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/google/googletest.git

From d6f5c9364f4961415a035fc304b0bc9df4ddd11a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Nov 2025 19:51:03 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 02/57] feat: add asset library

---
 CMakeLists.txt | 14 +++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 9494cd9..450a93f 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -122,8 +122,20 @@ add_subdirectory(sdl_wrapper)
 add_subdirectory(glsl_reflector)
 
 add_executable(SDL_TEST main.cpp)
-target_link_libraries(SDL_TEST PRIVATE imgui sdl_wrapper)
+target_link_libraries(SDL_TEST PRIVATE imgui sdl_wrapper stb)
 
+set(ASSETS_DST_DIR ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/assets)
+file(MAKE_DIRECTORY ${ASSETS_DST_DIR})
+
+set(TEST_TEXTURE_PATH ${ASSETS_DST_DIR}/test_texture.png)
+
+if (NOT EXISTS ${TEST_TEXTURE_PATH})
+    file(DOWNLOAD
+            "https://opengameart.org/sites/default/files/slime_25.png"
+            "${TEST_TEXTURE_PATH}"
+            SHOW_PROGRESS
+    )
+endif()
 
 include(GNUInstallDirs)
 install(TARGETS SDL_TEST

From 05107bbd9365e65df35dd363b005ccfe03ebbdfa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Nov 2025 19:54:19 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 03/57] feat: call function stbi_load and successfully load png

---
 main.cpp | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index 7b7f488..44945a6 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@
 #include "SDL3/SDL.h"
 #include "SDL3/SDL_gpu.h"
 #include "SDL3/SDL_keycode.h"
+
+#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
+#include "stb_image.h"
+
 import data_type;
 import glsl_reflector;
 import sdl_wrapper;
@@ -193,6 +197,18 @@ void main()
 
         ImGui_ImplSDLGPU3_Init(&init_info);
 
+        int w{}, h{}, ch{};
+        auto data = stbi_load("assets/test_texture.png", &w, &h, &ch, 4);
+
+        if (!data)
+        {
+            SDL_Log("stbi_load failed for %s: %s", "test.png", stbi_failure_reason());
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            SDL_Log("stbi_load succeeded, w: %d h:%d ch:%d", w, h, ch);
+        }
+
         return SDL_APP_CONTINUE;
     }
 

From bad42034ea37c63b2870c3a13d3a6443cceea9b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Nov 2025 19:57:21 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 04/57] feat: also install png

---
 CMakeLists.txt | 12 ++++++++----
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 450a93f..a9896e4 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -124,6 +124,11 @@ add_subdirectory(glsl_reflector)
 add_executable(SDL_TEST main.cpp)
 target_link_libraries(SDL_TEST PRIVATE imgui sdl_wrapper stb)
 
+include(GNUInstallDirs)
+install(TARGETS SDL_TEST
+        RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}
+)
+
 set(ASSETS_DST_DIR ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/assets)
 file(MAKE_DIRECTORY ${ASSETS_DST_DIR})
 
@@ -137,7 +142,6 @@ if (NOT EXISTS ${TEST_TEXTURE_PATH})
     )
 endif()
 
-include(GNUInstallDirs)
-install(TARGETS SDL_TEST
-        RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}
-)
\ No newline at end of file
+install(DIRECTORY ${ASSETS_DST_DIR}/
+        DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}/assets
+)

From c2b5fecbdbd4a2c39a5d32ec09c7ac7ef6b5d5c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Nov 2025 21:32:00 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 05/57] feat: Add data type ImageData

---
 data_type/modules/data_type.ixx | 22 +++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx b/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx
index d8a3a2e..cf2f2e6 100644
--- a/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx
+++ b/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx
@@ -2,11 +2,14 @@
 // Created by sophomore on 11/23/25.
 //
 module;
-#include<expected>
+#include <expected>
+#include <vector>
 export module data_type;
 
-export namespace sopho {
-    enum class GpuError {
+export namespace sopho
+{
+    enum class GpuError
+    {
         UNINITIALIZED,
         CREATE_DEVICE_FAILED,
         CREATE_WINDOW_FAILED,
@@ -26,6 +29,15 @@ export namespace sopho {
     };
 
     using TError = GpuError;
-    template<typename T>
+    template <typename T>
     using checkable = std::expected<T, TError>;
-}
+
+    struct ImageData
+    {
+        int width{};
+        int height{};
+        int channels{};
+        std::vector<std::byte> pixels{};
+    };
+
+} // namespace sopho

From 874bec7e598c51df5cac0e4c90a6229d98f6479c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Nov 2025 21:37:05 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 06/57] feat: extract function load_image

---
 main.cpp | 35 ++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index 44945a6..6d854df 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -33,6 +33,27 @@ struct CameraUniform
     std::array<float, 16> m{};
 };
 
+auto load_image()
+{
+    sopho::ImageData result;
+    auto data = stbi_load("assets/test_texture.png", &result.width, &result.height, &result.channels, 4);
+
+    if (!data)
+    {
+        SDL_Log("stbi_load failed for %s: %s", "test.png", stbi_failure_reason());
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result.pixels.assign(reinterpret_cast<std::byte*>(data),
+                             reinterpret_cast<std::byte*>(data) + result.width * result.height * result.channels);
+        stbi_image_free(data);
+        SDL_Log("stbi_load succeeded, w: %d h:%d ch:%d", result.width, result.height, result.channels);
+    }
+
+
+    return result;
+}
+
 class UserApp : public sopho::App
 {
     // GPU + resources
@@ -196,19 +217,7 @@ void main()
         init_info.PresentMode = SDL_GPU_PRESENTMODE_VSYNC;
 
         ImGui_ImplSDLGPU3_Init(&init_info);
-
-        int w{}, h{}, ch{};
-        auto data = stbi_load("assets/test_texture.png", &w, &h, &ch, 4);
-
-        if (!data)
-        {
-            SDL_Log("stbi_load failed for %s: %s", "test.png", stbi_failure_reason());
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            SDL_Log("stbi_load succeeded, w: %d h:%d ch:%d", w, h, ch);
-        }
-
+        load_image();
         return SDL_APP_CONTINUE;
     }
 

From 030e899177b91e2512d7f0571c84260d3dd8bff6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Nov 2025 21:38:07 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 07/57] feat: add property m_image_data

---
 main.cpp | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index 6d854df..cf42a95 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -61,6 +61,8 @@ class UserApp : public sopho::App
 
     std::shared_ptr<sopho::Renderable> m_renderable{};
 
+    sopho::ImageData m_image_data;
+
     // camera state
     float yaw = 0.0f;
     float pitch = 0.0f;
@@ -217,7 +219,7 @@ void main()
         init_info.PresentMode = SDL_GPU_PRESENTMODE_VSYNC;
 
         ImGui_ImplSDLGPU3_Init(&init_info);
-        load_image();
+        m_image_data = load_image();
         return SDL_APP_CONTINUE;
     }
 

From 6a24d89294832cf20e9832eae6cdca6248a862fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Nov 2025 21:55:46 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 08/57] feat: add function create_texture_from_image

---
 main.cpp | 18 ++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index cf42a95..d12d4cd 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ auto load_image()
 {
     sopho::ImageData result;
     auto data = stbi_load("assets/test_texture.png", &result.width, &result.height, &result.channels, 4);
+    result.channels = 4;
 
     if (!data)
     {
@@ -49,11 +50,23 @@ auto load_image()
         stbi_image_free(data);
         SDL_Log("stbi_load succeeded, w: %d h:%d ch:%d", result.width, result.height, result.channels);
     }
-
-
     return result;
 }
 
+SDL_GPUTexture* create_texture_from_image(SDL_GPUDevice* device, const sopho::ImageData& img)
+{
+    SDL_GPUTextureCreateInfo create_info{.type = SDL_GPU_TEXTURETYPE_2D,
+                                         .format = SDL_GPU_TEXTUREFORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
+                                         .usage = SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_SAMPLER,
+                                         .width = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(img.width),
+                                         .height = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(img.height),
+                                         .layer_count_or_depth = 1,
+                                         .num_levels = 1,
+                                         .sample_count = SDL_GPU_SAMPLECOUNT_1,
+                                         .props = 0};
+    return SDL_CreateGPUTexture(device, &create_info);
+}
+
 class UserApp : public sopho::App
 {
     // GPU + resources
@@ -220,6 +233,7 @@ void main()
 
         ImGui_ImplSDLGPU3_Init(&init_info);
         m_image_data = load_image();
+        create_texture_from_image(m_gpu->device(),m_image_data);
         return SDL_APP_CONTINUE;
     }
 

From 90106a36a12949dc0502d62d41e42219e6fd4fca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Nov 2025 23:03:35 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 09/57] breaking: trying to implement

---
 main.cpp | 105 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 103 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index d12d4cd..db79ebe 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -67,6 +67,79 @@ SDL_GPUTexture* create_texture_from_image(SDL_GPUDevice* device, const sopho::Im
     return SDL_CreateGPUTexture(device, &create_info);
 }
 
+SDL_GPUTransferBuffer* create_texture_transfer_buffer(SDL_GPUDevice* device, const sopho::ImageData& img)
+{
+    const Uint32 bytes_per_pixel = 4;
+    const Uint32 size_in_bytes = static_cast<Uint32>(img.width) * static_cast<Uint32>(img.height) * bytes_per_pixel;
+
+    SDL_GPUTransferBufferCreateInfo info{
+        .usage = SDL_GPU_TRANSFERBUFFERUSAGE_UPLOAD, .size = size_in_bytes, .props = 0};
+
+    SDL_GPUTransferBuffer* transfer = SDL_CreateGPUTransferBuffer(device, &info);
+    if (!transfer)
+    {
+        SDL_Log("Failed to create transfer buffer: %s", SDL_GetError());
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    void* ptr = SDL_MapGPUTransferBuffer(device, transfer, false);
+    if (!ptr)
+    {
+        SDL_Log("Failed to map transfer buffer: %s", SDL_GetError());
+        SDL_ReleaseGPUTransferBuffer(device, transfer);
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    // SDL_memcpy(ptr, img.pixels.data(), size_in_bytes);
+    SDL_memset(ptr, 0xFF, size_in_bytes); // RGBA 全是 255 → 纯白
+    SDL_UnmapGPUTransferBuffer(device, transfer);
+
+    return transfer;
+}
+
+void upload_texture_full(SDL_GPUDevice* device, SDL_GPUTexture* texture, SDL_GPUTransferBuffer* transfer, int width,
+                         int height)
+{
+    SDL_GPUCommandBuffer* cmd = SDL_AcquireGPUCommandBuffer(device);
+    if (!cmd)
+    {
+        SDL_Log("SDL_AcquireGPUCommandBuffer failed: %s", SDL_GetError());
+        return;
+    }
+
+    SDL_GPUCopyPass* copy_pass = SDL_BeginGPUCopyPass(cmd);
+    if (!copy_pass)
+    {
+        SDL_Log("SDL_BeginGPUCopyPass failed: %s", SDL_GetError());
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const Uint32 bytes_per_pixel = 4; // RGBA8
+    const Uint32 row_bytes = static_cast<Uint32>(width) * bytes_per_pixel;
+
+    SDL_GPUTextureTransferInfo src{};
+    src.transfer_buffer = transfer;
+    src.offset = 0;
+    src.pixels_per_row = 0;
+    src.rows_per_layer = 0;
+
+    SDL_GPUTextureRegion dst{};
+    dst.texture = texture;
+    dst.mip_level = 0;
+    dst.layer = 0;
+    dst.x = 0;
+    dst.y = 0;
+    dst.z = 0;
+    dst.w = static_cast<Uint32>(width);
+    dst.h = static_cast<Uint32>(height);
+    dst.d = 1;
+
+    SDL_UploadToGPUTexture(copy_pass, &src, &dst, false);
+
+    SDL_EndGPUCopyPass(copy_pass);
+    SDL_SubmitGPUCommandBuffer(cmd);
+}
+
 class UserApp : public sopho::App
 {
     // GPU + resources
@@ -75,6 +148,8 @@ class UserApp : public sopho::App
     std::shared_ptr<sopho::Renderable> m_renderable{};
 
     sopho::ImageData m_image_data;
+    SDL_GPUSampler* m_sampler;
+    SDL_GPUTexture* m_texture;
 
     // camera state
     float yaw = 0.0f;
@@ -106,9 +181,13 @@ void main()
 layout (location = 0) in vec4 v_color;
 layout (location = 0) out vec4 FragColor;
 
+layout(set = 2, binding = 0) uniform sampler2D uTexture;
+
 void main()
 {
-    FragColor = v_color;
+    FragColor = texture(uTexture, vec2(0.5, 0.5));
+    //FragColor = vec4(v_color.xy,0,0);
+    FragColor.a = 1;
 })WSQ";
 
 public:
@@ -233,7 +312,23 @@ void main()
 
         ImGui_ImplSDLGPU3_Init(&init_info);
         m_image_data = load_image();
-        create_texture_from_image(m_gpu->device(),m_image_data);
+        m_texture = create_texture_from_image(m_gpu->device(), m_image_data);
+        auto transfer_buffer = create_texture_transfer_buffer(m_gpu->device(), m_image_data);
+        upload_texture_full(m_gpu->device(), m_texture, transfer_buffer, m_image_data.width, m_image_data.height);
+        SDL_ReleaseGPUTransferBuffer(m_gpu->device(), transfer_buffer);
+        SDL_GPUSamplerCreateInfo info{};
+        info.min_filter = SDL_GPU_FILTER_LINEAR;
+        info.mag_filter = SDL_GPU_FILTER_LINEAR;
+        info.mipmap_mode = SDL_GPU_SAMPLERMIPMAPMODE_LINEAR;
+        info.address_mode_u = SDL_GPU_SAMPLERADDRESSMODE_REPEAT;
+        info.address_mode_v = SDL_GPU_SAMPLERADDRESSMODE_REPEAT;
+        info.address_mode_w = SDL_GPU_SAMPLERADDRESSMODE_REPEAT;
+        info.enable_anisotropy = true;
+        info.enable_compare = false;
+        info.compare_op = SDL_GPU_COMPAREOP_ALWAYS;
+        info.props = 0;
+
+        m_sampler = SDL_CreateGPUSampler(m_gpu->device(), &info);
         return SDL_APP_CONTINUE;
     }
 
@@ -485,6 +580,12 @@ void main()
         SDL_BindGPUIndexBuffer(renderPass, &m_renderable->data()->get_index_buffer_binding(),
                                SDL_GPU_INDEXELEMENTSIZE_32BIT);
 
+        SDL_GPUTextureSamplerBinding tex_binding{};
+        tex_binding.texture = m_texture;
+        tex_binding.sampler = m_sampler;
+
+        SDL_BindGPUFragmentSamplers(renderPass, 0, &tex_binding, 1);
+
         SDL_DrawGPUIndexedPrimitives(renderPass, 6, 1, 0, 0, 0);
 
         ImGui_ImplSDLGPU3_RenderDrawData(draw_data, commandBuffer, renderPass);

From 0c7098dffefea9cfc1f1c4b5abd3b94c7bbad61c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 11:02:51 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 10/57] feat:add num_samplers

---
 sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx               | 11 ++++++-----
 sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp |  4 ++--
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx
index 572aa09..e5e1cd6 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx
@@ -210,11 +210,11 @@ export namespace sopho
         GpuWrapper& operator=(GpuWrapper&&) = delete;
 
         [[nodiscard]] auto device() const { return m_ctx.device.raw; }
-        [[nodiscard]] SDL_Window *window() const { return m_ctx.window.raw; }
+        [[nodiscard]] SDL_Window* window() const { return m_ctx.window.raw; }
 
         [[nodiscard]] std::expected<BufferWrapper, GpuError> create_buffer(SDL_GPUBufferUsageFlags flag, uint32_t size);
-        [[nodiscard]] std::expected<RenderData, GpuError>
-        create_data(const RenderProcedural& render_procedural, uint32_t vertex_count);
+        [[nodiscard]] std::expected<RenderData, GpuError> create_data(const RenderProcedural& render_procedural,
+                                                                      uint32_t vertex_count);
 
         auto release_buffer(SDL_GPUBuffer* buffer)
         {
@@ -247,7 +247,8 @@ export namespace sopho
         }
 
         [[nodiscard]] auto create_shader(const std::vector<uint8_t>& shader, SDL_GPUShaderStage stage,
-                                         uint32_t num_uniform_buffers) -> std::expected<SDL_GPUShader*, GpuError>
+                                         uint32_t num_uniform_buffers, uint32_t num_samplers)
+            -> std::expected<SDL_GPUShader*, GpuError>
         {
             SDL_GPUShaderCreateInfo info{};
             info.code = shader.data();
@@ -255,7 +256,7 @@ export namespace sopho
             info.entrypoint = "main";
             info.format = SDL_GPU_SHADERFORMAT_SPIRV;
             info.stage = stage;
-            info.num_samplers = 0;
+            info.num_samplers = num_samplers;
             info.num_storage_buffers = 0;
             info.num_storage_textures = 0;
             info.num_uniform_buffers = num_uniform_buffers;
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp
index 9558bdc..e22a3f7 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ namespace sopho
         // Convert SPIR-V words to a byte vector
         std::vector<std::uint8_t> code = spv_result_to_bytes(result);
 
-        auto shader_result = m_gpu->create_shader(code, SDL_GPU_SHADERSTAGE_VERTEX, 1);
+        auto shader_result = m_gpu->create_shader(code, SDL_GPU_SHADERSTAGE_VERTEX, 1, 0);
         if (!shader_result)
         {
             return std::unexpected(shader_result.error());
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ namespace sopho
         // Convert SPIR-V words to a byte vector
         std::vector<std::uint8_t> code = spv_result_to_bytes(result);
 
-        auto shader_result = m_gpu->create_shader(code, SDL_GPU_SHADERSTAGE_FRAGMENT, 0);
+        auto shader_result = m_gpu->create_shader(code, SDL_GPU_SHADERSTAGE_FRAGMENT, 0, 1);
         if (!shader_result)
         {
             return std::unexpected(shader_result.error());

From 611ce5e21cac2436aecd5483cb499b85891f1044 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 11:03:28 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 11/57] feat:implement texture

---
 main.cpp | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index db79ebe..a11f671 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -90,8 +90,7 @@ SDL_GPUTransferBuffer* create_texture_transfer_buffer(SDL_GPUDevice* device, con
         return nullptr;
     }
 
-    // SDL_memcpy(ptr, img.pixels.data(), size_in_bytes);
-    SDL_memset(ptr, 0xFF, size_in_bytes); // RGBA 全是 255 → 纯白
+    SDL_memcpy(ptr, img.pixels.data(), size_in_bytes);
     SDL_UnmapGPUTransferBuffer(device, transfer);
 
     return transfer;
@@ -185,7 +184,7 @@ layout(set = 2, binding = 0) uniform sampler2D uTexture;
 
 void main()
 {
-    FragColor = texture(uTexture, vec2(0.5, 0.5));
+    FragColor = texture(uTexture, v_color.xy);
     //FragColor = vec4(v_color.xy,0,0);
     FragColor.a = 1;
 })WSQ";
@@ -319,6 +318,7 @@ void main()
         SDL_GPUSamplerCreateInfo info{};
         info.min_filter = SDL_GPU_FILTER_LINEAR;
         info.mag_filter = SDL_GPU_FILTER_LINEAR;
+        info.max_anisotropy = 1.f;
         info.mipmap_mode = SDL_GPU_SAMPLERMIPMAPMODE_LINEAR;
         info.address_mode_u = SDL_GPU_SAMPLERADDRESSMODE_REPEAT;
         info.address_mode_v = SDL_GPU_SAMPLERADDRESSMODE_REPEAT;

From 19b32899a8a515db7b9268ec13d25cd066c6f98b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 11:29:26 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 12/57] feat:release texture and sampler

---
 main.cpp | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index a11f671..bc4e06e 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -646,6 +646,8 @@ void main()
         ImGui_ImplSDL3_Shutdown();
         ImGui_ImplSDLGPU3_Shutdown();
         ImGui::DestroyContext();
+        SDL_ReleaseGPUTexture(m_gpu->device(),m_texture);
+        SDL_ReleaseGPUSampler(m_gpu->device(),m_sampler);
     }
 };
 

From 9709c35da7fbcc0029628cbca057bbb09221bd3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 11:29:57 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 13/57] fix: remote unused header file

---
 main.cpp | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index bc4e06e..f17406e 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <expected>
 #include <format>
-#include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
 #include <numbers>
 #include <string>

From 3230a5ad4ecf3140e6bf6c73c8db5df3aa8785a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 11:32:51 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 14/57] feat: flip vertical on load

---
 main.cpp | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index f17406e..9cc6b6d 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ struct CameraUniform
 
 auto load_image()
 {
+    stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);
     sopho::ImageData result;
     auto data = stbi_load("assets/test_texture.png", &result.width, &result.height, &result.channels, 4);
     result.channels = 4;
@@ -645,8 +646,8 @@ void main()
         ImGui_ImplSDL3_Shutdown();
         ImGui_ImplSDLGPU3_Shutdown();
         ImGui::DestroyContext();
-        SDL_ReleaseGPUTexture(m_gpu->device(),m_texture);
-        SDL_ReleaseGPUSampler(m_gpu->device(),m_sampler);
+        SDL_ReleaseGPUTexture(m_gpu->device(), m_texture);
+        SDL_ReleaseGPUSampler(m_gpu->device(), m_sampler);
     }
 };
 

From 942c941241faa4a4b7de0b534bfad29964938277 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 11:38:58 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 15/57] feat: change hierarchy

---
 sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt                    | 26 +++++++++----------
 sdl_wrapper/{ => modules}/sdl_wrapper.app.ixx |  0
 .../{ => modules}/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx      |  0
 .../{ => modules}/sdl_wrapper.decl.ixx        |  0
 sdl_wrapper/{ => modules}/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx |  0
 sdl_wrapper/{ => modules}/sdl_wrapper.ixx     |  0
 .../{ => modules}/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx |  0
 .../sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.ixx         |  0
 .../{ => modules}/sdl_wrapper.renderable.ixx  |  0
 .../sdl_wrapper.vertex_layout.ixx             |  0
 .../{ => src}/sdl_callback_implement.cpp      |  0
 sdl_wrapper/{ => src}/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp  |  0
 sdl_wrapper/{ => src}/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp     |  0
 .../sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp         |  0
 14 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)
 rename sdl_wrapper/{ => modules}/sdl_wrapper.app.ixx (100%)
 rename sdl_wrapper/{ => modules}/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx (100%)
 rename sdl_wrapper/{ => modules}/sdl_wrapper.decl.ixx (100%)
 rename sdl_wrapper/{ => modules}/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx (100%)
 rename sdl_wrapper/{ => modules}/sdl_wrapper.ixx (100%)
 rename sdl_wrapper/{ => modules}/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx (100%)
 rename sdl_wrapper/{ => modules}/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.ixx (100%)
 rename sdl_wrapper/{ => modules}/sdl_wrapper.renderable.ixx (100%)
 rename sdl_wrapper/{ => modules}/sdl_wrapper.vertex_layout.ixx (100%)
 rename sdl_wrapper/{ => src}/sdl_callback_implement.cpp (100%)
 rename sdl_wrapper/{ => src}/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp (100%)
 rename sdl_wrapper/{ => src}/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp (100%)
 rename sdl_wrapper/{ => src}/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp (100%)

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt b/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt
index c2c6297..f2e4056 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -7,20 +7,20 @@ add_library(sdl_wrapper STATIC)
 target_sources(sdl_wrapper
         PUBLIC
         FILE_SET cxx_modules TYPE CXX_MODULES FILES
-        sdl_wrapper.ixx
-        sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx
-        sdl_wrapper.app.ixx
-        sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.ixx
-        sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx
-        sdl_wrapper.renderable.ixx
-        sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx
-        sdl_wrapper.decl.ixx
-        sdl_wrapper.vertex_layout.ixx
+        modules/sdl_wrapper.ixx
+        modules/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx
+        modules/sdl_wrapper.app.ixx
+        modules/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.ixx
+        modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx
+        modules/sdl_wrapper.renderable.ixx
+        modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx
+        modules/sdl_wrapper.decl.ixx
+        modules/sdl_wrapper.vertex_layout.ixx
         PRIVATE
-        sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp
-        sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp
-        sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
-        sdl_callback_implement.cpp
+        src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp
+        src/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp
+        src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
+        src/sdl_callback_implement.cpp
 )
 
 target_link_libraries(sdl_wrapper PUBLIC SDL3::SDL3 shaderc glsl_reflector data_type)
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.app.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.app.ixx
similarity index 100%
rename from sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.app.ixx
rename to sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.app.ixx
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx
similarity index 100%
rename from sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx
rename to sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.decl.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.decl.ixx
similarity index 100%
rename from sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.decl.ixx
rename to sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.decl.ixx
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx
similarity index 100%
rename from sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx
rename to sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.ixx
similarity index 100%
rename from sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.ixx
rename to sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.ixx
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx
similarity index 100%
rename from sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx
rename to sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.ixx
similarity index 100%
rename from sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.ixx
rename to sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.ixx
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.renderable.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.renderable.ixx
similarity index 100%
rename from sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.renderable.ixx
rename to sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.renderable.ixx
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.vertex_layout.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.vertex_layout.ixx
similarity index 100%
rename from sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.vertex_layout.ixx
rename to sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.vertex_layout.ixx
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/sdl_callback_implement.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_callback_implement.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from sdl_wrapper/sdl_callback_implement.cpp
rename to sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_callback_implement.cpp
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp
rename to sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
rename to sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from sdl_wrapper/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp
rename to sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp

From 8ef6d46a404e49ba67abb127a928c7b90b125e92 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 11:48:21 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 16/57] feat: move reflector type into data_type module

---
 data_type/modules/data_type.ixx               | 21 +++++++++++++
 glsl_reflector/CMakeLists.txt                 |  3 +-
 glsl_reflector/modules/glsl_reflector.ixx     |  2 +-
 .../modules/glsl_reflector.type.ixx           | 30 -------------------
 4 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 glsl_reflector/modules/glsl_reflector.type.ixx

diff --git a/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx b/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx
index cf2f2e6..2ca9fd0 100644
--- a/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx
+++ b/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 // Created by sophomore on 11/23/25.
 //
 module;
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <expected>
+#include <string>
 #include <vector>
 export module data_type;
 
@@ -40,4 +42,23 @@ export namespace sopho
         std::vector<std::byte> pixels{};
     };
 
+    enum class BasicType : std::uint8_t
+    {
+        NONE,
+        FLOAT
+    };
+
+    struct VertexInfo
+    {
+        std::uint32_t location{};
+        std::string name{};
+        BasicType basic_type{};
+        int vector_size{};
+    };
+
+    struct VertexReflection
+    {
+        std::vector<VertexInfo> inputs{};
+    };
+
 } // namespace sopho
diff --git a/glsl_reflector/CMakeLists.txt b/glsl_reflector/CMakeLists.txt
index 2b0dc45..5e0ec26 100644
--- a/glsl_reflector/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/glsl_reflector/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -8,10 +8,9 @@ target_sources(glsl_reflector
         PUBLIC
         FILE_SET cxx_modules TYPE CXX_MODULES FILES
         modules/glsl_reflector.ixx
-        modules/glsl_reflector.type.ixx
 )
 
-target_link_libraries(glsl_reflector PUBLIC glslang glslang::glslang-default-resource-limits)
+target_link_libraries(glsl_reflector PUBLIC glslang glslang::glslang-default-resource-limits data_type)
 
 add_executable(glslr test/test.cpp)
 
diff --git a/glsl_reflector/modules/glsl_reflector.ixx b/glsl_reflector/modules/glsl_reflector.ixx
index ad7e841..a01dff8 100644
--- a/glsl_reflector/modules/glsl_reflector.ixx
+++ b/glsl_reflector/modules/glsl_reflector.ixx
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ module;
 #include "glslang/Public/ResourceLimits.h"
 #include "glslang/Public/ShaderLang.h"
 export module glsl_reflector;
-export import :type;
+export import data_type;
 
 namespace sopho
 {
diff --git a/glsl_reflector/modules/glsl_reflector.type.ixx b/glsl_reflector/modules/glsl_reflector.type.ixx
deleted file mode 100644
index 29f83af..0000000
--- a/glsl_reflector/modules/glsl_reflector.type.ixx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-// glsl_reflector.type.ixx
-// Created by wsqsy on 11/20/2025.
-//
-module;
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-export module glsl_reflector:type;
-
-export namespace sopho
-{
-    enum class BasicType : std::uint8_t
-    {
-        NONE,
-        FLOAT
-    };
-
-    struct VertexInfo
-    {
-        std::uint32_t location{};
-        std::string name{};
-        BasicType basic_type{};
-        int vector_size{};
-    };
-
-    struct VertexReflection
-    {
-        std::vector<VertexInfo> inputs{};
-    };
-} // namespace sopho

From 8681328cfd3809ea12634077e487df0bafe2d66a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 12:22:09 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 17/57] feat: trying to get reflection of uniform

---
 glsl_reflector/modules/glsl_reflector.ixx | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/glsl_reflector/modules/glsl_reflector.ixx b/glsl_reflector/modules/glsl_reflector.ixx
index a01dff8..f577947 100644
--- a/glsl_reflector/modules/glsl_reflector.ixx
+++ b/glsl_reflector/modules/glsl_reflector.ixx
@@ -82,6 +82,11 @@ namespace sopho
                                                   .basic_type = to_basic_type(type->getBasicType()),
                                                   .vector_size = type->getVectorSize()});
         }
+        count = program.getNumUniformVariables();
+        for (auto i = 0; i < count; i++)
+        {
+            auto var = program.getUniform(i);
+        }
         return result;
     }
 } // namespace sopho

From 53e8e893cba154934fa24c2d0a087fa3de254492 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 17:37:54 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 18/57] feat: add type FragmentReflection

---
 data_type/modules/data_type.ixx | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx b/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx
index 2ca9fd0..be836a1 100644
--- a/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx
+++ b/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx
@@ -61,4 +61,9 @@ export namespace sopho
         std::vector<VertexInfo> inputs{};
     };
 
+    struct FragmentReflection
+    {
+        std::uint32_t sampler_count;
+    };
+
 } // namespace sopho

From d7832d25f2ccce2ac99d3728099acd361fb1825b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 17:38:05 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 19/57] feat: add function reflect_fragment

---
 glsl_reflector/modules/glsl_reflector.ixx | 48 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 48 insertions(+)

diff --git a/glsl_reflector/modules/glsl_reflector.ixx b/glsl_reflector/modules/glsl_reflector.ixx
index f577947..5d5f5ab 100644
--- a/glsl_reflector/modules/glsl_reflector.ixx
+++ b/glsl_reflector/modules/glsl_reflector.ixx
@@ -89,4 +89,52 @@ namespace sopho
         }
         return result;
     }
+
+    export auto reflect_fragment(const std::string& fragment_source)
+    {
+        GlslangProcessGuard glslang_initializer{};
+        FragmentReflection result{};
+        glslang::TShader shader(EShLangFragment);
+        std::vector sources{fragment_source.data()};
+        shader.setStrings(sources.data(), sources.size());
+
+        int clientInputSemanticsVersion = 100; // not used for desktop GL
+        glslang::EShTargetClientVersion clientVersion = glslang::EShTargetOpenGL_450;
+        glslang::EShTargetLanguageVersion targetVersion = glslang::EShTargetSpv_1_0;
+
+        shader.setEnvInput(glslang::EShSourceGlsl, EShLangFragment, glslang::EShClientOpenGL,
+                           clientInputSemanticsVersion);
+        shader.setEnvClient(glslang::EShClientOpenGL, clientVersion);
+        shader.setEnvTarget(glslang::EShTargetSpv, targetVersion);
+
+        EShMessages messages = (EShMessages)(EShMsgDefault | EShMsgSpvRules | EShMsgVulkanRules);
+
+        if (!shader.parse(GetDefaultResources(), 450, ENoProfile, false, false, messages))
+        {
+            std::cerr << "Parse failed:\n" << shader.getInfoLog() << std::endl;
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        glslang::TProgram program;
+        program.addShader(&shader);
+        if (!program.link(messages))
+        {
+            std::cerr << "Link failed:\n" << program.getInfoLog() << std::endl;
+            return result;
+        }
+        program.buildReflection();
+        auto count = program.getNumUniformVariables();
+        for (auto i = 0; i < count; i++)
+        {
+            auto var = program.getUniform(i);
+            auto type = var.getType();
+            auto basic_type = type->getBasicType();
+            if (basic_type == glslang::EbtSampler)
+            {
+                result.sampler_count++;
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
 } // namespace sopho

From ccfb6f43cacf80aff6c26c8a6e232c4c1461e8bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 17:38:21 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 20/57] feat: add test case for reflect_fragment

---
 glsl_reflector/test/test.cpp | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+)

diff --git a/glsl_reflector/test/test.cpp b/glsl_reflector/test/test.cpp
index 4bb8d00..0184eda 100644
--- a/glsl_reflector/test/test.cpp
+++ b/glsl_reflector/test/test.cpp
@@ -36,3 +36,41 @@ TEST(reflect_vertex, Basic)
     EXPECT_EQ(reflect_info.inputs[1].basic_type, sopho::BasicType::FLOAT);
     EXPECT_EQ(reflect_info.inputs[1].vector_size, 3);
 }
+
+
+TEST(reflect_fragment, Basic)
+{
+    auto reflect_info = sopho::reflect_fragment(R"(
+#version 460
+
+layout (location = 0) in vec4 v_color;
+layout (location = 0) out vec4 FragColor;
+
+layout(set = 2, binding = 0) uniform sampler2D uTexture;
+
+void main()
+{
+    FragColor = texture(uTexture, v_color.xy);
+}
+    )");
+    EXPECT_EQ(reflect_info.sampler_count, 1);
+}
+
+TEST(reflect_fragment, Multi)
+{
+    auto reflect_info = sopho::reflect_fragment(R"(
+#version 460
+
+layout (location = 0) in vec4 v_color;
+layout (location = 0) out vec4 FragColor;
+
+layout(set = 2, binding = 0) uniform sampler2D uTexture;
+layout(set = 2, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D uTexture1;
+
+void main()
+{
+    FragColor = texture(uTexture, v_color.xy) + texture(uTexture1, v_color.xy);
+}
+    )");
+    EXPECT_EQ(reflect_info.sampler_count, 2);
+}

From 84327f7629fb18c7d5e0e7f41912b2685184f4cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 19:35:08 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 21/57] fix: cleanup code

---
 main.cpp | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index 9cc6b6d..324a872 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -185,8 +185,6 @@ layout(set = 2, binding = 0) uniform sampler2D uTexture;
 void main()
 {
     FragColor = texture(uTexture, v_color.xy);
-    //FragColor = vec4(v_color.xy,0,0);
-    FragColor.a = 1;
 })WSQ";
 
 public:

From 727cae2d219ad5b33bcfe4be23c4b778ee519846 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 19:39:29 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 22/57] feat: add readme

---
 README.md | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 README.md

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ced3dfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# SDL Test
+
+This is a personal learning project following [Learn OpenGL](https://learnopengl.com/)

From 50f06587729577c994a17d84d23747339393e706 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 20:05:12 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 23/57] doc: add limit for document

---
 README.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index ced3dfa..14f884e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
 # SDL Test
 
 This is a personal learning project following [Learn OpenGL](https://learnopengl.com/)
+
+## Comment Format
+
+Using block comments `/*...*/`.

From fe4679780b2d0fddd2f6baef44fc32cd3600e51e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 20:05:29 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 24/57] doc: add document

---
 main.cpp | 45 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 44 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index 324a872..ae3dfe4 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -27,11 +27,25 @@ import data_type;
 import glsl_reflector;
 import sdl_wrapper;
 
+/**
+ * @brief Structure to hold camera transformation matrix data.
+ * 
+ * Contains a 4x4 matrix (16 elements) representing the camera's view transformation.
+ */
 struct CameraUniform
 {
-    std::array<float, 16> m{};
+    std::array<float, 16> m{};  ///< 4x4 transformation matrix as a flat array
 };
 
+/**
+ * @brief Loads image data from the test texture file.
+ *
+ * Uses stb_image library to load a PNG file (assets/test_texture.png) into an ImageData structure.
+ * The image is flipped vertically on load and the pixel data is stored as a vector of bytes.
+ *
+ * @return sopho::ImageData Structure containing the loaded image dimensions, channels, and pixel data.
+ * Returns an empty structure if loading fails.
+ */
 auto load_image()
 {
     stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);
@@ -53,6 +67,15 @@ auto load_image()
     return result;
 }
 
+/**
+ * @brief Creates a GPU texture from image data.
+ *
+ * Creates a 2D RGBA8 texture with sampler usage based on the provided image data.
+ *
+ * @param device Pointer to the SDL GPU device.
+ * @param img Reference to the ImageData structure containing image information.
+ * @return SDL_GPUTexture* Pointer to the created GPU texture, or nullptr on failure.
+ */
 SDL_GPUTexture* create_texture_from_image(SDL_GPUDevice* device, const sopho::ImageData& img)
 {
     SDL_GPUTextureCreateInfo create_info{.type = SDL_GPU_TEXTURETYPE_2D,
@@ -67,6 +90,15 @@ SDL_GPUTexture* create_texture_from_image(SDL_GPUDevice* device, const sopho::Im
     return SDL_CreateGPUTexture(device, &create_info);
 }
 
+/**
+ * @brief Creates a GPU transfer buffer for texture data upload.
+ *
+ * Creates an upload transfer buffer containing the image data for efficient GPU upload.
+ *
+ * @param device Pointer to the SDL GPU device.
+ * @param img Reference to the ImageData structure containing image information.
+ * @return SDL_GPUTransferBuffer* Pointer to the created GPU transfer buffer, or nullptr on failure.
+ */
 SDL_GPUTransferBuffer* create_texture_transfer_buffer(SDL_GPUDevice* device, const sopho::ImageData& img)
 {
     const Uint32 bytes_per_pixel = 4;
@@ -96,6 +128,17 @@ SDL_GPUTransferBuffer* create_texture_transfer_buffer(SDL_GPUDevice* device, con
     return transfer;
 }
 
+/**
+ * @brief Uploads texture data from transfer buffer to GPU texture.
+ *
+ * Performs a GPU copy operation to upload texture data from the provided transfer buffer to the target texture.
+ *
+ * @param device Pointer to the SDL GPU device.
+ * @param texture Pointer to the target GPU texture.
+ * @param transfer Pointer to the source GPU transfer buffer containing texture data.
+ * @param width Width of the texture in pixels.
+ * @param height Height of the texture in pixels.
+ */
 void upload_texture_full(SDL_GPUDevice* device, SDL_GPUTexture* texture, SDL_GPUTransferBuffer* transfer, int width,
                          int height)
 {

From 39af3494b63a77bac13778ab48628769ceda8ba0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 20:14:58 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 25/57] feat: using reflector to define sampler

---
 sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp
index e22a3f7..448163e 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp
@@ -270,7 +270,9 @@ namespace sopho
         // Convert SPIR-V words to a byte vector
         std::vector<std::uint8_t> code = spv_result_to_bytes(result);
 
-        auto shader_result = m_gpu->create_shader(code, SDL_GPU_SHADERSTAGE_FRAGMENT, 0, 1);
+        auto reflect_result = reflect_fragment(source);
+        auto shader_result = m_gpu->create_shader(code, SDL_GPU_SHADERSTAGE_FRAGMENT, 0, reflect_result.sampler_count);
+
         if (!shader_result)
         {
             return std::unexpected(shader_result.error());

From cfba354a98ac4e2acf0b1a31965f0e6b316c560a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 23:00:14 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 26/57] feat: add class TransferBufferWrapper

---
 sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt                    |   1 +
 .../modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx   | 167 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 168 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt b/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt
index f2e4056..1c69985 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ target_sources(sdl_wrapper
         modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx
         modules/sdl_wrapper.decl.ixx
         modules/sdl_wrapper.vertex_layout.ixx
+        modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx
         PRIVATE
         src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp
         src/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..151714b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+// sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx
+// Created by sophomore on 11/24/25.
+//
+/*
+ * @file sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx
+ * @brief Transfer buffer wrapper module for SDL GPU operations.
+ *
+ * This module provides a wrapper for SDL GPU transfer buffers with a builder pattern
+ * that allows specifying usage limits for automatic resource management.
+ */
+module;
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <expected>
+#include <memory>
+#include "SDL3/SDL_gpu.h"
+#include "SDL3/SDL_log.h"
+export module sdl_wrapper:transfer_buffer;
+import data_type;
+import :gpu;
+namespace sopho
+{
+
+    /*
+     * @brief Wrapper class for SDL GPU transfer buffer operations.
+     */
+    export class TransferBufferWrapper
+    {
+    private:
+        std::shared_ptr<GpuWrapper> m_gpu{}; // Owns the device lifetime
+        SDL_GPUTransferBuffer* m_transfer_buffer{}; // The actual transfer buffer
+        std::int32_t m_usage_count{}; // Current usage count
+        std::uint32_t m_size{}; // Size of the transfer buffer in bytes
+
+        // Private constructor to ensure only Builder can create instances
+        TransferBufferWrapper(std::shared_ptr<GpuWrapper> gpu, SDL_GPUTransferBuffer* transfer_buffer,
+                              std::int32_t usage_limit, std::uint32_t size) noexcept :
+            m_gpu(std::move(gpu)), m_transfer_buffer(transfer_buffer), m_usage_count(usage_limit), m_size(size)
+        {
+        }
+
+    public:
+        TransferBufferWrapper(const TransferBufferWrapper&) = delete;
+        TransferBufferWrapper& operator=(const TransferBufferWrapper&) = delete;
+        TransferBufferWrapper(TransferBufferWrapper&& other) noexcept :
+            m_gpu(std::move(other.m_gpu)), m_transfer_buffer(other.m_transfer_buffer),
+            m_usage_count(other.m_usage_count), m_size(other.m_size)
+        {
+            other.m_transfer_buffer = nullptr;
+        }
+
+        TransferBufferWrapper& operator=(TransferBufferWrapper&& other) noexcept
+        {
+            if (this != &other)
+            {
+                reset();
+                m_gpu = std::move(other.m_gpu);
+                m_transfer_buffer = other.m_transfer_buffer;
+                m_usage_count = other.m_usage_count;
+                m_size = other.m_size;
+                other.m_transfer_buffer = nullptr;
+            }
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * @brief Destructor that releases the transfer buffer.
+         */
+        ~TransferBufferWrapper() noexcept { reset(); }
+
+        /*
+         * @brief Releases the underlying transfer buffer and resets state.
+         */
+        void reset() noexcept
+        {
+            if (m_transfer_buffer && m_gpu && m_gpu->device())
+            {
+                SDL_ReleaseGPUTransferBuffer(m_gpu->device(), m_transfer_buffer);
+                m_transfer_buffer = nullptr;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * @brief Returns the underlying SDL_GPUTransferBuffer pointer.
+         */
+        [[nodiscard]] SDL_GPUTransferBuffer* raw() const noexcept { return m_transfer_buffer; }
+
+        /*
+         * @brief Returns the size of the transfer buffer in bytes.
+         */
+        [[nodiscard]] std::uint32_t size() const noexcept { return m_size; }
+
+        /*
+         * @brief Builder pattern for creating TransferBufferWrapper instances.
+         *
+         * Provides a fluent interface for configuring transfer buffer properties
+         * such as usage limit, buffer type, and size.
+         */
+        struct Builder
+        {
+            /*
+             * @brief Maximum number of uploads allowed before the buffer is recycled.
+             * When this limit is reached, the buffer will be automatically recycled.
+             */
+            std::int32_t usage_limit{1};
+
+            /* @brief The usage type for the transfer buffer (e.g., upload/download). */
+            SDL_GPUTransferBufferUsage usage{SDL_GPU_TRANSFERBUFFERUSAGE_UPLOAD};
+
+            /* @brief Size of the transfer buffer in bytes. */
+            std::uint32_t size{1024};
+
+            /*
+             * @brief Sets the usage limit for the transfer buffer.
+             * @param limit Maximum number of uploads before the buffer is recycled
+             * @return Reference to this Builder for chaining
+             */
+            Builder& set_usage_limit(std::int32_t limit)
+            {
+                usage_limit = limit;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * @brief Sets the usage type for the transfer buffer.
+             * @param buffer_usage The SDL GPU transfer buffer usage type
+             * @return Reference to this Builder for chaining
+             */
+            Builder& set_usage(SDL_GPUTransferBufferUsage buffer_usage)
+            {
+                usage = buffer_usage;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * @brief Sets the size of the transfer buffer.
+             * @param buffer_size Size in bytes
+             * @return Reference to this Builder for chaining
+             */
+            Builder& set_size(std::uint32_t buffer_size)
+            {
+                size = buffer_size;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * @brief Builds the TransferBufferWrapper instance.
+             * @param gpu The GPU wrapper to use for creating the transfer buffer
+             * @return A checkable containing the TransferBufferWrapper on success, or an error on failure
+             */
+            checkable<TransferBufferWrapper> build(GpuWrapper& gpu)
+            {
+                SDL_GPUTransferBufferCreateInfo create_info{};
+                create_info.usage = usage;
+                create_info.size = size;
+
+                auto* transfer_buffer = SDL_CreateGPUTransferBuffer(gpu.device(), &create_info);
+                if (!transfer_buffer)
+                {
+                    SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "%s:%d %s", __FILE__, __LINE__, SDL_GetError());
+                    return std::unexpected(GpuError::CREATE_TRANSFER_BUFFER_FAILED);
+                }
+
+                return TransferBufferWrapper{gpu.shared_from_this(), transfer_buffer, usage_limit, size};
+            }
+        };
+    };
+} // namespace sopho

From e3a44890f7df475165e92b14bab656591f1cc25e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2025 14:09:01 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 27/57] feat: Split Implement and interface of render data

---
 .../modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx       | 49 +++--------------
 .../modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx  | 54 +++++++++++++++++++
 sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp           | 11 ++--
 3 files changed, 68 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx
index 9f220d4..9dd758b 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx
@@ -3,33 +3,14 @@
 //
 module;
 #include <SDL3/SDL_gpu.h>
-#include <utility>
 #include <vector>
+#include <expected>
 export module sdl_wrapper:render_data;
-import :buffer;
 import :vertex_layout;
 namespace sopho
 {
     export class RenderData
     {
-        BufferWrapper m_vertex_buffer;
-        BufferWrapper m_index_buffer;
-        VertexLayout m_layouts{};
-        size_t m_vertex_count{};
-        std::vector<SDL_GPUBufferBinding> m_bindings{};
-        SDL_GPUBufferBinding m_index_binding{};
-
-    public:
-        explicit RenderData(BufferWrapper&& vertex_buffer_wrapper, BufferWrapper&& index_buffer_wrapper,
-                            const VertexLayout& layouts, size_t vertex_count) :
-            m_vertex_buffer(std::move(vertex_buffer_wrapper)), m_index_buffer(std::move(index_buffer_wrapper)),
-            m_layouts(layouts), m_vertex_count(vertex_count)
-        {
-            m_bindings.emplace_back(m_vertex_buffer.gpu_buffer(), 0);
-            m_index_binding.buffer = m_index_buffer.gpu_buffer();
-            m_index_binding.offset = 0;
-        }
-
     public:
         struct VertexView
         {
@@ -42,27 +23,11 @@ namespace sopho
             size_t index_count{};
             std::byte* raw{};
         };
-        RenderData(const RenderData&) = delete;
-        RenderData& operator=(const RenderData&) = delete;
-        RenderData(RenderData&&) = default;
-        RenderData& operator=(RenderData&&) = default;
-        auto& buffer() { return m_vertex_buffer; }
-        auto& get_vertex_buffer_binding() { return m_bindings; }
-        auto& get_index_buffer_binding() { return m_index_binding; }
-        auto vertex_view()
-        {
-            return VertexView{.layout = m_layouts, .vertex_count = m_vertex_count, .raw = m_vertex_buffer.cpu_buffer()};
-        }
-        auto index_view() { return IndexView{.index_count = m_vertex_count, .raw = m_index_buffer.cpu_buffer()}; }
-        auto upload()
-        {
-            auto result = m_vertex_buffer.upload();
-            if (!result)
-            {
-                return result;
-            }
-            result = m_index_buffer.upload();
-            return result;
-        }
+        virtual ~RenderData() = default;
+        virtual std::vector<SDL_GPUBufferBinding>& get_vertex_buffer_binding() = 0;
+        virtual SDL_GPUBufferBinding& get_index_buffer_binding() = 0;
+        virtual VertexView vertex_view() = 0;
+        virtual IndexView index_view() = 0;
+        virtual std::expected<std::monostate, GpuError> upload() = 0;
     };
 } // namespace sopho
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de53365
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx
+// Created by wsqsy on 11/25/2025.
+//
+
+export module sdl_wrapper:render_data_impl;
+import :render_data;
+import :buffer;
+namespace sopho
+{
+    class RenderDataImpl : public RenderData
+    {
+        BufferWrapper m_vertex_buffer;
+        BufferWrapper m_index_buffer;
+        VertexLayout m_layouts{};
+        size_t m_vertex_count{};
+        std::vector<SDL_GPUBufferBinding> m_bindings{};
+        SDL_GPUBufferBinding m_index_binding{};
+
+    public:
+        explicit RenderDataImpl(BufferWrapper&& vertex_buffer_wrapper, BufferWrapper&& index_buffer_wrapper,
+                                const VertexLayout& layouts, size_t vertex_count) :
+            m_vertex_buffer(std::move(vertex_buffer_wrapper)), m_index_buffer(std::move(index_buffer_wrapper)),
+            m_layouts(layouts), m_vertex_count(vertex_count)
+        {
+            m_bindings.emplace_back(m_vertex_buffer.gpu_buffer(), 0);
+            m_index_binding.buffer = m_index_buffer.gpu_buffer();
+            m_index_binding.offset = 0;
+        }
+        RenderDataImpl(const RenderDataImpl&) = delete;
+        RenderDataImpl& operator=(const RenderDataImpl&) = delete;
+        RenderDataImpl(RenderDataImpl&&) = default;
+        RenderDataImpl& operator=(RenderDataImpl&&) = default;
+        virtual std::vector<SDL_GPUBufferBinding>& get_vertex_buffer_binding() override { return m_bindings; }
+        virtual SDL_GPUBufferBinding& get_index_buffer_binding() override { return m_index_binding; }
+        virtual VertexView vertex_view() override
+        {
+            return VertexView{.layout = m_layouts, .vertex_count = m_vertex_count, .raw = m_vertex_buffer.cpu_buffer()};
+        }
+        virtual IndexView index_view() override
+        {
+            return IndexView{.index_count = m_vertex_count, .raw = m_index_buffer.cpu_buffer()};
+        }
+        virtual std::expected<std::monostate, GpuError> upload() override
+        {
+            auto result = m_vertex_buffer.upload();
+            if (!result)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+            result = m_index_buffer.upload();
+            return result;
+        }
+    };
+} // namespace sopho
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
index be90b62..ba37560 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 //
 module;
 #include <expected>
+#include <memory>
 #include "SDL3/SDL_gpu.h"
 #include "SDL3/SDL_log.h"
 module sdl_wrapper;
@@ -10,6 +11,8 @@ import :gpu;
 import :render_procedural;
 import :render_data;
 import :vertex_layout;
+import :transfer_buffer;
+import :render_data_impl;
 namespace sopho
 {
     /**
@@ -53,8 +56,8 @@ namespace sopho
      * @param vertex_count Number of vertices the allocated buffer must hold.
      * @return RenderData RenderData containing the allocated vertex buffer, the vertex layout, and `vertex_count`.
      */
-    std::expected<RenderData, GpuError> GpuWrapper::create_data(const RenderProcedural& render_procedural,
-                                                                uint32_t vertex_count)
+    checkable<std::unique_ptr<RenderData>> GpuWrapper::create_data(const RenderProcedural& render_procedural,
+                                                                   uint32_t vertex_count)
     {
         auto size = render_procedural.vertex_layout().get_stride() * vertex_count;
         auto vertex_buffer = create_buffer(SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_VERTEX, size);
@@ -67,8 +70,8 @@ namespace sopho
         {
             return std::unexpected(index_buffer.error());
         }
-        return RenderData{std::move(vertex_buffer.value()), std::move(index_buffer.value()),
-                          render_procedural.vertex_layout(), vertex_count};
+        return std::make_unique<RenderDataImpl>(std::move(vertex_buffer.value()), std::move(index_buffer.value()),
+                          render_procedural.vertex_layout(), vertex_count);
     }
     /**
      * @brief Create a RenderProcedural configured for the device's texture format.

From 8d8f26156fc05b0b383b0705d788c7411b430401 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2025 14:09:21 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 28/57] feat: add file render_data_impl

---
 sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt b/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt
index 1c69985..e574666 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ target_sources(sdl_wrapper
         modules/sdl_wrapper.app.ixx
         modules/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.ixx
         modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx
+        modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx
         modules/sdl_wrapper.renderable.ixx
         modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx
         modules/sdl_wrapper.decl.ixx

From e9414542b8e853f1f3eaa45ef59421375a846c61 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2025 14:10:17 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 29/57] feat: change signature of create_data

---
 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx
index e5e1cd6..cc0e0d4 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx
@@ -213,8 +213,8 @@ export namespace sopho
         [[nodiscard]] SDL_Window* window() const { return m_ctx.window.raw; }
 
         [[nodiscard]] std::expected<BufferWrapper, GpuError> create_buffer(SDL_GPUBufferUsageFlags flag, uint32_t size);
-        [[nodiscard]] std::expected<RenderData, GpuError> create_data(const RenderProcedural& render_procedural,
-                                                                      uint32_t vertex_count);
+        [[nodiscard]] checkable<std::unique_ptr<RenderData>> create_data(const RenderProcedural& render_procedural,
+                                                                         uint32_t vertex_count);
 
         auto release_buffer(SDL_GPUBuffer* buffer)
         {

From f47735fd0b35956adcc0680f8d8f6d4baee6b903 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2025 14:39:38 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 30/57] feat: Not export Module buffer

---
 main.cpp                                      | 10 ++--
 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx    | 51 +++++++++++++++++--
 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx       |  5 +-
 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.ixx           |  1 -
 .../modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx  |  3 +-
 .../modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx   | 34 +++++++++++--
 sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp        | 20 ++------
 sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp           | 41 +++------------
 8 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index ae3dfe4..ed7962b 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ import sdl_wrapper;
 
 /**
  * @brief Structure to hold camera transformation matrix data.
- * 
+ *
  * Contains a 4x4 matrix (16 elements) representing the camera's view transformation.
  */
 struct CameraUniform
 {
-    std::array<float, 16> m{};  ///< 4x4 transformation matrix as a flat array
+    std::array<float, 16> m{}; ///< 4x4 transformation matrix as a flat array
 };
 
 /**
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ void main()
         }
 
         // 5. Upload initial vertex data.
-        auto upload_result = render_data.and_then([&](auto& vertex_buffer) { return vertex_buffer.upload(); });
+        auto upload_result = render_data.and_then([&](auto& vertex_buffer) { return vertex_buffer->upload(); });
 
         if (!upload_result)
         {
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ void main()
 
         m_renderable = std::make_shared<sopho::Renderable>(sopho::Renderable{
             .m_render_procedural = std::make_shared<sopho::RenderProcedural>(std::move(pw_result.value())),
-            .m_render_data = std::make_shared<sopho::RenderData>(std::move(render_data.value()))});
+            .m_render_data = std::move(render_data.value())});
 
         // 6. Initialize camera matrix to identity.
         {
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ void main()
                     else
                     {
                         auto new_data = m_gpu->create_data(*m_renderable->procedural(), 3);
-                        m_renderable->data() = std::make_shared<sopho::RenderData>(std::move(new_data.value()));
+                        m_renderable->data() = std::move(new_data.value());
                         m_renderable->data()->upload();
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx
index 3467be4..f8c931a 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx
@@ -6,12 +6,13 @@ module;
 #include <memory>
 #include <variant>
 #include <vector>
-
 #include "SDL3/SDL_gpu.h"
+#include "SDL3/SDL_log.h"
 
 export module sdl_wrapper:buffer;
 import data_type;
-import :decl;
+import :gpu;
+import :transfer_buffer;
 
 namespace sopho
 {
@@ -19,19 +20,59 @@ namespace sopho
     {
         std::shared_ptr<GpuWrapper> m_gpu{}; // Owns the device lifetime
         SDL_GPUBuffer* m_gpu_buffer{}; // Target GPU buffer
-        SDL_GPUTransferBuffer* m_transfer_buffer{}; // Staging/transfer buffer
+        TransferBufferWrapper m_transfer_buffer; // Staging/transfer buffer
         std::uint32_t m_buffer_size{}; // Total size of the GPU buffer
         std::vector<std::byte> m_cpu_buffer{};
 
         // Only GpuWrapper is allowed to construct this type.
         BufferWrapper(std::shared_ptr<GpuWrapper> gpu, SDL_GPUBuffer* gpu_buffer,
-                      SDL_GPUTransferBuffer* transfer_buffer, std::uint32_t size) noexcept :
-            m_gpu(std::move(gpu)), m_gpu_buffer(gpu_buffer), m_transfer_buffer(transfer_buffer), m_buffer_size(size)
+                      TransferBufferWrapper transfer_buffer, std::uint32_t size) noexcept :
+            m_gpu(std::move(gpu)), m_gpu_buffer(gpu_buffer), m_transfer_buffer(std::move(transfer_buffer)), m_buffer_size(size)
         {
             m_cpu_buffer.resize(m_buffer_size);
         }
 
     public:
+        struct Builder
+        {
+            SDL_GPUBufferUsageFlags flag = SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_VERTEX;
+            std::uint32_t size = 0;
+
+            Builder& set_flag(SDL_GPUBufferUsageFlags usage_flag)
+            {
+                flag = usage_flag;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            Builder& set_size(std::uint32_t buffer_size)
+            {
+                size = buffer_size;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            checkable<BufferWrapper> build(GpuWrapper& gpu)
+            {
+                SDL_GPUBufferCreateInfo create_info{.usage = flag, .size = size};
+                auto gpu_buffer = SDL_CreateGPUBuffer(gpu.device(), &create_info);
+                if (!gpu_buffer)
+                {
+                    SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "%s:%d %s", __FILE__, __LINE__, SDL_GetError());
+                    return std::unexpected(GpuError::CREATE_GPU_BUFFER_FAILED);
+                }
+                auto transfer_buffer = TransferBufferWrapper::Builder{}
+                                           .set_size(size)
+                                           .set_usage(SDL_GPU_TRANSFERBUFFERUSAGE_UPLOAD)
+                                           .set_usage_limit(-1)
+                                           .build(gpu);
+                if (!transfer_buffer)
+                {
+                    SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "%s:%d %s", __FILE__, __LINE__, SDL_GetError());
+                    return std::unexpected(transfer_buffer.error());
+                }
+                return BufferWrapper{gpu.shared_from_this(), gpu_buffer, (std::move(transfer_buffer.value())), size};
+            }
+        };
+
         BufferWrapper(const BufferWrapper&) = delete;
         BufferWrapper& operator=(const BufferWrapper&) = delete;
         BufferWrapper(BufferWrapper&&) = default;
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx
index cc0e0d4..00e28b7 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ module;
 #include "shaderc/shaderc.hpp"
 export module sdl_wrapper:gpu;
 import :decl;
-import :buffer;
 import :render_procedural;
 export namespace sopho
 {
@@ -211,9 +210,7 @@ export namespace sopho
 
         [[nodiscard]] auto device() const { return m_ctx.device.raw; }
         [[nodiscard]] SDL_Window* window() const { return m_ctx.window.raw; }
-
-        [[nodiscard]] std::expected<BufferWrapper, GpuError> create_buffer(SDL_GPUBufferUsageFlags flag, uint32_t size);
-        [[nodiscard]] checkable<std::unique_ptr<RenderData>> create_data(const RenderProcedural& render_procedural,
+        [[nodiscard]] checkable<std::shared_ptr<RenderData>> create_data(const RenderProcedural& render_procedural,
                                                                          uint32_t vertex_count);
 
         auto release_buffer(SDL_GPUBuffer* buffer)
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.ixx
index 94a2470..5d82468 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.ixx
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ export module sdl_wrapper;
 export import :decl;
 export import :app;
 export import :gpu;
-export import :buffer;
 export import :render_procedural;
 export import :renderable;
 export import :vertex_layout;
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx
index de53365..1bcc7e6 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 // sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx
 // Created by wsqsy on 11/25/2025.
 //
-
+module;
+#include <utility>
 export module sdl_wrapper:render_data_impl;
 import :render_data;
 import :buffer;
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx
index 151714b..6d33555 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
  * that allows specifying usage limits for automatic resource management.
  */
 module;
+#include <assert.h>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <expected>
 #include <memory>
@@ -28,13 +29,13 @@ namespace sopho
     private:
         std::shared_ptr<GpuWrapper> m_gpu{}; // Owns the device lifetime
         SDL_GPUTransferBuffer* m_transfer_buffer{}; // The actual transfer buffer
-        std::int32_t m_usage_count{}; // Current usage count
+        std::int32_t m_usage_limit{}; // Current usage count
         std::uint32_t m_size{}; // Size of the transfer buffer in bytes
 
         // Private constructor to ensure only Builder can create instances
         TransferBufferWrapper(std::shared_ptr<GpuWrapper> gpu, SDL_GPUTransferBuffer* transfer_buffer,
                               std::int32_t usage_limit, std::uint32_t size) noexcept :
-            m_gpu(std::move(gpu)), m_transfer_buffer(transfer_buffer), m_usage_count(usage_limit), m_size(size)
+            m_gpu(std::move(gpu)), m_transfer_buffer(transfer_buffer), m_usage_limit(usage_limit), m_size(size)
         {
         }
 
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ namespace sopho
         TransferBufferWrapper& operator=(const TransferBufferWrapper&) = delete;
         TransferBufferWrapper(TransferBufferWrapper&& other) noexcept :
             m_gpu(std::move(other.m_gpu)), m_transfer_buffer(other.m_transfer_buffer),
-            m_usage_count(other.m_usage_count), m_size(other.m_size)
+            m_usage_limit(other.m_usage_limit), m_size(other.m_size)
         {
             other.m_transfer_buffer = nullptr;
         }
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ namespace sopho
                 reset();
                 m_gpu = std::move(other.m_gpu);
                 m_transfer_buffer = other.m_transfer_buffer;
-                m_usage_count = other.m_usage_count;
+                m_usage_limit = other.m_usage_limit;
                 m_size = other.m_size;
                 other.m_transfer_buffer = nullptr;
             }
@@ -89,6 +90,31 @@ namespace sopho
          */
         [[nodiscard]] std::uint32_t size() const noexcept { return m_size; }
 
+        checkable<std::monostate> submit(void* data_source)
+        {
+            assert(m_usage_limit != 0);
+            void* dst = SDL_MapGPUTransferBuffer(m_gpu->device(), m_transfer_buffer, false);
+            if (!dst)
+            {
+                SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "%s:%d failed to map transfer buffer: %s", __FILE__, __LINE__,
+                             SDL_GetError());
+
+                return std::unexpected(GpuError::MAP_TRANSFER_BUFFER_FAILED);
+            }
+
+            SDL_memcpy(dst, data_source, m_size);
+            SDL_UnmapGPUTransferBuffer(m_gpu->device(), m_transfer_buffer);
+            if (m_usage_limit != -1)
+            {
+                m_usage_limit--;
+                if (m_usage_limit ==0)
+                {
+                    reset();
+                }
+            }
+            return {};
+        }
+
         /*
          * @brief Builder pattern for creating TransferBufferWrapper instances.
          *
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp
index 78e9323..090640b 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp
@@ -35,13 +35,6 @@ namespace sopho
             m_gpu->release_buffer(m_gpu_buffer);
             m_gpu_buffer = nullptr;
         }
-
-        // Release transfer buffer
-        if (m_transfer_buffer)
-        {
-            SDL_ReleaseGPUTransferBuffer(m_gpu->device(), m_transfer_buffer);
-            m_transfer_buffer = nullptr;
-        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -63,19 +56,14 @@ namespace sopho
 
         auto* device = m_gpu->device();
 
-        // 2. Map the transfer buffer and copy data into it.
-        void* dst = SDL_MapGPUTransferBuffer(device, m_transfer_buffer, false);
-        if (!dst)
+        auto rst = m_transfer_buffer.submit(src_data);
+        if (!rst)
         {
             SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "%s:%d failed to map transfer buffer: %s", __FILE__, __LINE__,
                          SDL_GetError());
-
-            return std::unexpected(GpuError::MAP_TRANSFER_BUFFER_FAILED);
+            return std::unexpected(rst.error());
         }
 
-        SDL_memcpy(dst, src_data, size);
-        SDL_UnmapGPUTransferBuffer(device, m_transfer_buffer);
-
         // 3. Acquire a command buffer and enqueue the copy pass.
         auto* command_buffer = SDL_AcquireGPUCommandBuffer(device);
         if (!command_buffer)
@@ -97,7 +85,7 @@ namespace sopho
         }
 
         SDL_GPUTransferBufferLocation location{};
-        location.transfer_buffer = m_transfer_buffer;
+        location.transfer_buffer = m_transfer_buffer.raw();
         location.offset = 0;
 
         SDL_GPUBufferRegion region{};
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
index ba37560..4193950 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
@@ -9,41 +9,13 @@ module;
 module sdl_wrapper;
 import :gpu;
 import :render_procedural;
+import :buffer;
 import :render_data;
 import :vertex_layout;
 import :transfer_buffer;
 import :render_data_impl;
 namespace sopho
 {
-    /**
-     * @brief Create a GPU buffer and its associated upload transfer buffer.
-     *
-     * @param flag Usage flags for the GPU buffer.
-     * @param size Size in bytes of the buffer to allocate.
-     * @return std::expected<BufferWrapper, GpuError> BufferWrapper containing the created GPU buffer, its transfer
-     * buffer, and the buffer size on success; `std::unexpected` with a `GpuError` on failure.
-     */
-    std::expected<BufferWrapper, GpuError> GpuWrapper::create_buffer(SDL_GPUBufferUsageFlags flag, uint32_t size)
-    {
-        SDL_GPUBufferCreateInfo create_info{.usage = flag, .size = size};
-        auto gpu_buffer = SDL_CreateGPUBuffer(device(), &create_info);
-        if (!gpu_buffer)
-        {
-            SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "%s:%d %s", __FILE__, __LINE__, SDL_GetError());
-            return std::unexpected(GpuError::CREATE_GPU_BUFFER_FAILED);
-        }
-        SDL_GPUTransferBufferCreateInfo transfer_info{};
-        transfer_info.usage = SDL_GPU_TRANSFERBUFFERUSAGE_UPLOAD;
-        transfer_info.size = size;
-        transfer_info.props = 0;
-        auto transfer_buffer = SDL_CreateGPUTransferBuffer(device(), &transfer_info);
-        if (!transfer_buffer)
-        {
-            SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "%s:%d %s", __FILE__, __LINE__, SDL_GetError());
-            return std::unexpected(GpuError::CREATE_TRANSFER_BUFFER_FAILED);
-        }
-        return BufferWrapper{shared_from_this(), gpu_buffer, transfer_buffer, size};
-    }
     /**
      * @brief Create RenderData for a procedural render setup and given vertex count.
      *
@@ -56,22 +28,23 @@ namespace sopho
      * @param vertex_count Number of vertices the allocated buffer must hold.
      * @return RenderData RenderData containing the allocated vertex buffer, the vertex layout, and `vertex_count`.
      */
-    checkable<std::unique_ptr<RenderData>> GpuWrapper::create_data(const RenderProcedural& render_procedural,
+    checkable<std::shared_ptr<RenderData>> GpuWrapper::create_data(const RenderProcedural& render_procedural,
                                                                    uint32_t vertex_count)
     {
         auto size = render_procedural.vertex_layout().get_stride() * vertex_count;
-        auto vertex_buffer = create_buffer(SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_VERTEX, size);
-        auto index_buffer = create_buffer(SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_INDEX, 6 * sizeof(int));
+        auto vertex_buffer = BufferWrapper::Builder{}.set_flag(SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_VERTEX).set_size(size).build(*this);
         if (!vertex_buffer)
         {
             return std::unexpected(vertex_buffer.error());
         }
+        auto index_buffer =
+            BufferWrapper::Builder{}.set_flag(SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_INDEX).set_size(6 * sizeof(int)).build(*this);
         if (!index_buffer)
         {
             return std::unexpected(index_buffer.error());
         }
-        return std::make_unique<RenderDataImpl>(std::move(vertex_buffer.value()), std::move(index_buffer.value()),
-                          render_procedural.vertex_layout(), vertex_count);
+        return std::make_shared<RenderDataImpl>(std::move(vertex_buffer.value()), std::move(index_buffer.value()),
+                                                render_procedural.vertex_layout(), vertex_count);
     }
     /**
      * @brief Create a RenderProcedural configured for the device's texture format.

From 8e5621523d955b7cf4ab5a1195177e112feb61a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2025 18:03:33 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 31/57] feat: Add type texture

---
 data_type/modules/data_type.ixx             |   1 +
 main.cpp                                    |   2 +-
 sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt                  |   1 +
 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx | 142 ++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 145 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx

diff --git a/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx b/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx
index be836a1..e1b9478 100644
--- a/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx
+++ b/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ export namespace sopho
         CLAIM_WINDOW_FAILED,
         CREATE_GPU_BUFFER_FAILED,
         CREATE_TRANSFER_BUFFER_FAILED,
+        CREATE_GPU_TEXTURE_FAILED,
         CREATE_SHADER_FAILED,
         CREATE_PIPELINE_FAILED,
         GET_TEXTUREFORMAT_FAILED,
diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index ed7962b..58895e9 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ struct CameraUniform
  * @return sopho::ImageData Structure containing the loaded image dimensions, channels, and pixel data.
  * Returns an empty structure if loading fails.
  */
-auto load_image()
+sopho::ImageData load_image()
 {
     stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);
     sopho::ImageData result;
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt b/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt
index e574666..299ab61 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ target_sources(sdl_wrapper
         modules/sdl_wrapper.decl.ixx
         modules/sdl_wrapper.vertex_layout.ixx
         modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx
+        modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx
         PRIVATE
         src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp
         src/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..caf7136
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+// sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx
+// Created by wsqsy on 11/25/2025.
+//
+
+module;
+#include <SDL3/SDL_gpu.h>
+#include <SDL3/SDL_log.h>
+#include <expected>
+#include <memory>
+export module sdl_wrapper:texture;
+import data_type;
+import :decl;
+import :gpu;
+
+namespace sopho
+{
+    class TextureWrapper
+    {
+        std::shared_ptr<GpuWrapper> m_gpu{};
+        SDL_GPUTexture* m_texture{};
+
+        TextureWrapper(std::shared_ptr<GpuWrapper> gpu, SDL_GPUTexture* texture) noexcept :
+            m_gpu(std::move(gpu)), m_texture(texture)
+        {
+        }
+
+    public:
+        TextureWrapper(const TextureWrapper&) = delete;
+        TextureWrapper& operator=(const TextureWrapper&) = delete;
+        TextureWrapper(TextureWrapper&& other) noexcept : m_gpu(std::move(other.m_gpu)), m_texture(other.m_texture)
+        {
+            other.m_texture = nullptr;
+        }
+
+        TextureWrapper& operator=(TextureWrapper&& other) noexcept
+        {
+            if (this != &other)
+            {
+                reset();
+                m_gpu = std::move(other.m_gpu);
+                m_texture = other.m_texture;
+                other.m_texture = nullptr;
+            }
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        [[nodiscard]] SDL_GPUTexture* get() const noexcept { return m_texture; }
+
+        void reset() noexcept
+        {
+            if (m_texture && m_gpu)
+            {
+                SDL_ReleaseGPUTexture(m_gpu->device(), m_texture);
+                m_texture = nullptr;
+            }
+        }
+
+        ~TextureWrapper() noexcept { reset(); }
+
+        struct Builder
+        {
+            SDL_GPUTextureType type = SDL_GPU_TEXTURETYPE_2D;
+            SDL_GPUTextureFormat format = SDL_GPU_TEXTUREFORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
+            SDL_GPUTextureUsageFlags usage = SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_SAMPLER;
+            std::uint32_t width = 1;
+            std::uint32_t height = 1;
+            std::uint32_t layer_count_or_depth = 1;
+            std::uint32_t num_levels = 1;
+            SDL_GPUSampleCount sample_count = SDL_GPU_SAMPLECOUNT_1;
+
+            Builder& set_type(SDL_GPUTextureType texture_type)
+            {
+                type = texture_type;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            Builder& set_format(SDL_GPUTextureFormat texture_format)
+            {
+                format = texture_format;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            Builder& set_usage(SDL_GPUTextureUsageFlags texture_usage)
+            {
+                usage = texture_usage;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            Builder& set_width(std::uint32_t tex_width)
+            {
+                width = tex_width;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            Builder& set_height(std::uint32_t tex_height)
+            {
+                height = tex_height;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            Builder& set_layer_count_or_depth(std::uint32_t count_or_depth)
+            {
+                layer_count_or_depth = count_or_depth;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            Builder& set_num_levels(std::uint32_t levels)
+            {
+                num_levels = levels;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            Builder& set_sample_count(SDL_GPUSampleCount samples)
+            {
+                sample_count = samples;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            std::expected<TextureWrapper, GpuError> build(GpuWrapper& gpu)
+            {
+                SDL_GPUTextureCreateInfo create_info{.type = type,
+                                                     .format = format,
+                                                     .usage = usage,
+                                                     .width = width,
+                                                     .height = height,
+                                                     .layer_count_or_depth = layer_count_or_depth,
+                                                     .num_levels = num_levels,
+                                                     .sample_count = sample_count,
+                                                     .props = 0};
+
+                auto* texture = SDL_CreateGPUTexture(gpu.device(), &create_info);
+                if (!texture)
+                {
+                    SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "Failed to create GPU texture: %s", SDL_GetError());
+                    return std::unexpected(GpuError::CREATE_GPU_TEXTURE_FAILED);
+                }
+
+                return TextureWrapper{gpu.shared_from_this(), texture};
+            }
+        };
+    };
+} // namespace sopho

From 3aeaf513164a6f6998a74cc86e1b0eafb7f28799 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2025 20:08:56 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 32/57] feat: export texture

---
 data_type/modules/data_type.ixx               |   3 +-
 main.cpp                                      |   1 +
 sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt                    |   1 +
 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.decl.ixx      |   1 -
 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.ixx           |   1 +
 .../modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx       |   1 +
 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx   | 102 ++-------------
 sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp           |  35 ------
 sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp       | 118 ++++++++++++++++++
 9 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 127 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp

diff --git a/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx b/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx
index e1b9478..5c2ae6d 100644
--- a/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx
+++ b/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx
@@ -18,9 +18,10 @@ export namespace sopho
         CLAIM_WINDOW_FAILED,
         CREATE_GPU_BUFFER_FAILED,
         CREATE_TRANSFER_BUFFER_FAILED,
-        CREATE_GPU_TEXTURE_FAILED,
+        CREATE_TEXTURE_FAILED,
         CREATE_SHADER_FAILED,
         CREATE_PIPELINE_FAILED,
+        CREATE_SAMPLER_FAILED,
         GET_TEXTUREFORMAT_FAILED,
         BUFFER_OVERFLOW,
         MAP_TRANSFER_BUFFER_FAILED,
diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index 58895e9..b7a7099 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -370,6 +370,7 @@ void main()
         info.props = 0;
 
         m_sampler = SDL_CreateGPUSampler(m_gpu->device(), &info);
+        sopho::TextureWrapper::Builder{}.set_image_data(m_image_data).build(*m_gpu.get());
         return SDL_APP_CONTINUE;
     }
 
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt b/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt
index 299ab61..92ebfe3 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ target_sources(sdl_wrapper
         src/sdl_wrapper.render_procedural.cpp
         src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
         src/sdl_callback_implement.cpp
+        src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp
 )
 
 target_link_libraries(sdl_wrapper PUBLIC SDL3::SDL3 shaderc glsl_reflector data_type)
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.decl.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.decl.ixx
index 1bacec0..646621f 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.decl.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.decl.ixx
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ export namespace sopho
 {
     class App;
     class GpuWrapper;
-    class BufferWrapper;
     class RenderProcedural;
     class RenderData;
 }
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.ixx
index 5d82468..430fbaf 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.ixx
@@ -10,3 +10,4 @@ export import :render_procedural;
 export import :renderable;
 export import :vertex_layout;
 export import :render_data;
+export import :texture;
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx
index 9dd758b..160eed1 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ module;
 #include <SDL3/SDL_gpu.h>
 #include <vector>
 #include <expected>
+#include <variant>
 export module sdl_wrapper:render_data;
 import :vertex_layout;
 namespace sopho
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx
index caf7136..7bc2c5c 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx
@@ -4,32 +4,32 @@
 
 module;
 #include <SDL3/SDL_gpu.h>
-#include <SDL3/SDL_log.h>
 #include <expected>
 #include <memory>
 export module sdl_wrapper:texture;
 import data_type;
 import :decl;
-import :gpu;
 
 namespace sopho
 {
-    class TextureWrapper
+    export class TextureWrapper
     {
         std::shared_ptr<GpuWrapper> m_gpu{};
         SDL_GPUTexture* m_texture{};
+        SDL_GPUSampler* m_sampler{};
 
-        TextureWrapper(std::shared_ptr<GpuWrapper> gpu, SDL_GPUTexture* texture) noexcept :
-            m_gpu(std::move(gpu)), m_texture(texture)
+        TextureWrapper(std::shared_ptr<GpuWrapper> gpu, SDL_GPUTexture* texture, SDL_GPUSampler* sampler) noexcept :
+            m_gpu(std::move(gpu)), m_texture(texture), m_sampler(sampler)
         {
         }
 
     public:
         TextureWrapper(const TextureWrapper&) = delete;
         TextureWrapper& operator=(const TextureWrapper&) = delete;
-        TextureWrapper(TextureWrapper&& other) noexcept : m_gpu(std::move(other.m_gpu)), m_texture(other.m_texture)
+        TextureWrapper(TextureWrapper&& other) noexcept : m_gpu(std::move(other.m_gpu)), m_texture(other.m_texture), m_sampler(other.m_sampler)
         {
             other.m_texture = nullptr;
+            other.m_sampler = nullptr;
         }
 
         TextureWrapper& operator=(TextureWrapper&& other) noexcept
@@ -40,103 +40,25 @@ namespace sopho
                 m_gpu = std::move(other.m_gpu);
                 m_texture = other.m_texture;
                 other.m_texture = nullptr;
+                m_sampler = other.m_sampler;
+                other.m_sampler = nullptr;
             }
             return *this;
         }
 
         [[nodiscard]] SDL_GPUTexture* get() const noexcept { return m_texture; }
 
-        void reset() noexcept
-        {
-            if (m_texture && m_gpu)
-            {
-                SDL_ReleaseGPUTexture(m_gpu->device(), m_texture);
-                m_texture = nullptr;
-            }
-        }
+        void reset() noexcept;
 
         ~TextureWrapper() noexcept { reset(); }
 
         struct Builder
         {
-            SDL_GPUTextureType type = SDL_GPU_TEXTURETYPE_2D;
-            SDL_GPUTextureFormat format = SDL_GPU_TEXTUREFORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
-            SDL_GPUTextureUsageFlags usage = SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_SAMPLER;
-            std::uint32_t width = 1;
-            std::uint32_t height = 1;
-            std::uint32_t layer_count_or_depth = 1;
-            std::uint32_t num_levels = 1;
-            SDL_GPUSampleCount sample_count = SDL_GPU_SAMPLECOUNT_1;
-
-            Builder& set_type(SDL_GPUTextureType texture_type)
-            {
-                type = texture_type;
-                return *this;
-            }
-
-            Builder& set_format(SDL_GPUTextureFormat texture_format)
-            {
-                format = texture_format;
-                return *this;
-            }
-
-            Builder& set_usage(SDL_GPUTextureUsageFlags texture_usage)
-            {
-                usage = texture_usage;
-                return *this;
-            }
+            ImageData img_data{};
 
-            Builder& set_width(std::uint32_t tex_width)
-            {
-                width = tex_width;
-                return *this;
-            }
+            Builder& set_image_data(ImageData image_data) { img_data = image_data; }
 
-            Builder& set_height(std::uint32_t tex_height)
-            {
-                height = tex_height;
-                return *this;
-            }
-
-            Builder& set_layer_count_or_depth(std::uint32_t count_or_depth)
-            {
-                layer_count_or_depth = count_or_depth;
-                return *this;
-            }
-
-            Builder& set_num_levels(std::uint32_t levels)
-            {
-                num_levels = levels;
-                return *this;
-            }
-
-            Builder& set_sample_count(SDL_GPUSampleCount samples)
-            {
-                sample_count = samples;
-                return *this;
-            }
-
-            std::expected<TextureWrapper, GpuError> build(GpuWrapper& gpu)
-            {
-                SDL_GPUTextureCreateInfo create_info{.type = type,
-                                                     .format = format,
-                                                     .usage = usage,
-                                                     .width = width,
-                                                     .height = height,
-                                                     .layer_count_or_depth = layer_count_or_depth,
-                                                     .num_levels = num_levels,
-                                                     .sample_count = sample_count,
-                                                     .props = 0};
-
-                auto* texture = SDL_CreateGPUTexture(gpu.device(), &create_info);
-                if (!texture)
-                {
-                    SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "Failed to create GPU texture: %s", SDL_GetError());
-                    return std::unexpected(GpuError::CREATE_GPU_TEXTURE_FAILED);
-                }
-
-                return TextureWrapper{gpu.shared_from_this(), texture};
-            }
+            std::expected<TextureWrapper, GpuError> build(GpuWrapper& gpu);
         };
     };
 } // namespace sopho
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
index 4193950..baecd87 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
@@ -9,43 +9,8 @@ module;
 module sdl_wrapper;
 import :gpu;
 import :render_procedural;
-import :buffer;
-import :render_data;
-import :vertex_layout;
-import :transfer_buffer;
-import :render_data_impl;
 namespace sopho
 {
-    /**
-     * @brief Create RenderData for a procedural render setup and given vertex count.
-     *
-     * Allocates a GPU vertex buffer sized to hold `vertex_count` vertices using the
-     * vertex layout from `render_procedural`, and returns a RenderData that owns
-     * the allocated buffer, the vertex layout, and the vertex count. If buffer
-     * creation fails, returns the corresponding GpuError.
-     *
-     * @param render_procedural Source procedural that provides the vertex layout.
-     * @param vertex_count Number of vertices the allocated buffer must hold.
-     * @return RenderData RenderData containing the allocated vertex buffer, the vertex layout, and `vertex_count`.
-     */
-    checkable<std::shared_ptr<RenderData>> GpuWrapper::create_data(const RenderProcedural& render_procedural,
-                                                                   uint32_t vertex_count)
-    {
-        auto size = render_procedural.vertex_layout().get_stride() * vertex_count;
-        auto vertex_buffer = BufferWrapper::Builder{}.set_flag(SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_VERTEX).set_size(size).build(*this);
-        if (!vertex_buffer)
-        {
-            return std::unexpected(vertex_buffer.error());
-        }
-        auto index_buffer =
-            BufferWrapper::Builder{}.set_flag(SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_INDEX).set_size(6 * sizeof(int)).build(*this);
-        if (!index_buffer)
-        {
-            return std::unexpected(index_buffer.error());
-        }
-        return std::make_shared<RenderDataImpl>(std::move(vertex_buffer.value()), std::move(index_buffer.value()),
-                                                render_procedural.vertex_layout(), vertex_count);
-    }
     /**
      * @brief Create a RenderProcedural configured for the device's texture format.
      *
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1de4b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+// sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp
+// Created by sophomore on 11/25/25.
+//
+module;
+#include <cstdint>
+#include "SDL3/SDL_gpu.h"
+#include "SDL3/SDL_log.h"
+module sdl_wrapper;
+import :texture;
+import :transfer_buffer;
+import :gpu;
+namespace sopho
+{
+
+    void TextureWrapper::reset() noexcept
+    {
+        if (m_texture && m_gpu)
+        {
+            SDL_ReleaseGPUTexture(m_gpu->device(), m_texture);
+            m_texture = nullptr;
+        }
+        if (m_sampler && m_gpu)
+        {
+            SDL_ReleaseGPUSampler(m_gpu->device(), m_sampler);
+            m_sampler = nullptr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::expected<TextureWrapper, GpuError> TextureWrapper::Builder::build(GpuWrapper& gpu)
+    {
+        SDL_GPUTextureCreateInfo create_info{.type = SDL_GPU_TEXTURETYPE_2D,
+                                             .format = SDL_GPU_TEXTUREFORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
+                                             .usage = SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_SAMPLER,
+                                             .width = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(img_data.width),
+                                             .height = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(img_data.height),
+                                             .layer_count_or_depth = 1,
+                                             .num_levels = 1,
+                                             .sample_count = SDL_GPU_SAMPLECOUNT_1,
+                                             .props = 0};
+
+        auto* texture = SDL_CreateGPUTexture(gpu.device(), &create_info);
+        if (!texture)
+        {
+            SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "Failed to create GPU texture: %s", SDL_GetError());
+            return std::unexpected(GpuError::CREATE_TEXTURE_FAILED);
+        }
+
+        auto c_tb =
+            TransferBufferWrapper::Builder{}
+                .set_usage_limit(2)
+                .set_size(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(img_data.width) * static_cast<std::uint32_t>(img_data.height) * 4)
+                .set_usage(SDL_GPU_TRANSFERBUFFERUSAGE_UPLOAD)
+                .build(gpu);
+
+        auto submit_result = c_tb.and_then([&](auto tb) { return tb.submit(img_data.pixels.data()); });
+        if (!submit_result)
+        {
+            return std::unexpected{submit_result.error()};
+        }
+        SDL_GPUCommandBuffer* cmd = SDL_AcquireGPUCommandBuffer(gpu.device());
+        if (!cmd)
+        {
+            SDL_Log("SDL_AcquireGPUCommandBuffer failed: %s", SDL_GetError());
+            return std::unexpected{GpuError::ACQUIRE_COMMAND_BUFFER_FAILED};
+        }
+
+        SDL_GPUCopyPass* copy_pass = SDL_BeginGPUCopyPass(cmd);
+        if (!copy_pass)
+        {
+            SDL_Log("SDL_BeginGPUCopyPass failed: %s", SDL_GetError());
+            return std::unexpected{GpuError::BEGIN_COPY_PASS_FAILED};
+        }
+
+        SDL_GPUTextureTransferInfo src{};
+        src.transfer_buffer = c_tb.value().raw();
+        src.offset = 0;
+        src.pixels_per_row = 0;
+        src.rows_per_layer = 0;
+
+        SDL_GPUTextureRegion dst{};
+        dst.texture = texture;
+        dst.mip_level = 0;
+        dst.layer = 0;
+        dst.x = 0;
+        dst.y = 0;
+        dst.z = 0;
+        dst.w = static_cast<Uint32>(img_data.width);
+        dst.h = static_cast<Uint32>(img_data.height);
+        dst.d = 1;
+
+        SDL_UploadToGPUTexture(copy_pass, &src, &dst, false);
+
+        SDL_EndGPUCopyPass(copy_pass);
+        SDL_SubmitGPUCommandBuffer(cmd);
+
+        SDL_GPUSamplerCreateInfo info{};
+        info.min_filter = SDL_GPU_FILTER_LINEAR;
+        info.mag_filter = SDL_GPU_FILTER_LINEAR;
+        info.max_anisotropy = 1.f;
+        info.mipmap_mode = SDL_GPU_SAMPLERMIPMAPMODE_LINEAR;
+        info.address_mode_u = SDL_GPU_SAMPLERADDRESSMODE_REPEAT;
+        info.address_mode_v = SDL_GPU_SAMPLERADDRESSMODE_REPEAT;
+        info.address_mode_w = SDL_GPU_SAMPLERADDRESSMODE_REPEAT;
+        info.enable_anisotropy = true;
+        info.enable_compare = false;
+        info.compare_op = SDL_GPU_COMPAREOP_ALWAYS;
+        info.props = 0;
+
+        auto sampler = SDL_CreateGPUSampler(gpu.device(), &info);
+        if (!sampler)
+        {
+            SDL_Log("SDL_CreateGPUSampler failed: %s", SDL_GetError());
+            return std::unexpected{GpuError::CREATE_SAMPLER_FAILED};
+        }
+
+        return TextureWrapper{gpu.shared_from_this(), texture, sampler};
+    }
+} // namespace sopho

From b57945255e9f6a20cf253808bcc1ce265d48c796 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2025 20:22:59 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 33/57] feat: move transfer_buffer into cpp

---
 sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt                    |  1 +
 .../modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx   | 69 ++---------------
 .../src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp       | 76 +++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt b/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt
index 92ebfe3..e58f90c 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ target_sources(sdl_wrapper
         src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
         src/sdl_callback_implement.cpp
         src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp
+        src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp
 )
 
 target_link_libraries(sdl_wrapper PUBLIC SDL3::SDL3 shaderc glsl_reflector data_type)
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx
index 6d33555..af78667 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx
@@ -9,15 +9,16 @@
  * that allows specifying usage limits for automatic resource management.
  */
 module;
-#include <assert.h>
+#include <cassert>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <expected>
 #include <memory>
+#include <variant>
 #include "SDL3/SDL_gpu.h"
 #include "SDL3/SDL_log.h"
 export module sdl_wrapper:transfer_buffer;
 import data_type;
-import :gpu;
+import :decl;
 namespace sopho
 {
 
@@ -49,19 +50,7 @@ namespace sopho
             other.m_transfer_buffer = nullptr;
         }
 
-        TransferBufferWrapper& operator=(TransferBufferWrapper&& other) noexcept
-        {
-            if (this != &other)
-            {
-                reset();
-                m_gpu = std::move(other.m_gpu);
-                m_transfer_buffer = other.m_transfer_buffer;
-                m_usage_limit = other.m_usage_limit;
-                m_size = other.m_size;
-                other.m_transfer_buffer = nullptr;
-            }
-            return *this;
-        }
+        TransferBufferWrapper& operator=(TransferBufferWrapper&& other) noexcept;
 
         /*
          * @brief Destructor that releases the transfer buffer.
@@ -71,14 +60,7 @@ namespace sopho
         /*
          * @brief Releases the underlying transfer buffer and resets state.
          */
-        void reset() noexcept
-        {
-            if (m_transfer_buffer && m_gpu && m_gpu->device())
-            {
-                SDL_ReleaseGPUTransferBuffer(m_gpu->device(), m_transfer_buffer);
-                m_transfer_buffer = nullptr;
-            }
-        }
+        void reset() noexcept;
 
         /*
          * @brief Returns the underlying SDL_GPUTransferBuffer pointer.
@@ -90,30 +72,7 @@ namespace sopho
          */
         [[nodiscard]] std::uint32_t size() const noexcept { return m_size; }
 
-        checkable<std::monostate> submit(void* data_source)
-        {
-            assert(m_usage_limit != 0);
-            void* dst = SDL_MapGPUTransferBuffer(m_gpu->device(), m_transfer_buffer, false);
-            if (!dst)
-            {
-                SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "%s:%d failed to map transfer buffer: %s", __FILE__, __LINE__,
-                             SDL_GetError());
-
-                return std::unexpected(GpuError::MAP_TRANSFER_BUFFER_FAILED);
-            }
-
-            SDL_memcpy(dst, data_source, m_size);
-            SDL_UnmapGPUTransferBuffer(m_gpu->device(), m_transfer_buffer);
-            if (m_usage_limit != -1)
-            {
-                m_usage_limit--;
-                if (m_usage_limit ==0)
-                {
-                    reset();
-                }
-            }
-            return {};
-        }
+        checkable<std::monostate> submit(void* data_source);
 
         /*
          * @brief Builder pattern for creating TransferBufferWrapper instances.
@@ -173,21 +132,7 @@ namespace sopho
              * @param gpu The GPU wrapper to use for creating the transfer buffer
              * @return A checkable containing the TransferBufferWrapper on success, or an error on failure
              */
-            checkable<TransferBufferWrapper> build(GpuWrapper& gpu)
-            {
-                SDL_GPUTransferBufferCreateInfo create_info{};
-                create_info.usage = usage;
-                create_info.size = size;
-
-                auto* transfer_buffer = SDL_CreateGPUTransferBuffer(gpu.device(), &create_info);
-                if (!transfer_buffer)
-                {
-                    SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "%s:%d %s", __FILE__, __LINE__, SDL_GetError());
-                    return std::unexpected(GpuError::CREATE_TRANSFER_BUFFER_FAILED);
-                }
-
-                return TransferBufferWrapper{gpu.shared_from_this(), transfer_buffer, usage_limit, size};
-            }
+            checkable<TransferBufferWrapper> build(GpuWrapper& gpu);
         };
     };
 } // namespace sopho
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3004438
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp
+// Created by sophomore on 11/25/25.
+//
+module;
+#include <cassert>
+
+
+#include "SDL3/SDL_gpu.h"
+#include "SDL3/SDL_log.h"
+module sdl_wrapper;
+import :transfer_buffer;
+import :gpu;
+namespace sopho
+{
+    TransferBufferWrapper& TransferBufferWrapper::operator=(TransferBufferWrapper&& other) noexcept
+    {
+        if (this != &other)
+        {
+            reset();
+            m_gpu = std::move(other.m_gpu);
+            m_transfer_buffer = other.m_transfer_buffer;
+            m_usage_limit = other.m_usage_limit;
+            m_size = other.m_size;
+            other.m_transfer_buffer = nullptr;
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+    void TransferBufferWrapper::reset()
+    {
+        if (m_transfer_buffer && m_gpu && m_gpu->device())
+        {
+            SDL_ReleaseGPUTransferBuffer(m_gpu->device(), m_transfer_buffer);
+            m_transfer_buffer = nullptr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    checkable<std::monostate> TransferBufferWrapper::submit(void* data_source)
+    {
+        assert(m_usage_limit != 0);
+        void* dst = SDL_MapGPUTransferBuffer(m_gpu->device(), m_transfer_buffer, false);
+        if (!dst)
+        {
+            SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "%s:%d failed to map transfer buffer: %s", __FILE__, __LINE__,
+                         SDL_GetError());
+
+            return std::unexpected(GpuError::MAP_TRANSFER_BUFFER_FAILED);
+        }
+
+        SDL_memcpy(dst, data_source, m_size);
+        SDL_UnmapGPUTransferBuffer(m_gpu->device(), m_transfer_buffer);
+        if (m_usage_limit != -1)
+        {
+            m_usage_limit--;
+            if (m_usage_limit == 0)
+            {
+                reset();
+            }
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+    checkable<TransferBufferWrapper> TransferBufferWrapper::Builder::build(GpuWrapper& gpu)
+    {
+        SDL_GPUTransferBufferCreateInfo create_info{};
+        create_info.usage = usage;
+        create_info.size = size;
+
+        auto* transfer_buffer = SDL_CreateGPUTransferBuffer(gpu.device(), &create_info);
+        if (!transfer_buffer)
+        {
+            SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "%s:%d %s", __FILE__, __LINE__, SDL_GetError());
+            return std::unexpected(GpuError::CREATE_TRANSFER_BUFFER_FAILED);
+        }
+
+        return TransferBufferWrapper{gpu.shared_from_this(), transfer_buffer, usage_limit, size};
+    }
+} // namespace sopho

From 80478b58a1cb014a4e8ae583cc24fa8ecacdc670 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2025 20:23:37 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 34/57] fix:Buffer not include gpu

---
 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx
index f8c931a..e4a2d07 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module;
 
 export module sdl_wrapper:buffer;
 import data_type;
-import :gpu;
+import :decl;
 import :transfer_buffer;
 
 namespace sopho

From 9c1c7a5831215ee8b3f7a1676d49c46fbe17089f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2025 20:46:07 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 35/57] fix: remove export on transfer buffer

---
 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx    | 29 +++------------
 .../modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx  |  6 +++
 .../modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx   |  2 +-
 sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp        | 22 +++++++++++
 sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp           | 37 +++++++++++++++++++
 sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp       |  3 +-
 .../src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp       |  4 +-
 7 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx
index e4a2d07..8294662 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.buffer.ixx
@@ -25,9 +25,10 @@ namespace sopho
         std::vector<std::byte> m_cpu_buffer{};
 
         // Only GpuWrapper is allowed to construct this type.
-        BufferWrapper(std::shared_ptr<GpuWrapper> gpu, SDL_GPUBuffer* gpu_buffer,
-                      TransferBufferWrapper transfer_buffer, std::uint32_t size) noexcept :
-            m_gpu(std::move(gpu)), m_gpu_buffer(gpu_buffer), m_transfer_buffer(std::move(transfer_buffer)), m_buffer_size(size)
+        BufferWrapper(std::shared_ptr<GpuWrapper> gpu, SDL_GPUBuffer* gpu_buffer, TransferBufferWrapper transfer_buffer,
+                      std::uint32_t size) noexcept :
+            m_gpu(std::move(gpu)), m_gpu_buffer(gpu_buffer), m_transfer_buffer(std::move(transfer_buffer)),
+            m_buffer_size(size)
         {
             m_cpu_buffer.resize(m_buffer_size);
         }
@@ -50,27 +51,7 @@ namespace sopho
                 return *this;
             }
 
-            checkable<BufferWrapper> build(GpuWrapper& gpu)
-            {
-                SDL_GPUBufferCreateInfo create_info{.usage = flag, .size = size};
-                auto gpu_buffer = SDL_CreateGPUBuffer(gpu.device(), &create_info);
-                if (!gpu_buffer)
-                {
-                    SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "%s:%d %s", __FILE__, __LINE__, SDL_GetError());
-                    return std::unexpected(GpuError::CREATE_GPU_BUFFER_FAILED);
-                }
-                auto transfer_buffer = TransferBufferWrapper::Builder{}
-                                           .set_size(size)
-                                           .set_usage(SDL_GPU_TRANSFERBUFFERUSAGE_UPLOAD)
-                                           .set_usage_limit(-1)
-                                           .build(gpu);
-                if (!transfer_buffer)
-                {
-                    SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "%s:%d %s", __FILE__, __LINE__, SDL_GetError());
-                    return std::unexpected(transfer_buffer.error());
-                }
-                return BufferWrapper{gpu.shared_from_this(), gpu_buffer, (std::move(transfer_buffer.value())), size};
-            }
+            checkable<BufferWrapper> build(GpuWrapper& gpu);
         };
 
         BufferWrapper(const BufferWrapper&) = delete;
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx
index 1bcc7e6..b7065c7 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx
@@ -2,7 +2,13 @@
 // Created by wsqsy on 11/25/2025.
 //
 module;
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <vector>
+#include <expected>
 #include <utility>
+#include <variant>
+
+#include "SDL3/SDL_gpu.h"
 export module sdl_wrapper:render_data_impl;
 import :render_data;
 import :buffer;
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx
index af78667..7a85ac5 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ namespace sopho
     /*
      * @brief Wrapper class for SDL GPU transfer buffer operations.
      */
-    export class TransferBufferWrapper
+    class TransferBufferWrapper
     {
     private:
         std::shared_ptr<GpuWrapper> m_gpu{}; // Owns the device lifetime
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp
index 090640b..914e323 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp
@@ -105,4 +105,26 @@ namespace sopho
         return std::monostate{};
     }
 
+    checkable<BufferWrapper> BufferWrapper::Builder::build(GpuWrapper& gpu)
+    {
+        SDL_GPUBufferCreateInfo create_info{.usage = flag, .size = size};
+        auto gpu_buffer = SDL_CreateGPUBuffer(gpu.device(), &create_info);
+        if (!gpu_buffer)
+        {
+            SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "%s:%d %s", __FILE__, __LINE__, SDL_GetError());
+            return std::unexpected(GpuError::CREATE_GPU_BUFFER_FAILED);
+        }
+        auto transfer_buffer = TransferBufferWrapper::Builder{}
+                                   .set_size(size)
+                                   .set_usage(SDL_GPU_TRANSFERBUFFERUSAGE_UPLOAD)
+                                   .set_usage_limit(-1)
+                                   .build(gpu);
+        if (!transfer_buffer)
+        {
+            SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "%s:%d %s", __FILE__, __LINE__, SDL_GetError());
+            return std::unexpected(transfer_buffer.error());
+        }
+        return BufferWrapper{gpu.shared_from_this(), gpu_buffer, (std::move(transfer_buffer.value())), size};
+    }
+
 } // namespace sopho
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
index baecd87..5a967e1 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
@@ -9,8 +9,45 @@ module;
 module sdl_wrapper;
 import :gpu;
 import :render_procedural;
+import :buffer;
+import :render_data;
+import :vertex_layout;
+import :transfer_buffer;
+import :render_data_impl;
 namespace sopho
 {
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Create RenderData for a procedural render setup and given vertex count.
+     *
+     * Allocates a GPU vertex buffer sized to hold `vertex_count` vertices using the
+     * vertex layout from `render_procedural`, and returns a RenderData that owns
+     * the allocated buffer, the vertex layout, and the vertex count. If buffer
+     * creation fails, returns the corresponding GpuError.
+     *
+     * @param render_procedural Source procedural that provides the vertex layout.
+     * @param vertex_count Number of vertices the allocated buffer must hold.
+     * @return RenderData RenderData containing the allocated vertex buffer, the vertex layout, and `vertex_count`.
+     */
+    checkable<std::shared_ptr<RenderData>> GpuWrapper::create_data(const RenderProcedural& render_procedural,
+                                                                   uint32_t vertex_count)
+    {
+        auto size = render_procedural.vertex_layout().get_stride() * vertex_count;
+        auto vertex_buffer = BufferWrapper::Builder{}.set_flag(SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_VERTEX).set_size(size).build(*this);
+        if (!vertex_buffer)
+        {
+            return std::unexpected(vertex_buffer.error());
+        }
+        auto index_buffer =
+            BufferWrapper::Builder{}.set_flag(SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_INDEX).set_size(6 * sizeof(int)).build(*this);
+        if (!index_buffer)
+        {
+            return std::unexpected(index_buffer.error());
+        }
+        return std::make_shared<RenderDataImpl>(std::move(vertex_buffer.value()), std::move(index_buffer.value()),
+                                                render_procedural.vertex_layout(), vertex_count);
+    }
+
     /**
      * @brief Create a RenderProcedural configured for the device's texture format.
      *
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp
index a1de4b7..be06b27 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 //
 module;
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <expected>
 #include "SDL3/SDL_gpu.h"
 #include "SDL3/SDL_log.h"
 module sdl_wrapper;
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ namespace sopho
                 .set_usage(SDL_GPU_TRANSFERBUFFERUSAGE_UPLOAD)
                 .build(gpu);
 
-        auto submit_result = c_tb.and_then([&](auto tb) { return tb.submit(img_data.pixels.data()); });
+        auto submit_result = c_tb.and_then([&](auto& tb) { return tb.submit(img_data.pixels.data()); });
         if (!submit_result)
         {
             return std::unexpected{submit_result.error()};
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp
index 3004438..0611625 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@
 //
 module;
 #include <cassert>
-
+#include <expected>
+#include <utility>
+#include <variant>
 
 #include "SDL3/SDL_gpu.h"
 #include "SDL3/SDL_log.h"

From a8618c9665631f75ff8e3e96982a9b34e543bf44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2025 20:50:34 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 36/57] fix: add missing return value for function

---
 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx
index 7bc2c5c..702e2d0 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx
@@ -56,7 +56,11 @@ namespace sopho
         {
             ImageData img_data{};
 
-            Builder& set_image_data(ImageData image_data) { img_data = image_data; }
+            Builder& set_image_data(ImageData image_data)
+            {
+                img_data = image_data;
+                return *this;
+            }
 
             std::expected<TextureWrapper, GpuError> build(GpuWrapper& gpu);
         };

From 488e5569c33cde8c420b11c333c7de08ae75f018 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2025 21:02:00 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 37/57] feat: draw Texture using TextureWrapper

---
 main.cpp                                    | 14 ++++++++------
 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx | 14 ++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index b7a7099..b071f72 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -190,6 +190,7 @@ class UserApp : public sopho::App
     std::shared_ptr<sopho::Renderable> m_renderable{};
 
     sopho::ImageData m_image_data;
+    std::shared_ptr<sopho::TextureWrapper> m_texture_wrapper{};
     SDL_GPUSampler* m_sampler;
     SDL_GPUTexture* m_texture;
 
@@ -370,7 +371,12 @@ void main()
         info.props = 0;
 
         m_sampler = SDL_CreateGPUSampler(m_gpu->device(), &info);
-        sopho::TextureWrapper::Builder{}.set_image_data(m_image_data).build(*m_gpu.get());
+
+        auto texture = sopho::TextureWrapper::Builder{}.set_image_data(m_image_data).build(*m_gpu.get());
+        if (texture)
+        {
+            m_texture_wrapper =std::make_shared<sopho::TextureWrapper>(std::move(texture.value()));
+        }
         return SDL_APP_CONTINUE;
     }
 
@@ -622,11 +628,7 @@ void main()
         SDL_BindGPUIndexBuffer(renderPass, &m_renderable->data()->get_index_buffer_binding(),
                                SDL_GPU_INDEXELEMENTSIZE_32BIT);
 
-        SDL_GPUTextureSamplerBinding tex_binding{};
-        tex_binding.texture = m_texture;
-        tex_binding.sampler = m_sampler;
-
-        SDL_BindGPUFragmentSamplers(renderPass, 0, &tex_binding, 1);
+        SDL_BindGPUFragmentSamplers(renderPass, 0, m_texture_wrapper->get(), 1);
 
         SDL_DrawGPUIndexedPrimitives(renderPass, 6, 1, 0, 0, 0);
 
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx
index 702e2d0..0b07e1c 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx
@@ -17,19 +17,23 @@ namespace sopho
         std::shared_ptr<GpuWrapper> m_gpu{};
         SDL_GPUTexture* m_texture{};
         SDL_GPUSampler* m_sampler{};
+        SDL_GPUTextureSamplerBinding m_tex_binding{};
 
         TextureWrapper(std::shared_ptr<GpuWrapper> gpu, SDL_GPUTexture* texture, SDL_GPUSampler* sampler) noexcept :
             m_gpu(std::move(gpu)), m_texture(texture), m_sampler(sampler)
         {
+            m_tex_binding.texture = m_texture;
+            m_tex_binding.sampler = m_sampler;
         }
 
     public:
         TextureWrapper(const TextureWrapper&) = delete;
         TextureWrapper& operator=(const TextureWrapper&) = delete;
-        TextureWrapper(TextureWrapper&& other) noexcept : m_gpu(std::move(other.m_gpu)), m_texture(other.m_texture), m_sampler(other.m_sampler)
+        TextureWrapper(TextureWrapper&& other) noexcept : m_gpu(std::move(other.m_gpu)), m_texture(other.m_texture), m_sampler(other.m_sampler),m_tex_binding(other.m_tex_binding)
         {
             other.m_texture = nullptr;
             other.m_sampler = nullptr;
+            other.m_tex_binding = {};
         }
 
         TextureWrapper& operator=(TextureWrapper&& other) noexcept
@@ -42,11 +46,17 @@ namespace sopho
                 other.m_texture = nullptr;
                 m_sampler = other.m_sampler;
                 other.m_sampler = nullptr;
+                other.m_tex_binding = {};
+                m_tex_binding.texture = m_texture;
+                m_tex_binding.sampler = m_sampler;
             }
             return *this;
         }
 
-        [[nodiscard]] SDL_GPUTexture* get() const noexcept { return m_texture; }
+        [[nodiscard]] const SDL_GPUTextureSamplerBinding* get() const noexcept
+        {
+            return &m_tex_binding;
+        }
 
         void reset() noexcept;
 

From 9d97e617c5f686c92adc544514688de5f49b7fb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2025 21:03:17 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 38/57] fix: add noexcept identifier

---
 sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp
index 0611625..fc45749 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ namespace sopho
         }
         return *this;
     }
-    void TransferBufferWrapper::reset()
+    void TransferBufferWrapper::reset() noexcept
     {
         if (m_transfer_buffer && m_gpu && m_gpu->device())
         {

From 8189d63ec5c001f857fea2cc7021fb8d87e430fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2025 21:42:13 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 39/57] fix: remove test texture

---
 main.cpp | 139 +------------------------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 138 deletions(-)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index b071f72..4003662 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -67,121 +67,6 @@ sopho::ImageData load_image()
     return result;
 }
 
-/**
- * @brief Creates a GPU texture from image data.
- *
- * Creates a 2D RGBA8 texture with sampler usage based on the provided image data.
- *
- * @param device Pointer to the SDL GPU device.
- * @param img Reference to the ImageData structure containing image information.
- * @return SDL_GPUTexture* Pointer to the created GPU texture, or nullptr on failure.
- */
-SDL_GPUTexture* create_texture_from_image(SDL_GPUDevice* device, const sopho::ImageData& img)
-{
-    SDL_GPUTextureCreateInfo create_info{.type = SDL_GPU_TEXTURETYPE_2D,
-                                         .format = SDL_GPU_TEXTUREFORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
-                                         .usage = SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_SAMPLER,
-                                         .width = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(img.width),
-                                         .height = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(img.height),
-                                         .layer_count_or_depth = 1,
-                                         .num_levels = 1,
-                                         .sample_count = SDL_GPU_SAMPLECOUNT_1,
-                                         .props = 0};
-    return SDL_CreateGPUTexture(device, &create_info);
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief Creates a GPU transfer buffer for texture data upload.
- *
- * Creates an upload transfer buffer containing the image data for efficient GPU upload.
- *
- * @param device Pointer to the SDL GPU device.
- * @param img Reference to the ImageData structure containing image information.
- * @return SDL_GPUTransferBuffer* Pointer to the created GPU transfer buffer, or nullptr on failure.
- */
-SDL_GPUTransferBuffer* create_texture_transfer_buffer(SDL_GPUDevice* device, const sopho::ImageData& img)
-{
-    const Uint32 bytes_per_pixel = 4;
-    const Uint32 size_in_bytes = static_cast<Uint32>(img.width) * static_cast<Uint32>(img.height) * bytes_per_pixel;
-
-    SDL_GPUTransferBufferCreateInfo info{
-        .usage = SDL_GPU_TRANSFERBUFFERUSAGE_UPLOAD, .size = size_in_bytes, .props = 0};
-
-    SDL_GPUTransferBuffer* transfer = SDL_CreateGPUTransferBuffer(device, &info);
-    if (!transfer)
-    {
-        SDL_Log("Failed to create transfer buffer: %s", SDL_GetError());
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    void* ptr = SDL_MapGPUTransferBuffer(device, transfer, false);
-    if (!ptr)
-    {
-        SDL_Log("Failed to map transfer buffer: %s", SDL_GetError());
-        SDL_ReleaseGPUTransferBuffer(device, transfer);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    SDL_memcpy(ptr, img.pixels.data(), size_in_bytes);
-    SDL_UnmapGPUTransferBuffer(device, transfer);
-
-    return transfer;
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief Uploads texture data from transfer buffer to GPU texture.
- *
- * Performs a GPU copy operation to upload texture data from the provided transfer buffer to the target texture.
- *
- * @param device Pointer to the SDL GPU device.
- * @param texture Pointer to the target GPU texture.
- * @param transfer Pointer to the source GPU transfer buffer containing texture data.
- * @param width Width of the texture in pixels.
- * @param height Height of the texture in pixels.
- */
-void upload_texture_full(SDL_GPUDevice* device, SDL_GPUTexture* texture, SDL_GPUTransferBuffer* transfer, int width,
-                         int height)
-{
-    SDL_GPUCommandBuffer* cmd = SDL_AcquireGPUCommandBuffer(device);
-    if (!cmd)
-    {
-        SDL_Log("SDL_AcquireGPUCommandBuffer failed: %s", SDL_GetError());
-        return;
-    }
-
-    SDL_GPUCopyPass* copy_pass = SDL_BeginGPUCopyPass(cmd);
-    if (!copy_pass)
-    {
-        SDL_Log("SDL_BeginGPUCopyPass failed: %s", SDL_GetError());
-        return;
-    }
-
-    const Uint32 bytes_per_pixel = 4; // RGBA8
-    const Uint32 row_bytes = static_cast<Uint32>(width) * bytes_per_pixel;
-
-    SDL_GPUTextureTransferInfo src{};
-    src.transfer_buffer = transfer;
-    src.offset = 0;
-    src.pixels_per_row = 0;
-    src.rows_per_layer = 0;
-
-    SDL_GPUTextureRegion dst{};
-    dst.texture = texture;
-    dst.mip_level = 0;
-    dst.layer = 0;
-    dst.x = 0;
-    dst.y = 0;
-    dst.z = 0;
-    dst.w = static_cast<Uint32>(width);
-    dst.h = static_cast<Uint32>(height);
-    dst.d = 1;
-
-    SDL_UploadToGPUTexture(copy_pass, &src, &dst, false);
-
-    SDL_EndGPUCopyPass(copy_pass);
-    SDL_SubmitGPUCommandBuffer(cmd);
-}
-
 class UserApp : public sopho::App
 {
     // GPU + resources
@@ -191,8 +76,6 @@ class UserApp : public sopho::App
 
     sopho::ImageData m_image_data;
     std::shared_ptr<sopho::TextureWrapper> m_texture_wrapper{};
-    SDL_GPUSampler* m_sampler;
-    SDL_GPUTexture* m_texture;
 
     // camera state
     float yaw = 0.0f;
@@ -276,7 +159,7 @@ void main()
         }
 
         // 3. Create vertex buffer.
-        auto render_data = std::move(m_gpu->create_data(pw_result.value(), 4));
+        auto render_data = m_gpu->create_data(pw_result.value(), 4);
         if (!render_data)
         {
             SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_ERROR, "Failed to create vertex buffer, error = %d",
@@ -353,24 +236,6 @@ void main()
 
         ImGui_ImplSDLGPU3_Init(&init_info);
         m_image_data = load_image();
-        m_texture = create_texture_from_image(m_gpu->device(), m_image_data);
-        auto transfer_buffer = create_texture_transfer_buffer(m_gpu->device(), m_image_data);
-        upload_texture_full(m_gpu->device(), m_texture, transfer_buffer, m_image_data.width, m_image_data.height);
-        SDL_ReleaseGPUTransferBuffer(m_gpu->device(), transfer_buffer);
-        SDL_GPUSamplerCreateInfo info{};
-        info.min_filter = SDL_GPU_FILTER_LINEAR;
-        info.mag_filter = SDL_GPU_FILTER_LINEAR;
-        info.max_anisotropy = 1.f;
-        info.mipmap_mode = SDL_GPU_SAMPLERMIPMAPMODE_LINEAR;
-        info.address_mode_u = SDL_GPU_SAMPLERADDRESSMODE_REPEAT;
-        info.address_mode_v = SDL_GPU_SAMPLERADDRESSMODE_REPEAT;
-        info.address_mode_w = SDL_GPU_SAMPLERADDRESSMODE_REPEAT;
-        info.enable_anisotropy = true;
-        info.enable_compare = false;
-        info.compare_op = SDL_GPU_COMPAREOP_ALWAYS;
-        info.props = 0;
-
-        m_sampler = SDL_CreateGPUSampler(m_gpu->device(), &info);
 
         auto texture = sopho::TextureWrapper::Builder{}.set_image_data(m_image_data).build(*m_gpu.get());
         if (texture)
@@ -690,8 +555,6 @@ void main()
         ImGui_ImplSDL3_Shutdown();
         ImGui_ImplSDLGPU3_Shutdown();
         ImGui::DestroyContext();
-        SDL_ReleaseGPUTexture(m_gpu->device(), m_texture);
-        SDL_ReleaseGPUSampler(m_gpu->device(), m_sampler);
     }
 };
 

From 2921e9c50f4f1760c57e86a76e877549f8547a91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2025 21:43:12 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 40/57] feat:set imgui and stb header file as system

---
 CMakeLists.txt | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index a9896e4..21cf4db 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ add_library(imgui STATIC
         ${IMGUI_DIR}/backends/imgui_impl_sdlgpu3.cpp
         ${IMGUI_DIR}/misc/cpp/imgui_stdlib.cpp
 )
-target_include_directories(imgui PUBLIC
+target_include_directories(imgui SYSTEM PUBLIC
         ${IMGUI_DIR}
         ${IMGUI_DIR}/backends
 )
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ FetchContent_Declare(
 )
 FetchContent_MakeAvailable(stb)
 add_library(stb INTERFACE)
-target_include_directories(stb INTERFACE ${stb_SOURCE_DIR})
+target_include_directories(stb SYSTEM INTERFACE ${stb_SOURCE_DIR})
 
 FetchContent_Declare(
         googletest

From 8849833c95479b607bf88272f577713773545e36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2025 23:06:40 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 41/57] feat:clean up readme

---
 README.md | 4 ----
 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 14f884e..ced3dfa 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
 # SDL Test
 
 This is a personal learning project following [Learn OpenGL](https://learnopengl.com/)
-
-## Comment Format
-
-Using block comments `/*...*/`.

From 6cdeac1582263115d0949c16bfbb269db0b46005 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <17792626+WSQS@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2025 23:14:05 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 42/57] feat:Add Track in Readme

---
 README.md | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index ced3dfa..2dde53b 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,3 +1,22 @@
 # SDL Test
 
 This is a personal learning project following [Learn OpenGL](https://learnopengl.com/)
+
+## Track
+
+- [ ] Getting started
+  - [x] OpenGL
+  - [x] Creating a window
+  - [x] Hello Window
+  - [x] Hello Triangle
+  - [x] Shaders
+  - [x] Textures
+  - [ ] Transformations
+  - [ ] Coordinate Systems
+  - [ ] Camera
+- [ ] Lighting
+- [ ] Model Loading
+- [ ] Advanced OpenGL
+- [ ] Advanced Lighting
+- [ ] PBR
+- [ ] In Practice

From dab40344df26e3592e7f872b30ffc79b92ebcbcf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 08:55:24 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 43/57] fix: release command buffer if begin copy pass failed

---
 sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp
index be06b27..0130c6a 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ namespace sopho
         SDL_GPUCopyPass* copy_pass = SDL_BeginGPUCopyPass(cmd);
         if (!copy_pass)
         {
+            SDL_SubmitGPUCommandBuffer(cmd);
             SDL_Log("SDL_BeginGPUCopyPass failed: %s", SDL_GetError());
             return std::unexpected{GpuError::BEGIN_COPY_PASS_FAILED};
         }

From 5df9b86116db9ff5596746f221916018da03cefa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 08:58:24 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 44/57] fix:check texture wrapper before using

---
 main.cpp | 9 ++++++++-
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index 4003662..70c2d8c 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -492,8 +492,15 @@ void main()
 
         SDL_BindGPUIndexBuffer(renderPass, &m_renderable->data()->get_index_buffer_binding(),
                                SDL_GPU_INDEXELEMENTSIZE_32BIT);
+        if (m_texture_wrapper)
+        {
+            SDL_BindGPUFragmentSamplers(renderPass, 0, m_texture_wrapper->get(), 1);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "Texture not available, skip binding sampler");
+        }
 
-        SDL_BindGPUFragmentSamplers(renderPass, 0, m_texture_wrapper->get(), 1);
 
         SDL_DrawGPUIndexedPrimitives(renderPass, 6, 1, 0, 0, 0);
 

From e522e57d93f5b311c9ad4f6b14fdd1c1796e66aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 08:58:45 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 45/57] fix: update vertex count

---
 main.cpp | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index 70c2d8c..a7ba8b1 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ void main()
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        auto new_data = m_gpu->create_data(*m_renderable->procedural(), 3);
+                        auto new_data = m_gpu->create_data(*m_renderable->procedural(), 4);
                         m_renderable->data() = std::move(new_data.value());
                         m_renderable->data()->upload();
                     }

From bcd257e2c0f5e6cedb0aa3fd17cb467e69586e65 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 09:28:20 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 46/57] feat: make file name correct

---
 main.cpp | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index a7ba8b1..c2fa599 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -49,13 +49,14 @@ struct CameraUniform
 sopho::ImageData load_image()
 {
     stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);
+    std::string file_name{"assets/test_texture.png"};
     sopho::ImageData result;
-    auto data = stbi_load("assets/test_texture.png", &result.width, &result.height, &result.channels, 4);
+    auto data = stbi_load(file_name.data(), &result.width, &result.height, &result.channels, 4);
     result.channels = 4;
 
     if (!data)
     {
-        SDL_Log("stbi_load failed for %s: %s", "test.png", stbi_failure_reason());
+        SDL_Log("stbi_load failed for %s: %s", file_name.data(), stbi_failure_reason());
     }
     else
     {

From b8e7d4d6ea1a3e5de88dd782135beae00e6f35aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 09:28:45 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 47/57] feat: format document

---
 main.cpp | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index c2fa599..c9402fd 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ void main()
         auto texture = sopho::TextureWrapper::Builder{}.set_image_data(m_image_data).build(*m_gpu.get());
         if (texture)
         {
-            m_texture_wrapper =std::make_shared<sopho::TextureWrapper>(std::move(texture.value()));
+            m_texture_wrapper = std::make_shared<sopho::TextureWrapper>(std::move(texture.value()));
         }
         return SDL_APP_CONTINUE;
     }

From 955f9d3571be582ffd478886d104e5f760988f3e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 10:36:42 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 48/57] feat: Add missing header file

---
 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx
index 160eed1..50daeaf 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data.ixx
@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@
 //
 module;
 #include <SDL3/SDL_gpu.h>
-#include <vector>
+#include <cstddef>
 #include <expected>
 #include <variant>
+#include <vector>
 export module sdl_wrapper:render_data;
 import :vertex_layout;
 namespace sopho

From 3577ff3cb25e497d07dfb4320a3cb2e92ebc4d04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 10:38:29 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 49/57] fix: change submit function signature

---
 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx | 2 +-
 sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp     | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx
index 7a85ac5..c169fe7 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.ixx
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ namespace sopho
          */
         [[nodiscard]] std::uint32_t size() const noexcept { return m_size; }
 
-        checkable<std::monostate> submit(void* data_source);
+        checkable<std::monostate> submit(const void* data_source);
 
         /*
          * @brief Builder pattern for creating TransferBufferWrapper instances.
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp
index fc45749..b11e8e2 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.transfer_buffer.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ namespace sopho
         }
     }
 
-    checkable<std::monostate> TransferBufferWrapper::submit(void* data_source)
+    checkable<std::monostate> TransferBufferWrapper::submit(const void* data_source)
     {
         assert(m_usage_limit != 0);
         void* dst = SDL_MapGPUTransferBuffer(m_gpu->device(), m_transfer_buffer, false);

From 8dff3d4a076a8fabdc2ae14b9e06e91aa508a935 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 10:44:00 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 50/57] fix: add initializer sampler_count

---
 data_type/modules/data_type.ixx | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx b/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx
index 5c2ae6d..5b4948e 100644
--- a/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx
+++ b/data_type/modules/data_type.ixx
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ export namespace sopho
 
     struct FragmentReflection
     {
-        std::uint32_t sampler_count;
+        std::uint32_t sampler_count{};
     };
 
 } // namespace sopho

From 4557e6ea4b8a7f7597f27736f5ca105483f8631b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 10:46:01 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 51/57] fix: add std::move

---
 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx
index 0b07e1c..ec3a6db 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.texture.ixx
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ module;
 #include <SDL3/SDL_gpu.h>
 #include <expected>
 #include <memory>
+#include <utility>
 export module sdl_wrapper:texture;
 import data_type;
 import :decl;
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ namespace sopho
 
             Builder& set_image_data(ImageData image_data)
             {
-                img_data = image_data;
+                img_data = std::move(image_data);
                 return *this;
             }
 

From 24645d1cf5506435731fcf7119710525e6cb9c1a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 10:50:19 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 52/57] log: add log for create texture failed

---
 main.cpp | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index c9402fd..f8a71ac 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -243,6 +243,11 @@ void main()
         {
             m_texture_wrapper = std::make_shared<sopho::TextureWrapper>(std::move(texture.value()));
         }
+        else
+        {
+            SDL_LogWarn(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "Failed to create texture: error = %d",
+                        static_cast<int>(texture.error()));
+        }
         return SDL_APP_CONTINUE;
     }
 

From 5ae60b4193f8cd4adf312525b7231bf65eeab2ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 10:56:44 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 53/57] fix: add index count for RenderData

---
 main.cpp                                             | 4 ++--
 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx              | 3 +--
 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx | 9 +++++----
 sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp                  | 6 ++++--
 4 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index f8a71ac..81eef1a 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ void main()
         }
 
         // 3. Create vertex buffer.
-        auto render_data = m_gpu->create_data(pw_result.value(), 4);
+        auto render_data = m_gpu->create_data(pw_result.value(), 4, 6);
         if (!render_data)
         {
             SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_ERROR, "Failed to create vertex buffer, error = %d",
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ void main()
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        auto new_data = m_gpu->create_data(*m_renderable->procedural(), 4);
+                        auto new_data = m_gpu->create_data(*m_renderable->procedural(), 4, 6);
                         m_renderable->data() = std::move(new_data.value());
                         m_renderable->data()->upload();
                     }
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx
index 00e28b7..ea8c19a 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.gpu.ixx
@@ -210,8 +210,7 @@ export namespace sopho
 
         [[nodiscard]] auto device() const { return m_ctx.device.raw; }
         [[nodiscard]] SDL_Window* window() const { return m_ctx.window.raw; }
-        [[nodiscard]] checkable<std::shared_ptr<RenderData>> create_data(const RenderProcedural& render_procedural,
-                                                                         uint32_t vertex_count);
+        [[nodiscard]] checkable<std::shared_ptr<RenderData>> create_data(const RenderProcedural& render_procedural, std::uint32_t vertex_count, std::uint32_t index_count);
 
         auto release_buffer(SDL_GPUBuffer* buffer)
         {
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx
index b7065c7..5ee4bc1 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx
@@ -20,14 +20,15 @@ namespace sopho
         BufferWrapper m_index_buffer;
         VertexLayout m_layouts{};
         size_t m_vertex_count{};
+        size_t m_index_count{};
         std::vector<SDL_GPUBufferBinding> m_bindings{};
         SDL_GPUBufferBinding m_index_binding{};
 
     public:
-        explicit RenderDataImpl(BufferWrapper&& vertex_buffer_wrapper, BufferWrapper&& index_buffer_wrapper,
-                                const VertexLayout& layouts, size_t vertex_count) :
+        RenderDataImpl(BufferWrapper&& vertex_buffer_wrapper, BufferWrapper&& index_buffer_wrapper,
+                                const VertexLayout& layouts, size_t vertex_count, std::uint32_t index_count) :
             m_vertex_buffer(std::move(vertex_buffer_wrapper)), m_index_buffer(std::move(index_buffer_wrapper)),
-            m_layouts(layouts), m_vertex_count(vertex_count)
+            m_layouts(layouts), m_vertex_count(vertex_count),m_index_count(index_count)
         {
             m_bindings.emplace_back(m_vertex_buffer.gpu_buffer(), 0);
             m_index_binding.buffer = m_index_buffer.gpu_buffer();
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ namespace sopho
         }
         virtual IndexView index_view() override
         {
-            return IndexView{.index_count = m_vertex_count, .raw = m_index_buffer.cpu_buffer()};
+            return IndexView{.index_count = m_index_count, .raw = m_index_buffer.cpu_buffer()};
         }
         virtual std::expected<std::monostate, GpuError> upload() override
         {
diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
index 5a967e1..3234354 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
@@ -27,10 +27,12 @@ namespace sopho
      *
      * @param render_procedural Source procedural that provides the vertex layout.
      * @param vertex_count Number of vertices the allocated buffer must hold.
+     * @param index_count
      * @return RenderData RenderData containing the allocated vertex buffer, the vertex layout, and `vertex_count`.
      */
     checkable<std::shared_ptr<RenderData>> GpuWrapper::create_data(const RenderProcedural& render_procedural,
-                                                                   uint32_t vertex_count)
+                                                                   std::uint32_t vertex_count,
+                                                                   std::uint32_t index_count)
     {
         auto size = render_procedural.vertex_layout().get_stride() * vertex_count;
         auto vertex_buffer = BufferWrapper::Builder{}.set_flag(SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_VERTEX).set_size(size).build(*this);
@@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ namespace sopho
             return std::unexpected(index_buffer.error());
         }
         return std::make_shared<RenderDataImpl>(std::move(vertex_buffer.value()), std::move(index_buffer.value()),
-                                                render_procedural.vertex_layout(), vertex_count);
+                                                render_procedural.vertex_layout(), vertex_count, index_count);
     }
 
     /**

From b62817a9c44ec837641632e5be70c76f889b92ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 10:58:10 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 54/57] fix: release buffer to avoid leak

---
 sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp
index 914e323..6454a93 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.buffer.cpp
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ namespace sopho
         if (!transfer_buffer)
         {
             SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "%s:%d %s", __FILE__, __LINE__, SDL_GetError());
+            gpu.release_buffer(gpu_buffer);
             return std::unexpected(transfer_buffer.error());
         }
         return BufferWrapper{gpu.shared_from_this(), gpu_buffer, (std::move(transfer_buffer.value())), size};

From 2566e27ef86b1d5bd16c01e8132b62c4b19246e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 11:03:49 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 55/57] fix: avoid texture leak

---
 sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp
index 0130c6a..24f6b7c 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.texture.cpp
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ namespace sopho
         auto submit_result = c_tb.and_then([&](auto& tb) { return tb.submit(img_data.pixels.data()); });
         if (!submit_result)
         {
+            SDL_ReleaseGPUTexture(gpu.device(), texture);
             return std::unexpected{submit_result.error()};
         }
         SDL_GPUCommandBuffer* cmd = SDL_AcquireGPUCommandBuffer(gpu.device());
@@ -69,6 +70,7 @@ namespace sopho
         if (!copy_pass)
         {
             SDL_SubmitGPUCommandBuffer(cmd);
+            SDL_ReleaseGPUTexture(gpu.device(), texture);
             SDL_Log("SDL_BeginGPUCopyPass failed: %s", SDL_GetError());
             return std::unexpected{GpuError::BEGIN_COPY_PASS_FAILED};
         }
@@ -112,6 +114,7 @@ namespace sopho
         if (!sampler)
         {
             SDL_Log("SDL_CreateGPUSampler failed: %s", SDL_GetError());
+            SDL_ReleaseGPUTexture(gpu.device(), texture);
             return std::unexpected{GpuError::CREATE_SAMPLER_FAILED};
         }
 

From be8ca77ee6b7cdf406337854b36a589282f4936a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 11:10:27 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 56/57] fix: remove magic number and using parameter

---
 sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
index 3234354..f23f665 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/src/sdl_wrapper.gpu.cpp
@@ -40,8 +40,10 @@ namespace sopho
         {
             return std::unexpected(vertex_buffer.error());
         }
-        auto index_buffer =
-            BufferWrapper::Builder{}.set_flag(SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_INDEX).set_size(6 * sizeof(int)).build(*this);
+        auto index_buffer = BufferWrapper::Builder{}
+                                .set_flag(SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_INDEX)
+                                .set_size(index_count * sizeof(int))
+                                .build(*this);
         if (!index_buffer)
         {
             return std::unexpected(index_buffer.error());

From c1b759a44b45a89c53aa404bcd1f184b17f8c2d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophomore <sophomore@duck.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 11:13:59 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 57/57] fix: add missing header file

---
 sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx | 7 ++++---
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx
index 5ee4bc1..09c0ae6 100644
--- a/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx
+++ b/sdl_wrapper/modules/sdl_wrapper.render_data_impl.ixx
@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@
 //
 module;
 #include <cstddef>
-#include <vector>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <expected>
 #include <utility>
 #include <variant>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include "SDL3/SDL_gpu.h"
 export module sdl_wrapper:render_data_impl;
@@ -26,9 +27,9 @@ namespace sopho
 
     public:
         RenderDataImpl(BufferWrapper&& vertex_buffer_wrapper, BufferWrapper&& index_buffer_wrapper,
-                                const VertexLayout& layouts, size_t vertex_count, std::uint32_t index_count) :
+                       const VertexLayout& layouts, size_t vertex_count, std::uint32_t index_count) :
             m_vertex_buffer(std::move(vertex_buffer_wrapper)), m_index_buffer(std::move(index_buffer_wrapper)),
-            m_layouts(layouts), m_vertex_count(vertex_count),m_index_count(index_count)
+            m_layouts(layouts), m_vertex_count(vertex_count), m_index_count(index_count)
         {
             m_bindings.emplace_back(m_vertex_buffer.gpu_buffer(), 0);
             m_index_binding.buffer = m_index_buffer.gpu_buffer();