CI: Re-introduce build_nightly workflow to persist artifacts for upload_binaries

[michaeldiamant]

Summary

Attempts to fix a regression in the nightly build introduced in #4426.

Notes:

• Example failure: https://app.circleci.com/pipelines/github/algorand/go-algorand/8989/workflows/bca22a16-2fa2-4cda-b487-0b1fad6f42f4/jobs/161778
• Since CI: Speed up CircleCI by folding build workflow downstream #4426 no longer persists build artifacts to the workspace, the downstream upload_binaries workflow fails to find artifacts to upload.
• The PR re-introduces a version of build_nightly workflow that builds + persists artifacts to the workspace. The approach mirrors the prior behavior (

  go-algorand/.circleci/config.yml

  Lines 263 to 269 in 0b9580b

  	- persist_to_workspace:
  	root: << parameters.build_dir >>
  	paths:
  	- project
  	- go
  	- gimme
  	- .gimme

  ). The PR deliberately avoids branching in favor of a unique set of steps under the assumption that it's easier to follow/maintain.

Test Plan

Sanity checked config changes via circleci config validate.

[algobarb]

LGTM

[michaeldiamant]

@algojack and I discussed forcing the nightly build to run prior to merging in order to validate the change. We've done so in a child PR: michaeldiamant#3.

The build is running in https://app.circleci.com/pipelines/github/algorand/go-algorand/9011/workflows/72c36c87-93ab-466b-b932-6f9b7c886b9f.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #4457 (4121a4d) into master (0c09407) will increase coverage by 0.01%.
The diff coverage is n/a.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #4457      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   55.25%   55.26%   +0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         398      398              
  Lines       50265    50265              
==========================================
+ Hits        27772    27781       +9     
+ Misses      20176    20168       -8     
+ Partials     2317     2316       -1     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
crypto/merkletrie/trie.go	66.42% <0.00%> (-2.19%)	⬇️
crypto/merkletrie/node.go	91.62% <0.00%> (-1.87%)	⬇️
network/wsPeer.go	68.21% <0.00%> (ø)
network/wsNetwork.go	64.82% <0.00%> (+0.19%)	⬆️
catchup/service.go	69.38% <0.00%> (+0.49%)	⬆️
cmd/tealdbg/debugger.go	73.49% <0.00%> (+0.80%)	⬆️
catchup/peerSelector.go	100.00% <0.00%> (+1.04%)	⬆️
agreement/proposalManager.go	98.03% <0.00%> (+1.96%)	⬆️
agreement/cryptoVerifier.go	69.71% <0.00%> (+2.11%)	⬆️
ledger/roundlru.go	96.22% <0.00%> (+5.66%)	⬆️

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[algojack]

lgtm