Retrieve logical types passed to a component in the graph

[freddyaboulton]

Pull Request Description

Fixes #3418

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After creating the pull request: in order to pass the release_notes_updated check you will need to update the "Future Release" section of docs/source/release_notes.rst to include this pull request by adding :pr:123.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #3428 (42a9190) into main (9282cc6) will increase coverage by 0.1%.
The diff coverage is 100.0%.

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##            main   #3428     +/-   ##
=======================================
+ Coverage   99.7%   99.7%   +0.1%     
=======================================
  Files        332     332             
  Lines      32510   32545     +35     
=======================================
+ Hits       32380   32415     +35     
  Misses       130     130             

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
evalml/pipelines/component_graph.py	99.8% <100.0%> (+0.1%)	⬆️
...valml/tests/pipeline_tests/test_component_graph.py	99.9% <100.0%> (+0.1%)	⬆️

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[jeremyliweishih]

LGTM!

[chukarsten]

LGTM! Send it.

[chukarsten]

A hypernit - I'm not sure what the convention is if a function itself does not directly raise an exception. I feel like we can probably remove the Raises from here. If you take it to a logical extreme, you could include tons of nested exceptions if you don't limit it to just the immediate scope of the function. Feel free to just merge though, this is not a hill I will die on...or will I?