From 2d5270abb9d3b59f7cd8dd7f127537cddc4efa08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alan Agius <17563226+alan-agius4@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Nov 2025 14:06:14 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1/3] refactor: modernize array and string last element access
 using `.at(-1)`

Replace usages of old patterns.
---
 .../tests/behavior/serve-live-reload-proxies_spec.ts        | 3 +--
 .../build/src/builders/dev-server/tests/execute-fetch.ts    | 4 ++--
 .../angular/build/src/builders/dev-server/vite/index.ts     | 4 +---
 .../build/src/tools/vite/middlewares/assets-middleware.ts   | 2 +-
 packages/angular/build/src/utils/project-metadata.ts        | 2 +-
 .../angular/build/src/utils/server-rendering/manifest.ts    | 2 +-
 packages/angular/build/src/utils/url.ts                     | 6 +++---
 .../cli/src/command-builder/utilities/json-schema.ts        | 2 +-
 packages/angular/ssr/src/utils/url.ts                       | 6 +++---
 .../architect/src/jobs/simple-scheduler_spec.ts             | 2 +-
 .../tests/behavior/serve-live-reload-proxies_spec.ts        | 3 +--
 .../src/builders/dev-server/tests/execute-fetch.ts          | 2 +-
 packages/angular_devkit/core/src/utils/template.ts          | 4 +---
 packages/angular_devkit/core/src/virtual-fs/path.ts         | 2 +-
 packages/angular_devkit/schematics/src/tree/action.ts       | 2 +-
 packages/angular_devkit/schematics/src/workflow/base.ts     | 4 ++--
 tests/legacy-cli/e2e_runner.ts                              | 2 +-
 17 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/angular/build/src/builders/dev-server/tests/behavior/serve-live-reload-proxies_spec.ts b/packages/angular/build/src/builders/dev-server/tests/behavior/serve-live-reload-proxies_spec.ts
index 65f34bddf94d..efdd749de258 100644
--- a/packages/angular/build/src/builders/dev-server/tests/behavior/serve-live-reload-proxies_spec.ts
+++ b/packages/angular/build/src/builders/dev-server/tests/behavior/serve-live-reload-proxies_spec.ts
@@ -105,8 +105,7 @@ DDIy4xXPW1STWfsmSYJfYW3wa0wk+pJQ3j2cTzkPQQ8gwpvM3U9DJl43uwb37v6I
 
 async function goToPageAndWaitForWS(page: Page, url: string): Promise<void> {
   const baseUrl = url.replace(/^http/, 'ws');
-  const socksRequest =
-    baseUrl[baseUrl.length - 1] === '/' ? `${baseUrl}ng-cli-ws` : `${baseUrl}/ng-cli-ws`;
+  const socksRequest = baseUrl.at(-1) === '/' ? `${baseUrl}ng-cli-ws` : `${baseUrl}/ng-cli-ws`;
   // Create a Chrome dev tools session so that we can capturing websocket request.
   // https://github.com/puppeteer/puppeteer/issues/2974
 
diff --git a/packages/angular/build/src/builders/dev-server/tests/execute-fetch.ts b/packages/angular/build/src/builders/dev-server/tests/execute-fetch.ts
index ebbdcf3f1133..75a4e7935ebe 100644
--- a/packages/angular/build/src/builders/dev-server/tests/execute-fetch.ts
+++ b/packages/angular/build/src/builders/dev-server/tests/execute-fetch.ts
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ export async function executeOnceAndFetch<T>(
         let content = undefined;
         if (executionResult.result?.success) {
           let baseUrl = `${executionResult.result.baseUrl}`;
-          baseUrl = baseUrl[baseUrl.length - 1] === '/' ? baseUrl : `${baseUrl}/`;
+          baseUrl = baseUrl.at(-1) === '/' ? baseUrl : `${baseUrl}/`;
           const resolvedUrl = new URL(url, baseUrl);
           const originalResponse = await fetch(resolvedUrl, options?.request);
           response = originalResponse.clone();
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ export async function executeOnceAndGet<T>(
         let content = undefined;
         if (executionResult.result?.success) {
           let baseUrl = `${executionResult.result.baseUrl}`;
-          baseUrl = baseUrl[baseUrl.length - 1] === '/' ? baseUrl : `${baseUrl}/`;
+          baseUrl = baseUrl.at(-1) === '/' ? baseUrl : `${baseUrl}/`;
           const resolvedUrl = new URL(url, baseUrl);
 
           response = await new Promise<IncomingMessage>((resolve) =>
diff --git a/packages/angular/build/src/builders/dev-server/vite/index.ts b/packages/angular/build/src/builders/dev-server/vite/index.ts
index 75987b2c2cc2..8129daac1ba1 100644
--- a/packages/angular/build/src/builders/dev-server/vite/index.ts
+++ b/packages/angular/build/src/builders/dev-server/vite/index.ts
@@ -243,9 +243,7 @@ export async function* serveWithVite(
           const baseHref = result.detail['htmlBaseHref'] as string;
           // Remove trailing slash
           serverOptions.servePath =
-            baseHref !== './' && baseHref[baseHref.length - 1] === '/'
-              ? baseHref.slice(0, -1)
-              : baseHref;
+            baseHref !== './' && baseHref.at(-1) === '/' ? baseHref.slice(0, -1) : baseHref;
         }
 
         assetFiles.clear();
diff --git a/packages/angular/build/src/tools/vite/middlewares/assets-middleware.ts b/packages/angular/build/src/tools/vite/middlewares/assets-middleware.ts
index 414ec5ca13d1..f0a137f578f8 100644
--- a/packages/angular/build/src/tools/vite/middlewares/assets-middleware.ts
+++ b/packages/angular/build/src/tools/vite/middlewares/assets-middleware.ts
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ export function createAngularAssetsMiddleware(
     // The base of the URL is unused but required to parse the URL.
     const pathname = pathnameWithoutBasePath(req.url, server.config.base);
     const extension = extname(pathname);
-    const pathnameHasTrailingSlash = pathname[pathname.length - 1] === '/';
+    const pathnameHasTrailingSlash = pathname.at(-1) === '/';
 
     // Rewrite all build assets to a vite raw fs URL
     const asset = assets.get(pathname);
diff --git a/packages/angular/build/src/utils/project-metadata.ts b/packages/angular/build/src/utils/project-metadata.ts
index bc997652fef1..31912d5e9905 100644
--- a/packages/angular/build/src/utils/project-metadata.ts
+++ b/packages/angular/build/src/utils/project-metadata.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import { join } from 'node:path';
  * @returns A normalized path string.
  */
 export function normalizeDirectoryPath(path: string): string {
-  const last = path[path.length - 1];
+  const last = path.at(-1);
   if (last === '/' || last === '\\') {
     return path.slice(0, -1);
   }
diff --git a/packages/angular/build/src/utils/server-rendering/manifest.ts b/packages/angular/build/src/utils/server-rendering/manifest.ts
index 2dfad0ff2dfb..b01bff38b58f 100644
--- a/packages/angular/build/src/utils/server-rendering/manifest.ts
+++ b/packages/angular/build/src/utils/server-rendering/manifest.ts
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ export function generateAngularServerAppEngineManifest(
 
   // Remove trailing slash but retain leading slash.
   let basePath = baseHref || '/';
-  if (basePath.length > 1 && basePath[basePath.length - 1] === '/') {
+  if (basePath.length > 1 && basePath.at(-1) === '/') {
     basePath = basePath.slice(0, -1);
   }
 
diff --git a/packages/angular/build/src/utils/url.ts b/packages/angular/build/src/utils/url.ts
index 9edbfb3a3de5..689eac37eab5 100644
--- a/packages/angular/build/src/utils/url.ts
+++ b/packages/angular/build/src/utils/url.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
  */
 export function stripTrailingSlash(url: string): string {
   // Check if the last character of the URL is a slash
-  return url.length > 1 && url[url.length - 1] === '/' ? url.slice(0, -1) : url;
+  return url.length > 1 && url.at(-1) === '/' ? url.slice(0, -1) : url;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ export function addLeadingSlash(url: string): string {
  */
 export function addTrailingSlash(url: string): string {
   // Check if the URL already end with a slash
-  return url[url.length - 1] === '/' ? url : `${url}/`;
+  return url.at(-1) === '/' ? url : `${url}/`;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ export function joinUrlParts(...parts: string[]): string {
     if (part[0] === '/') {
       normalizedPart = normalizedPart.slice(1);
     }
-    if (part[part.length - 1] === '/') {
+    if (part.at(-1) === '/') {
       normalizedPart = normalizedPart.slice(0, -1);
     }
     if (normalizedPart !== '') {
diff --git a/packages/angular/cli/src/command-builder/utilities/json-schema.ts b/packages/angular/cli/src/command-builder/utilities/json-schema.ts
index e9fbd7e0e27a..0a4215be8eed 100644
--- a/packages/angular/cli/src/command-builder/utilities/json-schema.ts
+++ b/packages/angular/cli/src/command-builder/utilities/json-schema.ts
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ export async function parseJsonSchemaToOptions(
       // Skip any non-property items.
       return;
     }
-    const name = ptr[ptr.length - 1];
+    const name = ptr.at(-1) as string;
 
     const types = getSupportedTypes(current);
 
diff --git a/packages/angular/ssr/src/utils/url.ts b/packages/angular/ssr/src/utils/url.ts
index 9b5edede7f8e..55d37ad9a05f 100644
--- a/packages/angular/ssr/src/utils/url.ts
+++ b/packages/angular/ssr/src/utils/url.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
  */
 export function stripTrailingSlash(url: string): string {
   // Check if the last character of the URL is a slash
-  return url.length > 1 && url[url.length - 1] === '/' ? url.slice(0, -1) : url;
+  return url.length > 1 && url.at(-1) === '/' ? url.slice(0, -1) : url;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ export function addLeadingSlash(url: string): string {
  */
 export function addTrailingSlash(url: string): string {
   // Check if the URL already end with a slash
-  return url[url.length - 1] === '/' ? url : `${url}/`;
+  return url.at(-1) === '/' ? url : `${url}/`;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ export function joinUrlParts(...parts: string[]): string {
     if (part[0] === '/') {
       normalizedPart = normalizedPart.slice(1);
     }
-    if (part[part.length - 1] === '/') {
+    if (part.at(-1) === '/') {
       normalizedPart = normalizedPart.slice(0, -1);
     }
     if (normalizedPart !== '') {
diff --git a/packages/angular_devkit/architect/src/jobs/simple-scheduler_spec.ts b/packages/angular_devkit/architect/src/jobs/simple-scheduler_spec.ts
index a4b1ee75a922..560927179294 100644
--- a/packages/angular_devkit/architect/src/jobs/simple-scheduler_spec.ts
+++ b/packages/angular_devkit/architect/src/jobs/simple-scheduler_spec.ts
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ describe('SimpleScheduler', () => {
     // Might be out of order.
     expect(done).toEqual(jasmine.arrayContaining([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]));
     // Verify at least partial order.
-    expect(done[done.length - 1]).toBe(7);
+    expect(done.at(-1)).toBe(7);
     expect(done.indexOf(4)).toBeGreaterThan(done.indexOf(1));
     expect(done.indexOf(5)).toBeGreaterThan(done.indexOf(2));
     expect(done.indexOf(6)).toBeGreaterThan(done.indexOf(3));
diff --git a/packages/angular_devkit/build_angular/src/builders/dev-server/tests/behavior/serve-live-reload-proxies_spec.ts b/packages/angular_devkit/build_angular/src/builders/dev-server/tests/behavior/serve-live-reload-proxies_spec.ts
index c2a1758f2b5e..09d50dbb4528 100644
--- a/packages/angular_devkit/build_angular/src/builders/dev-server/tests/behavior/serve-live-reload-proxies_spec.ts
+++ b/packages/angular_devkit/build_angular/src/builders/dev-server/tests/behavior/serve-live-reload-proxies_spec.ts
@@ -108,8 +108,7 @@ async function createProxy(target: string, secure: boolean, ws = true): Promise<
 
 async function goToPageAndWaitForWS(page: Page, url: string): Promise<void> {
   const baseUrl = url.replace(/^http/, 'ws');
-  const socksRequest =
-    baseUrl[baseUrl.length - 1] === '/' ? `${baseUrl}ng-cli-ws` : `${baseUrl}/ng-cli-ws`;
+  const socksRequest = baseUrl.at(-1) === '/' ? `${baseUrl}ng-cli-ws` : `${baseUrl}/ng-cli-ws`;
   // Create a Chrome dev tools session so that we can capturing websocket request.
   // https://github.com/puppeteer/puppeteer/issues/2974
 
diff --git a/packages/angular_devkit/build_angular/src/builders/dev-server/tests/execute-fetch.ts b/packages/angular_devkit/build_angular/src/builders/dev-server/tests/execute-fetch.ts
index eada7975ba88..489ae5501cda 100644
--- a/packages/angular_devkit/build_angular/src/builders/dev-server/tests/execute-fetch.ts
+++ b/packages/angular_devkit/build_angular/src/builders/dev-server/tests/execute-fetch.ts
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ export async function executeOnceAndFetch<T>(
         let content = undefined;
         if (executionResult.result?.success) {
           let baseUrl = `${executionResult.result.baseUrl}`;
-          baseUrl = baseUrl[baseUrl.length - 1] === '/' ? baseUrl : `${baseUrl}/`;
+          baseUrl = baseUrl.at(-1) === '/' ? baseUrl : `${baseUrl}/`;
           const resolvedUrl = new URL(url, baseUrl);
           const originalResponse = await fetch(resolvedUrl, options?.request);
           response = originalResponse.clone();
diff --git a/packages/angular_devkit/core/src/utils/template.ts b/packages/angular_devkit/core/src/utils/template.ts
index ebd3778fd4e9..89309d676905 100644
--- a/packages/angular_devkit/core/src/utils/template.ts
+++ b/packages/angular_devkit/core/src/utils/template.ts
@@ -253,9 +253,7 @@ function templateWithSourceMap(ast: TemplateAst, options?: TemplateOptions): str
     ]),
   );
 
-  const end = ast.children.length
-    ? ast.children[ast.children.length - 1].end
-    : { line: 0, column: 0 };
+  const end = ast.children.length ? ast.children.at(-1)?.end : { line: 0, column: 0 };
   const nodes = ast.children
     .reduce((chunk, node) => {
       let code: string | SourceNode | (SourceNode | string)[] = '';
diff --git a/packages/angular_devkit/core/src/virtual-fs/path.ts b/packages/angular_devkit/core/src/virtual-fs/path.ts
index 198b07aa7975..783bfe9d4402 100644
--- a/packages/angular_devkit/core/src/virtual-fs/path.ts
+++ b/packages/angular_devkit/core/src/virtual-fs/path.ts
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ export const NormalizedRoot: Path = NormalizedSep;
  */
 export function split(path: Path): PathFragment[] {
   const fragments = path.split(NormalizedSep).map((x) => fragment(x));
-  if (fragments[fragments.length - 1].length === 0) {
+  if (fragments.at(-1)?.length === 0) {
     fragments.pop();
   }
 
diff --git a/packages/angular_devkit/schematics/src/tree/action.ts b/packages/angular_devkit/schematics/src/tree/action.ts
index 2f5f5e38e900..2d76bcc3662e 100644
--- a/packages/angular_devkit/schematics/src/tree/action.ts
+++ b/packages/angular_devkit/schematics/src/tree/action.ts
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ export class ActionList implements Iterable<Action> {
     this._actions.push({
       ...(action as Action),
       id: _id++,
-      parent: this._actions[this._actions.length - 1]?.id ?? 0,
+      parent: this._actions.at(-1)?.id ?? 0,
     });
   }
 
diff --git a/packages/angular_devkit/schematics/src/workflow/base.ts b/packages/angular_devkit/schematics/src/workflow/base.ts
index 66f1f20ec379..dcf23ff3f755 100644
--- a/packages/angular_devkit/schematics/src/workflow/base.ts
+++ b/packages/angular_devkit/schematics/src/workflow/base.ts
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ export abstract class BaseWorkflow implements Workflow {
   }
 
   get context(): Readonly<WorkflowExecutionContext> {
-    const maybeContext = this._context[this._context.length - 1];
+    const maybeContext = this._context.at(-1);
     if (!maybeContext) {
       throw new Error('Cannot get context when workflow is not executing...');
     }
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ export abstract class BaseWorkflow implements Workflow {
   execute(
     options: Partial<WorkflowExecutionContext> & RequiredWorkflowExecutionContext,
   ): Observable<void> {
-    const parentContext = this._context[this._context.length - 1];
+    const parentContext = this._context.at(-1);
 
     if (!parentContext) {
       this._lifeCycle.next({ kind: 'start' });
diff --git a/tests/legacy-cli/e2e_runner.ts b/tests/legacy-cli/e2e_runner.ts
index 0db1dfb01025..6c9e3179411c 100644
--- a/tests/legacy-cli/e2e_runner.ts
+++ b/tests/legacy-cli/e2e_runner.ts
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ const logger = createConsoleLogger(argv.verbose, process.stdout, process.stderr,
 
 const logStack = [logger];
 function lastLogger() {
-  return logStack[logStack.length - 1];
+  return logStack.at(-1)!;
 }
 
 // Under bazel the compiled file (.js) and types (.d.ts) are available.

From 62988b007ba2aac28bee43b8fa12e61a2c7cf6b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alan Agius <17563226+alan-agius4@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Nov 2025 14:18:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2/3] fixup! refactor: modernize array and string last element
 access using `.at(-1)`

---
 packages/angular/ssr/BUILD.bazel | 2 +-
 tsconfig-build-esm.json          | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/angular/ssr/BUILD.bazel b/packages/angular/ssr/BUILD.bazel
index dc70ac3fdf5b..2fd35cf8adc3 100644
--- a/packages/angular/ssr/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/packages/angular/ssr/BUILD.bazel
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ ts_project(
     ),
     args = [
         "--lib",
-        "dom,es2020",
+        "dom,es2022",
     ],
     data = [
         "//packages/angular/ssr/third_party/beasties:beasties_bundled",
diff --git a/tsconfig-build-esm.json b/tsconfig-build-esm.json
index 5a548be0a88f..8682ad1fbdc5 100644
--- a/tsconfig-build-esm.json
+++ b/tsconfig-build-esm.json
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
   "compilerOptions": {
     "module": "esnext",
     "target": "es2022",
-    "lib": ["es2020"],
+    "lib": ["es2022"],
     // don't auto-discover @types/node, it results in a ///<reference in the .d.ts output
     "types": [],
     "sourceMap": true,

From df31967f2c9977b5f1c3fcd8ae82cfd49f65b5b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alan Agius <17563226+alan-agius4@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Nov 2025 14:28:06 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 3/3] fixup! refactor: modernize array and string last element
 access using `.at(-1)`

---
 packages/angular_devkit/core/src/utils/template.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/packages/angular_devkit/core/src/utils/template.ts b/packages/angular_devkit/core/src/utils/template.ts
index 89309d676905..f28bbf7ad417 100644
--- a/packages/angular_devkit/core/src/utils/template.ts
+++ b/packages/angular_devkit/core/src/utils/template.ts
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ function templateWithSourceMap(ast: TemplateAst, options?: TemplateOptions): str
     ]),
   );
 
-  const end = ast.children.length ? ast.children.at(-1)?.end : { line: 0, column: 0 };
+  const end = ast.children.at(-1)?.end ?? { line: 0, column: 0 };
   const nodes = ast.children
     .reduce((chunk, node) => {
       let code: string | SourceNode | (SourceNode | string)[] = '';