diff --git a/packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/diagnostics/src/error_code.ts b/packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/diagnostics/src/error_code.ts
index b306ecc00b9ff..23c80c91e5f2a 100644
--- a/packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/diagnostics/src/error_code.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/diagnostics/src/error_code.ts
@@ -122,6 +122,16 @@ export enum ErrorCode {
    */
   WRITE_TO_READ_ONLY_VARIABLE = 8005,
 
+  /**
+   * A template variable was declared twice. For example:
+   *
+   * ```html
+   * <div *ngFor="let i of items; let i = index">
+   * </div>
+   * ```
+   */
+  DUPLICATE_VARIABLE_DECLARATION = 8006,
+
   /**
    * An injectable already has a `ɵprov` property.
    */
diff --git a/packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/typecheck/src/oob.ts b/packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/typecheck/src/oob.ts
index 58096e4fdba65..2f1a8b6e9c834 100644
--- a/packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/typecheck/src/oob.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/typecheck/src/oob.ts
@@ -50,6 +50,17 @@ export interface OutOfBandDiagnosticRecorder {
 
   illegalAssignmentToTemplateVar(
       templateId: TemplateId, assignment: PropertyWrite, target: TmplAstVariable): void;
+
+  /**
+   * Reports a duplicate declaration of a template variable.
+   *
+   * @param templateId the template type-checking ID of the template which contains the duplicate
+   * declaration.
+   * @param variable the `TmplAstVariable` which duplicates a previously declared variable.
+   * @param firstDecl the first variable declaration which uses the same name as `variable`.
+   */
+  duplicateTemplateVar(
+      templateId: TemplateId, variable: TmplAstVariable, firstDecl: TmplAstVariable): void;
 }
 
 export class OutOfBandDiagnosticRecorderImpl implements OutOfBandDiagnosticRecorder {
@@ -100,4 +111,23 @@ export class OutOfBandDiagnosticRecorderImpl implements OutOfBandDiagnosticRecor
           span: target.valueSpan || target.sourceSpan,
         }));
   }
+
+  duplicateTemplateVar(
+      templateId: TemplateId, variable: TmplAstVariable, firstDecl: TmplAstVariable): void {
+    const mapping = this.resolver.getSourceMapping(templateId);
+    const errorMsg =
+        `Cannot redeclare variable '${variable.name}' as it was previously declared elsewhere for the same template.`;
+
+    // The allocation of the error here is pretty useless for variables declared in microsyntax,
+    // since the sourceSpan refers to the entire microsyntax property, not a span for the specific
+    // variable in question.
+    //
+    // TODO(alxhub): allocate to a tighter span once one is available.
+    this._diagnostics.push(makeTemplateDiagnostic(
+        mapping, variable.sourceSpan, ts.DiagnosticCategory.Error,
+        ngErrorCode(ErrorCode.DUPLICATE_VARIABLE_DECLARATION), errorMsg, {
+          text: `The variable '${firstDecl.name}' was first declared here.`,
+          span: firstDecl.sourceSpan,
+        }));
+  }
 }
diff --git a/packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/typecheck/src/type_check_block.ts b/packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/typecheck/src/type_check_block.ts
index 70c6e8f0789a8..667957411a4ec 100644
--- a/packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/typecheck/src/type_check_block.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/typecheck/src/type_check_block.ts
@@ -738,7 +738,17 @@ class Scope {
     // has.
     if (templateOrNodes instanceof TmplAstTemplate) {
       // The template's variable declarations need to be added as `TcbVariableOp`s.
+      const varMap = new Map<string, TmplAstVariable>();
+
       for (const v of templateOrNodes.variables) {
+        // Validate that variables on the `TmplAstTemplate` are only declared once.
+        if (!varMap.has(v.name)) {
+          varMap.set(v.name, v);
+        } else {
+          const firstDecl = varMap.get(v.name) !;
+          tcb.oobRecorder.duplicateTemplateVar(tcb.id, v, firstDecl);
+        }
+
         const opIndex = scope.opQueue.push(new TcbVariableOp(tcb, scope, templateOrNodes, v)) - 1;
         scope.varMap.set(v, opIndex);
       }
diff --git a/packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/typecheck/test/test_utils.ts b/packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/typecheck/test/test_utils.ts
index c5dcb906d52f2..da668db467468 100644
--- a/packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/typecheck/test/test_utils.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/typecheck/test/test_utils.ts
@@ -400,4 +400,5 @@ export class NoopOobRecorder implements OutOfBandDiagnosticRecorder {
   missingReferenceTarget(): void {}
   missingPipe(): void {}
   illegalAssignmentToTemplateVar(): void {}
+  duplicateTemplateVar(): void {}
 }
diff --git a/packages/compiler-cli/test/ngtsc/template_typecheck_spec.ts b/packages/compiler-cli/test/ngtsc/template_typecheck_spec.ts
index 01f4fc0e18bd9..e1286f0193751 100644
--- a/packages/compiler-cli/test/ngtsc/template_typecheck_spec.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler-cli/test/ngtsc/template_typecheck_spec.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 import * as ts from 'typescript';
 
+import {ErrorCode, ngErrorCode} from '../../src/ngtsc/diagnostics';
 import {absoluteFrom as _, getFileSystem} from '../../src/ngtsc/file_system';
 import {runInEachFileSystem} from '../../src/ngtsc/file_system/testing';
 import {loadStandardTestFiles} from '../helpers/src/mock_file_loading';
@@ -1303,6 +1304,36 @@ export declare class AnimationEvent {
       expect(getSourceCodeForDiagnostic(diags[0])).toEqual('y = !y');
     });
 
+    it('should detect a duplicate variable declaration', () => {
+      env.write('test.ts', `
+        import {Component, NgModule} from '@angular/core';
+        import {CommonModule} from '@angular/common';
+
+        @Component({
+          selector: 'test',
+          template: \`
+            <div *ngFor="let i of items; let i = index">
+              {{i}}
+            </div>
+          \`,
+        })
+        export class TestCmp {
+          items!: string[];
+        }
+
+        @NgModule({
+          declarations: [TestCmp],
+          imports: [CommonModule],
+        })
+        export class Module {}
+      `);
+
+      const diags = env.driveDiagnostics();
+      expect(diags.length).toEqual(1);
+      expect(diags[0].code).toEqual(ngErrorCode(ErrorCode.DUPLICATE_VARIABLE_DECLARATION));
+      expect(getSourceCodeForDiagnostic(diags[0])).toContain('let i of items;');
+    });
+
     it('should still type-check when fileToModuleName aliasing is enabled, but alias exports are not in the .d.ts file',
        () => {
          // The template type-checking file imports directives/pipes in order to type-check their
diff --git a/tools/public_api_guard/error_code.d.ts b/tools/public_api_guard/error_code.d.ts
index 738dbaea606c7..14c75dc2a1746 100644
--- a/tools/public_api_guard/error_code.d.ts
+++ b/tools/public_api_guard/error_code.d.ts
@@ -30,5 +30,6 @@ export declare enum ErrorCode {
     MISSING_REFERENCE_TARGET = 8003,
     MISSING_PIPE = 8004,
     WRITE_TO_READ_ONLY_VARIABLE = 8005,
+    DUPLICATE_VARIABLE_DECLARATION = 8006,
     INJECTABLE_DUPLICATE_PROV = 9001
 }