diff --git a/src/material/checkbox/checkbox.html b/src/material/checkbox/checkbox.html
index a5101aa584c8..1fc2bd41dffb 100644
--- a/src/material/checkbox/checkbox.html
+++ b/src/material/checkbox/checkbox.html
@@ -50,8 +50,13 @@
     Avoid putting a click handler on the <label/> to fix duplicate navigation stop on Talk Back
     (#14385). Putting a click handler on the <label/> caused this bug because the browser produced
     an unnecessary accessibility tree node.
+
+    The <label/> is omitted entirely when no label content is projected so accessibility tooling
+    does not flag an empty <label/> in the DOM (see #33230).
   -->
-  <label class="mdc-label" #label [for]="inputId">
-    <ng-content></ng-content>
-  </label>
+  @if (_hasLabel()) {
+    <label class="mdc-label" #label [for]="inputId">
+      <ng-content></ng-content>
+    </label>
+  }
 </div>
diff --git a/src/material/checkbox/checkbox.spec.ts b/src/material/checkbox/checkbox.spec.ts
index 65219cef98ea..dc144d6026c1 100644
--- a/src/material/checkbox/checkbox.spec.ts
+++ b/src/material/checkbox/checkbox.spec.ts
@@ -1123,6 +1123,27 @@ describe('MatCheckbox', () => {
       fixture.detectChanges();
       expect(checkboxInnerContainer.querySelector('input')!.hasAttribute('value')).toBe(false);
     });
+
+    it('should not render an empty label element when no label is provided', () => {
+      // Run change detection twice: the first pass instantiates the view and projects the
+      // (empty) content, the second flushes the signal update from `ngAfterContentInit` that
+      // hides the now-empty `<label/>` element.
+      fixture.detectChanges();
+      fixture.detectChanges();
+      expect(checkboxInnerContainer.querySelector('label')).toBeNull();
+    });
+
+    it('should render a label element when label content is provided', () => {
+      const labeledFixture = TestBed.createComponent(CheckboxWithoutLabel);
+      labeledFixture.componentInstance.label = 'Has a label';
+      labeledFixture.detectChanges();
+
+      const innerContainer = labeledFixture.debugElement
+        .query(By.directive(MatCheckbox))!
+        .query(By.css('.mdc-form-field'))!.nativeElement as HTMLElement;
+      expect(innerContainer.querySelector('label')).not.toBeNull();
+      expect(innerContainer.querySelector('label')!.textContent!.trim()).toBe('Has a label');
+    });
   });
 });
 
diff --git a/src/material/checkbox/checkbox.ts b/src/material/checkbox/checkbox.ts
index 67f5a30f700a..37e75a94977c 100644
--- a/src/material/checkbox/checkbox.ts
+++ b/src/material/checkbox/checkbox.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 import {_IdGenerator, FocusableOption} from '@angular/cdk/a11y';
 import {
+  AfterContentInit,
   AfterViewInit,
   ChangeDetectionStrategy,
   ChangeDetectorRef,
@@ -108,7 +109,13 @@ export class MatCheckboxChange {
   imports: [MatRipple, _MatInternalFormField],
 })
 export class MatCheckbox
-  implements AfterViewInit, OnChanges, ControlValueAccessor, Validator, FocusableOption
+  implements
+    AfterContentInit,
+    AfterViewInit,
+    OnChanges,
+    ControlValueAccessor,
+    Validator,
+    FocusableOption
 {
   _elementRef = inject<ElementRef<HTMLElement>>(ElementRef);
   private _changeDetectorRef = inject(ChangeDetectorRef);
@@ -207,8 +214,15 @@ export class MatCheckbox
   /** The native `<input type="checkbox">` element */
   @ViewChild('input') _inputElement!: ElementRef<HTMLInputElement>;
 
-  /** The native `<label>` element */
-  @ViewChild('label') _labelElement!: ElementRef<HTMLInputElement>;
+  /** The native `<label>` element. Only present when label content has been projected. */
+  @ViewChild('label') _labelElement?: ElementRef<HTMLLabelElement>;
+
+  /**
+   * Whether the checkbox has any projected label content. Drives whether the `<label/>` element
+   * is rendered. Avoids producing an empty `<label/>` that would be flagged by accessibility
+   * tooling (#33230).
+   */
+  protected readonly _hasLabel = signal(true);
 
   /** Tabindex for the checkbox. */
   @Input({transform: (value: unknown) => (value == null ? undefined : numberAttribute(value))})
@@ -256,10 +270,47 @@ export class MatCheckbox
     }
   }
 
+  ngAfterContentInit() {
+    // Avoid producing an empty `<label/>` in the DOM which would otherwise be flagged by
+    // accessibility tooling (#33230). Content projection has resolved by this point so we can
+    // inspect the host's projected children to decide whether to keep the `<label/>` rendered.
+    this._hasLabel.set(this._hasProjectedLabelContent());
+    this._changeDetectorRef.markForCheck();
+  }
+
   ngAfterViewInit() {
     this._syncIndeterminate(this.indeterminate);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Returns whether any non-whitespace content was supplied as projected content to the host
+   * element. Inspected against the rendered light DOM, since projected nodes remain DOM
+   * descendants of the host element after `<ng-content/>` rendering.
+   */
+  private _hasProjectedLabelContent(): boolean {
+    const host = this._elementRef.nativeElement;
+    if (!host) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    // Element nodes inside the rendered `<label/>` indicate projected element content.
+    const label = host.querySelector('.mdc-label');
+    if (label) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < label.childNodes.length; i++) {
+        const node = label.childNodes[i];
+        if (node.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+          return true;
+        }
+        if (node.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE && (node.textContent?.trim().length ?? 0) > 0) {
+          return true;
+        }
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+    // Fallback: trimmed host text content reflects any projected text. Used when the `<label/>`
+    // has not yet been rendered (e.g. on the first content-init pass).
+    return (host.textContent?.trim().length ?? 0) > 0;
+  }
+
   /** Whether the checkbox is checked. */
   @Input({transform: booleanAttribute})
   get checked(): boolean {
@@ -535,7 +586,8 @@ export class MatCheckbox
    *  bubbles when the label is clicked.
    */
   _preventBubblingFromLabel(event: MouseEvent) {
-    if (!!event.target && this._labelElement.nativeElement.contains(event.target as HTMLElement)) {
+    const labelElement = this._labelElement?.nativeElement;
+    if (!!event.target && labelElement?.contains(event.target as HTMLElement)) {
       event.stopPropagation();
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/material/checkbox/testing/checkbox-harness.ts b/src/material/checkbox/testing/checkbox-harness.ts
index 6b9b0e6bb551..3f5ec8b5b578 100644
--- a/src/material/checkbox/testing/checkbox-harness.ts
+++ b/src/material/checkbox/testing/checkbox-harness.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ export class MatCheckboxHarness extends ComponentHarness {
   static hostSelector = '.mat-mdc-checkbox';
 
   _input = this.locatorFor('input');
-  private _label = this.locatorFor('label');
+  private _label = this.locatorForOptional('label');
   private _inputContainer = this.locatorFor('.mdc-checkbox');
 
   /**
@@ -116,7 +116,8 @@ export class MatCheckboxHarness extends ComponentHarness {
 
   /** Gets the checkbox's label text. */
   async getLabelText(): Promise<string> {
-    return (await this._label()).text();
+    const label = await this._label();
+    return label ? label.text() : '';
   }
 
   /** Focuses the checkbox. */