diff --git a/.circleci/config.yml b/.circleci/config.yml
index 759e59f5445..3575e6ea677 100644
--- a/.circleci/config.yml
+++ b/.circleci/config.yml
@@ -44,6 +44,13 @@ jobs:
       - store_test_results:
           path: junit.xml
 
+  Smoke test built package:
+    docker:
+    - image: cimg/base:stable
+    steps:
+      - setup-node
+      - run: npm run test:smoke
+
   Prettier:
     docker:
     - image: cimg/base:stable
@@ -90,3 +97,4 @@ workflows:
       - "Check for FIXM\x45"
       - Prettier
       - Spell check
+      - Smoke test built package
diff --git a/cspell-dict.txt b/cspell-dict.txt
index c355bfaf433..bc4b21688c4 100644
--- a/cspell-dict.txt
+++ b/cspell-dict.txt
@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@ microrouter
 middlewares
 Middlewares
 millis
+mktemp
 monodocs
 mygraph
 myvariant
@@ -119,6 +120,8 @@ pbts
 pook
 Pook
 pooks
+postcompile
+precompile
 preflighted
 preflighting
 prepended
@@ -135,6 +138,7 @@ retryable
 revalidates
 roadmap
 ROADMAP
+rollup
 runtimes
 safelist
 safelisted
diff --git a/jest.config.base.js b/jest.config.base.js
index 46f962d3fdb..4e80b331a1e 100644
--- a/jest.config.base.js
+++ b/jest.config.base.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-const { defaults } = require('jest-config');
+import { defaults } from 'jest-config';
 
-module.exports = {
+export default {
   testEnvironment: 'node',
   setupFilesAfterEnv: ['<rootDir>/../../jest.setup.js'],
   preset: 'ts-jest',
@@ -9,10 +9,16 @@ module.exports = {
   testPathIgnorePatterns: ['/node_modules/', '/dist/'],
   moduleFileExtensions: [...defaults.moduleFileExtensions, 'ts', 'tsx'],
   clearMocks: true,
+  extensionsToTreatAsEsm: ['.ts'],
   globals: {
     'ts-jest': {
+      useESM: true,
       tsconfig: '<rootDir>/src/__tests__/tsconfig.json',
       diagnostics: false,
     },
   },
+  moduleNameMapper: {
+    // Ignore '.js' at the end of imports; part of ESM support.
+    '^(\\.{1,2}/.*)\\.js$': '$1',
+  },
 };
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 2a04b585208..7554bb3d533 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
         "@graphql-tools/utils": "8.6.13",
         "@josephg/resolvable": "1.0.1",
         "@rollup/plugin-commonjs": "22.0.0",
-        "@rollup/plugin-json": "4.1.0",
         "@types/async-retry": "1.4.4",
         "@types/body-parser": "1.19.2",
         "@types/cors": "2.8.12",
@@ -63,6 +62,7 @@
         "qs-middleware": "1.0.3",
         "request-promise": "4.2.6",
         "requisition": "1.7.0",
+        "rimraf": "^3.0.2",
         "rollup": "2.75.6",
         "supertest": "6.2.3",
         "test-listen": "1.1.0",
@@ -3247,18 +3247,6 @@
         "rollup": "^2.68.0"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/@rollup/plugin-json": {
-      "version": "4.1.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/plugin-json/-/plugin-json-4.1.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-yfLbTdNS6amI/2OpmbiBoW12vngr5NW2jCJVZSBEz+H5KfUJZ2M7sDjk0U6GOOdCWFVScShte29o9NezJ53TPw==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@rollup/pluginutils": "^3.0.8"
-      },
-      "peerDependencies": {
-        "rollup": "^1.20.0 || ^2.0.0"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/@rollup/pluginutils": {
       "version": "3.1.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/pluginutils/-/pluginutils-3.1.0.tgz",
@@ -12130,8 +12118,8 @@
     },
     "packages/server/node_modules/lru-cache": {
       "version": "7.10.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/lru-cache/-/lru-cache-7.8.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-E1v547OCgJvbvevfjgK9sNKIVXO96NnsTsFPBlg4ZxjhsJSODoH9lk8Bm0OxvHNm6Vm5Yqkl/1fErDxhYL8Skg==",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/lru-cache/-/lru-cache-7.10.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-BQuhQxPuRl79J5zSXRP+uNzPOyZw2oFI9JLRQ80XswSvg21KMKNtQza9eF42rfI/3Z40RvzBdXgziEkudzjo8A==",
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       }
@@ -12234,8 +12222,8 @@
       "dependencies": {
         "lru-cache": {
           "version": "7.10.1",
-          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/lru-cache/-/lru-cache-7.8.1.tgz",
-          "integrity": "sha512-E1v547OCgJvbvevfjgK9sNKIVXO96NnsTsFPBlg4ZxjhsJSODoH9lk8Bm0OxvHNm6Vm5Yqkl/1fErDxhYL8Skg=="
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/lru-cache/-/lru-cache-7.10.1.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-BQuhQxPuRl79J5zSXRP+uNzPOyZw2oFI9JLRQ80XswSvg21KMKNtQza9eF42rfI/3Z40RvzBdXgziEkudzjo8A=="
         }
       }
     },
@@ -14731,15 +14719,6 @@
         "resolve": "^1.17.0"
       }
     },
-    "@rollup/plugin-json": {
-      "version": "4.1.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/plugin-json/-/plugin-json-4.1.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-yfLbTdNS6amI/2OpmbiBoW12vngr5NW2jCJVZSBEz+H5KfUJZ2M7sDjk0U6GOOdCWFVScShte29o9NezJ53TPw==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "requires": {
-        "@rollup/pluginutils": "^3.0.8"
-      }
-    },
     "@rollup/pluginutils": {
       "version": "3.1.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@rollup/pluginutils/-/pluginutils-3.1.0.tgz",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 1c4c4592e1f..2a0cff4975b 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@
   "private": true,
   "license": "MIT",
   "repository": "github:apollographql/apollo-server",
+  "type": "module",
   "scripts": {
     "clean": "git clean -dfqX -- ./node_modules **/{dist,node_modules}/ **/tsconfig*tsbuildinfo",
-    "compile": "tsc --build tsconfig.build.json",
-    "compile:clean": "tsc --build tsconfig.build.json --clean",
+    "precompile": "node precompile.mjs",
+    "postcompile": "node postcompile.mjs",
+    "compile": "tsc --build tsconfig.build.json packages/server/tsconfig.cjs.json; x=$?; mv packages/server/src/.packageVersion.ts.original packages/server/src/packageVersion.ts; exit $x",
     "watch": "tsc --build tsconfig.build.json --watch",
     "install-with-npm-8.5": "npm i -g npm@^8.5.0 && npm i",
     "postinstall": "npm run compile",
@@ -14,6 +16,9 @@
     "test": "jest --verbose",
     "test:clean": "jest --clearCache",
     "test:watch": "jest --verbose --watchAll",
+    "test:smoke": "npm run test:smoke:prepare && npm run test:smoke:run",
+    "test:smoke:prepare": "npm run compile && smoke-test/prepare.sh",
+    "test:smoke:run": "smoke-test/smoke-test.sh",
     "testonly": "npm test",
     "test:ci": "npm run coverage -- --ci --maxWorkers=2  --reporters=default --reporters=jest-junit",
     "coverage": "npm test -- --coverage",
@@ -40,7 +45,6 @@
     "@graphql-tools/utils": "8.6.13",
     "@josephg/resolvable": "1.0.1",
     "@rollup/plugin-commonjs": "22.0.0",
-    "@rollup/plugin-json": "4.1.0",
     "@types/async-retry": "1.4.4",
     "@types/body-parser": "1.19.2",
     "@types/cors": "2.8.12",
@@ -83,6 +87,7 @@
     "qs-middleware": "1.0.3",
     "request-promise": "4.2.6",
     "requisition": "1.7.0",
+    "rimraf": "^3.0.2",
     "rollup": "2.75.6",
     "supertest": "6.2.3",
     "test-listen": "1.1.0",
diff --git a/packages/server/.npmignore b/packages/server/.npmignore
index 311075fe3ea..7514d963d20 100644
--- a/packages/server/.npmignore
+++ b/packages/server/.npmignore
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 src/**/__tests__/**
 !dist/**/*
 dist/**/__tests__/**
+dist/**/*.tsbuildinfo
 !package.json
 !README.md
diff --git a/packages/server/jest.config.js b/packages/server/jest.config.js
index a383fbc925f..43f9c150aef 100644
--- a/packages/server/jest.config.js
+++ b/packages/server/jest.config.js
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-const config = require('../../jest.config.base');
+import baseConfig from '../../jest.config.base.js';
 
-module.exports = Object.assign(Object.create(null), config);
+export default baseConfig;
diff --git a/packages/server/package.json b/packages/server/package.json
index a7c29551539..0d5f500376c 100644
--- a/packages/server/package.json
+++ b/packages/server/package.json
@@ -2,47 +2,57 @@
   "name": "@apollo/server",
   "version": "3.6.7",
   "description": "Core engine for Apollo GraphQL server",
-  "type": "commonjs",
+  "type": "module",
   "exports": {
     ".": {
-      "require": "./dist/index.js",
-      "types": "./dist/index.d.ts"
+      "import": "./dist/esm/index.js",
+      "require": "./dist/cjs/index.js",
+      "types": "./dist/cjs/index.d.ts"
     },
     "./standalone": {
-      "require": "./dist/standalone/index.js",
-      "types": "./dist/standalone/index.d.ts"
+      "import": "./dist/esm/standalone/index.js",
+      "require": "./dist/cjs/standalone/index.js",
+      "types": "./dist/cjs/standalone/index.d.ts"
     },
     "./plugin/cacheControl": {
-      "require": "./dist/plugin/cacheControl/index.js",
-      "types": "./dist/plugin/cacheControl/index.d.ts"
+      "import": "./dist/esm/plugin/cacheControl/index.js",
+      "require": "./dist/cjs/plugin/cacheControl/index.js",
+      "types": "./dist/cjs/plugin/cacheControl/index.d.ts"
     },
     "./plugin/disabled": {
-      "require": "./dist/plugin/disabled.js",
-      "types": "./dist/plugin/disabled.d.ts"
+      "import": "./dist/esm/plugin/disabled.js",
+      "require": "./dist/cjs/plugin/disabled.js",
+      "types": "./dist/cjs/plugin/disabled.d.ts"
     },
     "./plugin/drainHttpServer": {
-      "require": "./dist/plugin/drainHttpServer/index.js",
-      "types": "./dist/plugin/drainHttpServer/index.d.ts"
+      "import": "./dist/esm/plugin/drainHttpServer/index.js",
+      "require": "./dist/cjs/plugin/drainHttpServer/index.js",
+      "types": "./dist/cjs/plugin/drainHttpServer/index.d.ts"
     },
     "./plugin/inlineTrace": {
-      "require": "./dist/plugin/inlineTrace/index.js",
-      "types": "./dist/plugin/inlineTrace/index.d.ts"
+      "import": "./dist/esm/plugin/inlineTrace/index.js",
+      "require": "./dist/cjs/plugin/inlineTrace/index.js",
+      "types": "./dist/cjs/plugin/inlineTrace/index.d.ts"
     },
     "./plugin/landingPage/default": {
-      "require": "./dist/plugin/landingPage/default/index.js",
-      "types": "./dist/plugin/landingPage/default/index.d.ts"
+      "import": "./dist/esm/plugin/landingPage/default/index.js",
+      "require": "./dist/cjs/plugin/landingPage/default/index.js",
+      "types": "./dist/cjs/plugin/landingPage/default/index.d.ts"
     },
     "./plugin/landingPage/graphqlPlayground": {
-      "require": "./dist/plugin/landingPage/graphqlPlayground/index.js",
-      "types": "./dist/plugin/landingPage/graphqlPlayground/index.d.ts"
+      "import": "./dist/esm/plugin/landingPage/graphqlPlayground/index.js",
+      "require": "./dist/cjs/plugin/landingPage/graphqlPlayground/index.js",
+      "types": "./dist/cjs/plugin/landingPage/graphqlPlayground/index.d.ts"
     },
     "./plugin/schemaReporting": {
-      "require": "./dist/plugin/schemaReporting/index.js",
-      "types": "./dist/plugin/schemaReporting/index.d.ts"
+      "import": "./dist/esm/plugin/schemaReporting/index.js",
+      "require": "./dist/cjs/plugin/schemaReporting/index.js",
+      "types": "./dist/cjs/plugin/schemaReporting/index.d.ts"
     },
     "./plugin/usageReporting": {
-      "require": "./dist/plugin/usageReporting/index.js",
-      "types": "./dist/plugin/usageReporting/index.d.ts"
+      "import": "./dist/esm/plugin/usageReporting/index.js",
+      "require": "./dist/cjs/plugin/usageReporting/index.js",
+      "types": "./dist/cjs/plugin/usageReporting/index.d.ts"
     }
   },
   "repository": {
diff --git a/packages/server/src/ApolloServer.ts b/packages/server/src/ApolloServer.ts
index 1d86d180d0e..34d6e94f7b1 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/ApolloServer.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/ApolloServer.ts
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ import {
 import loglevel from 'loglevel';
 import Negotiator from 'negotiator';
 import * as uuid from 'uuid';
-import { newCachePolicy } from './cachePolicy';
-import { determineApolloConfig } from './determineApolloConfig';
-import { BadRequestError, ensureError, formatApolloErrors } from './errors';
+import { newCachePolicy } from './cachePolicy.js';
+import { determineApolloConfig } from './determineApolloConfig.js';
+import { BadRequestError, ensureError, formatApolloErrors } from './errors.js';
 import type {
   ApolloServerPlugin,
   BaseContext,
@@ -44,22 +44,22 @@ import type {
   HTTPGraphQLHead,
   ContextThunk,
 } from './externalTypes';
-import { runPotentiallyBatchedHttpQuery } from './httpBatching';
-import { InternalPluginId, pluginIsInternal } from './internalPlugin';
+import { runPotentiallyBatchedHttpQuery } from './httpBatching.js';
+import { InternalPluginId, pluginIsInternal } from './internalPlugin.js';
 import {
   preventCsrf,
   recommendedCsrfPreventionRequestHeaders,
-} from './preventCsrf';
-import { APQ_CACHE_PREFIX, processGraphQLRequest } from './requestPipeline';
+} from './preventCsrf.js';
+import { APQ_CACHE_PREFIX, processGraphQLRequest } from './requestPipeline.js';
 import {
   badMethodErrorMessage,
   cloneObject,
   HeaderMap,
   newHTTPGraphQLHead,
   prettyJSONStringify,
-} from './runHttpQuery';
-import { SchemaManager } from './utils/schemaManager';
-import { isDefined } from './utils/isDefined';
+} from './runHttpQuery.js';
+import { SchemaManager } from './utils/schemaManager.js';
+import { isDefined } from './utils/isDefined.js';
 import type { WithRequired } from '@apollo/utils.withrequired';
 import type { ApolloServerOptionsWithStaticSchema } from './externalTypes/constructor';
 
@@ -857,7 +857,7 @@ export class ApolloServer<TContext extends BaseContext = BaseContext> {
     {
       if (!alreadyHavePluginWithInternalId('CacheControl')) {
         const { ApolloServerPluginCacheControl } = await import(
-          './plugin/cacheControl'
+          './plugin/cacheControl/index.js'
         );
         plugins.push(ApolloServerPluginCacheControl());
       }
@@ -874,7 +874,7 @@ export class ApolloServer<TContext extends BaseContext = BaseContext> {
           // the fact that the person who wrote this line also was the original
           // author of the comment above in #1105, they don't quite understand why this was important.)
           const { ApolloServerPluginUsageReporting } = await import(
-            './plugin/usageReporting'
+            './plugin/usageReporting/index.js'
           );
           plugins.unshift(ApolloServerPluginUsageReporting());
         } else {
@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ export class ApolloServer<TContext extends BaseContext = BaseContext> {
       if (!alreadyHavePlugin && enabledViaEnvVar) {
         if (apolloConfig.key) {
           const { ApolloServerPluginSchemaReporting } = await import(
-            './plugin/schemaReporting'
+            './plugin/schemaReporting/index.js'
           );
           plugins.push(ApolloServerPluginSchemaReporting());
         } else {
@@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ export class ApolloServer<TContext extends BaseContext = BaseContext> {
         // pre-ApolloServerPluginInlineTrace where we would also avoid doing
         // this if an API key was configured and log a warning.)
         const { ApolloServerPluginInlineTrace } = await import(
-          './plugin/inlineTrace'
+          './plugin/inlineTrace/index.js'
         );
         plugins.push(
           ApolloServerPluginInlineTrace({ __onlyIfSchemaIsFederated: true }),
@@ -949,7 +949,7 @@ export class ApolloServer<TContext extends BaseContext = BaseContext> {
       const {
         ApolloServerPluginLandingPageLocalDefault,
         ApolloServerPluginLandingPageProductionDefault,
-      } = await import('./plugin/landingPage/default');
+      } = await import('./plugin/landingPage/default/index.js');
       const plugin: ApolloServerPlugin<TContext> = isDev
         ? ApolloServerPluginLandingPageLocalDefault()
         : ApolloServerPluginLandingPageProductionDefault();
diff --git a/packages/server/src/__tests__/plugin/drainHttpServer/stoppable/server.js b/packages/server/src/__tests__/plugin/drainHttpServer/stoppable/server.js
index 872620cb841..414505de6f8 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/__tests__/plugin/drainHttpServer/stoppable/server.js
+++ b/packages/server/src/__tests__/plugin/drainHttpServer/stoppable/server.js
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-const http = require('http');
-const {
-  Stopper,
-} = require('../../../../../dist/plugin/drainHttpServer/stoppable.js');
+import http from 'http';
+import { Stopper } from '../../../../../dist/esm/plugin/drainHttpServer/stoppable.js';
 
 const grace = Number(process.argv[2] || Infinity);
 let stopper;
diff --git a/packages/server/src/__tests__/rollupCommonJs.test.ts b/packages/server/src/__tests__/rollupCommonJs.test.ts
index 9cc304405bc..93c0378a92a 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/__tests__/rollupCommonJs.test.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/__tests__/rollupCommonJs.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 const rollup = require('rollup');
-import json from '@rollup/plugin-json';
 import commonjs from '@rollup/plugin-commonjs';
 import path from 'path';
 
@@ -9,16 +8,16 @@ describe('@rollup/plugin-commonjs', () => {
       exports: 'named',
       name: 'apollo',
       format: 'umd',
-      sourcemapExcludeSources: false,
     };
     const bundle = await rollup.rollup({
-      input: path.resolve(__dirname, '..', '..', 'dist', 'index.js'),
-      plugins: [json(), commonjs()],
+      input: path.resolve(__dirname, '..', '..', 'dist', 'cjs', 'index.js'),
+      plugins: [commonjs()],
       onwarn: () => {
         /* suppress warnings */
       },
     });
     const { output } = await bundle.generate(outputOptions);
+    await bundle.close();
     const indexBundle = output[0].code;
     var varDefinedAfterBundle;
     eval(`${indexBundle}; varDefinedAfterBundle = 'foo';`);
diff --git a/packages/server/src/externalTypes/index.ts b/packages/server/src/externalTypes/index.ts
index 32f7cfcf692..9183b40e4a9 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/externalTypes/index.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/externalTypes/index.ts
@@ -4,25 +4,25 @@
  * is re-exported by the root (via * export), so add exports to this file with
  * intention (it's public API).
  */
-export {
+export type {
   CacheAnnotation,
   CacheHint,
   CachePolicy,
   CacheScope,
 } from './cacheControl';
-export { BaseContext, ContextFunction, ContextThunk } from './context';
-export {
+export type { BaseContext, ContextFunction, ContextThunk } from './context';
+export type {
   GraphQLRequest,
   GraphQLRequestContext,
   GraphQLRequestMetrics,
   GraphQLResponse,
 } from './graphql';
-export {
+export type {
   HTTPGraphQLRequest,
   HTTPGraphQLResponse,
   HTTPGraphQLHead,
 } from './http';
-export {
+export type {
   ApolloServerPlugin,
   GraphQLFieldResolverParams,
   GraphQLRequestExecutionListener,
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ export {
   LandingPage,
   PluginDefinition,
 } from './plugins';
-export {
+export type {
   GraphQLExecutor,
   GraphQLRequestContextDidEncounterErrors,
   GraphQLRequestContextDidResolveOperation,
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ export {
   GraphQLRequestContextValidationDidStart,
   GraphQLRequestContextWillSendResponse,
 } from './requestPipeline';
-export {
+export type {
   Unsubscriber,
   SchemaLoadOrUpdateCallback,
   GatewayLoadResult,
diff --git a/packages/server/src/httpBatching.ts b/packages/server/src/httpBatching.ts
index 11a4bc7953f..d929b0d0025 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/httpBatching.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/httpBatching.ts
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import type {
   HTTPGraphQLResponse,
 } from './externalTypes';
 import type { ApolloServerInternals, SchemaDerivedData } from './ApolloServer';
-import { HeaderMap, runHttpQuery } from './runHttpQuery';
-import { BadRequestError } from './errors';
+import { HeaderMap, runHttpQuery } from './runHttpQuery.js';
+import { BadRequestError } from './errors.js';
 
 export async function runBatchHttpQuery<TContext extends BaseContext>(
   batchRequest: Omit<HTTPGraphQLRequest, 'body'> & { body: any[] },
diff --git a/packages/server/src/index.ts b/packages/server/src/index.ts
index ca8c1bc1a2e..e67f119e565 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/index.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
+export { ApolloServer } from './ApolloServer.js';
+// Note that this is purely a type export.
+export * from './externalTypes/index.js';
+
+// TODO(AS4): consider moving to `@apollo/server/errors`
 export {
   SyntaxError,
   ValidationError,
   AuthenticationError,
   ForbiddenError,
   UserInputError,
-} from './errors';
-
-export { ApolloServer } from './ApolloServer';
-export { expressMiddleware } from './express';
+} from './errors.js';
 
-export * from './externalTypes';
+// TODO(AS4): consider moving to `@apollo/server/express`
+export { expressMiddleware } from './express/index.js';
diff --git a/packages/server/src/packageVersion.ts b/packages/server/src/packageVersion.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..938b2d59c7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/server/src/packageVersion.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export const packageVersion = 'local';
diff --git a/packages/server/src/plugin/cacheControl/index.ts b/packages/server/src/plugin/cacheControl/index.ts
index 58e2247a150..04e593e8284 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/plugin/cacheControl/index.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/plugin/cacheControl/index.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
   isObjectType,
   responsePathAsArray,
 } from 'graphql';
-import { newCachePolicy } from '../../cachePolicy';
+import { newCachePolicy } from '../../cachePolicy.js';
 import type { InternalApolloServerPlugin } from '../../internalPlugin';
 import LRUCache from 'lru-cache';
 
diff --git a/packages/server/src/plugin/drainHttpServer/index.ts b/packages/server/src/plugin/drainHttpServer/index.ts
index 459d840f307..fa237f14a20 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/plugin/drainHttpServer/index.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/plugin/drainHttpServer/index.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import type http from 'http';
 import type { ApolloServerPlugin, BaseContext } from '../../externalTypes';
-import { Stopper } from './stoppable';
+import { Stopper } from './stoppable.js';
 
 /**
  * Options for ApolloServerPluginDrainHttpServer.
diff --git a/packages/server/src/plugin/inlineTrace/index.ts b/packages/server/src/plugin/inlineTrace/index.ts
index b931c6fe566..112f397a58c 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/plugin/inlineTrace/index.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/plugin/inlineTrace/index.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-import { Trace } from '@apollo/usage-reporting-protobuf';
-import { TraceTreeBuilder } from '../traceTreeBuilder';
+import proto from '@apollo/usage-reporting-protobuf';
+import { TraceTreeBuilder } from '../traceTreeBuilder.js';
 import type { ApolloServerPluginUsageReportingOptions } from '../usageReporting/options';
 import type { InternalApolloServerPlugin } from '../../internalPlugin';
-import { schemaIsFederated } from '../schemaIsFederated';
+import { schemaIsFederated } from '../schemaIsFederated.js';
 import type { BaseContext } from '../../externalTypes';
 
+const { Trace } = proto;
 export interface ApolloServerPluginInlineTraceOptions {
   /**
    * By default, all errors from this service get included in the trace.  You
diff --git a/packages/server/src/plugin/schemaReporting/index.ts b/packages/server/src/plugin/schemaReporting/index.ts
index 11ceb526f3a..73d28bac465 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/plugin/schemaReporting/index.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/plugin/schemaReporting/index.ts
@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@ import os from 'os';
 import type { InternalApolloServerPlugin } from '../../internalPlugin';
 import { v4 as uuidv4 } from 'uuid';
 import { printSchema, validateSchema, buildSchema } from 'graphql';
-import { packageVersion, SchemaReporter } from './schemaReporter';
-import { schemaIsFederated } from '../schemaIsFederated';
+import { SchemaReporter } from './schemaReporter.js';
+import { schemaIsFederated } from '../schemaIsFederated.js';
 import type { SchemaReport } from './generated/operations';
 import type { BaseContext } from '../../externalTypes';
 import type { Fetcher } from '@apollo/utils.fetcher';
+import { packageVersion } from '../../packageVersion.js';
 
 export interface ApolloServerPluginSchemaReportingOptions {
   /**
diff --git a/packages/server/src/plugin/schemaReporting/schemaReporter.ts b/packages/server/src/plugin/schemaReporting/schemaReporter.ts
index 66c7d05f5dc..9442315f2e5 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/plugin/schemaReporting/schemaReporter.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/plugin/schemaReporting/schemaReporter.ts
@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ import type {
   ReportSchemaResponse,
 } from './generated/operations';
 import type { Fetcher } from '@apollo/utils.fetcher';
-import { readFileSync } from 'fs';
-import { join } from 'path';
+import { packageVersion } from '../../packageVersion.js';
 
 export const schemaReportGql = `mutation SchemaReport($report: SchemaReport!, $coreSchema: String) {
   reportSchema(report: $report, coreSchema: $coreSchema) {
@@ -26,10 +25,6 @@ export const schemaReportGql = `mutation SchemaReport($report: SchemaReport!, $c
 }
 `;
 
-export const packageVersion = JSON.parse(
-  readFileSync(join(__dirname, '..', '..', '..', 'package.json'), 'utf-8'),
-).version as string;
-
 // This class is meant to be a thin shim around the gql mutations.
 export class SchemaReporter {
   // These mirror the gql variables
diff --git a/packages/server/src/plugin/traceTreeBuilder.ts b/packages/server/src/plugin/traceTreeBuilder.ts
index b72cb57a3b3..61db43c0c11 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/plugin/traceTreeBuilder.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/plugin/traceTreeBuilder.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 // This class is a helper for ApolloServerPluginUsageReporting and
 // ApolloServerPluginInlineTrace.
 import { GraphQLError, GraphQLResolveInfo, ResponsePath } from 'graphql';
-import { Trace, google } from '@apollo/usage-reporting-protobuf';
+import proto from '@apollo/usage-reporting-protobuf';
 import type { Logger } from '@apollo/utils.logger';
 
+const { Trace, google } = proto;
+
 function internalError(message: string) {
   return new Error(`[internal apollo-server error] ${message}`);
 }
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ export class TraceTreeBuilder {
   });
   public startHrTime?: [number, number];
   private stopped = false;
-  private nodes = new Map<string, Trace.Node>([
+  private nodes = new Map<string, proto.Trace.Node>([
     [responsePathAsString(), this.rootNode],
   ]);
   private readonly rewriteError?: (err: GraphQLError) => GraphQLError | null;
@@ -117,7 +119,7 @@ export class TraceTreeBuilder {
 
   private addProtobufError(
     path: ReadonlyArray<string | number> | undefined,
-    error: Trace.Error,
+    error: proto.Trace.Error,
   ) {
     if (!this.startHrTime) {
       throw internalError('addProtobufError called before startTiming!');
@@ -146,7 +148,7 @@ export class TraceTreeBuilder {
     node.error.push(error);
   }
 
-  private newNode(path: ResponsePath): Trace.Node {
+  private newNode(path: ResponsePath): proto.Trace.Node {
     const node = new Trace.Node();
     const id = path.key;
     if (typeof id === 'number') {
@@ -160,7 +162,7 @@ export class TraceTreeBuilder {
     return node;
   }
 
-  private ensureParentNode(path: ResponsePath): Trace.Node {
+  private ensureParentNode(path: ResponsePath): proto.Trace.Node {
     const parentPath = responsePathAsString(path.prev);
     const parentNode = this.nodes.get(parentPath);
     if (parentNode) {
@@ -260,7 +262,7 @@ function responsePathAsString(p?: ResponsePath): string {
   return res;
 }
 
-function errorToProtobufError(error: GraphQLError): Trace.Error {
+function errorToProtobufError(error: GraphQLError): proto.Trace.Error {
   return new Trace.Error({
     message: error.message,
     location: (error.locations || []).map(
@@ -271,7 +273,9 @@ function errorToProtobufError(error: GraphQLError): Trace.Error {
 }
 
 // Converts a JS Date into a Timestamp.
-export function dateToProtoTimestamp(date: Date): google.protobuf.Timestamp {
+export function dateToProtoTimestamp(
+  date: Date,
+): proto.google.protobuf.Timestamp {
   const totalMillis = +date;
   const millis = totalMillis % 1000;
   return new google.protobuf.Timestamp({
diff --git a/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/defaultSendOperationsAsTrace.ts b/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/defaultSendOperationsAsTrace.ts
index 3fc5f4e5d33..0f5462ef265 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/defaultSendOperationsAsTrace.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/defaultSendOperationsAsTrace.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import LRUCache from 'lru-cache';
 import type { Trace } from '@apollo/usage-reporting-protobuf';
-import { iterateOverTrace } from './iterateOverTrace';
-import { DurationHistogram } from './durationHistogram';
+import { iterateOverTrace } from './iterateOverTrace.js';
+import { DurationHistogram } from './durationHistogram.js';
 
 export function defaultSendOperationsAsTrace() {
   // We keep an LRU cache mapping from a trace key (which consists of the
diff --git a/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/index.ts b/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/index.ts
index 24f96e5c1b9..043c5ca702d 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/index.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/index.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-export { ApolloServerPluginUsageReporting } from './plugin';
-export {
+export { ApolloServerPluginUsageReporting } from './plugin.js';
+export type {
   ApolloServerPluginUsageReportingOptions,
   SendValuesBaseOptions,
   VariableValueOptions,
diff --git a/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/plugin.ts b/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/plugin.ts
index 42e6bbb2d75..9db228b5c15 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/plugin.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/plugin.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Report, ReportHeader, Trace } from '@apollo/usage-reporting-protobuf';
+import proto from '@apollo/usage-reporting-protobuf';
 import type { Fetcher, FetcherResponse } from '@apollo/utils.fetcher';
 import {
   usageReportingSignature,
@@ -22,30 +22,27 @@ import type {
 } from '../../externalTypes';
 import type { InternalApolloServerPlugin } from '../../internalPlugin';
 import type { HeaderMap } from '../../runHttpQuery';
-import { computeCoreSchemaHash } from '../schemaReporting';
-import { dateToProtoTimestamp, TraceTreeBuilder } from '../traceTreeBuilder';
-import { defaultSendOperationsAsTrace } from './defaultSendOperationsAsTrace';
+import { computeCoreSchemaHash } from '../schemaReporting/index.js';
+import { dateToProtoTimestamp, TraceTreeBuilder } from '../traceTreeBuilder.js';
+import { defaultSendOperationsAsTrace } from './defaultSendOperationsAsTrace.js';
 import {
   createOperationDerivedDataCache,
   OperationDerivedData,
   operationDerivedDataCacheKey,
-} from './operationDerivedDataCache';
+} from './operationDerivedDataCache.js';
 import type {
   ApolloServerPluginUsageReportingOptions,
   SendValuesBaseOptions,
 } from './options';
-import { OurReport } from './stats';
-import { makeTraceDetails } from './traceDetails';
-import { readFileSync } from 'fs';
-import { join } from 'path';
+import { OurReport } from './stats.js';
+import { makeTraceDetails } from './traceDetails.js';
+import { packageVersion } from '../../packageVersion.js';
+
+const { ReportHeader } = proto;
 
 const reportHeaderDefaults = {
   hostname: os.hostname(),
-  agentVersion: `@apollo/server@${
-    JSON.parse(
-      readFileSync(join(__dirname, '..', '..', '..', 'package.json'), 'utf-8'),
-    ).version
-  }`,
+  agentVersion: `@apollo/server@${packageVersion}`,
   runtimeVersion: `node ${process.version}`,
   // XXX not actually uname, but what node has easily.
   uname: `${os.platform()}, ${os.type()}, ${os.release()}, ${os.arch()})`,
@@ -53,7 +50,7 @@ const reportHeaderDefaults = {
 
 class ReportData {
   report!: OurReport;
-  readonly header: ReportHeader;
+  readonly header: proto.ReportHeader;
   constructor(executableSchemaId: string, graphRef: string) {
     this.header = new ReportHeader({
       ...reportHeaderDefaults,
@@ -249,11 +246,11 @@ export function ApolloServerPluginUsageReporting<TContext extends BaseContext>(
 
         report.ensureCountsAreIntegers();
 
-        const protobufError = Report.verify(report);
+        const protobufError = proto.Report.verify(report);
         if (protobufError) {
           throw new Error(`Error encoding report: ${protobufError}`);
         }
-        const message = Report.encode(report).finish();
+        const message = proto.Report.encode(report).finish();
 
         // Potential follow-up: we can compare message.length to
         // report.sizeEstimator.bytes and use it to "learn" if our estimation is
@@ -272,7 +269,7 @@ export function ApolloServerPluginUsageReporting<TContext extends BaseContext>(
           //
           // We decode the report rather than printing the original `report`
           // so that it includes all of the pre-encoded traces.
-          const decodedReport = Report.decode(message);
+          const decodedReport = proto.Report.decode(message);
           logger.warn(
             `Apollo usage report: ${JSON.stringify(decodedReport.toJSON())}`,
           );
@@ -406,11 +403,11 @@ export function ApolloServerPluginUsageReporting<TContext extends BaseContext>(
         let includeOperationInUsageReporting: boolean | null = null;
 
         if (http) {
-          treeBuilder.trace.http = new Trace.HTTP({
+          treeBuilder.trace.http = new proto.Trace.HTTP({
             method:
-              Trace.HTTP.Method[
-                http.method as keyof typeof Trace.HTTP.Method
-              ] || Trace.HTTP.Method.UNKNOWN,
+              proto.Trace.HTTP.Method[
+                http.method as keyof typeof proto.Trace.HTTP.Method
+              ] || proto.Trace.HTTP.Method.UNKNOWN,
             // Host and path are not used anywhere on the backend, so let's not bother
             // trying to parse request.url to get them, which is a potential
             // source of bugs because integrations have different behavior here.
@@ -597,13 +594,13 @@ export function ApolloServerPluginUsageReporting<TContext extends BaseContext>(
             const policyIfCacheable =
               requestContext.overallCachePolicy.policyIfCacheable();
             if (policyIfCacheable) {
-              treeBuilder.trace.cachePolicy = new Trace.CachePolicy({
+              treeBuilder.trace.cachePolicy = new proto.Trace.CachePolicy({
                 scope:
                   policyIfCacheable.scope === 'PRIVATE'
-                    ? Trace.CachePolicy.Scope.PRIVATE
+                    ? proto.Trace.CachePolicy.Scope.PRIVATE
                     : policyIfCacheable.scope === 'PUBLIC'
-                    ? Trace.CachePolicy.Scope.PUBLIC
-                    : Trace.CachePolicy.Scope.UNKNOWN,
+                    ? proto.Trace.CachePolicy.Scope.PUBLIC
+                    : proto.Trace.CachePolicy.Scope.UNKNOWN,
                 // Convert from seconds to ns.
                 maxAgeNs: policyIfCacheable.maxAge * 1e9,
               });
@@ -674,7 +671,7 @@ export function ApolloServerPluginUsageReporting<TContext extends BaseContext>(
                   operationDerivedData.referencedFieldsByType;
               }
 
-              const protobufError = Trace.verify(trace);
+              const protobufError = proto.Trace.verify(trace);
               if (protobufError) {
                 throw new Error(`Error encoding trace: ${protobufError}`);
               }
@@ -790,7 +787,7 @@ export function ApolloServerPluginUsageReporting<TContext extends BaseContext>(
 }
 
 export function makeHTTPRequestHeaders(
-  http: Trace.IHTTP,
+  http: proto.Trace.IHTTP,
   headers: HeaderMap,
   sendHeaders?: SendValuesBaseOptions,
 ): void {
@@ -826,7 +823,7 @@ export function makeHTTPRequestHeaders(
       case 'set-cookie':
         break;
       default:
-        http!.requestHeaders![key] = new Trace.HTTP.Values({
+        http!.requestHeaders![key] = new proto.Trace.HTTP.Values({
           value: [value],
         });
     }
diff --git a/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/stats.ts b/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/stats.ts
index 30114691cf8..779235e4912 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/stats.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/stats.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import {
+import type {
   google,
   IContextualizedStats,
   IFieldStat,
@@ -9,11 +9,13 @@ import {
   ITracesAndStats,
   ITypeStat,
   ReportHeader,
-  Trace,
 } from '@apollo/usage-reporting-protobuf';
+import proto from '@apollo/usage-reporting-protobuf';
 import type { ReferencedFieldsByType } from '@apollo/utils.usagereporting';
-import { DurationHistogram } from './durationHistogram';
-import { iterateOverTrace, ResponseNamePath } from './iterateOverTrace';
+import { DurationHistogram } from './durationHistogram.js';
+import { iterateOverTrace, ResponseNamePath } from './iterateOverTrace.js';
+
+const { Trace } = proto;
 
 // protobuf.js exports both a class and an interface (starting with I) for each
 // message type. The class is what it produces when it decodes the message; the
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ export class OurReport implements Required<IReport> {
     referencedFieldsByType,
   }: {
     statsReportKey: string;
-    trace: Trace;
+    trace: proto.Trace;
     asTrace: boolean;
     includeTracesContributingToStats: boolean;
     referencedFieldsByType: ReferencedFieldsByType;
@@ -159,7 +161,7 @@ class StatsByContext {
     }
   }
 
-  addTrace(trace: Trace, sizeEstimator: SizeEstimator) {
+  addTrace(trace: proto.Trace, sizeEstimator: SizeEstimator) {
     this.getContextualizedStats(trace, sizeEstimator).addTrace(
       trace,
       sizeEstimator,
@@ -167,7 +169,7 @@ class StatsByContext {
   }
 
   private getContextualizedStats(
-    trace: Trace,
+    trace: proto.Trace,
     sizeEstimator: SizeEstimator,
   ): OurContextualizedStats {
     const statsContext: IStatsContext = {
@@ -209,7 +211,7 @@ export class OurContextualizedStats implements Required<IContextualizedStats> {
   // We only add to the estimate when adding whole sub-messages. If it really
   // mattered, we could do a lot more careful things like incrementing it
   // whenever a numeric field on queryLatencyStats gets incremented over 0.
-  addTrace(trace: Trace, sizeEstimator: SizeEstimator) {
+  addTrace(trace: proto.Trace, sizeEstimator: SizeEstimator) {
     const { fieldExecutionWeight } = trace;
     if (!fieldExecutionWeight) {
       this.queryLatencyStats.requestsWithoutFieldInstrumentation++;
@@ -260,7 +262,10 @@ export class OurContextualizedStats implements Required<IContextualizedStats> {
 
     let hasError = false;
 
-    const traceNodeStats = (node: Trace.INode, path: ResponseNamePath) => {
+    const traceNodeStats = (
+      node: proto.Trace.INode,
+      path: ResponseNamePath,
+    ) => {
       // Generate error stats and error path information
       if (node.error?.length) {
         hasError = true;
diff --git a/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/traceDetails.ts b/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/traceDetails.ts
index dace53e0c4d..e91d8b11b0c 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/traceDetails.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/plugin/usageReporting/traceDetails.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-import { Trace } from '@apollo/usage-reporting-protobuf';
+import proto from '@apollo/usage-reporting-protobuf';
 import type { VariableValueOptions } from './options';
 
+const { Trace } = proto;
+
 // Creates trace details from request variables, given a specification for modifying
 // values of private or sensitive variables.
 // The details will include all variable names and their (possibly hidden or modified) values.
@@ -12,7 +14,7 @@ export function makeTraceDetails(
   variables: Record<string, any>,
   sendVariableValues?: VariableValueOptions,
   operationString?: string,
-): Trace.Details {
+): proto.Trace.Details {
   const details = new Trace.Details();
   const variablesToRecord = (() => {
     if (sendVariableValues && 'transform' in sendVariableValues) {
diff --git a/packages/server/src/preventCsrf.ts b/packages/server/src/preventCsrf.ts
index 9139b3eed1b..c08139644a6 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/preventCsrf.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/preventCsrf.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import MIMEType from 'whatwg-mimetype';
-import { BadRequestError } from './errors';
+import { BadRequestError } from './errors.js';
 
 // Our recommended set of CSRF prevention headers. Operations that do not
 // provide a content-type such as `application/json` (in practice, this
diff --git a/packages/server/src/requestPipeline.ts b/packages/server/src/requestPipeline.ts
index 363f98ab59c..2d6b8d2a351 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/requestPipeline.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/requestPipeline.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import {
   symbolExecutionDispatcherWillResolveField,
   enablePluginsForSchemaResolvers,
   symbolUserFieldResolver,
-} from './utils/schemaInstrumentation';
+} from './utils/schemaInstrumentation.js';
 import {
   PersistedQueryNotSupportedError,
   PersistedQueryNotFoundError,
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import {
   UserInputError,
   BadRequestError,
   ensureError,
-} from './errors';
+} from './errors.js';
 import type {
   GraphQLRequestContext,
   GraphQLRequestContextDidResolveSource,
@@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ import {
   invokeDidStartHook,
   invokeHooksUntilDefinedAndNonNull,
   invokeSyncDidStartHook,
-} from './utils/invokeHooks';
+} from './utils/invokeHooks.js';
 
-import { HeaderMap, newHTTPGraphQLHead } from './runHttpQuery';
+import { HeaderMap, newHTTPGraphQLHead } from './runHttpQuery.js';
 import type { ApolloServerInternals, SchemaDerivedData } from './ApolloServer';
-import { isDefined } from './utils/isDefined';
+import { isDefined } from './utils/isDefined.js';
 
 export const APQ_CACHE_PREFIX = 'apq:';
 
diff --git a/packages/server/src/runHttpQuery.ts b/packages/server/src/runHttpQuery.ts
index 0b43fb3b4fa..05df8b419a9 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/runHttpQuery.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/runHttpQuery.ts
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ import {
   ApolloServerInternals,
   internalExecuteOperation,
   SchemaDerivedData,
-} from './ApolloServer';
+} from './ApolloServer.js';
 import type { FormattedExecutionResult } from 'graphql';
-import { BadRequestError } from './errors';
+import { BadRequestError } from './errors.js';
 
 // TODO(AS4): keep rethinking whether Map is what we want or if we just
 // do want to use (our own? somebody else's?) Headers class.
diff --git a/packages/server/src/standalone/index.ts b/packages/server/src/standalone/index.ts
index 6172b5ea1d8..f6f3086f499 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/standalone/index.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/standalone/index.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 import type { WithRequired } from '@apollo/utils.withrequired';
-import { json } from 'body-parser';
+import bodyParser from 'body-parser'; // note that importing 'json' directly doesn't work in ESM
 import cors from 'cors';
 import express from 'express';
 import http, { IncomingMessage, ServerResponse } from 'http';
 import type { ListenOptions } from 'net';
 import type { ApolloServer } from '../ApolloServer';
-import { expressMiddleware } from '../express';
+import { expressMiddleware } from '../express/index.js';
 import type { BaseContext, ContextFunction } from '../externalTypes';
-import { ApolloServerPluginDrainHttpServer } from '../plugin/drainHttpServer';
-import { urlForHttpServer } from '../utils/urlForHttpServer';
+import { ApolloServerPluginDrainHttpServer } from '../plugin/drainHttpServer/index.js';
+import { urlForHttpServer } from '../utils/urlForHttpServer.js';
 
 // Note that while we do use express and expressMiddleware to implement the
 // standalone server, this is an internal implementation detail. We could
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ export async function startStandaloneServer<TContext extends BaseContext>(
   await server.start();
 
   const context = options?.context ?? (async () => ({} as TContext));
-  app.use(cors(), json(), expressMiddleware(server, { context }));
+  app.use(cors(), bodyParser.json(), expressMiddleware(server, { context }));
 
   const listenOptions = options?.listen ?? { port: 4000 };
   // Wait for server to start listening
diff --git a/packages/server/src/utils/invokeHooks.ts b/packages/server/src/utils/invokeHooks.ts
index 6192ed88165..ae20e682c7b 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/utils/invokeHooks.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/utils/invokeHooks.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { isDefined } from './isDefined';
+import { isDefined } from './isDefined.js';
 
 type AsyncDidEndHook<TArgs extends any[]> = (...args: TArgs) => Promise<void>;
 type SyncDidEndHook<TArgs extends any[]> = (...args: TArgs) => void;
diff --git a/packages/server/src/utils/schemaInstrumentation.ts b/packages/server/src/utils/schemaInstrumentation.ts
index eda01d1613e..3f9efdcd752 100644
--- a/packages/server/src/utils/schemaInstrumentation.ts
+++ b/packages/server/src/utils/schemaInstrumentation.ts
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import {
   getNamedType,
   GraphQLObjectType,
   GraphQLFieldResolver,
-} from 'graphql/type';
-import { defaultFieldResolver } from 'graphql/execution';
+  defaultFieldResolver,
+} from 'graphql';
 import type {
   BaseContext,
   GraphQLRequestExecutionListener,
diff --git a/packages/server/tsconfig.cjs.json b/packages/server/tsconfig.cjs.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3433a2cfa0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/server/tsconfig.cjs.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "extends": ".",
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "module": "commonjs",
+    "outDir": "./dist/cjs",
+    // We delete the CJS .d.ts files in postcompile so we don't need to
+    // ever make their maps. (We can't disable creating the files because
+    // this is a composite project.)
+    "declarationMap": false,
+  },
+}
diff --git a/packages/server/tsconfig.json b/packages/server/tsconfig.json
index 98e3dc7fa93..92adc3398ed 100644
--- a/packages/server/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/server/tsconfig.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "extends": "../../tsconfig.base",
   "compilerOptions": {
     "rootDir": "./src",
-    "outDir": "./dist"
+    "outDir": "./dist/esm"
   },
   "include": ["src/**/*"],
   "exclude": ["**/__tests__"],
diff --git a/packages/usage-reporting-protobuf/package.json b/packages/usage-reporting-protobuf/package.json
index 7edc4937f1d..326d989d805 100644
--- a/packages/usage-reporting-protobuf/package.json
+++ b/packages/usage-reporting-protobuf/package.json
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
   "name": "@apollo/usage-reporting-protobuf",
   "version": "3.3.1",
   "description": "Protobuf format for Apollo usage reporting",
+  "type": "commonjs",
   "main": "generated/index.js",
   "types": "generated/index.d.ts",
   "scripts": {
diff --git a/postcompile.mjs b/postcompile.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..65c25f503d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/postcompile.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// This script writes package.json files to the ESM and CJS generated code
+// directories teaching Node that .js files in those directories use the
+// corresponding module formats. It also removes all the .d.ts files from cjs
+// since we only need one copy (and package.json points at the esm one). (It
+// doesn't revert the packageVersion.ts update from precompile.ts; that gets
+// done directly in the compile script, whether or not tsc succeeds.)
+
+import path from 'path';
+import { writeFileSync } from 'fs';
+import rimraf from 'rimraf';
+
+writeFileSync(
+  path.join('packages', 'server', 'dist', 'esm', 'package.json'),
+  JSON.stringify({ type: 'module' }),
+);
+writeFileSync(
+  path.join('packages', 'server', 'dist', 'cjs', 'package.json'),
+  JSON.stringify({ type: 'commonjs' }),
+);
+
+// Remove CJS .d.ts files.
+rimraf.sync('packages/server/dist/cjs/**/*.d.ts');
diff --git a/precompile.mjs b/precompile.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c80b5894892
--- /dev/null
+++ b/precompile.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// This script updates packageVersion.ts to contain the version from
+// package.json before compilation, and puts the original contents in
+// .packageVersion.ts.original. A postcompile script moves the file back.
+
+import assert from 'assert';
+import path from 'path';
+import { readFileSync, writeFileSync } from 'fs';
+
+const { version } = JSON.parse(
+  readFileSync(path.join('packages', 'server', 'package.json'), 'utf-8'),
+);
+assert.strictEqual(
+  typeof version,
+  'string',
+  '"version" field missing from package.json',
+);
+
+const versionTSPath = path.join(
+  'packages',
+  'server',
+  'src',
+  'packageVersion.ts',
+);
+const versionTSOriginalPath = path.join(
+  'packages',
+  'server',
+  'src',
+  '.packageVersion.ts.original',
+);
+
+const originalContents = readFileSync(versionTSPath, 'utf-8');
+writeFileSync(versionTSOriginalPath, originalContents);
+const updatedContents = originalContents.replace(/\blocal\b/, version);
+
+assert.notStrictEqual(
+  updatedContents.indexOf(version),
+  -1,
+  'Failed to update version.ts with @apollo/server version',
+);
+
+writeFileSync(versionTSPath, updatedContents);
diff --git a/smoke-test/package.json b/smoke-test/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5c7b5ad3f40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/smoke-test/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "dependencies": {
+    "graphql": "16.5.0",
+    "make-fetch-happen": "10.1.7"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@rollup/plugin-commonjs": "^22.0.0",
+    "@rollup/plugin-json": "^4.1.0",
+    "@rollup/plugin-node-resolve": "^13.3.0",
+    "rollup": "^2.75.6"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/smoke-test/prepare.sh b/smoke-test/prepare.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000000..874c6f118e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/smoke-test/prepare.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+set -x
+
+TARBALL_DIR=$(mktemp -d)
+
+# Make tarballs of all packages.
+npm pack --pack-destination="$TARBALL_DIR" --workspaces=true
+
+# Install node_modules in the smoke-test directory
+cd smoke-test
+rm -rf node_modules package-lock.json
+# First install normal dependencies
+npm i
+# Now install the tarballs we made (but don't write their paths to package.json)
+npm i --no-save "$TARBALL_DIR"/*.tgz
+rm package-lock.json
+rm -rf "$TARBALL_DIR"
diff --git a/smoke-test/rollup.config.js b/smoke-test/rollup.config.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0fe615173c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/smoke-test/rollup.config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import { nodeResolve } from '@rollup/plugin-node-resolve';
+import commonjs from '@rollup/plugin-commonjs';
+import json from '@rollup/plugin-json';
+
+export default {
+  output: {
+    inlineDynamicImports: true,
+  },
+  plugins: [nodeResolve({ preferBuiltins: true }), commonjs(), json()],
+};
diff --git a/smoke-test/smoke-test-no-express.mjs b/smoke-test/smoke-test-no-express.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f2b70db1b8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/smoke-test/smoke-test-no-express.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import { ApolloServer } from '@apollo/server';
+import assert from 'assert';
+
+const s = new ApolloServer({
+  typeDefs: 'type Query {hello:String}',
+  resolvers: {
+    Query: {
+      hello() {
+        return 'world';
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+const { result } = await s.executeOperation({ query: '{hello}' });
+
+assert.strictEqual(result.data.hello, 'world');
+
+await s.stop();
+
+console.log('Non-Express smoke test passed!');
diff --git a/smoke-test/smoke-test.cjs b/smoke-test/smoke-test.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7d9aef9cd01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/smoke-test/smoke-test.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+const { ApolloServer } = require('@apollo/server');
+const { startStandaloneServer } = require('@apollo/server/standalone');
+const fetch = require('make-fetch-happen');
+const assert = require('assert');
+
+async function smokeTest() {
+  const s = new ApolloServer({
+    typeDefs: 'type Query {hello:String}',
+    resolvers: {
+      Query: {
+        hello() {
+          return 'world';
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  const { url } = await startStandaloneServer(s, { listen: { port: 0 } });
+
+  const response = await fetch(url, {
+    method: 'POST',
+    headers: { 'content-type': 'application/json' },
+    body: JSON.stringify({ query: '{hello}' }),
+  });
+  const body = await response.json();
+
+  assert.strictEqual(body.data.hello, 'world');
+
+  await s.stop();
+}
+
+smokeTest()
+  .then(() => {
+    console.log('CJS smoke test passed!');
+    process.exit(0);
+  })
+  .catch((e) => {
+    console.error(e);
+    process.exit(1);
+  });
diff --git a/smoke-test/smoke-test.mjs b/smoke-test/smoke-test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b34a084f1da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/smoke-test/smoke-test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import { ApolloServer } from '@apollo/server';
+import { startStandaloneServer } from '@apollo/server/standalone';
+import fetch from 'make-fetch-happen';
+import assert from 'assert';
+
+const s = new ApolloServer({
+  typeDefs: 'type Query {hello:String}',
+  resolvers: {
+    Query: {
+      hello() {
+        return 'world';
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+const { url } = await startStandaloneServer(s, { listen: { port: 0 } });
+
+const response = await fetch(url, {
+  method: 'POST',
+  headers: { 'content-type': 'application/json' },
+  body: JSON.stringify({ query: '{hello}' }),
+});
+const body = await response.json();
+
+assert.strictEqual(body.data.hello, 'world');
+
+await s.stop();
+
+console.log('ESM smoke test passed!');
diff --git a/smoke-test/smoke-test.sh b/smoke-test/smoke-test.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000000..bf743495a29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/smoke-test/smoke-test.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+set -x
+
+# Go to the directory of this script.
+cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")"
+
+node smoke-test.cjs
+
+node smoke-test.mjs
+
+node smoke-test-no-express.mjs
+
+# Use rollup to bundle some ESM code. We want to see that the one that doesn't
+# use `@apollo/server/standalone` doesn't need to include `express`.
+ROLLUP_OUT_DIR=$(mktemp -d)
+npx rollup smoke-test.mjs --config rollup.config.js --silent --file "$ROLLUP_OUT_DIR"/bundle.mjs
+npx rollup smoke-test-no-express.mjs --config rollup.config.js --silent --file "$ROLLUP_OUT_DIR"/bundle-no-express.mjs
+
+# Check that the bundle that uses startStandaloneServer has this string from express:
+grep 'function createApplication' "$ROLLUP_OUT_DIR"/bundle.mjs
+# ... and that the one that doesn't, doesn't.
+! grep 'function createApplication' "$ROLLUP_OUT_DIR"/bundle-no-express.mjs
diff --git a/tsconfig.base.json b/tsconfig.base.json
index 5bbc7e67b06..5967fa128c0 100644
--- a/tsconfig.base.json
+++ b/tsconfig.base.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "compilerOptions": {
     "composite": true,
     "target": "es2019",
-    "module": "commonjs",
+    "module": "esnext",
     "moduleResolution": "node",
     "esModuleInterop": true,
     "sourceMap": true,