diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index c450c2f8..199f307f 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "axbsp-phytium-pi"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/drivercraft/axbsp.git#a5a374e142d83501cadfbcfa3b39cfc719d47afe"
+source = "git+https://github.com/drivercraft/axbsp.git#5dce480c619b6435135808c764aff818c4e891a1"
 dependencies = [
  "axklib 0.2.0 (git+https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/arceos.git?branch=hypervisor)",
  "axplat-aarch64-dyn",
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "axbsp-roc-rk3568-pc"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/drivercraft/axbsp.git#a5a374e142d83501cadfbcfa3b39cfc719d47afe"
+source = "git+https://github.com/drivercraft/axbsp.git#5dce480c619b6435135808c764aff818c4e891a1"
 dependencies = [
  "axklib 0.2.0 (git+https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/arceos.git?branch=hypervisor)",
  "axplat-aarch64-dyn",
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "axklib"
 version = "0.2.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/arceos.git?branch=hypervisor#db2153869c2efb0ef768eb9ec9adfaa5c35215be"
+source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/arceos.git?branch=hypervisor#96049da415c9b8f54caea54fdd98f4d69ca01670"
 dependencies = [
  "axerrno",
  "memory_addr",
@@ -1070,7 +1070,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "axvm"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvm.git?branch=next#b4f561f568536078b02a58572cae5f442102782c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvm.git?branch=next#d0b1e63004d6a6b3caf47abe0f3b7020ffbacb72"
 dependencies = [
  "arm_vcpu",
  "arm_vgic 0.1.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
@@ -1095,8 +1095,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "axvmconfig"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3618f2ebd9b25027b70f423c48a8482dc2883ca17f76d2a8d1fdac377e762f02"
+source = "git+https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvmconfig.git?branch=next#34c0e6473b057a697c48cc37c5b25853c1ea2826"
 dependencies = [
  "axerrno",
  "enumerable",
@@ -1225,6 +1224,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "utf8-width",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "bytemuck"
+version = "1.23.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3995eaeebcdf32f91f980d360f78732ddc061097ab4e39991ae7a6ace9194677"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "byteorder"
 version = "1.5.0"
@@ -1504,6 +1509,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.106",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "dma-api"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "624f4a84cc1031cfceb56780b82570a785f6cfdcee4f34c06c4e8f1fba25c970"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "dma-api"
 version = "0.3.1"
@@ -1607,7 +1618,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "39cab71617ae0d63f51a36d69f866391735b51691dbda63cf6f96d042b63efeb"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.61.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2436,9 +2447,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memchr"
-version = "2.7.5"
+version = "2.7.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "32a282da65faaf38286cf3be983213fcf1d2e2a58700e808f83f4ea9a4804bc0"
+checksum = "f52b00d39961fc5b2736ea853c9cc86238e165017a493d1d5c8eac6bdc4cc273"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memoffset"
@@ -2690,6 +2701,31 @@ version = "1.0.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "57c0d7b74b563b49d38dae00a0c37d4d6de9b432382b2892f0574ddcae73fd0a"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "pci_types"
+version = "0.10.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c4325c6aa3cca3373503b1527e75756f9fbfe5fd76be4b4c8a143ee47430b8e0"
+dependencies = [
+ "bit_field",
+ "bitflags 2.9.4",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pcie"
+version = "0.4.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "225c81c0f672afbdd95e55abebe56541870e64e350eba9f7eabfb392112229ab"
+dependencies = [
+ "bare-test-macros",
+ "bit_field",
+ "bitflags 2.9.4",
+ "log",
+ "pci_types",
+ "rdif-pcie",
+ "thiserror 2.0.16",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "percent-encoding"
 version = "2.3.2"
@@ -2722,15 +2758,18 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "phytium-mci"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/YanQD/phytium-mci.git?rev=d4657ae#d4657ae9c7c27df552fcbc2f8287633ea8522e63"
+source = "git+https://github.com/YanQD/phytium-mci.git?rev=99c9ee5#99c9ee5f66490fbf41370be3b3d7a42cf4406b0c"
 dependencies = [
  "bare-test-macros",
  "bitflags 2.9.4",
- "dma-api 0.3.1",
+ "bytemuck",
+ "dma-api 0.2.2",
  "lazy_static",
  "log",
+ "nb",
  "rlsf",
  "spin 0.10.0",
+ "tock-registers 0.9.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2965,17 +3004,29 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror 2.0.16",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rdif-pcie"
+version = "0.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0abf057b17ca5ead0ee41c485bf3c2781fd9bbf88cc678539fa361aa5db3ed8d"
+dependencies = [
+ "pci_types",
+ "rdif-base",
+ "thiserror 2.0.16",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rdrive"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.18.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fa9e5db203ff078c7422ce20bb3144111c3a88b58f93d759d0c86edb89df2133"
+checksum = "27096bc91e156403ba3be9c7fef8d4379ea12d96d9d1725bdb197104a4fe1010"
 dependencies = [
- "enum_dispatch",
  "fdt-parser",
  "log",
  "paste",
+ "pcie",
  "rdif-base",
+ "rdif-pcie",
  "rdrive-macros",
  "spin 0.10.0",
  "thiserror 2.0.16",
@@ -3239,7 +3290,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "errno",
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys",
- "windows-sys 0.61.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3339,7 +3390,7 @@ version = "0.1.28"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "891d81b926048e76efe18581bf793546b4c0eaf8448d72be8de2bbee5fd166e1"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.61.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3402,9 +3453,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.226"
+version = "1.0.227"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0dca6411025b24b60bfa7ec1fe1f8e710ac09782dca409ee8237ba74b51295fd"
+checksum = "80ece43fc6fbed4eb5392ab50c07334d3e577cbf40997ee896fe7af40bba4245"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_core",
  "serde_derive",
@@ -3434,18 +3485,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_core"
-version = "1.0.226"
+version = "1.0.227"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ba2ba63999edb9dac981fb34b3e5c0d111a69b0924e253ed29d83f7c99e966a4"
+checksum = "7a576275b607a2c86ea29e410193df32bc680303c82f31e275bbfcafe8b33be5"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.226"
+version = "1.0.227"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8db53ae22f34573731bafa1db20f04027b2d25e02d8205921b569171699cdb33"
+checksum = "51e694923b8824cf0e9b382adf0f60d4e05f348f357b38833a3fa5ed7c2ede04"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3766,7 +3817,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "getrandom 0.3.3",
  "once_cell",
  "rustix",
- "windows-sys 0.61.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4065,9 +4116,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "trait-ffi"
-version = "0.2.9"
+version = "0.2.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "603471aac0a50dcf4cfbcdb0edb49a2d734b33d2b84a0d6b714ed8b06b811e25"
+checksum = "d87d49469ee333631b3130bec28965c47dcf0d4f3a792f8ed425dd036cf84be7"
 dependencies = [
  "convert_case",
  "lenient_semver",
@@ -4385,14 +4436,14 @@ version = "0.60.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f2f500e4d28234f72040990ec9d39e3a6b950f9f22d3dba18416c35882612bcb"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-targets 0.53.3",
+ "windows-targets 0.53.4",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-sys"
-version = "0.61.0"
+version = "0.61.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e201184e40b2ede64bc2ea34968b28e33622acdbbf37104f0e4a33f7abe657aa"
+checksum = "6f109e41dd4a3c848907eb83d5a42ea98b3769495597450cf6d153507b166f0f"
 dependencies = [
  "windows-link 0.2.0",
 ]
@@ -4430,11 +4481,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-targets"
-version = "0.53.3"
+version = "0.53.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d5fe6031c4041849d7c496a8ded650796e7b6ecc19df1a431c1a363342e5dc91"
+checksum = "2d42b7b7f66d2a06854650af09cfdf8713e427a439c97ad65a6375318033ac4b"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-link 0.1.3",
+ "windows-link 0.2.0",
  "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.53.0",
  "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.53.0",
  "windows_i686_gnu 0.53.0",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index cb2e1f88..ce33f192 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -89,3 +89,5 @@ toml = {version = "0.9"}
 
 [patch.crates-io]
 axvcpu = {git = "https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvcpu.git", branch = "next"}
+axvmconfig = { git = "https://github.com/arceos-hypervisor/axvmconfig.git", branch = "next" }
+
diff --git a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000-smp1.toml b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000-smp1.toml
index dbbae96e..7e4ecdb9 100644
--- a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000-smp1.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000-smp1.toml
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ vm_type = 1
 cpu_num = 1
 # The physical CPU ids.
 phys_cpu_ids = [0x00]
-# Guest vm physical cpu sets.
-phys_cpu_sets = [4]
 
 #
 # Vm kernel configs
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ kernel_load_addr = 0x20_2008_0000
 kernel_path = "/path/to/arceos_aarch64-dyn_smp1.bin"
 ## The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
 dtb_load_addr = 0x20_2000_0000
-dtb_path = "/path/to/axvisor/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000_smp1.dtb"
+#dtb_path = "/path/to/axvisor/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000_smp1.dtb"
 # Memory regions with format (`base_paddr`, `size`, `flags`, `map_type`).
 # For `map_type`, 0 means `MAP_ALLOC`, 1 means `MAP_IDENTICAL`.
 memory_regions = [
@@ -47,25 +45,11 @@ emu_devices = []
 # Pass-through devices.
 # Name Base-Ipa Base-Pa Length Alloc-Irq.
 passthrough_devices = [
-    [
-        "UART1",
-        0x2800_d000,
-        0x2800_d000,
-        0x1000,
-        0x1,
-    ],
-    [
-        "gic-v3",
-        0x3080_0000,
-        0x3080_0000,
-        0x10000,
-        0x1,
-    ],
-    [
-        "gic-v3-its",
-        0x3082_0000,
-        0x3082_0000,
-        0x100000,
-        0x1,
-    ],
+    ["/"],
+    #["/timer"],
 ]
+
+# Devices that are not desired to be passed through to the guest
+excluded_devices = [
+   # ["/gic-v3"],
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000-smp2.toml b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000-smp2.toml
index 4f69f198..fffae98d 100644
--- a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000-smp2.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000-smp2.toml
@@ -11,9 +11,6 @@ vm_type = 1
 cpu_num = 2
 # The physical CPU ids.
 phys_cpu_ids = [0x201, 0x100]
-# Guest vm physical cpu sets.
-phys_cpu_sets = [2, 8]
-
 #
 # Vm kernel configs
 #
@@ -29,7 +26,7 @@ kernel_load_addr = 0x20_2008_0000
 kernel_path = "/path/to/arceos_aarch64-dyn_smp1.bin"
 ## The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
 dtb_load_addr = 0x20_2000_0000
-dtb_path = "/path/to/axvisor/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000_smp2.dtb"
+#dtb_path = "/path/to/axvisor/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-e2000_smp2.dtb"
 # Memory regions with format (`base_paddr`, `size`, `flags`, `map_type`).
 # For `map_type`, 0 means `MAP_ALLOC`, 1 means `MAP_IDENTICAL`.
 memory_regions = [
@@ -47,25 +44,11 @@ emu_devices = []
 # Pass-through devices.
 # Name Base-Ipa Base-Pa Length Alloc-Irq.
 passthrough_devices = [
-  [
-    "UART1",
-    0x2800_d000,
-    0x2800_d000,
-    0x1000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "gic-v3",
-    0x3080_0000,
-    0x3080_0000,
-    0x10000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "gic-v3-its",
-    0x3082_0000,
-    0x3082_0000,
-    0x100000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
+    ["/"],
+    #["/timer"],
 ]
+
+# Devices that are not desired to be passed through to the guest
+excluded_devices = [
+   # ["/gic-v3"],
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-rk3568-smp1.toml b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-rk3568-smp1.toml
index eddf9ca4..92ab9acc 100644
--- a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-rk3568-smp1.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-rk3568-smp1.toml
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ vm_type = 1
 cpu_num = 1
 # The physical CPU ids.
 phys_cpu_ids = [0x200]
-# Guest vm physical cpu sets.
-phys_cpu_sets = [1]
 
 #
 # Vm kernel configs
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ kernel_load_addr = 0x7008_0000
 kernel_path = "/path/arceos-aarch64-dyn.bin"
 ## The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
 dtb_load_addr = 0x7000_0000
-dtb_path = "/path/arceos-rk3568.dtb"
+#dtb_path = "/path/arceos-rk3568.dtb"
 # Memory regions with format (`base_paddr`, `size`, `flags`, `map_type`).
 # For `map_type`, 0 means `MAP_ALLOC`, 1 means `MAP_IDENTICAL`.
 memory_regions = [
@@ -49,25 +47,11 @@ emu_devices = []
 # Pass-through devices.
 # Name Base-Ipa Base-Pa Length Alloc-Irq.
 passthrough_devices = [
-  [
-    "UART2",
-    0xfe66_0000,
-    0xfe66_0000,
-    0x10000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "gic-v3",
-    0xfd40_0000,
-    0xfd40_0000,
-    0x10000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "gic-v3-its",
-    0xfd44_0000,
-    0xfd44_0000,
-    0x100000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
+    ["/"],
+    #["/timer"],
+]
+
+# Devices that are not desired to be passed through to the guest
+excluded_devices = [
+   # ["/gic-v3"],
 ]
diff --git a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-rk3568-smp2.toml b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-rk3568-smp2.toml
index b70a70ee..e1a1c26a 100644
--- a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-rk3568-smp2.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-rk3568-smp2.toml
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ vm_type = 1
 cpu_num = 2
 # The physical CPU ids.
 phys_cpu_ids = [0x00, 0x100]
-# Guest vm physical cpu sets.
-phys_cpu_sets = [1, 2]
 
 #
 # Vm kernel configs
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ kernel_load_addr = 0x7008_0000
 kernel_path = "/path/arceos-aarch64-dyn.bin"
 ## The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
 dtb_load_addr = 0x7000_0000
-dtb_path = "/path/arceos-aarch64-rk3568_smp2.dtb"
+#dtb_path = "/path/arceos-aarch64-rk3568_smp2.dtb"
 # Memory regions with format (`base_paddr`, `size`, `flags`, `map_type`).
 # For `map_type`, 0 means `MAP_ALLOC`, 1 means `MAP_IDENTICAL`.
 memory_regions = [
@@ -49,25 +47,11 @@ emu_devices = []
 # Pass-through devices.
 # Name Base-Ipa Base-Pa Length Alloc-Irq.
 passthrough_devices = [
-  [
-    "UART2",
-    0xfe66_0000,
-    0xfe66_0000,
-    0x10000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "gic-v3",
-    0xfd40_0000,
-    0xfd40_0000,
-    0x10000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "gic-v3-its",
-    0xfd44_0000,
-    0xfd44_0000,
-    0x100000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
+    ["/"],
+    #["/timer"],
+]
+
+# Devices that are not desired to be passed through to the guest
+excluded_devices = [
+   # ["/gic-v3"],
 ]
diff --git a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-tac_e400-smp1.toml b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-tac_e400-smp1.toml
index c81e7bba..ccf474fc 100644
--- a/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-tac_e400-smp1.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/arceos-aarch64-tac_e400-smp1.toml
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ vm_type = 1
 cpu_num = 1
 # The physical CPU ids.
 phys_cpu_ids = [0x200]
-# Guest vm physical cpu sets.
-phys_cpu_sets = [1]
 
 #
 # Vm kernel configs
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ kernel_load_addr = 0x20_2008_0000
 kernel_path = "/path/to/arceos_aarch64-dyn_smp1.bin"
 ## The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
 dtb_load_addr = 0x20_2000_0000
-dtb_path = "/path/to/arceos-aarch64-tac_e400-smp1.dtb"
+#dtb_path = "/path/to/arceos-aarch64-tac_e400-smp1.dtb"
 # Memory regions with format (`base_paddr`, `size`, `flags`, `map_type`).
 # For `map_type`, 0 means `MAP_ALLOC`, 1 means `MAP_IDENTICAL`.
 memory_regions = [
@@ -47,25 +45,11 @@ emu_devices = []
 # Pass-through devices.
 # Name Base-Ipa Base-Pa Length Alloc-Irq.
 passthrough_devices = [
-    [
-        "UART1",
-        0x2800_d000,
-        0x2800_d000,
-        0x1000,
-        0x1,
-    ],
-    [
-        "gic-v3",
-        0x3080_0000,
-        0x3080_0000,
-        0x10000,
-        0x1,
-    ],
-    [
-        "gic-v3-its",
-        0x3082_0000,
-        0x3082_0000,
-        0x100000,
-        0x1,
-    ],
+    ["/"],
+    #["/timer"],
 ]
+
+# Devices that are not desired to be passed through to the guest
+excluded_devices = [
+   # ["/gic-v3"],
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000-smp1.toml b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000-smp1.toml
index 52017828..ece732d1 100644
--- a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000-smp1.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000-smp1.toml
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ vm_type = 1
 cpu_num = 1
 # The physical CPU ids.
 phys_cpu_ids = [0x100]
-# Guest vm physical cpu sets.
-phys_cpu_sets = [8]
 
 #
 # Vm kernel configs
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ kernel_load_addr = 0x20_4008_0000
 kernel_path = "/path/to/Image"
 ## The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
 dtb_load_addr = 0x20_4000_0000
-dtb_path = "/path/to/axvisor/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000_smp1.dtb"
+#dtb_path = "/path/to/axvisor/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000_smp1.dtb"
 # Memory regions with format (`base_paddr`, `size`, `flags`, `map_type`).
 # For `map_type`, 0 means `MAP_ALLOC`, 1 means `MAP_IDENTICAL`.
 memory_regions = [
@@ -48,67 +46,11 @@ emu_devices = []
 # Pass-through devices.
 # Name Base-Ipa Base-Pa Length Alloc-Irq.
 passthrough_devices = [
-  [
-    "QSPI",
-    0x0000_0000,
-    0x0000_0000,
-    0x1000_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "LocalBus",
-    0x1000_0000,
-    0x1000_0000,
-    0x1000_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "low speed peripherals",
-    0x2800_0000,
-    0x2800_0000,
-    0x0800_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "other peripherals",
-    0x3000_0000,
-    0x3000_0000,
-    0x0800_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "IACC",
-    0x3800_0000,
-    0x3800_0000,
-    0x0800_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "PCIE",
-    0x4000_0000,
-    0x4000_0000,
-    0x4000_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "QSPI high address",
-    0x01_0000_0000,
-    0x01_0000_0000,
-    0x8000_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "LocalBus high address",
-    0x01_8000_0000,
-    0x01_8000_0000,
-    0x8000_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "PCIe MEM64",
-    0x10_0000_0000,
-    0x10_0000_0000,
-    0x01_0000_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
+    ["/"],
+    #["/timer"],
 ]
+
+# Devices that are not desired to be passed through to the guest
+excluded_devices = [
+   # ["/gic-v3"],
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000-smp2.toml b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000-smp2.toml
index bf409a0b..054954d4 100644
--- a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000-smp2.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000-smp2.toml
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ vm_type = 1
 cpu_num = 2
 # The physical CPU ids.
 phys_cpu_ids = [0x200, 0x00]
-# Guest vm physical cpu sets.
-phys_cpu_sets = [1, 4]
 
 #
 # Vm kernel configs
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ kernel_load_addr = 0x20_4008_0000
 kernel_path = "/path/to/Image"
 ## The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
 dtb_load_addr = 0x20_4000_0000
-dtb_path = "/path/to/axvisor/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000_smp2.dtb"
+#dtb_path = "/path/to/axvisor/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-e2000_smp2.dtb"
 # Memory regions with format (`base_paddr`, `size`, `flags`, `map_type`).
 # For `map_type`, 0 means `MAP_ALLOC`, 1 means `MAP_IDENTICAL`.
 memory_regions = [
@@ -49,67 +47,11 @@ emu_devices = []
 # Pass-through devices.
 # Name Base-Ipa Base-Pa Length Alloc-Irq.
 passthrough_devices = [
-  [
-    "QSPI",
-    0x0000_0000,
-    0x0000_0000,
-    0x1000_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "LocalBus",
-    0x1000_0000,
-    0x1000_0000,
-    0x1000_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "low speed peripherals",
-    0x2800_0000,
-    0x2800_0000,
-    0x0800_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "other peripherals",
-    0x3000_0000,
-    0x3000_0000,
-    0x0800_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "IACC",
-    0x3800_0000,
-    0x3800_0000,
-    0x0800_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "PCIE",
-    0x4000_0000,
-    0x4000_0000,
-    0x4000_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "QSPI high address",
-    0x01_0000_0000,
-    0x01_0000_0000,
-    0x8000_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "LocalBus high address",
-    0x01_8000_0000,
-    0x01_8000_0000,
-    0x8000_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "PCIe MEM64",
-    0x10_0000_0000,
-    0x10_0000_0000,
-    0x01_0000_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
+    ["/"],
+    #["/timer"],
 ]
+
+# Devices that are not desired to be passed through to the guest
+excluded_devices = [
+   # ["/gic-v3"],
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-qemu-smp1.toml b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-qemu-smp1.toml
index be50f924..3accc1b3 100644
--- a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-qemu-smp1.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-qemu-smp1.toml
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ vm_type = 1
 cpu_num = 1
 # Guest vm physical cpu sets.
 phys_cpu_ids = [0]
-phys_cpu_sets = [1]
 
 #
 # Vm kernel configs
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ kernel_path = "tmp/Image"
 # The load address of the kernel image.
 kernel_load_addr = 0x8020_0000
 # The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
-dtb_path = "tmp/linux-aarch64-qemu-smp1.dtb"
+#dtb_path = "tmp/linux-aarch64-qemu-smp1.dtb"
 # The load address of the device tree blob (DTB).
 dtb_load_addr = 0x8000_0000
 
@@ -43,19 +42,15 @@ memory_regions = [
 #
 [devices]
 # Pass-through devices.
+# Name Base-Ipa Base-Pa Length Alloc-Irq.
 passthrough_devices = [
-  ["intc@8000000", 0x800_0000, 0x800_0000, 0x100_0000, 0x1],
-  # ["pl011@9000000", 0x900_0000, 0x900_0000, 0x1000, 0x1],
-  # ["pl031@9010000", 0x901_0000, 0x901_0000, 0x1000, 0x1],
-  # ["pl061@9030000", 0x903_0000, 0x903_0000, 0x1000, 0x1],
-  # a003000.virtio_mmio virtio_mmio@a003000 
-  # a003200.virtio_mmio virtio_mmio@a003200
-  # ["virtio_mmio", 0xa00_0000, 0xa00_0000, 0x4000, 0x1],
-  # ["low-devices", 0x0, 0x0, 0x0800_0000, 0x1],
-  # ["low-devices2", 0x09000000, 0x09000000, 0x1000_0000, 0x1],
-  # ["pci@10000000", 0x10000000, 0x10000000, 0x10000000, 0x1],
-  # ["pci", 0x4010000000, 0x4010000000, 0x100000, 0x1],
-  # ["pci-range", 0x8000000000, 0x8000000000, 0x10000, 0x1],
+    ["/"],
+    #["/timer"],
+]
+
+# Devices that are not desired to be passed through to the guest
+excluded_devices = [
+   # ["/gic-v3"],
 ]
 
 # Emu_devices.
diff --git a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-rk3568-smp1.toml b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-rk3568-smp1.toml
index 69217e45..8301b575 100644
--- a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-rk3568-smp1.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-rk3568-smp1.toml
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ vm_type = 1
 cpu_num = 1
 # The physical CPU ids.
 phys_cpu_ids = [0x00]
-# Guest vm physical cpu sets.
-phys_cpu_sets = [1]
 
 #
 # Vm kernel configs
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ kernel_load_addr = 0x8008_0000
 kernel_path = "/path/Image"
 ## The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
 dtb_load_addr = 0x8000_0000
-dtb_path = "/path/linux-aarch64-rk3568_smp1.dtb"
+#dtb_path = "/path/linux-aarch64-rk3568_smp1.dtb"
 # Memory regions with format (`base_paddr`, `size`, `flags`, `map_type`).
 # For `map_type`, 0 means `MAP_ALLOC`, 1 means `MAP_IDENTICAL`.
 memory_regions = [
@@ -48,39 +46,11 @@ emu_devices = []
 # Pass-through devices.
 # Name Base-Ipa Base-Pa Length Alloc-Irq.
 passthrough_devices = [
-  # [
-  #     "peripherals 1",
-  #     0xf000_0000,
-  #     0xf000_0000,
-  #     0xe66_0000,
-  #     0x1,
-  # ],
-  # [
-  #     "peripherals 2",
-  #     0xfe67_0000,
-  #     0xfe67_0000,
-  #     0x99_0000,
-  #     0x1,
-  # ],
-  [
-    "all peripherals",
-    0xf0000000,
-    0xf0000000,
-    0xf000000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "PCIe related",
-    0x3_0000_0000,
-    0x3_0000_0000,
-    0xd000_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "ramoops, scmi-shmem, etc.",
-    0x100000,
-    0x100000,
-    0x200000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
+    ["/"],
+    #["/timer"],
+]
+
+# Devices that are not desired to be passed through to the guest
+excluded_devices = [
+   # ["/gic-v3"],
 ]
diff --git a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-rk3568-smp2.toml b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-rk3568-smp2.toml
index 411b7fdc..70ae7ed4 100644
--- a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-rk3568-smp2.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-rk3568-smp2.toml
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ vm_type = 1
 cpu_num = 2
 # The physical CPU ids.
 phys_cpu_ids = [0x200, 0x300]
-# Guest vm physical cpu sets.
-phys_cpu_sets = [4, 8]
 
 #
 # Vm kernel configs
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ kernel_load_addr = 0x8008_0000
 kernel_path = "/code/axvisor/rk3568-linux/Image"
 ## The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
 dtb_load_addr = 0x8000_0000
-dtb_path = "/code/axvisor/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-rk3568_smp2.dtb"
+#dtb_path = "/code/axvisor/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-rk3568_smp2.dtb"
 # Memory regions with format (`base_paddr`, `size`, `flags`, `map_type`).
 # For `map_type`, 0 means `MAP_ALLOC`, 1 means `MAP_IDENTICAL`.
 memory_regions = [
@@ -48,39 +46,11 @@ emu_devices = []
 # Pass-through devices.
 # Name Base-Ipa Base-Pa Length Alloc-Irq.
 passthrough_devices = [
-  # [
-  #     "peripherals 1",
-  #     0xf000_0000,
-  #     0xf000_0000,
-  #     0xe66_0000,
-  #     0x1,
-  # ],
-  # [
-  #     "peripherals 2",
-  #     0xfe67_0000,
-  #     0xfe67_0000,
-  #     0x99_0000,
-  #     0x1,
-  # ],
-  [
-    "all peripherals",
-    0xf0000000,
-    0xf0000000,
-    0xf000000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "PCIe related",
-    0x300000000,
-    0x300000000,
-    0xd0000000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "ramoops, scmi-shmem, etc.",
-    0x100000,
-    0x100000,
-    0x200000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
+    ["/"],
+    #["/timer"],
 ]
+
+# Devices that are not desired to be passed through to the guest
+excluded_devices = [
+   # ["/gic-v3"],
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-tac_e400-smp1.toml b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-tac_e400-smp1.toml
index 107afe64..17784330 100644
--- a/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-tac_e400-smp1.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/linux-aarch64-tac_e400-smp1.toml
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ vm_type = 1
 cpu_num = 1
 # The physical CPU ids.
 phys_cpu_ids = [0x100]
-# Guest vm physical cpu sets.
-phys_cpu_sets = [8]
 
 #
 # Vm kernel configs
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ kernel_load_addr = 0x20_4008_0000
 kernel_path = "/path/to/Image"
 ## The file path of the device tree blob (DTB).
 dtb_load_addr = 0x20_4000_0000
-dtb_path = "/path/to/linux-aarch64-tac_e400-smp1.dtb"
+#dtb_path = "/path/to/linux-aarch64-tac_e400-smp1.dtb"
 # Memory regions with format (`base_paddr`, `size`, `flags`, `map_type`).
 # For `map_type`, 0 means `MAP_ALLOC`, 1 means `MAP_IDENTICAL`.
 memory_regions = [
@@ -48,67 +46,11 @@ emu_devices = []
 # Pass-through devices.
 # Name Base-Ipa Base-Pa Length Alloc-Irq.
 passthrough_devices = [
-  [
-    "QSPI",
-    0x0000_0000,
-    0x0000_0000,
-    0x1000_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "LocalBus",
-    0x1000_0000,
-    0x1000_0000,
-    0x1000_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "low speed peripherals",
-    0x2800_0000,
-    0x2800_0000,
-    0x0800_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "other peripherals",
-    0x3000_0000,
-    0x3000_0000,
-    0x0800_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "IACC",
-    0x3800_0000,
-    0x3800_0000,
-    0x0800_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "PCIE",
-    0x4000_0000,
-    0x4000_0000,
-    0x4000_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "QSPI high address",
-    0x01_0000_0000,
-    0x01_0000_0000,
-    0x8000_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "LocalBus high address",
-    0x01_8000_0000,
-    0x01_8000_0000,
-    0x8000_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
-  [
-    "PCIe MEM64",
-    0x10_0000_0000,
-    0x10_0000_0000,
-    0x01_0000_0000,
-    0x1,
-  ],
+    ["/"],
+    #["/timer"],
 ]
+
+# Devices that are not desired to be passed through to the guest
+excluded_devices = [
+   # ["/gic-v3"],
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/configs/vms/nimbos-aarch64-qemu-smp1.toml b/configs/vms/nimbos-aarch64-qemu-smp1.toml
index 52ee179d..7106afea 100644
--- a/configs/vms/nimbos-aarch64-qemu-smp1.toml
+++ b/configs/vms/nimbos-aarch64-qemu-smp1.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ vm_type = 1
 # The number of virtual CPUs.
 cpu_num = 1
 # Guest vm physical cpu sets.
-phys_cpu_sets = [1]
+phys_cpu_ids = [0]
 
 #
 # Vm kernel configs
@@ -65,10 +65,11 @@ emu_devices = [
 # Pass-through devices.
 # Name Base-Ipa Base-Pa Length Alloc-Irq.
 passthrough_devices = [
-  # ["intc@8000000", 0x801_0000, 0x804_0000, 0x2_000, 0x1], 
-  ["intc@8000000", 0x800_0000, 0x800_0000, 0x40000, 0x1],
-  ["pl011@9000000", 0x900_0000, 0x904_0000, 0x1000, 0x1],
-  ["pl031@9010000", 0x901_0000, 0x901_0000, 0x1000, 0x1],
-  ["pl061@9030000", 0x903_0000, 0x903_0000, 0x1000, 0x1], # a003000.virtio_mmio virtio_mmio@a003000   # a003200.virtio_mmio virtio_mmio@a003200
-  ["virtio_mmio", 0xa00_0000, 0xa00_0000, 0x4000, 0x1],
+    ["/"],
+    #["/timer"],
 ]
+
+# Devices that are not desired to be passed through to the guest
+excluded_devices = [
+   # ["/gic-v3"],
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/FDT_Configuration_Guide.md b/doc/FDT_Configuration_Guide.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..741a9f4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/FDT_Configuration_Guide.md
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+# AxVisor 设备树配置使用说明
+
+本文档详细说明了在 AxVisor 中如何配置和使用设备树（FDT）来生成客户机 VM 的设备树。
+
+本文档所述功能只在aarch64 架构下支持。
+
+## 1. 概述
+
+AxVisor 支持两种方式生成客户机 VM 的设备树：
+
+1. **使用预定义的设备树文件**：通过 [kernel] 部分的 `dtb_path` 指定设备树文件路径
+2. **动态生成设备树**：当 `dtb_path` 字段未使用时，根据配置文件中的参数动态生成设备树
+
+无论采用哪种方式，CPU 节点和内存节点都会根据配置进行更新。
+
+## 2. 配置文件结构
+
+配置文件采用 TOML 格式，主要包含以下几个部分：
+
+```toml
+[base]
+# 基本配置信息
+
+[kernel]
+# 内核和设备树配置
+
+[devices]
+# 设备配置信息
+```
+
+## 3. 设备树处理机制
+
+### 3.1 使用预定义设备树文件
+
+当 [kernel] 部分的 `dtb_path` 配置了设备树文件路径时：
+
+```toml
+[kernel]
+dtb_path = "/path/to/device-tree.dtb"
+```
+
+AxVisor 会优先使用提供的设备树文件，并根据以下配置更新其中的 CPU 节点和内存节点：
+
+- CPU 节点根据 [base] 部分的 `phys_cpu_ids` 更新
+- 内存节点根据 [kernel] 部分的 `memory_regions` 更新
+
+注意：当使用预定义设备树文件时，[devices] 部分的 `passthrough_devices` 和 `excluded_devices` 配置将被忽略。
+
+### 3.2 动态生成设备树
+
+当 [kernel] 部分的 `dtb_path` 未添加时：
+
+```toml
+[kernel]
+# dtb_path = ""
+```
+
+AxVisor 会根据配置文件中的参数动态生成客户机设备树：
+
+1. **CPU 节点**：根据 [base] 部分的 `phys_cpu_ids` 生成
+2. **内存节点**：根据 [kernel] 部分的 `memory_regions` 生成
+3. **其他设备节点**：根据 [devices] 部分的 `passthrough_devices` 和 `excluded_devices` 生成
+
+## 4. 配置参数详解
+
+### 4.1 基本配置 [base]
+
+```toml
+[base]
+id = 1                      # 客户机 VM ID
+name = "linux-qemu"         # 客户机 VM 名称
+vm_type = 1                 # 虚拟化类型
+cpu_num = 1                 # 虚拟 CPU 数量
+phys_cpu_ids = [0]          # 客户机 VM 物理 CPU 集合
+```
+
+注意：配置文件中的 `phys_cpu_sets` 字段已不再需要手动配置。AxVisor 会根据主机设备树和 `phys_cpu_ids` 自动识别并生成相应的 CPU 集合掩码。
+
+### 4.2 内核配置 [kernel]
+
+```toml
+[kernel]
+entry_point = 0x8020_0000           # 内核镜像入口点
+image_location = "memory"           # 镜像位置 ("memory" | "fs")
+kernel_path = "tmp/Image"           # 内核镜像文件路径
+kernel_load_addr = 0x8020_0000      # 内核镜像加载地址
+dtb_path = "tmp/linux.dtb"          # 设备树文件路径（空字符串表示动态生成）
+dtb_load_addr = 0x8000_0000         # 设备树加载地址
+
+# 内存区域配置，格式为 (基地址, 大小, 标志, 映射类型)
+memory_regions = [
+  [0x8000_0000, 0x1000_0000, 0x7, 0], # 系统 RAM 1G MAP_IDENTICAL
+]
+```
+
+### 4.3 设备配置 [devices]
+
+```toml
+[devices]
+# 直通设备配置（仅在动态生成设备树时生效）
+passthrough_devices = [
+  ["/intc"],
+]
+
+# 排除设备配置（仅在动态生成设备树时生效）
+excluded_devices = [
+  ["/intc"],
+]
+```
+
+注意：直通设备配置已简化，现在只需要提供从根节点开始的完整路径即可，如 ["/intc"]。设备的地址、大小等信息会根据设备树自动识别并直通，无需手动填写。
+
+## 5. 设备直通机制
+
+### 5.1 直通设备配置
+
+`passthrough_devices` 定义了需要直通给客户机的设备节点：
+
+```toml
+passthrough_devices = [
+  ["/"],              # 直通根节点及其所有子节点
+  ["/intc"],          # 直通 /intc 节点及其子节点
+]
+```
+
+设备节点格式为从根节点开始的全局路径（如 `/intc`），在直通时会将以下节点包含在客户机设备树中：
+
+1. 指定的直通节点本身
+2. 直通节点的所有后代节点
+3. 与直通设备相关的依赖节点
+
+注意：
+1. 此配置仅在动态生成设备树时生效，当使用预定义设备树文件时将被忽略。
+2. 直通设备配置已简化，现在只需要提供从根节点开始的完整路径即可，设备的地址、大小等信息会根据设备树自动识别并直通。
+
+### 5.2 排除设备配置
+
+`excluded_devices` 定义了不希望直通给客户机的设备节点：
+
+```toml
+excluded_devices = [
+  ["/timer"],         # 排除 /timer 节点及其子节点
+]
+```
+
+在查找所有直通节点后，会将排除的节点及其后代节点从最终的客户机设备树中移除。
+
+注意：此配置仅在动态生成设备树时生效，当使用预定义设备树文件时将被忽略。
+
+## 6. 示例配置
+
+### 6.1 使用预定义设备树文件的配置
+
+```toml
+[base]
+id = 1
+name = "linux-qemu"
+vm_type = 1
+cpu_num = 2
+phys_cpu_ids = [0, 1]
+# phys_cpu_sets 不再需要手动配置，会自动根据 phys_cpu_ids 生成
+
+[kernel]
+entry_point = 0x8020_0000
+image_location = "memory"
+kernel_path = "tmp/Image"
+kernel_load_addr = 0x8020_0000
+dtb_path = "/home/user/device-tree.dtb"  # 使用预定义设备树文件
+dtb_load_addr = 0x8000_0000
+
+memory_regions = [
+  [0x8000_0000, 0x1000_0000, 0x7, 1], # System RAM 1G MAP_IDENTICAL
+]
+
+[devices]
+# 注意：以下配置在使用预定义设备树时将被忽略
+passthrough_devices = [
+  ["/intc"],
+]
+excluded_devices = [
+  ["/timer"],
+]
+```
+
+### 6.2 动态生成设备树的配置
+
+```toml
+[base]
+id = 1
+name = "linux-qemu"
+vm_type = 1
+cpu_num = 2
+phys_cpu_ids = [0, 1]
+# phys_cpu_sets 不再需要手动配置，会自动根据 phys_cpu_ids 生成
+
+[kernel]
+entry_point = 0x8020_0000
+image_location = "memory"
+kernel_path = "tmp/Image"
+kernel_load_addr = 0x8020_0000
+# dtb_path = ""  # 不使用该字段表示动态生成设备树
+dtb_load_addr = 0x8000_0000
+
+memory_regions = [
+  [0x8000_0000, 0x1000_0000, 0x7, 1], # System RAM 1G MAP_IDENTICAL
+]
+
+[devices]
+# 以下配置仅在动态生成设备树时生效
+# 注意：直通设备配置已简化，现在只需要提供从根节点开始的完整路径即可
+passthrough_devices = [
+  ["/"],
+  ["/intc"],
+]
+
+excluded_devices = [
+  ["/timer"],
+  ["/watchdog"],
+]
+```
+
+## 7. 处理流程
+
+1. **检查 dtb_path**：
+   - 如果使用 `dtb_path` 字段，则加载并使用预定义的设备树文件，此时 `passthrough_devices` 和 `excluded_devices` 配置将被忽略
+   - 如果未使用 `dtb_path` 字段，则动态生成设备树，此时 `passthrough_devices` 和 `excluded_devices` 配置生效
+
+2. **CPU 节点处理**：
+   - 根据 `phys_cpu_ids` 配置更新或生成 CPU 节点
+   - 只包含配置中指定的 CPU
+   - 自动根据 `phys_cpu_ids` 生成 `phys_cpu_sets`，无需手动配置
+
+3. **内存节点处理**：
+   - 根据 `memory_regions` 配置更新或生成内存节点
+   - 按照指定的地址和大小创建内存区域
+
+4. **设备节点处理**（仅在动态生成时）：
+   - 根据 `passthrough_devices` 确定需要包含的设备节点
+   - 包括直通节点、其后代节点以及相关依赖节点
+   - 根据 `excluded_devices` 排除指定的设备节点及其后代节点
+
+5. **生成最终设备树**：
+   - 将处理后的节点组合成完整的设备树
+   - 存储在全局缓存中供后续使用
+
+## 8. 特别配置
+1. **qemu 启动参数**：
+```
+  arceos_args = ["BUS=mmio", "BLK=y", "LOG=info", "SMP=4", "MEM=8g",
+                "QEMU_ARGS=\"-machine gic-version=3  -cpu cortex-a72 -append 'root=/dev/vda rw init=/init' \"",
+                "DISK_IMG=\"tmp/qemu/rootfs.img\"",]
+```
+其中当不提供设备树时 `-append 'root=/dev/vda rw init=/init'`参数必须添加，目的是在主机设备树中添加chosen节点的bootargs属性。
\ No newline at end of file
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5f41bb01b8226ef4bfd589436a297c53d118f65921786300e427be8d487695cc"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+ "stable_deref_trait",
+ "yoke-derive",
+ "zerofrom",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "yoke-derive"
+version = "0.8.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "38da3c9736e16c5d3c8c597a9aaa5d1fa565d0532ae05e27c24aa62fb32c0ab6"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.106",
+ "synstructure",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy"
+version = "0.8.27"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0894878a5fa3edfd6da3f88c4805f4c8558e2b996227a3d864f47fe11e38282c"
+dependencies = [
+ "zerocopy-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy-derive"
+version = "0.8.27"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "88d2b8d9c68ad2b9e4340d7832716a4d21a22a1154777ad56ea55c51a9cf3831"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.106",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerofrom"
+version = "0.1.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "50cc42e0333e05660c3587f3bf9d0478688e15d870fab3346451ce7f8c9fbea5"
+dependencies = [
+ "zerofrom-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerofrom-derive"
+version = "0.1.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d71e5d6e06ab090c67b5e44993ec16b72dcbaabc526db883a360057678b48502"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.106",
+ "synstructure",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zeroize"
+version = "1.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ced3678a2879b30306d323f4542626697a464a97c0a07c9aebf7ebca65cd4dde"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerotrie"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "36f0bbd478583f79edad978b407914f61b2972f5af6fa089686016be8f9af595"
+dependencies = [
+ "displaydoc",
+ "yoke",
+ "zerofrom",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerovec"
+version = "0.11.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e7aa2bd55086f1ab526693ecbe444205da57e25f4489879da80635a46d90e73b"
+dependencies = [
+ "yoke",
+ "zerofrom",
+ "zerovec-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerovec-derive"
+version = "0.11.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5b96237efa0c878c64bd89c436f661be4e46b2f3eff1ebb976f7ef2321d2f58f"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.106",
+]
diff --git a/src/vmm/config.rs b/src/vmm/config.rs
index 3f5bb196..fa14b3c0 100644
--- a/src/vmm/config.rs
+++ b/src/vmm/config.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,21 @@
-use core::alloc::Layout;
-
-use alloc::string::ToString;
-
 use axaddrspace::GuestPhysAddr;
 use axvm::{
     VMMemoryRegion,
-    config::{AxVMConfig, AxVMCrateConfig, PassThroughDeviceConfig, VmMemMappingType},
+    config::{AxVMConfig, AxVMCrateConfig, VmMemMappingType},
 };
+use core::alloc::Layout;
 use memory_addr::MemoryAddr;
 
 use crate::vmm::{VM, images::ImageLoader, vm_list::push_vm};
 
+#[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
+use crate::vmm::fdt::*;
+
+use alloc::sync::Arc;
+
 #[allow(clippy::module_inception)]
 pub mod config {
+    use alloc::string::String;
     use alloc::vec::Vec;
 
     /// Default static VM configs. Used when no VM config is provided.
@@ -28,169 +31,71 @@ pub mod config {
         ]
     }
 
-    include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/vm_configs.rs"));
-}
-
-pub fn get_vm_dtb(vm_cfg: &AxVMConfig) -> Option<&'static [u8]> {
-    let vm_imags = config::get_memory_images()
-        .iter()
-        .find(|&v| v.id == vm_cfg.id())?;
-    // .expect("VM images is missed, Perhaps add `VM_CONFIGS=PATH/CONFIGS/FILE` command.");
-    vm_imags.dtb
-}
-
-pub fn parse_vm_dtb(vm_cfg: &mut AxVMConfig, dtb: &[u8]) {
-    use fdt_parser::{Fdt, Status};
-
-    let fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(dtb)
-        .expect("Failed to parse DTB image, perhaps the DTB is invalid or corrupted");
+    /// Read VM configs from filesystem
+    #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+    pub fn filesystem_vm_configs() -> Vec<String> {
+        use axstd::fs;
+
+        // Try to read config files from a predefined directory
+        let config_dir = "configs/vms";
+        let mut configs = Vec::new();
+
+        if let Ok(entries) = fs::read_dir(config_dir) {
+            for entry in entries.flatten() {
+                let path = entry.path();
+                // Check if the file has a .toml extension
+                let path_str = path.as_str();
+                if path_str.ends_with(".toml")
+                    && let Ok(content) = fs::read_to_string(path_str)
+                {
+                    configs.push(content);
+                }
+            }
+        }
 
-    for reserved in fdt.reserved_memory() {
-        warn!("Find reserved memory: {:?}", reserved.name());
+        configs
     }
 
-    for mem_reserved in fdt.memory_reservation_block() {
-        warn!("Find memory reservation block: {:?}", mem_reserved);
+    /// Fallback function for when "fs" feature is not enabled
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "fs"))]
+    pub fn filesystem_vm_configs() -> Vec<String> {
+        Vec::new()
     }
 
-    for node in fdt.all_nodes() {
-        trace!("DTB node: {:?}", node.name());
-        let name = node.name();
-        if name.starts_with("memory") {
-            // Skip the memory node, as we handle memory regions separately.
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if let Some(status) = node.status()
-            && status == Status::Disabled
-        {
-            // Skip disabled nodes
-            trace!("DTB node: {} is disabled", name);
-            // continue;
-        }
-
-        // Skip the interrupt controller, as we will use vGIC
-        // TODO: filter with compatible property and parse its phandle from DT; maybe needs a second pass?
-        const GIC_PHANDLE: usize = 1;
-        if name.starts_with("interrupt-controller")
-            || name.starts_with("intc")
-            || name.starts_with("its")
-        {
-            info!("skipping node {} to use vGIC", name);
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        // Collect all GIC_SPI interrupts and add them to vGIC
-        if let Some(interrupts) = node.interrupts() {
-            // TODO: skip non-GIC interrupt
-            if let Some(parent) = node.interrupt_parent() {
-                trace!("node: {}, intr parent: {}", name, parent.node.name());
-                if let Some(phandle) = parent.node.phandle() {
-                    if phandle.as_usize() != GIC_PHANDLE {
-                        warn!(
-                            "node: {}, intr parent: {}, phandle: 0x{:x} is not GIC!",
-                            name,
-                            parent.node.name(),
-                            phandle.as_usize()
-                        );
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    warn!(
-                        "node: {}, intr parent: {} no phandle!",
-                        name,
-                        parent.node.name(),
-                    );
-                }
-            } else {
-                warn!("node: {} no interrupt parent!", name);
-            }
+    include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/vm_configs.rs"));
+}
 
-            trace!("node: {} interrupts:", name);
-
-            for interrupt in interrupts {
-                // <GIC_SPI/GIC_PPI, IRQn, trigger_mode>
-                for (k, v) in interrupt.enumerate() {
-                    match k {
-                        0 => {
-                            if v == 0 {
-                                trace!("node: {}, GIC_SPI", name);
-                            } else {
-                                warn!(
-                                    "node: {}, intr type: {}, not GIC_SPI, not supported!",
-                                    name, v
-                                );
-                                break;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        1 => {
-                            trace!("node: {}, interrupt id: 0x{:x}", name, v);
-                            vm_cfg.add_pass_through_spi(v);
-                        }
-                        2 => {
-                            trace!("node: {}, interrupt mode: 0x{:x}", name, v);
-                        }
-                        _ => {
-                            warn!("unknown interrupt property {}:0x{:x}", k, v)
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if let Some(regs) = node.reg() {
-            for reg in regs {
-                if reg.address < 0x1000 {
-                    // Skip registers with address less than 0x10000.
-                    trace!(
-                        "Skipping DTB node {} with register address {:#x} < 0x10000",
-                        node.name(),
-                        reg.address
-                    );
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                if let Some(size) = reg.size {
-                    let start = reg.address as usize;
-                    // let end = start + size;
-                    // if vm_cfg.contains_memory_range(&(start..end)) {
-                    //     trace!(
-                    //         "Skipping DTB node {} with register address {:#x} and size {:#x} as it overlaps with existing memory regions",
-                    //         node.name(),
-                    //         reg.address,
-                    //         size
-                    //     );
-                    //     continue;
-                    // }
-
-                    let pt_dev = PassThroughDeviceConfig {
-                        name: node.name().to_string(),
-                        base_gpa: start,
-                        base_hpa: start,
-                        length: size as _,
-                        irq_id: 0,
-                    };
-                    trace!("Adding {:x?}", pt_dev);
-                    vm_cfg.add_pass_through_device(pt_dev);
-                }
-            }
+pub fn get_vm_dtb_arc(_vm_cfg: &AxVMConfig) -> Option<Arc<[u8]>> {
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
+    {
+        let cache_lock = dtb_cache().lock();
+        if let Some(dtb) = cache_lock.get(&_vm_cfg.id()) {
+            return Some(Arc::from(dtb.as_slice()));
         }
     }
-
-    vm_cfg.add_pass_through_device(PassThroughDeviceConfig {
-        name: "Fake Node".to_string(),
-        base_gpa: 0x0,
-        base_hpa: 0x0,
-        length: 0x20_0000,
-        irq_id: 0,
-    });
+    None
 }
 
 pub fn init_guest_vms() {
-    let gvm_raw_configs = config::static_vm_configs();
+    // Initialize the DTB cache in the fdt module
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
+    {
+        init_dtb_cache();
+    }
+
+    // First try to get configs from filesystem if fs feature is enabled
+    let mut gvm_raw_configs = config::filesystem_vm_configs();
+
+    // If no filesystem configs found, fallback to static configs
+    if gvm_raw_configs.is_empty() {
+        let static_configs = config::static_vm_configs();
+        // Convert static configs to String type
+        gvm_raw_configs.extend(static_configs.into_iter().map(|s| s.into()));
+    }
 
     for raw_cfg_str in gvm_raw_configs {
         let vm_create_config =
-            AxVMCrateConfig::from_toml(raw_cfg_str).expect("Failed to resolve VM config");
+            AxVMCrateConfig::from_toml(&raw_cfg_str).expect("Failed to resolve VM config");
 
         if let Some(linux) = super::images::get_image_header(&vm_create_config) {
             debug!(
@@ -199,18 +104,17 @@ pub fn init_guest_vms() {
             );
         }
 
+        #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
         let mut vm_config = AxVMConfig::from(vm_create_config.clone());
 
-        // Overlay VM config with the given DTB.
-        if let Some(dtb) = get_vm_dtb(&vm_config) {
-            parse_vm_dtb(&mut vm_config, dtb);
-        } else {
-            warn!(
-                "VM[{}] DTB not found in memory, skipping...",
-                vm_config.id()
-            );
-        }
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "aarch64"))]
+        let vm_config = AxVMConfig::from(vm_create_config.clone());
+
+        // Handle FDT-related operations for aarch64
+        #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
+        handle_fdt_operations(&mut vm_config, &vm_create_config);
 
+        // info!("after parse_vm_interrupt, crate VM[{}] with config: {:#?}", vm_config.id(), vm_config);
         info!("Creating VM[{}] {:?}", vm_config.id(), vm_config.name());
 
         // Create VM.
diff --git a/src/vmm/fdt.rs b/src/vmm/fdt.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 2dd0e338..00000000
--- a/src/vmm/fdt.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-use core::ptr::NonNull;
-
-use crate::vmm::{VMRef, images::load_vm_image_from_memory};
-use alloc::vec::Vec;
-use axaddrspace::GuestPhysAddr;
-use axvm::VMMemoryRegion;
-use fdt_parser::Fdt;
-use vm_fdt::{FdtWriter, FdtWriterNode};
-
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-pub fn print_fdt(fdt_addr: NonNull<u8>) {
-    let fdt = Fdt::from_ptr(fdt_addr)
-        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse FDT: {e:#?}"))
-        .expect("Failed to parse FDT");
-
-    for rsv in fdt.memory_reservation_block() {
-        info!(
-            "Reserved memory: addr={:#p}, size={:#x}",
-            rsv.address, rsv.size
-        );
-    }
-
-    for node in fdt.all_nodes() {
-        info!("node.name: {}", node.name());
-        for prop in node.propertys() {
-            info!("prop.name: {}, node.name: {}", prop.name, node.name());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn updated_fdt(dest_addr: GuestPhysAddr, fdt_src: NonNull<u8>, dtb_size: usize, vm: VMRef) {
-    let mut new_fdt = FdtWriter::new().unwrap();
-    let mut old_node_level = 0;
-    let mut child_node: Vec<FdtWriterNode> = Vec::new();
-
-    let fdt_bytes = unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(fdt_src.as_ptr(), dtb_size) };
-    let fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(fdt_bytes)
-        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse FDT: {e:#?}"))
-        .expect("Failed to parse FDT");
-
-    for node in fdt.all_nodes() {
-        if node.name() == "/" {
-            child_node.push(new_fdt.begin_node("").unwrap());
-        } else if node.name().starts_with("memory") {
-            // Skip memory nodes, will add them later
-            continue;
-        } else {
-            if node.level <= old_node_level {
-                for _ in node.level..=old_node_level {
-                    let end_node = child_node.pop().unwrap();
-                    new_fdt.end_node(end_node).unwrap();
-                }
-            }
-            child_node.push(new_fdt.begin_node(node.name()).unwrap());
-        }
-
-        old_node_level = node.level;
-
-        for prop in node.propertys() {
-            new_fdt.property(prop.name, prop.raw_value()).unwrap();
-        }
-    }
-    while let Some(node) = child_node.pop() {
-        old_node_level -= 1;
-        new_fdt.end_node(node).unwrap();
-
-        // add memory node
-        if old_node_level == 1 {
-            let memory_regions = vm.memory_regions();
-            info!("Adding memory node with regions: {:?}", memory_regions);
-            let memory_node = new_fdt.begin_node("memory").unwrap();
-            add_memory_node(&memory_regions, &mut new_fdt);
-            new_fdt.end_node(memory_node).unwrap();
-        }
-    }
-    assert_eq!(old_node_level, 0);
-    let new_fdt = new_fdt.finish().unwrap();
-    // print_fdt(NonNull::new(new_fdt.as_ptr() as usize as _).unwrap());
-    load_vm_image_from_memory(&new_fdt, dest_addr, vm.clone()).expect("Failed to load VM images");
-}
-
-fn add_memory_node(new_memory: &[VMMemoryRegion], new_fdt: &mut FdtWriter) {
-    let mut new_value: Vec<u32> = Vec::new();
-    for mem in new_memory {
-        let gpa = mem.gpa.as_usize() as u64;
-        let size = mem.size() as u64;
-        new_value.push((gpa >> 32) as u32);
-        new_value.push((gpa & 0xFFFFFFFF) as u32);
-        new_value.push((size >> 32) as u32);
-        new_value.push((size & 0xFFFFFFFF) as u32);
-    }
-    info!("new_value: {:#x?}", new_value);
-    new_fdt
-        .property_array_u32("reg", new_value.as_ref())
-        .unwrap();
-    new_fdt.property_string("device_type", "memory").unwrap();
-}
diff --git a/src/vmm/fdt/create.rs b/src/vmm/fdt/create.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b2f9432d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/vmm/fdt/create.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+use alloc::{
+    string::{String, ToString},
+    vec::Vec,
+};
+use core::ptr::NonNull;
+
+use axaddrspace::GuestPhysAddr;
+use axvm::{VMMemoryRegion, config::AxVMCrateConfig};
+use fdt_parser::{Fdt, Node};
+use vm_fdt::{FdtWriter, FdtWriterNode};
+
+use crate::vmm::{VMRef, images::load_vm_image_from_memory};
+
+// use crate::vmm::fdt::print::{print_fdt, print_guest_fdt};
+/// Generate guest FDT and return DTB data
+///
+/// # Parameters
+/// * `fdt` - Source FDT data
+/// * `passthrough_device_names` - Passthrough device name list
+/// * `crate_config` - VM creation configuration
+///
+/// # Return Value
+/// Returns the generated DTB data
+pub fn crate_guest_fdt(
+    fdt: &Fdt,
+    passthrough_device_names: &[String],
+    crate_config: &AxVMCrateConfig,
+) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut fdt_writer = FdtWriter::new().unwrap();
+    // Track the level of the previously processed node for level change handling
+    let mut previous_node_level = 0;
+    // Maintain a stack of FDT nodes to correctly start and end nodes
+    let mut node_stack: Vec<FdtWriterNode> = Vec::new();
+    let phys_cpu_ids = crate_config
+        .base
+        .phys_cpu_ids
+        .clone()
+        .expect("ERROR: phys_cpu_ids is None");
+
+    let all_nodes: Vec<Node> = fdt.all_nodes().collect();
+
+    for (index, node) in all_nodes.iter().enumerate() {
+        let node_path = super::build_node_path(&all_nodes, index);
+        let node_action = determine_node_action(node, &node_path, passthrough_device_names);
+
+        match node_action {
+            NodeAction::RootNode => {
+                node_stack.push(fdt_writer.begin_node("").unwrap());
+            }
+            NodeAction::CpuNode => {
+                let need = need_cpu_node(&phys_cpu_ids, node, &node_path);
+                if need {
+                    handle_node_level_change(
+                        &mut fdt_writer,
+                        &mut node_stack,
+                        node.level,
+                        previous_node_level,
+                    );
+                    node_stack.push(fdt_writer.begin_node(node.name()).unwrap());
+                } else {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            NodeAction::Skip => {
+                continue;
+            }
+            _ => {
+                trace!(
+                    "Found exact passthrough device node: {}, path: {}",
+                    node.name(),
+                    node_path
+                );
+                handle_node_level_change(
+                    &mut fdt_writer,
+                    &mut node_stack,
+                    node.level,
+                    previous_node_level,
+                );
+                node_stack.push(fdt_writer.begin_node(node.name()).unwrap());
+            }
+        }
+
+        previous_node_level = node.level;
+
+        // Copy all properties of the node
+        for prop in node.propertys() {
+            fdt_writer.property(prop.name, prop.raw_value()).unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // End all unclosed nodes
+    while let Some(node) = node_stack.pop() {
+        previous_node_level -= 1;
+        fdt_writer.end_node(node).unwrap();
+    }
+    assert_eq!(previous_node_level, 0);
+
+    fdt_writer.finish().unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Node processing action enumeration
+enum NodeAction {
+    /// Skip node, not included in guest FDT
+    Skip,
+    /// Root node
+    RootNode,
+    /// CPU node
+    CpuNode,
+    /// Include node as passthrough device node
+    IncludeAsPassthroughDevice,
+    /// Include node as child node of passthrough device
+    IncludeAsChildNode,
+    /// Include node as ancestor node of passthrough device
+    IncludeAsAncestorNode,
+}
+
+/// Determine node processing action
+fn determine_node_action(
+    node: &Node,
+    node_path: &str,
+    passthrough_device_names: &[String],
+) -> NodeAction {
+    if node.name() == "/" {
+        // Special handling for root node
+        NodeAction::RootNode
+    } else if node.name().starts_with("memory") {
+        // Skip memory nodes, will add them later
+        NodeAction::Skip
+    } else if node_path.starts_with("/cpus") {
+        NodeAction::CpuNode
+    } else if passthrough_device_names.contains(&node_path.to_string()) {
+        // Fully matched passthrough device node
+        NodeAction::IncludeAsPassthroughDevice
+    }
+    // Check if the node is a descendant of a passthrough device (by path inclusion and level validation)
+    else if is_descendant_of_passthrough_device(node_path, node.level, passthrough_device_names) {
+        NodeAction::IncludeAsChildNode
+    }
+    // Check if the node is an ancestor of a passthrough device (by path inclusion and level validation)
+    else if is_ancestor_of_passthrough_device(node_path, passthrough_device_names) {
+        NodeAction::IncludeAsAncestorNode
+    } else {
+        NodeAction::Skip
+    }
+}
+
+/// Determine if node is a descendant of passthrough device
+/// When node path contains a path from passthrough_device_names and is longer than it, it is its descendant node
+/// Also use node_level as validation condition
+fn is_descendant_of_passthrough_device(
+    node_path: &str,
+    node_level: usize,
+    passthrough_device_names: &[String],
+) -> bool {
+    for passthrough_path in passthrough_device_names {
+        // Check if the current node is a descendant of a passthrough device
+        if node_path.starts_with(passthrough_path) && node_path.len() > passthrough_path.len() {
+            // Ensure it is a true descendant path (separated by /)
+            if passthrough_path == "/" || node_path.chars().nth(passthrough_path.len()) == Some('/')
+            {
+                // Use level relationship for validation: the level of a descendant node should be higher than its parent
+                // Note: The level of the root node is 1, its direct child node level is 2, and so on
+                let expected_parent_level = passthrough_path.matches('/').count();
+                let current_node_level = node_level;
+
+                // If passthrough_path is the root node "/", then its child node level should be 2
+                // Otherwise, the child node level should be higher than the parent node level
+                if (passthrough_path == "/" && current_node_level >= 2)
+                    || (passthrough_path != "/" && current_node_level > expected_parent_level)
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+/// Handle node level changes to ensure correct FDT structure
+fn handle_node_level_change(
+    fdt_writer: &mut FdtWriter,
+    node_stack: &mut Vec<FdtWriterNode>,
+    current_level: usize,
+    previous_level: usize,
+) {
+    if current_level <= previous_level {
+        for _ in current_level..=previous_level {
+            if let Some(end_node) = node_stack.pop() {
+                fdt_writer.end_node(end_node).unwrap();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Determine if node is an ancestor of passthrough device
+fn is_ancestor_of_passthrough_device(node_path: &str, passthrough_device_names: &[String]) -> bool {
+    for passthrough_path in passthrough_device_names {
+        // Check if the current node is an ancestor of a passthrough device
+        if passthrough_path.starts_with(node_path) && passthrough_path.len() > node_path.len() {
+            // Ensure it is a true ancestor path (separated by /)
+            let next_char = passthrough_path.chars().nth(node_path.len()).unwrap_or(' ');
+            if next_char == '/' || node_path == "/" {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+/// Determine if CPU node is needed
+fn need_cpu_node(phys_cpu_ids: &[usize], node: &Node, node_path: &str) -> bool {
+    let mut should_include_node = false;
+
+    if !node_path.starts_with("/cpus/cpu@") {
+        should_include_node = true;
+    } else if let Some(mut cpu_reg) = node.reg()
+        && let Some(reg_entry) = cpu_reg.next()
+    {
+        let cpu_address = reg_entry.address as usize;
+        debug!(
+            "Checking CPU node {} with address 0x{:x}",
+            node.name(),
+            cpu_address
+        );
+        // Check if this CPU address is in the configured phys_cpu_ids
+        if phys_cpu_ids.contains(&cpu_address) {
+            should_include_node = true;
+            debug!(
+                "CPU node {} with address 0x{:x} is in phys_cpu_ids, including in guest FDT",
+                node.name(),
+                cpu_address
+            );
+        } else {
+            debug!(
+                "CPU node {} with address 0x{:x} is NOT in phys_cpu_ids, skipping",
+                node.name(),
+                cpu_address
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    should_include_node
+}
+
+/// Add memory node
+fn add_memory_node(new_memory: &[VMMemoryRegion], new_fdt: &mut FdtWriter) {
+    let mut new_value: Vec<u32> = Vec::new();
+    for mem in new_memory {
+        let gpa = mem.gpa.as_usize() as u64;
+        let size = mem.size() as u64;
+        new_value.push((gpa >> 32) as u32);
+        new_value.push((gpa & 0xFFFFFFFF) as u32);
+        new_value.push((size >> 32) as u32);
+        new_value.push((size & 0xFFFFFFFF) as u32);
+    }
+    info!("Adding memory node with value: 0x{:x?}", new_value);
+    new_fdt
+        .property_array_u32("reg", new_value.as_ref())
+        .unwrap();
+    new_fdt.property_string("device_type", "memory").unwrap();
+}
+
+pub fn update_fdt(dest_addr: GuestPhysAddr, fdt_src: NonNull<u8>, dtb_size: usize, vm: VMRef) {
+    let mut new_fdt = FdtWriter::new().unwrap();
+    let mut previous_node_level = 0;
+    let mut node_stack: Vec<FdtWriterNode> = Vec::new();
+
+    let fdt_bytes = unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(fdt_src.as_ptr(), dtb_size) };
+    let fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(fdt_bytes)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse FDT: {e:#?}"))
+        .expect("Failed to parse FDT");
+
+    for node in fdt.all_nodes() {
+        if node.name() == "/" {
+            node_stack.push(new_fdt.begin_node("").unwrap());
+        } else if node.name().starts_with("memory") {
+            // Skip memory nodes, will add them later
+            continue;
+        } else {
+            handle_node_level_change(
+                &mut new_fdt,
+                &mut node_stack,
+                node.level,
+                previous_node_level,
+            );
+            // Start new node
+            node_stack.push(new_fdt.begin_node(node.name()).unwrap());
+        }
+
+        previous_node_level = node.level;
+
+        for prop in node.propertys() {
+            new_fdt.property(prop.name, prop.raw_value()).unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // End all unclosed nodes, and add memory nodes at appropriate positions
+    while let Some(node) = node_stack.pop() {
+        previous_node_level -= 1;
+        new_fdt.end_node(node).unwrap();
+
+        // add memory node
+        if previous_node_level == 1 {
+            let memory_regions = vm.memory_regions();
+            debug!("Adding memory node with regions: {:?}", memory_regions);
+            let memory_node = new_fdt.begin_node("memory").unwrap();
+            add_memory_node(&memory_regions, &mut new_fdt);
+            new_fdt.end_node(memory_node).unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(previous_node_level, 0);
+
+    info!("Updating FDT memory successfully");
+
+    let new_fdt_bytes = new_fdt.finish().unwrap();
+
+    // print_guest_fdt(new_fdt_bytes.as_slice());
+
+    // Load the updated FDT into VM
+    load_vm_image_from_memory(&new_fdt_bytes, dest_addr, vm.clone())
+        .expect("Failed to load VM images");
+}
+
+pub fn update_cpu_node(fdt: &Fdt, host_fdt: &Fdt, crate_config: &AxVMCrateConfig) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut new_fdt = FdtWriter::new().unwrap();
+    let mut previous_node_level = 0;
+    let mut node_stack: Vec<FdtWriterNode> = Vec::new();
+    let phys_cpu_ids = crate_config
+        .base
+        .phys_cpu_ids
+        .clone()
+        .expect("ERROR: phys_cpu_ids is None");
+
+    // Collect all nodes from both FDTs
+    let fdt_all_nodes: Vec<Node> = fdt.all_nodes().collect();
+    let host_fdt_all_nodes: Vec<Node> = host_fdt.all_nodes().collect();
+
+    for (index, node) in fdt_all_nodes.iter().enumerate() {
+        let node_path = super::build_node_path(&fdt_all_nodes, index);
+
+        if node.name() == "/" {
+            node_stack.push(new_fdt.begin_node("").unwrap());
+        } else if node_path.starts_with("/cpus") {
+            // Skip CPU nodes from fdt, we'll process them from host_fdt later
+            continue;
+        } else {
+            // For all other nodes, include them from fdt as-is without filtering
+            handle_node_level_change(
+                &mut new_fdt,
+                &mut node_stack,
+                node.level,
+                previous_node_level,
+            );
+            node_stack.push(new_fdt.begin_node(node.name()).unwrap());
+        }
+
+        previous_node_level = node.level;
+
+        // Copy all properties of the node (for non-CPU nodes)
+        for prop in node.propertys() {
+            new_fdt.property(prop.name, prop.raw_value()).unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Process all CPU nodes from host_fdt
+    for (index, node) in host_fdt_all_nodes.iter().enumerate() {
+        let node_path = super::build_node_path(&host_fdt_all_nodes, index);
+
+        if node_path.starts_with("/cpus") {
+            // For CPU nodes, apply filtering based on host_fdt nodes
+            let need = need_cpu_node(&phys_cpu_ids, node, &node_path);
+            if need {
+                handle_node_level_change(
+                    &mut new_fdt,
+                    &mut node_stack,
+                    node.level,
+                    previous_node_level,
+                );
+                node_stack.push(new_fdt.begin_node(node.name()).unwrap());
+
+                // Copy properties from host CPU node
+                for prop in node.propertys() {
+                    new_fdt.property(prop.name, prop.raw_value()).unwrap();
+                }
+
+                previous_node_level = node.level;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // End all unclosed nodes
+    while let Some(node) = node_stack.pop() {
+        previous_node_level -= 1;
+        new_fdt.end_node(node).unwrap();
+    }
+    assert_eq!(previous_node_level, 0);
+
+    new_fdt.finish().unwrap()
+}
diff --git a/src/vmm/fdt/device.rs b/src/vmm/fdt/device.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf9eaafd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/vmm/fdt/device.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,511 @@
+//! Device passthrough and dependency analysis for FDT processing.
+
+use alloc::{
+    collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet},
+    string::{String, ToString},
+    vec::Vec,
+};
+use axvm::config::AxVMConfig;
+use fdt_parser::{Fdt, Node};
+
+/// Return the collection of all passthrough devices in the configuration file and newly added devices found
+pub fn find_all_passthrough_devices(vm_cfg: &mut AxVMConfig, fdt: &Fdt) -> Vec<String> {
+    let initial_device_count = vm_cfg.pass_through_devices().len();
+
+    // Pre-build node cache, store all nodes by path to improve lookup performance
+    let node_cache: BTreeMap<String, Vec<Node>> = build_optimized_node_cache(fdt);
+
+    // Get the list of configured device names
+    let initial_device_names: Vec<String> = vm_cfg
+        .pass_through_devices()
+        .iter()
+        .map(|dev| dev.name.clone())
+        .collect();
+
+    // Phase 1: Discover descendant nodes of all passthrough devices in the configuration file
+    // Build a set of configured devices, using BTreeSet to improve lookup efficiency
+    let mut configured_device_names: BTreeSet<String> =
+        initial_device_names.iter().cloned().collect();
+
+    // Used to store newly discovered related device names
+    let mut additional_device_names = Vec::new();
+
+    // Phase 1: Process initial devices and their descendant nodes
+    // Note: Directly use device paths instead of device names
+    for device_name in &initial_device_names {
+        // Get all descendant node paths for this device
+        let descendant_paths = get_descendant_nodes_by_path(&node_cache, device_name);
+        trace!(
+            "Found {} descendant paths for {}",
+            descendant_paths.len(),
+            device_name
+        );
+
+        for descendant_path in descendant_paths {
+            if !configured_device_names.contains(&descendant_path) {
+                trace!("Found descendant device: {}", descendant_path);
+                configured_device_names.insert(descendant_path.clone());
+
+                additional_device_names.push(descendant_path.clone());
+            } else {
+                trace!("Device already exists: {}", descendant_path);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    info!(
+        "Phase 1 completed: Found {} new descendant device names",
+        additional_device_names.len()
+    );
+
+    // Phase 2: Discover dependency nodes for all existing devices (including descendant devices)
+    let mut dependency_device_names = Vec::new();
+    // Use a work queue of device names, including initial devices and descendant device names
+    let mut devices_to_process: Vec<String> = configured_device_names.iter().cloned().collect();
+    let mut processed_devices: BTreeSet<String> = BTreeSet::new();
+
+    // Build phandle mapping table
+    let phandle_map = build_phandle_map(fdt);
+
+    // Use work queue to recursively find all dependent devices
+    while let Some(device_node_path) = devices_to_process.pop() {
+        // Avoid processing the same device repeatedly
+        if processed_devices.contains(&device_node_path) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        processed_devices.insert(device_node_path.clone());
+
+        trace!("Analyzing dependencies for device: {}", device_node_path);
+
+        // Find direct dependencies of the current device
+        let dependencies = find_device_dependencies(&device_node_path, &phandle_map, &node_cache);
+        trace!(
+            "Found {} dependencies: {:?}",
+            dependencies.len(),
+            dependencies
+        );
+        for dep_node_name in dependencies {
+            // Check if dependency is already in configuration
+            if !configured_device_names.contains(&dep_node_name) {
+                trace!("Found new dependency device: {}", dep_node_name);
+                dependency_device_names.push(dep_node_name.clone());
+
+                // Add dependency device name to work queue to further find its dependencies
+                devices_to_process.push(dep_node_name.clone());
+                configured_device_names.insert(dep_node_name.clone());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    info!(
+        "Phase 2 completed: Found {} new dependency device names",
+        dependency_device_names.len()
+    );
+
+    // Phase 3: Find all excluded devices and remove them from the list
+    // Convert Vec<Vec<String>> to Vec<String>
+    let excluded_device_path: Vec<String> = vm_cfg
+        .excluded_devices()
+        .iter()
+        .flatten()
+        .cloned()
+        .collect();
+    let mut all_excludes_devices = excluded_device_path.clone();
+    let mut process_excludeds: BTreeSet<String> = excluded_device_path.iter().cloned().collect();
+
+    for device_path in &excluded_device_path {
+        // Get all descendant node paths for this device
+        let descendant_paths = get_descendant_nodes_by_path(&node_cache, device_path);
+        info!(
+            "Found {} descendant paths for {}",
+            descendant_paths.len(),
+            device_path
+        );
+
+        for descendant_path in descendant_paths {
+            if !process_excludeds.contains(&descendant_path) {
+                trace!("Found descendant device: {}", descendant_path);
+                process_excludeds.insert(descendant_path.clone());
+
+                all_excludes_devices.push(descendant_path.clone());
+            } else {
+                trace!("Device already exists: {}", descendant_path);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    info!("Found excluded devices: {:?}", all_excludes_devices);
+
+    // Merge all device name lists
+    let mut all_device_names = initial_device_names.clone();
+    all_device_names.extend(additional_device_names);
+    all_device_names.extend(dependency_device_names);
+
+    // Remove excluded devices from the final list
+    if !all_excludes_devices.is_empty() {
+        info!(
+            "Removing {} excluded devices from the list",
+            all_excludes_devices.len()
+        );
+        let excluded_set: BTreeSet<String> = all_excludes_devices.into_iter().collect();
+
+        // Filter out excluded devices
+        all_device_names.retain(|device_name| {
+            let should_keep = !excluded_set.contains(device_name);
+            if !should_keep {
+                info!("Excluding device: {}", device_name);
+            }
+            should_keep
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Phase 4: remove root node from the list
+    all_device_names.retain(|device_name| device_name != "/");
+
+    let final_device_count = all_device_names.len();
+    info!(
+        "Passthrough devices analysis completed. Total devices: {} (added: {})",
+        final_device_count,
+        final_device_count - initial_device_count
+    );
+
+    // Print final device list
+    for (i, device_name) in all_device_names.iter().enumerate() {
+        trace!("Final passthrough device[{}]: {}", i, device_name);
+    }
+
+    all_device_names
+}
+
+/// Build the full path of a node based on node level relationships
+/// Build the path by traversing all nodes and constructing paths based on level relationships to avoid path conflicts for nodes with the same name
+pub fn build_node_path(all_nodes: &[Node], target_index: usize) -> String {
+    let mut path_stack: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+
+    for node in all_nodes.iter().take(target_index + 1) {
+        let level = node.level;
+
+        if level == 1 {
+            path_stack.clear();
+            if node.name() != "/" {
+                path_stack.push(node.name().to_string());
+            }
+        } else {
+            while path_stack.len() >= level - 1 {
+                path_stack.pop();
+            }
+            path_stack.push(node.name().to_string());
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Build the full path of the current node
+    if path_stack.is_empty() || (path_stack.len() == 1 && path_stack[0] == "/") {
+        "/".to_string()
+    } else {
+        "/".to_string() + &path_stack.join("/")
+    }
+}
+
+/// Build a simplified node cache table, traverse all nodes once and group by full path
+/// Use level relationships to directly build paths, avoiding path conflicts for nodes with the same name
+pub fn build_optimized_node_cache<'a>(fdt: &'a Fdt) -> BTreeMap<String, Vec<Node<'a>>> {
+    let mut node_cache: BTreeMap<String, Vec<Node<'a>>> = BTreeMap::new();
+
+    let all_nodes: Vec<Node> = fdt.all_nodes().collect();
+
+    for (index, node) in all_nodes.iter().enumerate() {
+        let node_path = build_node_path(&all_nodes, index);
+        if let Some(existing_nodes) = node_cache.get(&node_path)
+            && !existing_nodes.is_empty()
+        {
+            error!(
+                "Duplicate node path found: {} for node '{}' at level {}, existing node: '{}'",
+                node_path,
+                node.name(),
+                node.level,
+                existing_nodes[0].name()
+            );
+        }
+
+        trace!(
+            "Adding node to cache: {} (level: {}, index: {})",
+            node_path, node.level, index
+        );
+        node_cache.entry(node_path).or_default().push(node.clone());
+    }
+
+    debug!(
+        "Built simplified node cache with {} unique device paths",
+        node_cache.len()
+    );
+    node_cache
+}
+
+/// Build a mapping table from phandle to node information, optimized version using fdt-parser convenience methods
+/// Use full path instead of node name
+/// Use level relationships to directly build paths, avoiding path conflicts for nodes with the same name
+fn build_phandle_map(fdt: &Fdt) -> BTreeMap<u32, (String, BTreeMap<String, u32>)> {
+    let mut phandle_map = BTreeMap::new();
+
+    let all_nodes: Vec<Node> = fdt.all_nodes().collect();
+
+    for (index, node) in all_nodes.iter().enumerate() {
+        let node_path = build_node_path(&all_nodes, index);
+
+        // Collect node properties
+        let mut phandle = None;
+        let mut cells_map = BTreeMap::new();
+        for prop in node.propertys() {
+            match prop.name {
+                "phandle" | "linux,phandle" => {
+                    phandle = Some(prop.u32());
+                }
+                "#address-cells"
+                | "#size-cells"
+                | "#clock-cells"
+                | "#reset-cells"
+                | "#gpio-cells"
+                | "#interrupt-cells"
+                | "#power-domain-cells"
+                | "#thermal-sensor-cells"
+                | "#phy-cells"
+                | "#dma-cells"
+                | "#sound-dai-cells"
+                | "#mbox-cells"
+                | "#pwm-cells"
+                | "#iommu-cells" => {
+                    cells_map.insert(prop.name.to_string(), prop.u32());
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If phandle is found, store it together with the node's full path
+        if let Some(ph) = phandle {
+            phandle_map.insert(ph, (node_path, cells_map));
+        }
+    }
+    phandle_map
+}
+
+/// Parse properties containing phandle references intelligently based on #*-cells properties
+/// Supports multiple formats:
+/// - Single phandle: <phandle>
+/// - phandle+specifier: <phandle specifier1 specifier2 ...>
+/// - Multiple phandle references: <phandle1 spec1 spec2 phandle2 spec1 spec2 ...>
+fn parse_phandle_property_with_cells(
+    prop_data: &[u8],
+    prop_name: &str,
+    phandle_map: &BTreeMap<u32, (String, BTreeMap<String, u32>)>,
+) -> Vec<(u32, Vec<u32>)> {
+    let mut results = Vec::new();
+
+    debug!(
+        "Parsing property '{}' with cells info, data length: {} bytes",
+        prop_name,
+        prop_data.len()
+    );
+
+    if prop_data.is_empty() || prop_data.len() % 4 != 0 {
+        warn!(
+            "Property '{}' data length ({} bytes) is invalid",
+            prop_name,
+            prop_data.len()
+        );
+        return results;
+    }
+
+    let u32_values: Vec<u32> = prop_data
+        .chunks(4)
+        .map(|chunk| u32::from_be_bytes([chunk[0], chunk[1], chunk[2], chunk[3]]))
+        .collect();
+
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < u32_values.len() {
+        let potential_phandle = u32_values[i];
+
+        // Check if it's a valid phandle
+        if let Some((device_name, cells_info)) = phandle_map.get(&potential_phandle) {
+            // Determine the number of cells required based on property name
+            let cells_count = get_cells_count_for_property(prop_name, cells_info);
+            trace!(
+                "Property '{}' requires {} cells for device '{}'",
+                prop_name, cells_count, device_name
+            );
+
+            // Check if there's enough data
+            if i + cells_count < u32_values.len() {
+                let specifiers: Vec<u32> = u32_values[i + 1..=i + cells_count].to_vec();
+                debug!(
+                    "Parsed phandle reference: phandle={:#x}, specifiers={:?}",
+                    potential_phandle, specifiers
+                );
+                results.push((potential_phandle, specifiers));
+                i += cells_count + 1; // Skip phandle and all specifiers
+            } else {
+                warn!(
+                    "Property:{} not enough data for phandle {:#x}, expected {} cells but only {} values remaining",
+                    prop_name,
+                    potential_phandle,
+                    cells_count,
+                    u32_values.len() - i - 1
+                );
+                break;
+            }
+        } else {
+            // If not a valid phandle, skip this value
+            i += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    results
+}
+
+/// Determine the required number of cells based on property name and target node's cells information
+fn get_cells_count_for_property(prop_name: &str, cells_info: &BTreeMap<String, u32>) -> usize {
+    let cells_property = match prop_name {
+        "clocks" | "assigned-clocks" => "#clock-cells",
+        "resets" => "#reset-cells",
+        "power-domains" => "#power-domain-cells",
+        "phys" => "#phy-cells",
+        "interrupts" | "interrupts-extended" => "#interrupt-cells",
+        "gpios" => "#gpio-cells",
+        _ if prop_name.ends_with("-gpios") || prop_name.ends_with("-gpio") => "#gpio-cells",
+        "dmas" => "#dma-cells",
+        "thermal-sensors" => "#thermal-sensor-cells",
+        "sound-dai" => "#sound-dai-cells",
+        "mboxes" => "#mbox-cells",
+        "pwms" => "#pwm-cells",
+        _ => {
+            debug!("Unknown property '{}', defaulting to 0 cell", prop_name);
+            return 0;
+        }
+    };
+
+    cells_info.get(cells_property).copied().unwrap_or(0) as usize
+}
+
+/// Generic phandle property parsing function
+/// Parse phandle references according to cells information with correct block size
+/// Support single phandle and multiple phandle+specifier formats
+/// Return full path instead of node name
+fn parse_phandle_property(
+    prop_data: &[u8],
+    prop_name: &str,
+    phandle_map: &BTreeMap<u32, (String, BTreeMap<String, u32>)>,
+) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut dependencies = Vec::new();
+
+    let phandle_refs = parse_phandle_property_with_cells(prop_data, prop_name, phandle_map);
+
+    for (phandle, specifiers) in phandle_refs {
+        if let Some((device_path, _cells_info)) = phandle_map.get(&phandle) {
+            let spec_info = if !specifiers.is_empty() {
+                format!(" (specifiers: {specifiers:?})")
+            } else {
+                String::new()
+            };
+            debug!(
+                "Found {} dependency: phandle={:#x}, device={}{}",
+                prop_name, phandle, device_path, spec_info
+            );
+            dependencies.push(device_path.clone());
+        }
+    }
+
+    dependencies
+}
+
+/// Device property classifier - used to identify properties that require special handling
+struct DevicePropertyClassifier;
+
+impl DevicePropertyClassifier {
+    /// Phandle properties that require special handling - includes all properties that need dependency resolution
+    const PHANDLE_PROPERTIES: &'static [&'static str] = &[
+        "clocks",
+        "power-domains",
+        "phys",
+        "resets",
+        "dmas",
+        "thermal-sensors",
+        "mboxes",
+        "assigned-clocks",
+        "interrupt-parent",
+        "phy-handle",
+        "msi-parent",
+        "memory-region",
+        "syscon",
+        "regmap",
+        "iommus",
+        "interconnects",
+        "nvmem-cells",
+        "sound-dai",
+        "pinctrl-0",
+        "pinctrl-1",
+        "pinctrl-2",
+        "pinctrl-3",
+        "pinctrl-4",
+    ];
+
+    /// Determine if it's a phandle property that requires handling
+    fn is_phandle_property(prop_name: &str) -> bool {
+        Self::PHANDLE_PROPERTIES.contains(&prop_name)
+            || prop_name.ends_with("-supply")
+            || prop_name == "gpios"
+            || prop_name.ends_with("-gpios")
+            || prop_name.ends_with("-gpio")
+            || (prop_name.contains("cells") && !prop_name.starts_with("#") && prop_name.len() >= 4)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Find device dependencies
+fn find_device_dependencies(
+    device_node_path: &str,
+    phandle_map: &BTreeMap<u32, (String, BTreeMap<String, u32>)>,
+    node_cache: &BTreeMap<String, Vec<Node>>, // Add node_cache parameter
+) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut dependencies = Vec::new();
+
+    // Directly find nodes from node_cache, avoiding traversing all nodes
+    if let Some(nodes) = node_cache.get(device_node_path) {
+        // Traverse all properties of nodes to find dependencies
+        for node in nodes {
+            for prop in node.propertys() {
+                // Determine if it's a phandle property that needs to be processed
+                if DevicePropertyClassifier::is_phandle_property(prop.name) {
+                    let mut prop_deps =
+                        parse_phandle_property(prop.raw_value(), prop.name, phandle_map);
+                    dependencies.append(&mut prop_deps);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    dependencies
+}
+
+/// Get all descendant nodes based on parent node path (including child nodes, grandchild nodes, etc.)
+/// Find all descendant nodes by looking up nodes with parent node path as prefix in node_cache
+fn get_descendant_nodes_by_path<'a>(
+    node_cache: &'a BTreeMap<String, Vec<Node<'a>>>,
+    parent_path: &str,
+) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut descendant_paths = Vec::new();
+
+    // Special handling if parent path is root path
+    let search_prefix = if parent_path == "/" {
+        "/".to_string()
+    } else {
+        parent_path.to_string() + "/"
+    };
+
+    // Traverse node_cache, find all nodes with parent path as prefix
+    for path in node_cache.keys() {
+        // Check if path has parent path as prefix (and is not the parent path itself)
+        if path.starts_with(&search_prefix) && path.len() > search_prefix.len() {
+            // This is a descendant node path, add to results
+            descendant_paths.push(path.clone());
+        }
+    }
+
+    descendant_paths
+}
diff --git a/src/vmm/fdt/mod.rs b/src/vmm/fdt/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ad294cf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/vmm/fdt/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+//! FDT (Flattened Device Tree) processing module for AxVisor.
+//!
+//! This module provides functionality for parsing and processing device tree blobs,
+//! including CPU configuration, passthrough device detection, and FDT generation.
+
+mod create;
+mod device;
+mod parser;
+mod print;
+
+use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+use axvm::config::{AxVMConfig, AxVMCrateConfig};
+use fdt_parser::Fdt;
+use lazyinit::LazyInit;
+use spin::Mutex;
+
+pub use parser::*;
+// pub use print::print_fdt;
+pub use create::*;
+pub use device::build_node_path;
+
+use crate::vmm::config::{config, get_vm_dtb_arc};
+
+// DTB cache for generated device trees
+static GENERATED_DTB_CACHE: LazyInit<Mutex<BTreeMap<usize, Vec<u8>>>> = LazyInit::new();
+
+/// Initialize the DTB cache
+pub fn init_dtb_cache() {
+    GENERATED_DTB_CACHE.init_once(Mutex::new(BTreeMap::new()));
+}
+
+/// Get reference to the DTB cache
+pub fn dtb_cache() -> &'static Mutex<BTreeMap<usize, Vec<u8>>> {
+    GENERATED_DTB_CACHE.get().unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generate guest FDT cache the result
+/// # Return Value
+/// Returns the generated DTB data and stores it in the global cache
+pub fn crate_guest_fdt_with_cache(dtb_data: Vec<u8>, crate_config: &AxVMCrateConfig) {
+    // Store data in global cache
+    let mut cache_lock = dtb_cache().lock();
+    cache_lock.insert(crate_config.base.id, dtb_data);
+}
+
+/// Handle all FDT-related operations for aarch64 architecture
+pub fn handle_fdt_operations(vm_config: &mut AxVMConfig, vm_create_config: &AxVMCrateConfig) {
+    let host_fdt_bytes = get_host_fdt();
+    let host_fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(host_fdt_bytes)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse FDT: {e:#?}"))
+        .expect("Failed to parse FDT");
+    set_phys_cpu_sets(vm_config, &host_fdt, vm_create_config);
+
+    if let Some(provided_dtb) = get_developer_provided_dtb(vm_config, vm_create_config) {
+        info!("VM[{}] found DTB , parsing...", vm_config.id());
+        update_provided_fdt(&provided_dtb, host_fdt_bytes, vm_create_config);
+    } else {
+        info!(
+            "VM[{}] DTB not found, generating based on the configuration file.",
+            vm_config.id()
+        );
+        setup_guest_fdt_from_vmm(host_fdt_bytes, vm_config, vm_create_config);
+    }
+
+    // Overlay VM config with the given DTB.
+    if let Some(dtb_arc) = get_vm_dtb_arc(vm_config) {
+        let dtb = dtb_arc.as_ref();
+        parse_passthrough_devices_address(vm_config, dtb);
+        parse_vm_interrupt(vm_config, dtb);
+    } else {
+        error!(
+            "VM[{}] DTB not found in memory, skipping...",
+            vm_config.id()
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn get_developer_provided_dtb(
+    vm_cfg: &AxVMConfig,
+    crate_config: &AxVMCrateConfig,
+) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    match crate_config.kernel.image_location.as_deref() {
+        Some("memory") => {
+            let vm_imags = config::get_memory_images()
+                .iter()
+                .find(|&v| v.id == vm_cfg.id())?;
+
+            if let Some(dtb) = vm_imags.dtb {
+                info!("DTB file in memory, size: 0x{:x}", dtb.len());
+                return Some(dtb.to_vec());
+            }
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+        Some("fs") => {
+            use axerrno::ax_err_type;
+            use std::io::{BufReader, Read};
+            if let Some(dtb_path) = &crate_config.kernel.dtb_path {
+                let (dtb_file, dtb_size) = crate::vmm::images::open_image_file(dtb_path).unwrap();
+                info!("DTB file in fs, size: 0x{:x}", dtb_size);
+
+                let mut file = BufReader::new(dtb_file);
+                let mut dtb_buffer = vec![0; dtb_size];
+
+                file.read_exact(&mut dtb_buffer)
+                    .map_err(|err| {
+                        ax_err_type!(
+                            Io,
+                            format!("Failed in reading from file {}, err {:?}", dtb_path, err)
+                        )
+                    })
+                    .unwrap();
+                return Some(dtb_buffer);
+            }
+        }
+        _ => unimplemented!(
+            "Check your \"image_location\" in config.toml, \"memory\" and \"fs\" are supported,\n."
+        ),
+    }
+    None
+}
diff --git a/src/vmm/fdt/parser.rs b/src/vmm/fdt/parser.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..859b8102
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/vmm/fdt/parser.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+//! FDT parsing and processing functionality.
+
+use alloc::{string::ToString, vec::Vec};
+use axvm::config::{AxVMConfig, AxVMCrateConfig, PassThroughDeviceConfig};
+use fdt_parser::{Fdt, FdtHeader, PciRange, PciSpace};
+
+use crate::vmm::fdt::crate_guest_fdt_with_cache;
+use crate::vmm::fdt::create::update_cpu_node;
+
+pub fn get_host_fdt() -> &'static [u8] {
+    const FDT_VALID_MAGIC: u32 = 0xd00d_feed;
+    let bootarg: usize = std::os::arceos::modules::axhal::get_bootarg();
+    let header = unsafe {
+        core::slice::from_raw_parts(bootarg as *const u8, core::mem::size_of::<FdtHeader>())
+    };
+    let fdt_header = FdtHeader::from_bytes(header)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse FDT header: {e:#?}"))
+        .unwrap();
+
+    if fdt_header.magic.get() != FDT_VALID_MAGIC {
+        error!(
+            "FDT magic is invalid, expected {:#x}, got {:#x}",
+            FDT_VALID_MAGIC,
+            fdt_header.magic.get()
+        );
+    }
+
+    unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(bootarg as *const u8, fdt_header.total_size()) }
+}
+
+pub fn setup_guest_fdt_from_vmm(
+    fdt_bytes: &[u8],
+    vm_cfg: &mut AxVMConfig,
+    crate_config: &AxVMCrateConfig,
+) {
+    let fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(fdt_bytes)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse FDT: {e:#?}"))
+        .expect("Failed to parse FDT");
+
+    // Call the modified function and get the returned device name list
+    let passthrough_device_names = super::device::find_all_passthrough_devices(vm_cfg, &fdt);
+
+    let dtb_data = super::create::crate_guest_fdt(&fdt, &passthrough_device_names, crate_config);
+    crate_guest_fdt_with_cache(dtb_data, crate_config);
+}
+
+pub fn set_phys_cpu_sets(vm_cfg: &mut AxVMConfig, fdt: &Fdt, crate_config: &AxVMCrateConfig) {
+    // Find and parse CPU information from host DTB
+    let host_cpus: Vec<_> = fdt.find_nodes("/cpus/cpu").collect();
+    info!("Found {} host CPU nodes", &host_cpus.len());
+
+    let phys_cpu_ids = crate_config
+        .base
+        .phys_cpu_ids
+        .as_ref()
+        .expect("ERROR: phys_cpu_ids not found in config.toml");
+
+    // Collect all CPU node information into Vec to avoid using iterators multiple times
+    let cpu_nodes_info: Vec<_> = host_cpus
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|cpu_node| {
+            if let Some(mut cpu_reg) = cpu_node.reg() {
+                if let Some(r) = cpu_reg.next() {
+                    info!(
+                        "CPU node: {}, phys_cpu_id: 0x{:x}",
+                        cpu_node.name(),
+                        r.address
+                    );
+                    Some((cpu_node.name().to_string(), r.address as usize))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+    // Create mapping from phys_cpu_id to physical CPU index
+    // Collect all unique CPU addresses, maintaining the order of appearance in the device tree
+    let mut unique_cpu_addresses = Vec::new();
+    for (_, cpu_address) in &cpu_nodes_info {
+        if !unique_cpu_addresses.contains(cpu_address) {
+            unique_cpu_addresses.push(*cpu_address);
+        } else {
+            panic!("Duplicate CPU address found");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Assign index to each CPU address in the device tree and print detailed information
+    for (index, &cpu_address) in unique_cpu_addresses.iter().enumerate() {
+        // Find all CPU nodes using this address
+        for (cpu_name, node_address) in &cpu_nodes_info {
+            if *node_address == cpu_address {
+                debug!(
+                    "  CPU node: {}, address: 0x{:x}, assigned index: {}",
+                    cpu_name, cpu_address, index
+                );
+                break; // Print each address only once
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Calculate phys_cpu_sets based on phys_cpu_ids in vcpu_mappings
+    let mut new_phys_cpu_sets = Vec::new();
+    for phys_cpu_id in phys_cpu_ids {
+        // Find the index corresponding to phys_cpu_id in unique_cpu_addresses
+        if let Some(cpu_index) = unique_cpu_addresses
+            .iter()
+            .position(|&addr| addr == *phys_cpu_id)
+        {
+            let cpu_mask = 1usize << cpu_index; // Convert index to mask bit
+            new_phys_cpu_sets.push(cpu_mask);
+            debug!(
+                "vCPU {} with phys_cpu_id 0x{:x} mapped to CPU index {} (mask: 0x{:x})",
+                vm_cfg.id(),
+                phys_cpu_id,
+                cpu_index,
+                cpu_mask
+            );
+        } else {
+            error!(
+                "vCPU {} with phys_cpu_id 0x{:x} not found in device tree!",
+                vm_cfg.id(),
+                phys_cpu_id
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Update phys_cpu_sets in VM configuration (if VM configuration supports setting)
+    info!("Calculated phys_cpu_sets: {:?}", new_phys_cpu_sets);
+
+    vm_cfg
+        .phys_cpu_ls_mut()
+        .set_guest_cpu_sets(new_phys_cpu_sets);
+
+    debug!(
+        "vcpu_mappings: {:?}",
+        vm_cfg.phys_cpu_ls_mut().get_vcpu_affinities_pcpu_ids()
+    );
+}
+
+/// Add address mapping configuration for a device
+fn add_device_address_config(
+    vm_cfg: &mut AxVMConfig,
+    node_name: &str,
+    base_address: usize,
+    size: usize,
+    index: usize,
+    prefix: Option<&str>,
+) {
+    // Only process devices with address information
+    if size == 0 {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Create a device configuration for each address segment
+    let device_name = if index == 0 {
+        match prefix {
+            Some(p) => format!("{node_name}-{p}"),
+            None => node_name.to_string(),
+        }
+    } else {
+        match prefix {
+            Some(p) => format!("{node_name}-{p}-region{index}"),
+            None => format!("{node_name}-region{index}"),
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Add new device configuration
+    let pt_dev = axvm::config::PassThroughDeviceConfig {
+        name: device_name,
+        base_gpa: base_address,
+        base_hpa: base_address,
+        length: size,
+        irq_id: 0,
+    };
+    vm_cfg.add_pass_through_device(pt_dev);
+}
+
+/// Add ranges property configuration for PCIe devices
+fn add_pci_ranges_config(vm_cfg: &mut AxVMConfig, node_name: &str, range: &PciRange, index: usize) {
+    let base_address = range.cpu_address as usize;
+    let size = range.size as usize;
+
+    // Only process devices with address information
+    if size == 0 {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Create a device configuration for each address segment
+    let prefix = match range.space {
+        PciSpace::Configuration => "config",
+        PciSpace::IO => "io",
+        PciSpace::Memory32 => "mem32",
+        PciSpace::Memory64 => "mem64",
+    };
+
+    let device_name = if index == 0 {
+        format!("{node_name}-{prefix}")
+    } else {
+        format!("{node_name}-{prefix}-region{index}")
+    };
+
+    // Add new device configuration
+    let pt_dev = axvm::config::PassThroughDeviceConfig {
+        name: device_name,
+        base_gpa: base_address,
+        base_hpa: base_address,
+        length: size,
+        irq_id: 0,
+    };
+    vm_cfg.add_pass_through_device(pt_dev);
+
+    trace!(
+        "Added PCIe passthrough device {}: base=0x{:x}, size=0x{:x}, space={:?}",
+        node_name, base_address, size, range.space
+    );
+}
+
+pub fn parse_passthrough_devices_address(vm_cfg: &mut AxVMConfig, dtb: &[u8]) {
+    let fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(dtb)
+        .expect("Failed to parse DTB image, perhaps the DTB is invalid or corrupted");
+
+    // Clear existing passthrough device configurations
+    vm_cfg.clear_pass_through_devices();
+
+    // Traverse all device tree nodes
+    for node in fdt.all_nodes() {
+        // Skip root node
+        if node.name() == "/" || node.name().starts_with("memory") {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let node_name = node.name().to_string();
+
+        // Check if it's a PCIe device node
+        if node_name.starts_with("pcie@") || node_name.contains("pci") {
+            // Process PCIe device's ranges property
+            if let Some(pci) = node.clone().into_pci()
+                && let Ok(ranges) = pci.ranges()
+            {
+                for (index, range) in ranges.enumerate() {
+                    add_pci_ranges_config(vm_cfg, &node_name, &range, index);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Process PCIe device's reg property (ECAM space)
+            if let Some(reg_iter) = node.reg() {
+                for (index, reg) in reg_iter.enumerate() {
+                    let base_address = reg.address as usize;
+                    let size = reg.size.unwrap_or(0);
+
+                    add_device_address_config(
+                        vm_cfg,
+                        &node_name,
+                        base_address,
+                        size,
+                        index,
+                        Some("ecam"),
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Get device's reg property (process regular devices)
+            if let Some(reg_iter) = node.reg() {
+                // Process all address segments of the device
+                for (index, reg) in reg_iter.enumerate() {
+                    // Get device's address and size information
+                    let base_address = reg.address as usize;
+                    let size = reg.size.unwrap_or(0);
+
+                    add_device_address_config(vm_cfg, &node_name, base_address, size, index, None);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    trace!(
+        "All passthrough devices: {:#x?}",
+        vm_cfg.pass_through_devices()
+    );
+    debug!(
+        "Finished parsing passthrough devices, total: {}",
+        vm_cfg.pass_through_devices().len()
+    );
+}
+
+pub fn parse_vm_interrupt(vm_cfg: &mut AxVMConfig, dtb: &[u8]) {
+    const GIC_PHANDLE: usize = 1;
+    let fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(dtb)
+        .expect("Failed to parse DTB image, perhaps the DTB is invalid or corrupted");
+
+    for node in fdt.all_nodes() {
+        let name = node.name();
+
+        if name.starts_with("memory") {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // Skip the interrupt controller, as we will use vGIC
+        // TODO: filter with compatible property and parse its phandle from DT; maybe needs a second pass?
+        else if name.starts_with("interrupt-controller")
+            || name.starts_with("intc")
+            || name.starts_with("its")
+        {
+            info!("skipping node {} to use vGIC", name);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Collect all GIC_SPI interrupts and add them to vGIC
+        if let Some(interrupts) = node.interrupts() {
+            // TODO: skip non-GIC interrupt
+            if let Some(parent) = node.interrupt_parent() {
+                trace!("node: {}, intr parent: {}", name, parent.node.name());
+                if let Some(phandle) = parent.node.phandle() {
+                    if phandle.as_usize() != GIC_PHANDLE {
+                        debug!(
+                            "node: {}, intr parent: {}, phandle: 0x{:x} is not GIC!",
+                            name,
+                            parent.node.name(),
+                            phandle.as_usize()
+                        );
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    warn!(
+                        "node: {}, intr parent: {} no phandle!",
+                        name,
+                        parent.node.name(),
+                    );
+                }
+            } else {
+                warn!("node: {} no interrupt parent!", name);
+            }
+
+            for interrupt in interrupts {
+                // <GIC_SPI/GIC_PPI, IRQn, trigger_mode>
+                for (k, v) in interrupt.enumerate() {
+                    match k {
+                        0 => {
+                            if v == 0 {
+                                trace!("node: {}, GIC_SPI", name);
+                            } else {
+                                debug!(
+                                    "node: {}, intr type: {}, not GIC_SPI, not supported!",
+                                    name, v
+                                );
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        1 => {
+                            trace!("node: {}, interrupt id: 0x{:x}", name, v);
+                            vm_cfg.add_pass_through_spi(v);
+                        }
+                        2 => {
+                            trace!("node: {}, interrupt mode: 0x{:x}", name, v);
+                        }
+                        _ => {
+                            warn!("unknown interrupt property {}:0x{:x}", k, v)
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    vm_cfg.add_pass_through_device(PassThroughDeviceConfig {
+        name: "Fake Node".to_string(),
+        base_gpa: 0x0,
+        base_hpa: 0x0,
+        length: 0x20_0000,
+        irq_id: 0,
+    });
+}
+
+pub fn update_provided_fdt(provided_dtb: &[u8], host_dtb: &[u8], crate_config: &AxVMCrateConfig) {
+    let provided_fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(provided_dtb)
+        .expect("Failed to parse DTB image, perhaps the DTB is invalid or corrupted");
+    let host_fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(host_dtb)
+        .expect("Failed to parse DTB image, perhaps the DTB is invalid or corrupted");
+    let provided_dtb_data = update_cpu_node(&provided_fdt, &host_fdt, crate_config);
+    crate_guest_fdt_with_cache(provided_dtb_data, crate_config);
+}
diff --git a/src/vmm/fdt/print.rs b/src/vmm/fdt/print.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e9f10d68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/vmm/fdt/print.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+//! FDT parsing and processing functionality.
+
+use fdt_parser::{Fdt, FdtHeader};
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub fn print_fdt(fdt_addr: usize) {
+    const FDT_VALID_MAGIC: u32 = 0xd00d_feed;
+    let header = unsafe {
+        core::slice::from_raw_parts(fdt_addr as *const u8, core::mem::size_of::<FdtHeader>())
+    };
+    let fdt_header = FdtHeader::from_bytes(header)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse FDT header: {e:#?}"))
+        .unwrap();
+
+    if fdt_header.magic.get() != FDT_VALID_MAGIC {
+        error!(
+            "FDT magic is invalid, expected {:#x}, got {:#x}",
+            FDT_VALID_MAGIC,
+            fdt_header.magic.get()
+        );
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let fdt_bytes =
+        unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(fdt_addr as *const u8, fdt_header.total_size()) };
+
+    let fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(fdt_bytes)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse FDT: {e:#?}"))
+        .expect("Failed to parse FDT");
+
+    // Statistics of node count and level distribution
+    let mut node_count = 0;
+    let mut level_counts = alloc::collections::BTreeMap::new();
+    let mut max_level = 0;
+
+    info!("=== FDT Node Information Statistics ===");
+
+    // Traverse all nodes once for statistics (following optimization strategy)
+    for node in fdt.all_nodes() {
+        node_count += 1;
+
+        // Count nodes by level
+        *level_counts.entry(node.level).or_insert(0) += 1;
+
+        // Record maximum level
+        if node.level > max_level {
+            max_level = node.level;
+        }
+
+        // Count property numbers
+        let node_properties_count = node.propertys().count();
+
+        trace!(
+            "Node[{}]: {} (Level: {}, Properties: {})",
+            node_count,
+            node.name(),
+            node.level,
+            node_properties_count
+        );
+
+        for prop in node.propertys() {
+            trace!(
+                "Properties: {}, Raw_value: {:x?}",
+                prop.name,
+                prop.raw_value()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    info!("=== FDT Statistics Results ===");
+    info!("Total node count: {}", node_count);
+    info!("FDT total size: {} bytes", fdt_header.total_size());
+    info!("Maximum level depth: {}", max_level);
+
+    info!("Node distribution by level:");
+    for (level, count) in level_counts {
+        let percentage = (count as f32 / node_count as f32) * 100.0;
+        info!("  Level {}: {} nodes ({:.1}%)", level, count, percentage);
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub fn print_guest_fdt(fdt_bytes: &[u8]) {
+    let fdt = Fdt::from_bytes(fdt_bytes)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse FDT: {e:#?}"))
+        .expect("Failed to parse FDT");
+    // Statistics of node count and level distribution
+    let mut node_count = 0;
+    let mut level_counts = alloc::collections::BTreeMap::new();
+    let mut max_level = 0;
+
+    info!("=== FDT Node Information Statistics ===");
+
+    // Traverse all nodes once for statistics (following optimization strategy)
+    for node in fdt.all_nodes() {
+        node_count += 1;
+
+        // Count nodes by level
+        *level_counts.entry(node.level).or_insert(0) += 1;
+
+        // Record maximum level
+        if node.level > max_level {
+            max_level = node.level;
+        }
+
+        // Count property numbers
+        let node_properties_count = node.propertys().count();
+
+        info!(
+            "Node[{}]: {} (Level: {}, Properties: {})",
+            node_count,
+            node.name(),
+            node.level,
+            node_properties_count
+        );
+
+        for prop in node.propertys() {
+            info!(
+                "Properties: {}, Raw_value: {:x?}",
+                prop.name,
+                prop.raw_value()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    info!("=== FDT Statistics Results ===");
+    info!("Total node count: {}", node_count);
+    info!("Maximum level depth: {}", max_level);
+
+    info!("Node distribution by level:");
+    for (level, count) in level_counts {
+        let percentage = (count as f32 / node_count as f32) * 100.0;
+        info!("  Level {}: {} nodes ({:.1}%)", level, count, percentage);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/vmm/images/mod.rs b/src/vmm/images/mod.rs
index 39e71a53..9c6ccc43 100644
--- a/src/vmm/images/mod.rs
+++ b/src/vmm/images/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use core::ptr::NonNull;
-
 use axaddrspace::GuestPhysAddr;
 use axerrno::AxResult;
 
@@ -7,11 +5,15 @@ use axvm::VMMemoryRegion;
 use axvm::config::AxVMCrateConfig;
 use byte_unit::Byte;
 
-use crate::vmm::fdt::updated_fdt;
-
 use crate::hal::CacheOp;
 use crate::vmm::VMRef;
-use crate::vmm::config::config;
+use crate::vmm::config::{config, get_vm_dtb_arc};
+
+#[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
+use crate::vmm::fdt::update_fdt;
+
+#[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
+use core::ptr::NonNull;
 
 mod linux;
 
@@ -104,17 +106,20 @@ impl ImageLoader {
         load_vm_image_from_memory(vm_imags.kernel, self.kernel_load_gpa, self.vm.clone())
             .expect("Failed to load VM images");
         // Load DTB image
-        if let Some(buffer) = vm_imags.dtb {
+        let vm_config = axvm::config::AxVMConfig::from(self.config.clone());
+        if let Some(dtb_arc) = get_vm_dtb_arc(&vm_config) {
+            let dtb_slice: &[u8] = &dtb_arc;
             debug!(
                 "DTB buffer addr: {:x}, size: {:#}",
                 self.dtb_load_gpa.unwrap(),
-                Byte::from(buffer.len())
+                Byte::from(dtb_slice.len())
             );
 
-            updated_fdt(
+            #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
+            update_fdt(
                 self.dtb_load_gpa.unwrap(),
-                NonNull::new(buffer.as_ptr() as *mut u8).unwrap(),
-                buffer.len(),
+                NonNull::new(dtb_slice.as_ptr() as *mut u8).unwrap(),
+                dtb_slice.len(),
                 self.vm.clone(),
             );
         }
@@ -186,15 +191,10 @@ pub fn load_vm_image_from_memory(
 
 #[cfg(feature = "fs")]
 mod fs {
-    use std::{fs::File, vec::Vec};
-
-    use axerrno::{AxResult, ax_err, ax_err_type};
-
-    use crate::hal::CacheOp;
-
     use super::*;
-
-    use std::io::{BufReader, Read};
+    use crate::hal::CacheOp;
+    use axerrno::{AxResult, ax_err, ax_err_type};
+    use std::{fs::File, vec::Vec};
 
     pub fn kernal_read(config: &AxVMCrateConfig, read_size: usize) -> AxResult<Vec<u8>> {
         use std::fs::File;
@@ -253,35 +253,24 @@ mod fs {
             }
         };
         // Load DTB image if needed.
-        // Todo: generate DTB file for guest VM.
-        if let Some(dtb_path) = &loader.config.kernel.dtb_path {
-            let (dtb_file, dtb_size) = open_image_file(dtb_path)?;
-            info!("DTB file size {}", dtb_size);
-
-            let mut file = BufReader::new(dtb_file);
-            let mut dtb_buffer = vec![0; dtb_size];
-
-            file.read_exact(&mut dtb_buffer).map_err(|err| {
-                ax_err_type!(
-                    Io,
-                    format!("Failed in reading from file {}, err {:?}", dtb_path, err)
-                )
-            })?;
-
-            let dtb_addr = loader.dtb_load_gpa.unwrap();
-
-            info!(
+        let vm_config = axvm::config::AxVMConfig::from(loader.config.clone());
+        if let Some(dtb_arc) = get_vm_dtb_arc(&vm_config) {
+            let dtb_slice: &[u8] = &dtb_arc;
+            debug!(
                 "DTB buffer addr: {:x}, size: {:#}",
-                dtb_addr,
-                Byte::from(dtb_size)
+                loader.dtb_load_gpa.unwrap(),
+                Byte::from(dtb_slice.len())
             );
-            updated_fdt(
-                dtb_addr,
-                NonNull::new(dtb_buffer.as_mut_ptr()).unwrap(),
-                dtb_size,
+
+            #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
+            update_fdt(
+                loader.dtb_load_gpa.unwrap(),
+                NonNull::new(dtb_slice.as_ptr() as *mut u8).unwrap(),
+                dtb_slice.len(),
                 loader.vm.clone(),
             );
-        };
+        }
+
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -310,7 +299,7 @@ mod fs {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn open_image_file(file_name: &str) -> AxResult<(File, usize)> {
+    pub fn open_image_file(file_name: &str) -> AxResult<(File, usize)> {
         let file = File::open(file_name).map_err(|err| {
             ax_err_type!(
                 NotFound,
@@ -335,3 +324,6 @@ mod fs {
         Ok((file, file_size))
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(feature = "fs")]
+pub use fs::open_image_file;
diff --git a/src/vmm/mod.rs b/src/vmm/mod.rs
index 09cb27c6..0c228bad 100644
--- a/src/vmm/mod.rs
+++ b/src/vmm/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 mod config;
-mod fdt;
 mod hvc;
 mod images;
 mod ivc;
@@ -7,6 +6,9 @@ pub mod timer;
 mod vcpus;
 mod vm_list;
 
+#[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
+pub mod fdt;
+
 use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
 use std::os::arceos::{
     api::task::{self, AxWaitQueueHandle},