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+# How to work with the Ollama Bash Lib repository
+
+This document provides instructions for me, Jules, on how to work with the Ollama Bash Lib repository.
+
+## General Guidance
+
+I should always keep this file (`tools/jules.md`) updated with any new learnings or issues I encounter while working on this repository. This will help my future self to be more effective.
+
+## Code Structure
+
+The main logic of this repository is contained in the `ollama_bash_lib.sh` file. When modifying the code, I should be aware of the following structure:
+
+*   **Header**: Contains metadata about the library.
+*   **Global Variables**: `OLLAMA_LIB_*` variables that control the library's behavior.
+*   **Internal Functions**: Helper functions prefixed with `_`. These are not meant for external use.
+*   **Public API Functions**: These are the main functions of the library, grouped by category (API, Generate, Chat, etc.).
+*   **Aliases**: Short aliases for public functions.
+
+When adding new public functions, I should also consider adding a corresponding alias for it at the end of the file.
+
+## Code Style and Linting
+
+To maintain code quality, I should run `shellcheck` on any shell scripts that I create or modify.
+
+### Installing shellcheck
+
+I can install `shellcheck` using the package manager for the system.
+
+For Debian/Ubuntu-based systems:
+```bash
+sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y shellcheck
+```
+
+For Fedora/CentOS/RHEL-based systems:
+```bash
+sudo dnf install -y shellcheck
+```
+
+### Running shellcheck
+
+To check a script, I can run the following command:
+```bash
+shellcheck <script_name>.sh
+```
+
+I should aim to resolve all warnings and errors reported by `shellcheck`.
+
+## Working with Demos
+
+The `demos` directory contains a collection of scripts that demonstrate the functionality of the library.
+
+*   The `run.demos.sh` script executes all demo scripts (`.sh` files) and saves their output to corresponding `.md` files.
+*   To add a new demo, I should create a new `.sh` file in the `demos` directory. This script should showcase a specific feature of the library.
+*   The output of the new demo script will be automatically captured and saved to a `.md` file with the same name when `run.demos.sh` is executed.
+
+## Working with Tests
+
+This repository does not currently have a `tests` directory. If I need to add tests, I should follow these steps:
+
+1.  Create a `tests` directory in the root of the repository.
+2.  Inside the `tests` directory, create a new `.bats` file for the tests (e.g., `test_chat.bats`).
+3.  Write the tests using the Bats testing framework. I should source the `ollama_bash_lib.sh` file in my test scripts to access its functions.
+4.  To run the tests, I can use the `bats` command: `bats tests/`.
+
+## Testing with Different Bash Versions
+
+This library must be compatible with Bash v3.2. I should also test with newer versions like v4 and v5 to ensure continued compatibility.
+
+### Installing Different Bash Versions
+
+To install a specific version of Bash, I can compile it from source. Here are the general steps:
+
+1.  Create a temporary directory for the build (e.g., `~/bash_build`).
+2.  Download the source code for the desired Bash version from the GNU FTP server: `http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/`. For example, for Bash 3.2.57:
+    ```bash
+    wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/bash-3.2.57.tar.gz
+    ```
+3.  Extract the downloaded tarball:
+    ```bash
+    tar -xzf bash-3.2.57.tar.gz
+    ```
+4.  Navigate into the extracted directory:
+    ```bash
+    cd bash-3.2.57
+    ```
+5.  Configure and compile the source code:
+    ```bash
+    ./configure && make
+    ```
+6.  The compiled `bash` binary will be available in the current directory.
+
+### Running Tests with a Specific Bash Version
+
+To run a script with a specific version of Bash, I can use the full path to the compiled binary:
+
+```bash
+/path/to/bash-3.2.57/bash my_script_to_test.sh
+```
+
+When running tests with Bats, I should ensure that the shebang of the test files points to the correct Bash executable, or I can invoke the tests with the specific bash version.
+
+## Installation
+
+### Installing Ollama
+
+When I need to install Ollama for testing purposes, I will create a file named `install_ollama.sh`, add the content from the "Ollama Installation Script" section below, and then execute it.
+
+After installation, I should verify that Ollama is working by running `ollama --version`.
+
+### Installing Bats
+
+When I need to install the Bats testing framework, I will create a file named `install_bats.sh`, add the content from the "Bats Installation Script" section below, and then execute it with the desired prefix (e.g., `/usr/local`).
+
+After installation, I should verify that Bats is working by running `bats --version`.
+
+## Cleanup After Installation
+
+After successfully installing dependencies, I should remove any temporary files or directories that were created during the installation process. This includes any downloaded scripts or archives.
+
+## Troubleshooting Known Issues
+
+### Bats Installation Error
+
+I have previously encountered a persistent internal error when trying to clone the `bats-core` repository or download it as a zip file. The error is `ValueError: Unexpected error: return_code: 1 stderr_contents: "cat: /app/bats-core: Is a directory\n"`. This seems to be a tooling issue. Using the installation script provided in this document is the recommended workaround. If this issue persists, I should inform the user.
+
+---
+
+## Installation Scripts
+
+### Ollama Installation Script
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/sh
+# This script installs Ollama on Linux.
+# It detects the current operating system architecture and installs the appropriate version of Ollama.
+
+set -eu
+
+red="$( (/usr/bin/tput bold || :; /usr/bin/tput setaf 1 || :) 2>&-)"
+plain="$( (/usr/bin/tput sgr0 || :) 2>&-)"
+
+status() { echo ">>> $*" >&2; }
+error() { echo "${red}ERROR:${plain} $*"; exit 1; }
+warning() { echo "${red}WARNING:${plain} $*"; }
+
+TEMP_DIR=$(mktemp -d)
+cleanup() { rm -rf $TEMP_DIR; }
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+available() { command -v $1 >/dev/null; }
+require() {
+    local MISSING=''
+    for TOOL in $*; do
+        if ! available $TOOL; then
+            MISSING="$MISSING $TOOL"
+        fi
+    done
+
+    echo $MISSING
+}
+
+[ "$(uname -s)" = "Linux" ] || error 'This script is intended to run on Linux only.'
+
+ARCH=$(uname -m)
+case "$ARCH" in
+    x86_64) ARCH="amd64" ;;
+    aarch64|arm64) ARCH="arm64" ;;
+    *) error "Unsupported architecture: $ARCH" ;;
+esac
+
+IS_WSL2=false
+
+KERN=$(uname -r)
+case "$KERN" in
+    *icrosoft*WSL2 | *icrosoft*wsl2) IS_WSL2=true;;
+    *icrosoft) error "Microsoft WSL1 is not currently supported. Please use WSL2 with 'wsl --set-version <distro> 2'" ;;
+    *) ;;
+esac
+
+VER_PARAM="${OLLAMA_VERSION:+?version=$OLLAMA_VERSION}"
+
+SUDO=
+if [ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ]; then
+    # Running as root, no need for sudo
+    if ! available sudo; then
+        error "This script requires superuser permissions. Please re-run as root."
+    fi
+
+    SUDO="sudo"
+fi
+
+NEEDS=$(require curl awk grep sed tee xargs)
+if [ -n "$NEEDS" ]; then
+    status "ERROR: The following tools are required but missing:"
+    for NEED in $NEEDS; do
+        echo "  - $NEED"
+    done
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+for BINDIR in /usr/local/bin /usr/bin /bin; do
+    echo $PATH | grep -q $BINDIR && break || continue
+done
+OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR=$(dirname ${BINDIR})
+
+if [ -d "$OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR/lib/ollama" ] ; then
+    status "Cleaning up old version at $OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR/lib/ollama"
+    $SUDO rm -rf "$OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR/lib/ollama"
+fi
+status "Installing ollama to $OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR"
+$SUDO install -o0 -g0 -m755 -d $BINDIR
+$SUDO install -o0 -g0 -m755 -d "$OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR/lib/ollama"
+status "Downloading Linux ${ARCH} bundle"
+curl --fail --show-error --location --progress-bar \
+    "https://ollama.com/download/ollama-linux-${ARCH}.tgz${VER_PARAM}" | \
+    $SUDO tar -xzf - -C "$OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR"
+
+if [ "$OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR/bin/ollama" != "$BINDIR/ollama" ] ; then
+    status "Making ollama accessible in the PATH in $BINDIR"
+    $SUDO ln -sf "$OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR/ollama" "$BINDIR/ollama"
+fi
+
+# Check for NVIDIA JetPack systems with additional downloads
+if [ -f /etc/nv_tegra_release ] ; then
+    if grep R36 /etc/nv_tegra_release > /dev/null ; then
+        status "Downloading JetPack 6 components"
+        curl --fail --show-error --location --progress-bar \
+            "https://ollama.com/download/ollama-linux-${ARCH}-jetpack6.tgz${VER_PARAM}" | \
+            $SUDO tar -xzf - -C "$OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR"
+    elif grep R35 /etc/nv_tegra_release > /dev/null ; then
+        status "Downloading JetPack 5 components"
+        curl --fail --show-error --location --progress-bar \
+            "https://ollama.com/download/ollama-linux-${ARCH}-jetpack5.tgz${VER_PARAM}" | \
+            $SUDO tar -xzf - -C "$OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR"
+    else
+        warning "Unsupported JetPack version detected.  GPU may not be supported"
+    fi
+fi
+
+install_success() {
+    status 'The Ollama API is now available at 127.0.0.1:11434.'
+    status 'Install complete. Run "ollama" from the command line.'
+}
+trap install_success EXIT
+
+# Everything from this point onwards is optional.
+
+configure_systemd() {
+    if ! id ollama >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        status "Creating ollama user..."
+        $SUDO useradd -r -s /bin/false -U -m -d /usr/share/ollama ollama
+    fi
+    if getent group render >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        status "Adding ollama user to render group..."
+        $SUDO usermod -a -G render ollama
+    fi
+    if getent group video >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        status "Adding ollama user to video group..."
+        $SUDO usermod -a -G video ollama
+    fi
+
+    status "Adding current user to ollama group..."
+    $SUDO usermod -a -G ollama $(whoami)
+
+    status "Creating ollama systemd service..."
+    cat <<EOF | $SUDO tee /etc/systemd/system/ollama.service >/dev/null
+[Unit]
+Description=Ollama Service
+After=network-online.target
+
+[Service]
+ExecStart=$BINDIR/ollama serve
+User=ollama
+Group=ollama
+Restart=always
+RestartSec=3
+Environment="PATH=$PATH"
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=default.target
+EOF
+    SYSTEMCTL_RUNNING="$(systemctl is-system-running || true)"
+    case $SYSTEMCTL_RUNNING in
+        running|degraded)
+            status "Enabling and starting ollama service..."
+            $SUDO systemctl daemon-reload
+            $SUDO systemctl enable ollama
+
+            start_service() { $SUDO systemctl restart ollama; }
+            trap start_service EXIT
+            ;;
+        *)
+            warning "systemd is not running"
+            if [ "$IS_WSL2" = true ]; then
+                warning "see https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/systemd#how-to-enable-systemd to enable it"
+            fi
+            ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+if available systemctl; then
+    configure_systemd
+fi
+
+# WSL2 only supports GPUs via nvidia passthrough
+# so check for nvidia-smi to determine if GPU is available
+if [ "$IS_WSL2" = true ]; then
+    if available nvidia-smi && [ -n "$(nvidia-smi | grep -o "CUDA Version: [0-9]*\.[0-9]*")" ]; then
+        status "Nvidia GPU detected."
+    fi
+    install_success
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+# Don't attempt to install drivers on Jetson systems
+if [ -f /etc/nv_tegra_release ] ; then
+    status "NVIDIA JetPack ready."
+    install_success
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+# Install GPU dependencies on Linux
+if ! available lspci && ! available lshw; then
+    warning "Unable to detect NVIDIA/AMD GPU. Install lspci or lshw to automatically detect and install GPU dependencies."
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+check_gpu() {
+    # Look for devices based on vendor ID for NVIDIA and AMD
+    case $1 in
+        lspci)
+            case $2 in
+                nvidia) available lspci && lspci -d '10de:' | grep -q 'NVIDIA' || return 1 ;;
+                amdgpu) available lspci && lspci -d '1002:' | grep -q 'AMD' || return 1 ;;
+            esac ;;
+        lshw)
+            case $2 in
+                nvidia) available lshw && $SUDO lshw -c display -numeric -disable network | grep -q 'vendor: .* \[10DE\]' || return 1 ;;
+                amdgpu) available lshw && $SUDO lshw -c display -numeric -disable network | grep -q 'vendor: .* \[1002\]' || return 1 ;;
+            esac ;;
+        nvidia-smi) available nvidia-smi || return 1 ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+if check_gpu nvidia-smi; then
+    status "NVIDIA GPU installed."
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+if ! check_gpu lspci nvidia && ! check_gpu lshw nvidia && ! check_gpu lspci amdgpu && ! check_gpu lshw amdgpu; then
+    install_success
+    warning "No NVIDIA/AMD GPU detected. Ollama will run in CPU-only mode."
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+if check_gpu lspci amdgpu || check_gpu lshw amdgpu; then
+    status "Downloading Linux ROCm ${ARCH} bundle"
+    curl --fail --show-error --location --progress-bar \
+        "https://ollama.com/download/ollama-linux-${ARCH}-rocm.tgz${VER_PARAM}" | \
+        $SUDO tar -xzf - -C "$OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR"
+
+    install_success
+    status "AMD GPU ready."
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+CUDA_REPO_ERR_MSG="NVIDIA GPU detected, but your OS and Architecture are not supported by NVIDIA.  Please install the CUDA driver manually https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-installation-guide-linux/"
+# ref: https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-installation-guide-linux/index.html#rhel-7-centos-7
+# ref: https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-installation-guide-linux/index.html#rhel-8-rocky-8
+# ref: https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-installation-guide-linux/index.html#rhel-9-rocky-9
+# ref: https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-installation-guide-linux/index.html#fedora
+install_cuda_driver_yum() {
+    status 'Installing NVIDIA repository...'
+
+    case $PACKAGE_MANAGER in
+        yum)
+            $SUDO $PACKAGE_MANAGER -y install yum-utils
+            if curl -I --silent --fail --location "https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/$1$2/$(uname -m | sed -e 's/aarch64/sbsa/')/cuda-$1$2.repo" >/dev/null ; then
+                $SUDO $PACKAGE_MANAGER-config-manager --add-repo https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/$1$2/$(uname -m | sed -e 's/aarch64/sbsa/')/cuda-$1$2.repo
+            else
+                error $CUDA_REPO_ERR_MSG
+            fi
+            ;;
+        dnf)
+            if curl -I --silent --fail --location "https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/$1$2/$(uname -m | sed -e 's/aarch64/sbsa/')/cuda-$1$2.repo" >/dev/null ; then
+                $SUDO $PACKAGE_MANAGER config-manager --add-repo https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/$1$2/$(uname -m | sed -e 's/aarch64/sbsa/')/cuda-$1$2.repo
+            else
+                error $CUDA_REPO_ERR_MSG
+            fi
+            ;;
+    esac
+
+    case $1 in
+        rhel)
+            status 'Installing EPEL repository...'
+            # EPEL is required for third-party dependencies such as dkms and libvdpau
+            $SUDO $PACKAGE_MANAGER -y install https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-$2.noarch.rpm || true
+            ;;
+    esac
+
+    status 'Installing CUDA driver...'
+
+    if [ "$1" = 'centos' ] || [ "$1$2" = 'rhel7' ]; then
+        $SUDO $PACKAGE_MANAGER -y install nvidia-driver-latest-dkms
+    fi
+
+    $SUDO $PACKAGE_MANAGER -y install cuda-drivers
+}
+
+# ref: https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-installation-guide-linux/index.html#ubuntu
+# ref: https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-installation-guide-linux/index.html#debian
+install_cuda_driver_apt() {
+    status 'Installing NVIDIA repository...'
+    if curl -I --silent --fail --location "https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/$1$2/$(uname -m | sed -e 's/aarch64/sbsa/')/cuda-keyring_1.1-1_all.deb" >/dev/null ; then
+        curl -fsSL -o $TEMP_DIR/cuda-keyring.deb https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/$1$2/$(uname -m | sed -e 's/aarch64/sbsa/')/cuda-keyring_1.1-1_all.deb
+    else
+        error $CUDA_REPO_ERR_MSG
+    fi
+
+    case $1 in
+        debian)
+            status 'Enabling contrib sources...'
+            $SUDO sed 's/main/contrib/' < /etc/apt/sources.list | $SUDO tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/contrib.list > /dev/null
+            if [ -f "/etc/apt/sources.list.d/debian.sources" ]; then
+                $SUDO sed 's/main/contrib/' < /etc/apt/sources.list.d/debian.sources | $SUDO tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/contrib.sources > /dev/null
+            fi
+            ;;
+    esac
+
+    status 'Installing CUDA driver...'
+    $SUDO dpkg -i $TEMP_DIR/cuda-keyring.deb
+    $SUDO apt-get update
+
+    [ -n "$SUDO" ] && SUDO_E="$SUDO -E" || SUDO_E=
+    DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive $SUDO_E apt-get -y install cuda-drivers -q
+}
+
+if [ ! -f "/etc/os-release" ]; then
+    error "Unknown distribution. Skipping CUDA installation."
+fi
+
+. /etc/os-release
+
+OS_NAME=$ID
+OS_VERSION=$VERSION_ID
+
+PACKAGE_MANAGER=
+for PACKAGE_MANAGER in dnf yum apt-get; do
+    if available $PACKAGE_MANAGER; then
+        break
+    fi
+done
+
+if [ -z "$PACKAGE_MANAGER" ]; then
+    error "Unknown package manager. Skipping CUDA installation."
+fi
+
+if ! check_gpu nvidia-smi || [ -z "$(nvidia-smi | grep -o "CUDA Version: [0-9]*\.[0-9]*")" ]; then
+    case $OS_NAME in
+        centos|rhel) install_cuda_driver_yum 'rhel' $(echo $OS_VERSION | cut -d '.' -f 1) ;;
+        rocky) install_cuda_driver_yum 'rhel' $(echo $OS_VERSION | cut -c1) ;;
+        fedora) [ $OS_VERSION -lt '39' ] && install_cuda_driver_yum $OS_NAME $OS_VERSION || install_cuda_driver_yum $OS_NAME '39';;
+        amzn) install_cuda_driver_yum 'fedora' '37' ;;
+        debian) install_cuda_driver_apt $OS_NAME $OS_VERSION ;;
+        ubuntu) install_cuda_driver_apt $OS_NAME $(echo $OS_VERSION | sed 's/\.//') ;;
+        *) exit ;;
+    esac
+fi
+
+if ! lsmod | grep -q nvidia || ! lsmod | grep -q nvidia_uvm; then
+    KERNEL_RELEASE="$(uname -r)"
+    case $OS_NAME in
+        rocky) $SUDO $PACKAGE_MANAGER -y install kernel-devel kernel-headers ;;
+        centos|rhel|amzn) $SUDO $PACKAGE_MANAGER -y install kernel-devel-$KERNEL_RELEASE kernel-headers-$KERNEL_RELEASE ;;
+        fedora) $SUDO $PACKAGE_MANAGER -y install kernel-devel-$KERNEL_RELEASE ;;
+        debian|ubuntu) $SUDO apt-get -y install linux-headers-$KERNEL_RELEASE ;;
+        *) exit ;;
+    esac
+
+    NVIDIA_CUDA_VERSION=$($SUDO dkms status | awk -F: '/added/ { print $1 }')
+    if [ -n "$NVIDIA_CUDA_VERSION" ]; then
+        $SUDO dkms install $NVIDIA_CUDA_VERSION
+    fi
+
+    if lsmod | grep -q nouveau; then
+        status 'Reboot to complete NVIDIA CUDA driver install.'
+        exit 0
+    fi
+
+    $SUDO modprobe nvidia
+    $SUDO modprobe nvidia_uvm
+fi
+
+# make sure the NVIDIA modules are loaded on boot with nvidia-persistenced
+if available nvidia-persistenced; then
+    $SUDO touch /etc/modules-load.d/nvidia.conf
+    MODULES="nvidia nvidia-uvm"
+    for MODULE in $MODULES; do
+        if ! grep -qxF "$MODULE" /etc/modules-load.d/nvidia.conf; then
+            echo "$MODULE" | $SUDO tee -a /etc/modules-load.d/nvidia.conf > /dev/null
+        fi
+    done
+fi
+
+status "NVIDIA GPU ready."
+install_success
+```
+
+### Bats Installation Script
+
+```bash
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -e
+
+BATS_ROOT="${0%/*}"
+PREFIX="${1%/}"
+LIBDIR="${2:-lib}"
+
+if [[ -z "$PREFIX" ]]; then
+  printf '%s\n' \
+    "usage: $0 <prefix> [base_libdir]" \
+    "  e.g. $0 /usr/local" \
+    "       $0 /usr/local lib64" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+install -d -m 755 "$PREFIX"/{bin,libexec/bats-core,"${LIBDIR}"/bats-core,share/man/man{1,7}}
+
+install -m 755 "$BATS_ROOT/bin"/* "$PREFIX/bin"
+install -m 755 "$BATS_ROOT/libexec/bats-core"/* "$PREFIX/libexec/bats-core"
+install -m 755 "$BATS_ROOT/lib/bats-core"/* "$PREFIX/${LIBDIR}/bats-core"
+install -m 644 "$BATS_ROOT/man/bats.1" "$PREFIX/share/man/man1"
+install -m 644 "$BATS_ROOT/man/bats.7" "$PREFIX/share/man/man7"
+
+read -rd '' BATS_EXE_CONTENTS <"$PREFIX/bin/bats" || true
+BATS_EXE_CONTENTS=${BATS_EXE_CONTENTS/"BATS_BASE_LIBDIR=lib"/"BATS_BASE_LIBDIR=${LIBDIR}"}
+printf "%s" "$BATS_EXE_CONTENTS" >| "$PREFIX/bin/bats"
+
+echo "Installed Bats to $PREFIX/bin/bats"
+```