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<title>Supersonic GC-MS</title>
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<td width="250"><p align="center"><strong><a href="index.html"><font face="Arial" color="#FFFFFF"><b>Home</b></font></a><font face="Arial" color="#8080FF"> </font></strong></td>
<td width="250"><p align="center"><a href="supersonic.htm"><font face="Arial" color="#0080FF"><strong>Supersonic GC-MS</strong></font></a></td>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<td VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="64%"><font SIZE="+3" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial"><b>Supersonic
GC-MS</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="36%"><img src="images/logo_small.jpg" WIDTH="232" HEIGHT="78"></td>
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<b><font SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman" COLOR="#800000">
<p>SuperMass</font><font COLOR="#004080" SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman"> was established
in order to bring the benefits of GC-MS with supersonic molecular beams to its potential
users in a compact and reliable bench top system termed</font><font SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman"> </font><font SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman" COLOR="#800000">Supersonic
GC-MS. </font><font COLOR="#004080" SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman">This document
describes the various aspects and features of the Supersonic GC-MS so that you can
evaluate its benefits for your research and applications.</font></b> </p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="2" WIDTH="100%">
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<td ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="745"><font SIZE="+1" FACE="Courier"><b>Table of Contents</b></font>&nbsp;
<br>
<font SIZE="+0" FACE="Arial"><b>1. <a HREF="#1">Introduction - What is a Supersonic
Molecular Beam</a></b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="+0" FACE="Arial"><b>2. <a HREF="#2">Summary of Supersonic GC-MS Advantages and
Unique Features</a>&nbsp;</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="+0" FACE="Arial"><b>3. <a HREF="#3">Supersonic GC-MS Instrument</a></b></font>&nbsp;
<br>
<font SIZE="+0" FACE="Arial"><b>4. <a HREF="#4">Electron Ionization of Molecules in the
SMB</a>&nbsp;</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="+0" FACE="Arial"><b>5. <a HREF="#5">Hyperthermal Surface Ionization</a></b></font>&nbsp;
<br>
<font SIZE="+0" FACE="Arial"><b>6. <a HREF="#6">Fast and Ultra-Fast GC-MS</a></b></font>&nbsp;
<br>
<font SIZE="+0" FACE="Arial"><b>7. <a HREF="#7">Sensitivity Considerations and Evaluation</a>&nbsp;</b></font>&nbsp;
<br>
<font SIZE="+0" FACE="Arial"><b>8. <a HREF="#8">The Analysis of Thermally Labile and
Relatively Non Volatile Compounds</a>&nbsp;</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="+0" FACE="Arial"><b>9. <a HREF="#9">Applications of Supersonic GC-MS and Fast
GC-MS</a></b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="+0" FACE="Arial"><b>10. <a HREF="#10">Direct/Dirty Sample Introduction Device
(ChromatoProbe)</a>&nbsp;</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="+0" FACE="Arial"><b>11. <a HREF="#11">Laser Desorption Fast GC-MS</a></b></font>&nbsp;
<br>
<font SIZE="+0" FACE="Arial"><b>12. <a HREF="#12">Links</a></b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="+0" FACE="Arial"><b>13. <a HREF="#13">References</a></b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr align="left" noshade size="1">
<p><a NAME="1"></a><font SIZE="+1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>1. Introduction - What
is a Supersonic Molecular Beam (SMB)</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A Supersonic molecular beam (SMB) is formed by the
expansion of a gas through a ~0.1 mm pinhole into a vacuum chamber. In this expansion the
carrier gas and heavier sample molecules obtain the same final velocity so that the sample
compounds are accelerated to the carrier gas velocity, since it is the major gas
component. Furthermore, the uniform velocity ensures a slow intra-beam relative motion,
resulting in the cooling of the internal vibrational degrees of freedom.</b></font> <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>SMB&#146;s are characterized by the following features
that are of importance for GC-MS:</b></font></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="95%">
<tr>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>a)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Supercooling of the molecular vibrational-rotational
degrees of freedom.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>b)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A controlled amount of kinetic energy in the
hyperthermal energy range up to 30 eV.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>c)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Unidirectional motion in space.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>d)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>High flow rate up to 240 ml/min.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>e)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Heavy species concentration (jet separation).&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>f)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Atmospheric pressure sample inlet capability.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>
<p>We have explored over the coarse of last 15 years the use of these unique properties of
SMB for improving mass spectrometry and GC-MS [1-20]. We found that the SMB results in
important implications to both GC sampling and molecular ionization processes. The
intra-molecular vibrational cooling conditions prevailing in SMB substantially improve the
level of information available through electron impact ionization (EI). Hyperthermal
surface ionization, which is unique to the use of SMB, provides an ultra sensitive and
selective ionization method, that is ideal for use with drugs and aromatic compounds. The
use of SMB for interfacing and ionization improves all aspects of GC-MS and enables a
truly optimized fast GC-MS analysis of a wide range of samples.</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The basic GC-MS instrument modifications for conversion
into a Supersonic GC-MS include:</b></font></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>a)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The two injectors and columns of a Hewlett Packard
6890 GC are connected simultaneously to a supersonic nozzle with any type of column,
length and flow rate, serving as a conventional or fast GC inlet;&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>b)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Sampling to the vacuum system is in the form of a
supersonic molecular beam, as the organic molecules expand with helium or hydrogen from
the supersonic nozzle;&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>c)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The electron ionization (EI) ion source is modified to
allow for unperturbed axial passage of the molecular beam (fly through) with a higher
electron emission current;&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>d)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A suitable surface is added to allow for surface
ionization in addition to electron ionization.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>
<p>In addition to these modifications, the basic apparatus includes the Hewlett Packard
5972 or 5973 MSD quadrupole mass analyzer and ion detector in its original unmodified
vacuum system, pumped by a 60L/sec diffusion pump. An additional such air cooled 60L/sec
diffusion pump and 520 L/min rotary pump are added for the small supersonic nozzle vacuum
chamber and its differential pumping chamber.</b></font></p>
<p><b><font SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman" COLOR="#004080">In a book </font><font SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman" COLOR="#FF00FF"><i>&quot;Supersonic Molecular Beam Mass
Spectrometry - The Quest for Ultimate Performance GC-MS and Fast GC-MS&quot;</i></font><font SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman" COLOR="#004080"> the Supersonic GC-MS technology is
described and demonstrated through 51 figures and many applications.</font></b> <br>
<font SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman" COLOR="#004080"><b>This book is available free on
request.</b></font> <br>
<font SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman"><b>You may ask for it at:&nbsp; <a HREF="mailto:amirav@supermass.co.il">amirav@supermass.co.il</a>.</b></font> <br>
<font SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman"><b>Please add a brief description of your
application and range of GC-MS interests.&nbsp;</b></font> </p>
<p><b><font SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman" COLOR="#800000">We would be delighted to try
your samples and meet your requirements so that you could closely evaluate the suitability
of Supersonic GC-MS to solve your tough applications.&nbsp; Please challenge us at:</font><font COLOR="#FF6666" SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman"> </font><font SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman"><a HREF="mailto:amirav@supermass.co.il">amirav@supermass.co.il</a>.</font></b>
<br>
&nbsp; </p>
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<td WIDTH="403"><hr noshade size="1">
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<td><a HREF="#top"><img src="images/BACK2.gif" BORDER="0" WIDTH="130" HEIGHT="8"></a></td>
<td WIDTH="174"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
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</table>
<p><a NAME="2"></a><font SIZE="+1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>2. Summary of
Supersonic GC-MS Advantages and Unique Features</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>We consider our Supersonic GC-MS technology to be a
major breakthrough, with improvements of all the major aspects of GC-MS, including the
level of MS information obtained, speed of analysis, sensitivity, selectivity, scope of
use, flexibility and ease of use. Supersonic GC-MS contains the broadest range of features
and capabilities (&quot;Super Enhancement Package&quot;) to provide you with the cutting
edge technology and competitive advantage.</b></font> </p>
<p><img src="images/redball.GIF" ALT="redball.GIF (649 bytes)" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14"><font SIZE="+0" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial"><b>&nbsp; 1. Information</b></font> <br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">The vibrational cooling effect in EI, provides the highest
level of mass spectral information. The unique capabilities of the EI-SMB ion source truly
make it the </font><font SIZE="+0" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial">&quot;Ideal Ion
Source&quot;</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">.</font></b></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>a)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The molecular ion peak is practically always
exhibited.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>b)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Improved library search and confirmation capabilities
due to the presence of M+.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>c)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Tunable fragmentation is achieved by controlling the
electron energy.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>d)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Elemental and isotope information is contained in the
M+ complex of peaks.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>e)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Unique intra-nozzle deuterium exchange enables OH and
NH identification (optional).&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>f)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Increased isomer and structural information is
provided.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>g)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>M+ is the predominant or only peak exhibited at low
electron energy for increased orthogonal MS separation power.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>h)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Tailing-free fast ion source response is provided
without any vacuum memory effects.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><img src="images/redball.GIF" ALT="redball.GIF (649 bytes)" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14"><font SIZE="+0" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial"><b>&nbsp; 2. Speed</b></font> <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>SMB enables the highest capability fast GC-MS, from the
reduction or elimination of sample preparation to the final fast analysis results. This
fast GC-MS approach is based mostly on the high flow rate capability of the SMB inlet and
on the improved separation power of the MS with EI or HSI of the SMB compounds, as well as
on several other SMB features. Fast GC-MS (a few minutes down to a few seconds) is
achieved, characterized by unrestricted column type, length and flow rate, very high
temperature operation capability, thermally labile compound analysis capability, higher
sensitivity, selective ionization with HSI and enhanced molecular ion peak in EI. SMB
uniquely enables ultra fast ion source response time, simple syringe based large size fast
splitless injections and compatibility with the scanning speed of quadrupole mass
analyzers through the use of high flow megabore (or widebore) columns. The unique
capabilities of &quot;Extract-Free Dirty Sample Introduction&quot; with the optional
ChromatoProbe sample introduction device and Laser Desorption sampling method are also
very important to the issue of fast analysis due to reduced sample preparation
requirements.</b></font> </p>
<p><img src="images/redball.GIF" ALT="redball.GIF (649 bytes)" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14"><font SIZE="+0" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial"><b>&nbsp; 3. Sensitivity</b></font></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>a)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>HSI provides record low detection limits for a wide
range of drugs and aromatic compounds. An ionization efficiency of over 10% was achieved
using an experimental system with a MDA of 400 attograms.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>b)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Enhanced single ion monitoring (SIM) sensitivity is
exhibited in EI due to an enhanced M+.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>c)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Large fast splitless injections are possible (i.e. 100
microL) without sample discrimination due to a very high column flow rate of up to 240
ml/min.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>d)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Noise levels are reduced due to vacuum background
elimination and reduced column bleeding through the use of short columns and high flow
rates at lower temperatures (&quot;MDA Everyday&quot;).&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>e)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Large extract sample volumes can be introduced with
the unique DSI (ChromatoProbe) device which retains the contaminating matrix components
residue in a disposable vial, for lower detected concentration.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><img src="images/redball.GIF" ALT="redball.GIF (649 bytes)" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14"><font SIZE="+0" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial"><b>&nbsp; 4. Scope of use</b></font> <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>SMB enables the ultimate scope of use and range of GC-MS
applications.</b></font></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>a)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Thermally labile molecules are amenable for fast and
ultra fast GC-MS analysis.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>b)</b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The highest temperature tailing-free GC-MS combined
with enhanced molecular ion information is achieved through background ion filtration and
short column fast GC-MS.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><img src="images/redball.GIF" ALT="redball.GIF (649 bytes)" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14"><font SIZE="+0" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial"><b>&nbsp; 5. Selectivity</b></font></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>a)</b></font></td>
<td></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Tunable ionization selectivity is achieved with HSI
(&gt;10E+ 5 anthracene/decane).&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>b)</b></font></td>
<td></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>M+ is enhanced in EI and can be the only MS peak at
low electron energy EI.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>
<p>This feature of enhanced molecular ion simplifies the deconvolution of overlapping GC
peaks using the AMDIS deconvolution software of the NIST library and is thus very
important for achieving fast GC-MS. The enhanced selectivity simplifies target and complex
mixtures fast GC-MS analyses.</b></font> </p>
<p><img src="images/redball.GIF" ALT="redball.GIF (649 bytes)" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14"><font SIZE="+0" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial"><b>&nbsp; 6. Flexibility&nbsp; (and ease of use)</b></font></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>a)</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Any column can be used without restrictions on its
diameter, length and flow rate. This allows the optimal trade-off of GC resolution, speed
and sensitivity. (Including the use of the Alltech &quot;multicapillary&quot; high flow
rate fast GC column).&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>b)</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Two columns and even two GC's with four columns can be
simultaneously connected. (the coupling of two GCs is a non standard option)&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>c)</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The column can be quickly and easily replaced, as in
GC-FID, without breaking vacuum.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>d)</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A unique direct sample introduction (DSI) device
provides fast sampling and instant DSI/GC-MS switching. This DSI device also uniquely
enables the injection of very &quot;dirty&quot; samples without any sample preparation.
(the DSI/ChromatoProbe is an option)&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>e)</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The EI and HSI ion sources are easily interchangeable
without breaking vacuum.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>f)</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A wide range of built-in features and capabilities are
included as outlined below.</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="center"><img src="images/redball.GIF" ALT="redball.GIF (649 bytes)" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14">&nbsp;<img src="images/redball.GIF" ALT="redball.GIF (649 bytes)" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14">&nbsp;<img src="images/redball.GIF" ALT="redball.GIF (649 bytes)" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14"><b><font SIZE="+0" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font><font COLOR="#FF00FF" SIZE="+0" FACE="Arial">The &quot;Super Enhancement
Package&quot;&nbsp;<img src="images/redball.GIF" ALT="redball.GIF (649 bytes)" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14"></font></b>&nbsp;<img src="images/redball.GIF" ALT="redball.GIF (649 bytes)" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14">&nbsp;<img src="images/redball.GIF" ALT="redball.GIF (649 bytes)" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14"> </p>
<p><b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial" COLOR="#800000"><u>Supersonic GC-MS</u></font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> contains the broadest range of features and capabilities
(&quot;Super Enhancement Package&quot;) to provide you with cutting edge technology and a
competitive advantage. These features are either inherent/standard or optional as marked.</font></b></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="640">
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT"><p align="left"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>1.&nbsp; &nbsp; <br>
2.</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>3.</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>4.</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>5.</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>6.</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>7.</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>8.</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>9.</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>10.</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>11.</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>12.</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>13.</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>14.</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>15.</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>16.</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>17.</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>18.</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>19.</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>20.&nbsp;&nbsp; </b></font></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="720"><b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Enhanced M+ for simultaneous EI+CI
information.&nbsp; </font><font COLOR="#3333FF" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(standard)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp; <br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Hyperthermal Surface Ionization (HSI). </font><font COLOR="#3333FF" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(standard)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp;
<br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Fast, Very-Fast and Ultra-Fast GC-MS. </font><font COLOR="#3333FF" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(standard)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp;
<br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">High flow rate optimal jet separation. </font><font COLOR="#3333FF" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(standard)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp;
<br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Large volume fast splitless injection capability without
molecular discrimination. </font><font COLOR="#3333FF" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(standard)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp; <br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Low electron energy EI for tunable or no fragmentation. </font><font COLOR="#3333FF" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(standard)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp;
<br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Thermally labile compound GC-MS analysis capability. </font><font COLOR="#3333FF" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(standard)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp;
<br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">High temperature tail free GC-MS operation. </font><font COLOR="#3333FF" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(standard)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp;
<br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Vacuum background filtration. </font><font COLOR="#3333FF" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(standard)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp;
<br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Flow programming with very high flow rate ratios. </font><font COLOR="#3333FF" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(standard)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp;
<br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Surface Induced Dissociation (SID). </font><font COLOR="#3333FF" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(standard)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp;
<br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Simultaneous multi column and multi GC's capability. </font><font COLOR="#3333FF" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(standard, multi GC is an option)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp; <br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">ChromatoProbe for &quot;extract-free&quot; dirty sample
introduction. </font><font COLOR="#CC0000" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(option)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp; <br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">SnifProbe for out of the laboratory aroma, process and air
pollution sampling </font><font COLOR="#CC0000" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(option)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp; <br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Unique cluster CI mode. </font><font COLOR="#CC0000" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(option)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp;
<br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Intra-nozzle deuterium exchange labeling for OH and NH
information. </font><font COLOR="#CC0000" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(option)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp; <br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Intra-nozzle pyrolysis for elemental or functional group
selective GC-MS. </font><font COLOR="#CC0000" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(option)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp; <br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Atmospheric laser desorption injection interface. </font><font COLOR="#CC0000" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(option)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp;
<br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">2000 amu quadrupole mass analyzer (Extrel). </font><font COLOR="#CC0000" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(option)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp;
<br>
<b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Varian CP 3800 GC with three 1079 injectors and
ChromatoProbe. </font><font COLOR="#CC0000" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">(option)</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</font></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT"></td>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" WIDTH="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="720" HEIGHT="20"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td WIDTH="403"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
<td><a HREF="#top"><img src="images/BACK2.gif" BORDER="0" WIDTH="130" HEIGHT="8"></a></td>
<td WIDTH="174"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><a NAME="3"></a><font SIZE="+1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>3. The Supersonic GC-MS
Instrument</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>In the Supersonic GC-MS the sample is introduced
through the Hewlett Packard GC injector as usual. The analytical column output is mixed
with about 160 ml/min helium or hydrogen make-up gas and flow through a 20 cm long
megabore transfer line to the supersonic nozzle. The make up gas identity, flow rate and
transfer line and nozzle temperature are controlled by the ChemStation software. The
nozzle is made of alumina ceramic, with a length of ~0.4 mm and a 80 micron
diameter.&nbsp;</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The mixture of carrier gas and sample molecules expand
through the supersonic nozzle into the first vacuum chamber, which is pumped by a 520
L/min rotary pump. The emerging supersonic free jet is skimmed, differentially pumped by a
60L/sec air cooled diffusion pump, and enters the electron ionization (EI) ion source in
the high vacuum MS chamber (60 L/sec air-cooled original HP diffusion pumps). The sample
molecules in the beam are ionized by the molecular-fly-through cylindrical EI ion source
that allows free passage of the SMB. The ions are extracted by an ion optics lens system
attached to the EI ion source and are guided by a 90 degrees ion deflector into a the
Hewlett Packard quadrupole mass analyzer (MSD). The 90 degrees ion deflector unit also
serves as the hyperthermal surface ionization (HSI) surface with a heated rhenium foil
under a high transmission mesh. Computer controlled low flow rate of oxygen keeps the
rhenium surface clean. The quadrupole mass analyzer is located 90 degrees relative to the
SMB axis and no modification is performed to the HP MSD except in the removal of its ion
source. An &quot;exit lens&quot; is added at the exit of the quadrupole, which is a plate
with a 5 mm hole, positioned between the quadrupole and the channeltron ion detector. It
is used for background ion filtration, by external voltage biasing at the ion energy plus
1-2 eV.</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Fast GC is achieved with the 6890 GC without any
modification, using split or splitless standard syringe based injections. Alternatively
(option), the sample could be loaded in a micro vial with the ChromatoProbe direct/dirty
sample introduction device for intra injector thermal desorption. Short columns (3-6
meters long, 0.53 or 0.25 mm ID) with high flow rates (4-200 mL/min) can be used for fast
GC and even the Alltech Multicapillary high column flow rate is acceptable without
splitting.&nbsp;</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial"><b>Supersonic GC-MS is designed
specifically to bring the supersonic molecular beam GC-MS technology to the public as a
commercially available bench-top GC-MS product. This new system design is based on the
several basic concepts listed as follows.</b></font></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>1.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The industry standard Hewlett Packard bench top GC-MSD
serves as the platform for the combination with the supersonic molecular beam technology.
This makes it a rugged and reliable platform.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>2.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The HP 6890 GC is unchanged while the MSD is only
slightly modified through the elimination of its EI ion source and transfer line. No
irreversible modifications are performed.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>3.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The SMB pneumatics is fully computer controlled
(ChemStation) by the Auxiliary EPC that controls the hydrogen and helium SMB make-up gas
as well as the HSI oxygen gas flow rate through an additional low flow rate valve.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>4.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The GC-SMB nozzle source transfer-line is temperature
controlled by the ChemStation. It is heated by the same heater element and temperature
sensor as that of the original transfer-line.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>5.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The transfer-line simultaneously accepts two column
outputs that are mixed after a short distance with a high flow rate make up gas (160
ml/min, 22 cm transfer line length). Column replacement is very simple, and does not
require a break of the vacuum.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>6.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The supersonic nozzle is made from alumina with 80
micron diameter by 0.4 mm nozzle length. The nozzle-skimmer position is XYZ controlled and
optimized from outside the vacuum.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>7.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The supersonic nozzle vacuum chamber is pumped by a
single 520 L/min Edwards rotary pump. The miniaturized nozzle vacuum chamber requires
added bench space of less than 13 cm. A second Convectron vacuum gauge is added to this
chamber.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>8.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The differential pumping chamber is pumped by a single
60 L/sec Edwards air-cooled diffusion pump that is identical to that provided by HP for
the third MSD vacuum chamber.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>9.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The HP provided rotary pump and Convectron vacuum
gauge are now connected to the second stage differential pumping chamber and the original
diffusion pump is backed by the second stage diffusion pump.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>10.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A fly-through Electron Ionization (EI) ion source is
positioned at the entrance of the MSD vacuum chamber in place of the original
transfer-line. It is based on a unique computer optimized third generation design,
combined with a high electron emission current for optimized SMB compound ionization. It
is powered by a dedicated electronic controller and power supplies.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>11.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A newly designed HSI surface and surface holder
replaces the HP EI ion source. It is also combined with the 90 degrees EI ion mirror. No
change was made in the HP ion source house and thus the HP ion source can be re mounted if
so desired. Two out of the three original HP ion optics lenses are used, coupled with a
new front lens in the coupling to the MSD.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>12.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The HSI surface is indirectly heated and is at a fixed
45 degrees position to both the SMB and mass analyzer. Oxygen is directed onto the HSI
surface from a side slit near it. The surface heater also serves to maintain the mass
analyzer above room temperature.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>13.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The MSD original ion detector is unchanged but an exit
lens is added in front of it for background ion filtration.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>14.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A new electrical feed-throughs connector in a small
vacuum chamber is added and placed instead of the original ionization gauge. It also
includes a new position for the ionization gauge and a tube for transferring the HSI
oxygen gas.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>15.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A small control board is mounted on the 6890 GC to
control the added few components.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<font SIZE="-1" COLOR="#000080" FACE="Arial"><b>
<p>This new Supersonic GC-MS system brings the SMB technology to a user friendly bench top
system in a design that targets reliability as a prime consideration.</b></font></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td WIDTH="403"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
<td><a HREF="#top"><img src="images/BACK2.gif" BORDER="0" WIDTH="130" HEIGHT="8"></a></td>
<td WIDTH="174"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><a NAME="4"></a><font SIZE="+1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>4. Electron Ionization
of Molecules in the SMB</b></font> </p>
<p><b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Supersonic expansion of a gas into a vacuum system
results in a uniform velocity to all the expanding species. Accordingly, the supersonic
expansion leads to low relative velocity collisions of the sample compounds and the
carrier gas atoms, resulting in substantial supercooling of the sample compound
vibrational temperature to well below 70K. This is like having the ion source at an
ultra-low temperature but without condensing the sample compounds. As a result, the level
of information contained in the EI mass spectra is greatly increased. </font><font SIZE="-1" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial">We consider EI with SMB to be the ideal ionization
method</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">, having an enhanced molecular ion peak and
superior detailed molecular and structural information with the following features and
advantages: [6, 11, 19]</font></b></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 1.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The exact molecular ion peak practically always exists
in 70 eV electron ionization (EI) MS with SMB. The relative height of the molecular ion
peak is increased by up to several orders of magnitude due to the vibrational
supercooling. On the other hand, the conventional EI fragmentation pattern is retained.
Actually, the EI-MS of small molecules is relatively unchanged while for large molecules,
due to their large vibrational heat capacity, a substantial increase in M+ can be
observed.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 2.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The level of information achieved in a single
EI-SMB-MS scan, is greater than that provided by standard EI and CI combined, without the
CI problems, and with the uniform high sensitivity of EI to all molecules. This is one of
the reasons for our consideration of EI-SMB as the ideal ionization method.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 3.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Total fragmentation tunability and fragment order of
appearance information is achieved through the control of the electron energy. Due to the
molecular vibrational supercooling, the electron energy is the only parameter that governs
the degree of ion fragmentation. Thus, this control over the degree of fragmentation is
achieved with a minimal loss of sensitivity since the reduced electron ionization cross
section at low electron energy is compensated for by the reduced degree of fragmentation
so that the molecular ion intensity is relatively unchanged.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 4.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Unique structural and isomeric information is provided
due to the vibrational supercooling. Any small isomer mass spectral difference is
amplified (sometimes considerably amplified) with EI-SMB.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 5.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Improved library search and confirmation is achieved
due to the molecular weight information by confining the search to library molecules
having this molecular weight only. Note that about 30% of the NIST library compounds have
no molecular ion (below 2% normalized intensity). This value grows to 50% for compounds
with molecular weight over 300 amu.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 6.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Elemental analysis is possible by accurate isotopic
abundance analysis of the relative intensity of the molecular ion group of mass spectral
peaks. The features of enhanced molecular ion abundance combined with total lack of
residual intra-ion source chemical ionization and reduced vacuum background enable an
accurate measurement of the intensity ratios of the molecular ion peaks, resulting in
elemental analysis with a unit resolution mass analyzer. If the elemental content is
known, then geo-chemical and isotope abundance information is available through the
analysis of these molecular ion peak ratios.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 7.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Deuterium exchange at the supersonic nozzle can be
employed (option) for NH and OH labeling. The on-line mixing of the carrier gas with
deuterated methanol or heavy water enables effective and fast deuterium exchange before
the supersonic expansion. It provides unique structural and isomeric information.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td WIDTH="403" HEIGHT="20"></td>
<td></td>
<td WIDTH="174"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="403"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
<td><a HREF="#top"><img src="images/BACK2.gif" BORDER="0" WIDTH="130" HEIGHT="8"></a></td>
<td WIDTH="174"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<font SIZE="+1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>
<p><a NAME="5"></a>5. Hyperthermal Surface Ionization</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The uniform velocity of all species in the supersonic
molecular beam means that the velocities of the carrier gas (hydrogen or helium) and that
of the sample molecules are equal. Since the sample compounds are a minor component of the
SMB, the velocity of the sample compounds is increased to that of the carrier gas while
the carrier gas is only marginally decelerated. Accordingly, the sample compounds are
accelerated and their kinetic energy is increased, by about the mass ratio of the sample
compound and the carrier gas, to the hyperthermal kinetic energy range of 1-30 eV. Thus,
the kinetic energy of the sample molecule increases with its molecular weight and the
nozzle temperature and it is reduced by increasing the carrier gas atomic or molecular
weight.</b></font> <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>We have found that the surface ionization yield of organic
molecules acquired with hyperthermal kinetic energy is increased by many orders of
magnitude relative to thermal surface ionization and it can be up to three orders of
magnitude higher than EI. This phenomenon of hyperthermal surface ionization (HSI) was
discovered by Amirav and Danon [1, 2, 6] and studied in detail from its various mechanisms
through its analytical applications [4, 7-10, 12, 16, 19, 20].</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>HSI is based on a molecule-surface electron transfer
process which is promoted by the image potential formed between the ion and the surface.
This image potential facilitates the molecule-surface electron transfer and ionization
process. The molecular ionization requires the energy difference between the molecular
ionization energy and the surface work function (surface ionization energy). When an ion
approaches the surface, an image potential is formed between the ion and surface. This
image potential reduces its potential energy that can be lower than that of the scattered
neutral compound at a given distance from the surface. This critical distance is called
the curve crossing distance (Rc). Below this distance a spontaneous electron transfer from
the molecule to the surface may occur and can be calculated using a modified Landau Zenner
curve crossing equation. If the sample compound has hyperthermal kinetic energy above the
thermodynamic energy requirement, it can be scattered as an ion from the surface. Since a
portion of the molecular kinetic energy is lost, either to the surface or to internal
vibrational degrees of freedom, most of the ionized compounds are reneutralized. As a
result, the ionization efficiency is dramatically increased with the molecular kinetic
energy, since an increased portion of the scattered ions have sufficient kinetic energy to
overcome the image potential in their exit trajectories. Other HSI mechanisms, including
negative ion HSI, are described in references 2 and 6 but the mechanism briefly described
above is analytically the most significant.</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The degree of ionization also depends on the surface
work function and molecular ionization energy. Rhenium oxide has proven to be an ideal
surface for HSI as it combines a high work function with excellent long term stability
that is essential for analytical applications. This is achieved by the direct current
heating of a rhenium foil to about 1000K while bleeding oxygen on it at a partial pressure
of 2-3x10-5 milliBar. As a result, the oxygen catalyticaly combusts all the organic
surface impurities and maintains a steady state of surface cleanliness.</b></font> <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>We found that HSI can serve as a universal, ultra
sensitive ion source with tunable selectivity that is ideal for compounds with low
ionization energies such as drugs and aromatic compounds. This tunable selectivity was
demonstrated combined with the very high HSI yield that is estimated to be over 10% at the
surface, and about 2% for the ratio of ions at the surface to nozzle flux (assuming 20%
jet separation efficiency).</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>While HSI provides molecular ions only for polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons, the HSI mass spectra are usually characterized by a rich and
informative fragmentation pattern. The degree of HSI fragmentation naturally depends on
the compound but it also depends on the molecular kinetic energy. The HSI fragments
usually correspond to those which appear in EI mass spectra albeit with different relative
peak intensities. In some cases, such as with cocaine, the HSI MS can be identified by the
NIST EI library. In other cases a HSI library must be built and can be effective.</b></font>
</p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>In summary, HSI is characterized by the following two
major features and advantages:</b></font></p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A) Increased Sensitivity.</b></font><br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Hyperthermal surface ionization is the most sensitive ion
source for&nbsp; positive ion formation due to:</b></font></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td VALIGN="TOP"><p align="center"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>1.</b></font> </td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Very high ionization efficiencies of over 10% (100
Coulomb/gram).&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>2.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The background of the vacuum chamber molecules is
reduced or eliminated since they do not possess the required&nbsp; hyperthermal kinetic
energy.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>3.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>For many important classes of molecules such as drugs,
amines, PAH's etc., only a single molecular or fragment ion appears.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>
<p>Minimum detected amount of 400 attograms was demonstrated in an experimental system.</b></font></p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>B) Tunable Ionization Selectivity.</b></font><br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The hyperthermal surface ionization yield depends on the
surface&nbsp; work-function, sample molecule and molecular kinetic energy. These
parameters can be easily controlled through the choice of the carrier gas such as helium,
hydrogen or their mixture (on-line prepared with the ChemStation), the nozzle temperature
and/or the choice of surface such as rhenium oxide or molybdenum oxide. Over 1E+5
anthracene/dodecane selective ionization was achieved. The high selectivity may involve
only a minor ionization yield reduction of the selected molecules. Selective ionization
can help to simplify complex mixture analysis and opens the door for a much faster GC-MS
analysis, such as of cocaine in a single hair [20].</b></font> </p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td WIDTH="403"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
<td><a HREF="#top"><img src="images/BACK2.gif" BORDER="0" WIDTH="130" HEIGHT="8"></a></td>
<td WIDTH="174"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><a NAME="6"></a><font SIZE="+1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>6. Fast and Ultra-Fast
GC-MS</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The unique features of SMB-MS enable a fast GC-MS which
provides a complete solution for all the requirements of an optimized, high performance,
fast, high temperature and thermolabile compatible GC-MS. The HP 6890 GC serves for fast
GC-MS, connected to the SMB nozzle with two columns simultaneously, having no limitations
on the column ID, length or flow rate. In this way the conventional GC becomes a fast
GC-MS inlet that comprises a new approach for fast GC-MS. The subject of fast GC-MS with
SMB is discussed in detail in a recent paper and review [17, 19] (available upon request).</b></font>
<br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>In contrast to the microbore column based fast GC-MS, our
approach offers a much better solution to all the requirements of fast GC-MS, from sample
preparation to data analysis in that:</b></font></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 1.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Fast injection is achieved with a conventional
syringe, even for relatively nonvolatile compounds, due to the very high injector flow
rate (up to 240 ml/min).</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 2.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>High repetition rate fast injection can be achieved
with laser desorption injection (option) in an atmospheric or helium purged compartment
provides the ultimate automated high repetition rate sample injection method.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 3.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A unique extract free dirty sample introduction method
and device (ChromatoProbe, option), enables a true fast analysis including the step of
sample preparation.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 4.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Fast analysis is achieved with samples having a very
wide boiling point range, due to simple and fast column flow programming up to 2000 cm/sec
carrier gas velocity. This unique column flow programming enables the widest column flow
programming dynamic range.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 5.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A wide temperature range fast GC-MS is achieved with
appropriate columns heated up to 460 C and without any ion source related peak tailing.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 6.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>GC-MS of thermally labile compounds is achieved with
the very fast and ultra fast GC-MS for molecules that are usually probed by particle beam
or APCI LC-MS (ultra fast injection, on-column injection, short column, high carrier gas
linear velocity and no ion source dissociation).</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 7.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Compatible mass scanning rate is enabled, even with
the quadrupole mass analyzer. The reduced number of separation plates associated with the
use of a high flow rate short megabore column results in a normal peak width of ~ 1 sec
after ~5-10 seconds which does not require TOF-MS. Thus, the quadrupole mass analyzer can
be used.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 8.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Sufficient overall GC-MS resolving power is provided,
even for complex mixture fast analysis. The GC column time separation and MS resolving
power are supplemented by a tunable selective hyperthermal surface ionization, or low
electron energy EI-SMB which produces a dominant or only M+ (orthogonal MS separation).
Thus, many target compounds can be&nbsp; analyzed in a few seconds in real world complex
mixtures.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 9.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Ultra fast ion source response time exists with SMB,
which allows the monitoring of tail free fast GC peaks originating even from relatively
nonvolatile molecules.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 10.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Very high sensitivity is achieved with hyperthermal
surface ionization. This sensitivity can be translated into simpler sample preparation for
faster analysis.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 11.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Superior low concentration sensitivity is achieved
with more than 1 microLiter fast splitless injections due to the high column flow rate.
This is in marked contrast to microbore column fast GC-MS. Fast splitless injections also
enable significantly faster temperature programming and GC cooling down time since the
initial GC temperature can be much higher!.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 12.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Resolution, time and sensitivity trade-off choice is
enabled for optimal results. The coupling with a conventional GC is allowed without any
constraints on the column diameter, length and carrier gas flow rate. Thus, critical
parameters such as chromatographic time and resolution can be optimized, with regards to
and in consideration of the desired injected sample amount. This is easily achieved due to
the practically unlimited column flow allowable. The recently introduced multi-capillary
fast GC column from Alltech, with its very high column flow rate requirement, is ideally
coupled with the SMB-MS.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<font SIZE="+0" COLOR="#FF00FF" FACE="Arial"><b>
<p>Improved Conventional GC-MS Flexibility and Capabilities</b></font> <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>While fast GC-MS is ideally suited for the fast screening
of a large number of samples, confirmation is also needed, preferably with the same GC-MS
instrument. Supersonic GC-MS provides this highly desirable feature, supplementary to fast
GC-MS, and can be configured with both a standard analytical and a short column which are
simultaneously connected to the SMB interface. In addition, Supersonic GC-MS provides
several advantages over standard GC-MS that make it a higher capability GC-MS. It provides
increased available level of MS information, enhanced molecular ion peak, HSI, higher
temperature operation and the many unique features mentioned above. Further contributions
include:</b></font></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 1.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Any column diameter and length can be used for
optimized trade-off of chromatography parameters such as injection volume, speed of
analysis and chromatographic resolution. (faster GC-MS instead of fast GC-MS)</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 2.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Flow programming of the GC can be used without any
flow limitations. Thus, the injection and analysis time of the standard chromatography can
be considerably reduced. (Faster GC-MS instead of fast GC-MS)</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 3.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">A very large amount of solvent can be injected&nbsp;
(i.e. 100 microLiter splitless) with an injection time of 4 microLiter/sec. Large volume
injections directly improve the achievable minimum detected concentration which is
actually the required parameter in most analyses. Moreover, </font><font SIZE="-1" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial"><i>unlike with standard PTV,</i></font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> the high flow rate amenable with SMB enables direct injections into the
column, without the split related compound discrimination that occurs with standard PTV.
Note, that while the large column flow reduces the injection time, the differential
pumping protects the MS from the solvent.</font></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 4.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>All of the available GC injectors can be used with
different columns (type, ID and length) that can be simultaneously connected to the nozzle
for higher analysis flexibility.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 5.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Column replacement does not require opening of the
vacuum chamber.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 6.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>(Option) One injector can be converted into a direct
sample introduction device (ChromatoProbe) combined with a high flow short column as a
transfer line.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 7.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>An effective coupling with an external purge and trap
or thermal desorption system can be achieved due to the high flow allowed.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="11" WIDTH="11"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 8.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The two ion sources EI-SMB&nbsp; and HSI are
interchangeable without breaking vacuum.</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td WIDTH="403" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td></td>
<td WIDTH="174"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="403"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
<td><a HREF="#top"><img src="images/BACK2.gif" BORDER="0" WIDTH="130" HEIGHT="8"></a></td>
<td WIDTH="174"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><a NAME="7"></a><font SIZE="+1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>7. Sensitivity
Considerations and Evaluation</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>At this time sensitivity specifications are available
only upon request and the general discussion pertains to the experimental apparatus at Tel
Aviv University. It can serve as an initial guideline.</b></font></p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Hyperthermal surface ionization is the most sensitive
ion source for positive ion mass spectrometry due to:</b></font></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>1.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Very high ionization probabilities of over 10% (100
Coulomb/gram).</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>2.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Background of the vacuum chamber molecules is largely
reduced since they do not possess the required hyperthermal kinetic energy.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>3.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>In many important classes of molecules such as drugs,
amines, PAH's, organo halogens etc., only a single molecular or fragment ion appears.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>4.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>As a selective ionization method much of the matrix
interference is eliminated with HSI.</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>
<p>Minimum detected amount of 400 attograms was demonstrated with the experimental
apparatus.</b></font></p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Electron Impact ionization in SMB is about as sensitive
as the conventional EI. The reduced ionization probability of the faster molecules in the
SMB and the inherent jet separation losses are compensated for by:</b></font></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>1.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Background ion filtration through the use of the
directional molecular hyperthermal kinetic energy before ionization for the discrimination
against the thermal vacuum background ions.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>2.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Higher electron emission current is possible with the
open EI ion source (up to 15 mA), combined with multiple path electron trajectories
through the open ion source cage. This feature originates from the background filtration
of thermalized or heated molecules in the open ion source.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>3.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The relative abundance of the molecular ion can be
increased by up to several orders of magnitude. This feature is of particular importance
with single ion monitoring or computer reconstructed SIM on the molecular ion.</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>
<p>Minimum detected amount of 60 femtograms was demonstrated with single ion monitoring of
the molecular ion peak of eicosane with the experimental apparatus.</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Unique Supersonic GC-MS and Fast Supersonic GC-MS
further contributes to enhanced sensitivity through:</b></font></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>1.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Fast GC-MS with a supersonic molecular beam results in
narrower GC peak width (about 1 sec) and therefore higher peak molecular flux. The use of
a short column proportionally reduces the amount of background from column bleeding that
is further reduced at the high flow rate lower temperature&nbsp; fast Supersonic GC-MS
operation.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>2.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Large sample volumes can be injected splitless with a
conventional or fast GC for achieving a lower detected concentration limit.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>3.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Larger extract sample volumes can be introduced with
the optional direct sample introduction device (ChromatoProbe) without column and liner
contamination, for achieving a lower detected concentration limit.</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td WIDTH="403" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td></td>
<td WIDTH="174"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="403"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
<td><a HREF="#top"><img src="images/BACK2.gif" BORDER="0" WIDTH="130" HEIGHT="8"></a></td>
<td WIDTH="174"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><a NAME="8"></a><font SIZE="+1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>8. The Analysis of
Thermally Labile and Relatively Non Volatile Compounds</b></font></p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The use of SMB for sampling and ionization considerably
increases the scope of use of GC-MS and broadens the range of compounds amenable for such
analysis in two areas:</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="+0" COLOR="#FF00FF" FACE="Arial"><b>A)&nbsp; Thermolabile GC-MS</b></font><br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The analysis of thermally labile molecules is considerably
improved in comparison with conventional GC-MS owing to the following reasons:</b></font></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>1.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>On column (megabore) -temperature programmable
injection can be coupled with very high carrier gas flow rate to minimize both the
injector temperature during the vaporization, and the residence time at the injector.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>2.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The very short column length and very high carrier gas
flow rate minimizes thermal dissociation in the column.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>3.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The vibrational supercooling and fly-through EI ion
source eliminate both molecular decomposition and molecular ion dissociation in the ion
source.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>
<p>When these three elements are combined, fast GC-MS with the Supersonic GC-MS can be
considered equivalent to, or in some cases even softer than particle beam LC-MS which
involves high temperature thermal vaporization from reactive metal surfaces in the EI ion
source [14].</b></font></p>
<p><font SIZE="+0" COLOR="#FF00FF" FACE="Arial"><b>B)&nbsp; The Highest Temperature Tailing-Free
GC-MS</b></font><br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Tailing-Free GC-MS is achieved without any mass
spectrometric ion source related limitations. The vacuum background elimination processes
ensures tailing-free GC at any temperature, and the fly-through EI ion source provides an
enhanced M+ due to the vibrational supercooling. Currently, the limitation is 460 C with
the SGE-HT-5 column. Note that the combination of short column and 2000 cm/sec potential
column flow velocity, further extends the range of non volatile molecules amenable for
GC-MS analysis.</b></font></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td WIDTH="403"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
<td><a HREF="#top"><img src="images/BACK2.gif" BORDER="0" WIDTH="130" HEIGHT="8"></a></td>
<td WIDTH="174"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><a NAME="9"></a><font SIZE="+1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>9. Applications of
Supersonic GC-MS and Fast GC-MS</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Supersonic GC-MS and fast GC-MS excel in a wide range
of applications due to the broad range of advantages and unique features available as
listed in section 2. Accordingly, in any non-standard applications it can replace the
available standard instrumentation and provide a competitive advantage. A list of a few
major such applications include:</b></font></p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial"><b>1. Petroleum-MS.</b></font> <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Petrochemical analysis should benefit from many of the
unique features of SMB-MS including molecular ion information in alkanes, molecular ion
only MS at low electron energies EI, unique isomer information, aromatic selective
detection and higher temperature GC-MS.</b></font> <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The added information can quickly be translated into saved
money.</b></font></p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial"><b>2. Forensic Analysis</b></font><br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The system flexibility and broad range of new capabilities
are all important for a variety of forensic applications including fast GC-MS of thermally
labile explosives, molecular ion information for arson investigations, trace level of drug
detection with HSI and including the optional ChromatoProbe serving as a probe for dirty
samples.</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial"><b>3. Clinical Toxicology - Screening of
Drugs in Urine.</b></font><br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The sensitivity and selectivity of HSI combined with fast
GC-MS enables the injection of small samples of untreated urine for drug screening in a
few minutes from the sample to the results. This can turn Supersonic GC-MS into a
potential competitor for the multi-billion Dollar market of drug screening in urine that
is currently dominated by immunoassay techniques. The same GC-MS with a second longer
column can serve for confirmation, featuring enhanced M+ in EI. In some cases the
exceptional sensitivity of HSI will enable the detection of ultra trace levels of drugs in
plasma and urine extracts. A unique capability of fast drug detection in a single,
untreated human hair opens up many new possibilities.</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial"><b>4. Process Control.</b></font><br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The very fast analysis capability and selectivity enable
simple and effective process control.</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial"><b>5. GC-MS research and General Organic
and Inorganic Mass Spectrometry.</b></font><br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The easy to use ChromatoProbe direct sample introduction
(Option), fast GC-MS capability, extended temperature range, enhanced molecular ion peak,
isotope and elemental information, tunable fragmentation, possible choice between two
columns without any hardware change and many other features are all important to this
application.</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial"><b>6. Environmental Analysis.</b></font><br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The analysis of thermally labile pesticides (carbamates)
is important application. Environmental analysis can further benefit from improved
sensitivity with HSI in the analysis of PAH's, large splitless injection capability, fast
GC-MS screening ability and enhanced M+. The optional DSI device (ChromatoProbe) enables
extract free pesticide analysis in fruit, vegetables, spices and other food items.</b></font>
</p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td WIDTH="403"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
<td><a HREF="#top"><img src="images/BACK2.gif" BORDER="0" WIDTH="130" HEIGHT="8"></a></td>
<td WIDTH="174"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><a NAME="10"></a><font SIZE="+1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>10. Direct/Dirty
Sample Introduction Device (ChromatoProbe)</b></font> </p>
<p><b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">A unique (US patent) Direct Sample Introduction (DSI)
device was developed by us which is especially suitable for use with Supersonic-GC-MS.
This</font><font COLOR="#CC0000" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> </font><font SIZE="+0" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial">&quot;ChromatoProbe&quot;</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">
serves for three major applications, each with many advantages.</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial" COLOR="#808000"> </font><font COLOR="#FF00FF" SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">A
dedicated booklet is available upon request with detailed description of ChromatoProbe,
SnifProbe and its applications.</font></b></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="12"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 1.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Direct Sample Introduction for Mass Spectrometry
Studies.&nbsp;</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The ChromatoProbe, effectively transforms a conventional
GC injector, (second GC injector in the GC-MS) followed by a short column, into a
cost-effective alternative to the standard direct probe. It possesses the advantages of
faster and easier operation, faster ChromatoProbe/GC-MS interchange, capability of
sampling solutions, possible use as a micro-chemical (derivatization) reactor and easy
conversion into a fast GC-MS channel.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="12"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 2.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Extract-Free Dirty Sample Introduction For GC-MS
Analysis.&nbsp;</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>This new method is based on sampling in a micro vial that
retains the harmful and non-volatile matrix residue of real world samples. Thus, it
eliminates the need for further sample clean-up, while the test tube is a disposable item.
Each analysis begins with gentle solvent vaporization, preferably at a relatively low
injector temperature such as 120 C for water/urine (20 C above the solvent boiling
temperature), followed by brief injector heating to the temperature required for achieving
effective intra injector thermal extraction and sample compound vaporization. The sample
semi-volatile compounds are focused on the early portion of the column and are analyzed by
the chromatography as usual. This method brings the many known advantages of thermal
extraction in an easy to use low cost fashion, combined with the many advantages of
SMB-MS. It facilitates extract free analysis of drugs in urine or hair, or pesticides in
blended fruit and vegetable items, or in milk, juice and slurries. The DSI also uniquely
allows large size sample injections of conventional extracts without the associated
residues that usually restrict the sample size, and thus lower detected concentration
limits can be achieved. The containment of the non-volatile compounds in the disposable
test tube also results in faster analysis that can end at a lower column temperature.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40"><img src="images/redball.GIF" HEIGHT="12" WIDTH="12"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b> 3.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><b><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial" COLOR="#800000">SnifProbe</font><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> Gas Analysis&nbsp;</font></b>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>SnifProbe (option) is based on the use of 15 mm short
pieces of standard 0.53 mm ID capillary or PLOT column for sampling air born, head space,
aroma or air pollution samples. Thus, SnifProbe extends the ChromatoProbe range of samples
that now also includes gas phase samples. The short (15 mm) column is inserted into the
SnifProbe easy-insertion-port and the SnifProbe is located or aimed at the sample
environment. A miniature pump is operated for pumping 6-60 ml/min of air sample through
the sample collection short piece of column. After a few seconds of pumping, the short
column is removed from the SnifProbe with tweezers and placed inside a ChromatoProbe glass
vial having a 0.5 mm hole at its bottom. The ChromatoProbe sample holder with its glass
vial and sample in the short column are introduced into the GC injector as usual. The
sample is then quickly and efficiently vaporized from the short sample column and is
transferred to the analytical column for conventional GC and or GC-MS analysis.&nbsp;</b></font>&nbsp;
<br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>SnifProbe enables many of the manual SPME, air bags and
Tenax tube applications, with a few advantages. SnifProbe is ideal for field or process
operation, it is small, enables fast sampling, compatible with the full range of semi
volatile compounds and enables low cost sensitive analysis.</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>
<p>Note that the combination of Supersonic GC-MS with the ChromatoProbe (DSI) is
especially effective since:</b></font></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>1.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The high injector splitless carrier gas flow rate
enables larger sample volume in the ChromatoProbe vial to be vaporized in a shorter amount
of time for higher sensitivity analysis.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>2.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The ChromatoProbe enables fast sampling with minimal
sample preparation that is ideally coupled with the fast GC-MS analysis enabled by the
Supersonic GC-MS.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>3.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The high injector carrier gas flow rate enables the
ChromatoProbe sampling of thermally labile compounds, at lower injector temperatures.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>4.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The high carrier gas flow rate used with the
Supersonic GC-MS enables the use of a single medium length column both as a transfer-line
for probe type MS measurements and as a short analytical column for fast GC-MS without any
change of hardware. (for example 6 meter, 0.25 mm ID column)&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>5.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>When the ChromatoProbe vial is taken out the column is
fully protected from any air leak into the column by the high flow-rate helium make up
gas. In addition, the end of the analytical column is at ambient pressure (or slightly
above it) and thus no air penetration into the column is even possible.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td WIDTH="403" HEIGHT="20"></td>
<td></td>
<td WIDTH="174"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="403"><hr noshade size="1">
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<td><a HREF="#top"><img src="images/BACK2.gif" BORDER="0" WIDTH="130" HEIGHT="8"></a></td>
<td WIDTH="174"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><a NAME="11"></a><font SIZE="+1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>11. Laser Desorption
Fast GC-MS</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>An important additional aspect of fast GC-MS pertains
to the issue of high repetition rate automated sample injection method. The quest for such
a method is further complicated by the need to achieve it for a large variety of samples,
on/in a variety of complex matrices, and without sample preparation. Today, automated
sample injection is performed with an autosampler that is capable of performing about one
injection per minute. It is also limited to relatively clean samples, in the form of
liquid solutions (or gases) introduced in crimped vials that are located on a sample tray.
As a result, the standard autosampler is practically incompatible with the majority of
ultra-fast GC-MS analyses, and a new and much faster injection method is desirable for
ultra-fast GC-MS.</b></font> <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The use of focused or slightly defocused laser light for
sample desorption and volatilization seems to be the ideal injection method for ultra-fast
GC-MS, comprising several inherent desirable features [18] including:</b></font></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>1.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>High repetition rate automated injection is enabled.
With laser desorption injection, the chromatography is the limiting time step since 10 Hz
laser operation is standard.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>2.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Sample preparation is eliminated through the ability
to reproducibly desorb and inject a very small sample amount that does not require further
clean up.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>3.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Laser desorption injection can uniquely provide an
additional dimension of spatial information&nbsp; for two dimensional surface chemical
mapping. For this purpose, ultra-fast analysis is clearly essential, otherwise the total
mapping time could be prohibitively long.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>4.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Laser desorption injection is especially suitable for
the analysis of of organic compounds on surfaces, while it can also be used for drilling
into the bulk of solids in order to achieve an additional dimension of information.&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>
<p>The subject of laser desorption for analytical purposes is not new, and matrix assisted
laser desorption ionization is a major subject of research today. However, most of the
laser desorption schemes are based on laser desorption of samples that are placed inside
the mass spectrometer vacuum chamber. Our recently developed novel method of laser
desorption is based on the &#147;injection&#148; of samples placed at ambient atmospheric
pressure, either under helium purging conditions or in the open air [18]. The laser
desorption unit was mounted on a home made ultra-fast GC-MS injector inlet, with a
thermally insulated clamp and mounting rod. The sample was placed on the sample holder,
located inside the sample compartment. The laser used was a pulsed XeCl Excimer laser with
30-50 mJ 308 nm laser pulses of about 12 nsec duration. The laser pulse energy at the
sample was only 3-5 mJ due to its energy reduction through the light transfer optics. The
laser pulses were controlled by a pulser and either a single laser pulse or a train of
typically 20 pulses at a repetition rate of 50 Hz was employed for 0.4 sec injection time.
The laser light was softly focused on the sample with about a 0.1 mm desorption point
diameter. After laser desorption, the sample vapor or particles were swept by a helium
carrier gas that was provided by a tube above the sample. This sweeping helium gas also
served as both a purge gas and fast GC carrier gas. A very high carrier gas flow rate of
over 300 ml/min was essential for achieving effective and fast laser desorption injection,
since, depending on the laser pulse energy, the desorbed sample volume could be over 1 ml.
The thermal insulation of the sample from the separately heated injector enabled the
analysis of relatively volatile compounds. The laser desorbed vapor and particles were
further transferred through a glass frit filter that prevented nozzle clogging and also
acted as a thermal vaporizer for the sample particles. After the glass frit, the sample
passed through a 50 cm long megabore column that enables ultra-fast GC separation,
followed by supersonic expansion, ionization and mass analysis as described throughout
this document.</b></font> <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The application of laser desorption fast GC-MS analysis
was employed and studied by us using a variety of samples and matrices, including: a) The
analysis of dioctylphthalate oil (and its cleaning procedure) on a stainless steel
surface; b) The analysis of methylparathion and aldicarb pesticides on an orange leaf; c)
The analysis of methylparathion pesticide on the surface of liquid water. d) The analysis
of paracetamol and codeine in a tablet; e) The analysis of lidocaine at one ppm level in
coagulated blood.</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>The Laser desorption inlet is proposed only as an
optional inlet system that requires some further R&amp;D for its coupling with the HP 6890
GC and with a new laser system.</b></font> </p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td WIDTH="403"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
<td><a HREF="#top"><img src="images/BACK2.gif" BORDER="0" WIDTH="130" HEIGHT="8"></a></td>
<td WIDTH="174"><hr noshade size="1">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<font SIZE="+1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>
<p><a NAME="12"></a>12. Links</b></font> </p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial"><b>Enclosed are a few links for some of
the technologies and components that are used in the Supersonic GC-MS and/or&nbsp;&nbsp;
that could be used in its current or future options.</b></font></p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="620">
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="30"><p align="center"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>1.</b></font></p>
<p align="center"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>2.</b></font></p>
<p align="center"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>3.</b></font></p>
<p align="center"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>4.</b></font></p>
<p align="center"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>5.</b></font></p>
<p align="center"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>6.</b></font></p>
<p align="center"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>7.</b></font></p>
<p align="center"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>8.</b></font></p>
<p align="center"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>9.</b></font></p>
<p align="center"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>10.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="720" valign="top"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b><a HREF="http://chem.external.hp.com/cag/products/6890plus.html">HP 6890 Plus GC</a></b></font><p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b><a HREF="http://chem.external.hp.com/cag/products/hp5973.html">HP
5973A Mass Selective Detector</a></b></font></p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b><a HREF="http://www.varianinc.com/csb/products/chroprob.html">Varian ChromatoProbe</a></b></font></p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b><a HREF="http://www.varianinc.com/csb/products/3800gc.html">Varian Model 3800 Gas
Chromatograph</a></b></font></p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b><a HREF="http://www.abb.com/abbus/ibs/process/extrel/catalog.htm">ABB Extrel Quadrupole Mass
Analyzers</a></b></font></p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b><a HREF="http://www.tau.ac.il/chemistry/amirav/">Professor
Amirav home page at Tel Aviv university</a></b></font></p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b><a HREF="http://www.tau.ac.il/chemistry/amirav/pfpd.shtml">Pulsed flame photometric detector
(PFPD) for gas chromatography.</a></b></font></p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b><a HREF="http://www.tau.ac.il/chemistry/amirav/efid.shtml">Electrolyzer powered Flame
Ionization Detector (EFID) - The gas cylinder free FID.</a></b></font></p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b><a HREF="http://www.tau.ac.il/chemistry/amirav/dsi.shtml">Extract-free Dirty Sample
Introduction (DSI) device (ChromatoProbe and SnifProbe)</a></b></font></p>
<p><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><a HREF="http://www.tau.ac.il/chemistry/amirav/lcms.shtml"><b>LC-MS
with supersonic molecular beams.</b></a></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="30"></td>
<td WIDTH="720" HEIGHT="25"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<p><a NAME="13"></a><font SIZE="+1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>13. References
*(recommended for reading as a review)</b></font> </p>
<table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>1.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A. Danon and A. Amirav. &quot;Kinetic Energy Induced
Surface Dissociative Ionization&quot;. J. Chem. Phys. 86, 4708-4709 (1987).&nbsp;</b></font>&nbsp;
<br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>This is the first HSI paper.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>2.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A. Danon and A. Amirav. &quot;Molecular Ionization and
Dissociative Ionization at Hyperthermal Surface Scattering&quot;. J. Phys. Chem. 93,
5549-5562 (1989).&nbsp;</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>Detailed study of HSI with its mechanisms.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>3.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A. Amirav and A. Danon. &quot;Electron Impact Mass
Spectrometry in Supersonic Molecular Beams&quot;. Int. J. Mass Spectrom and Ion Proc. 97,
107-113 (1990).</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>4.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A. Danon and A. Amirav. &quot;Hyperthermal Surface
Ionization - A Novel Ion Source with Analytical Applications&quot;. Int. J. Mass Sepctrom
and Ion Proc. 96, 139-167 (1990).</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>5.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A. Amirav. &quot;Processes in Hyperthermal Molecule
Surface Scattering&quot;. Invited Review, Comments. At. Mol. Phys. 24, 187-211 (1990).</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>*6.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>A. Amirav. &quot;Electron Impact and
Hyperthermal Surface Ionization Mass Spectrometry in&nbsp;</b></font>&nbsp; <br>
<font SIZE="-1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>Supersonic Molecular Beams&quot;. Invited
Review - Org. Mass. Spectrom 26, 1-17, 1991.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>7.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>S. Dagan, A. Danon and A. Amirav, &quot;Collision
Activated Dissociation in Hyperthermal Surface Ionization Mass Spectrometry of
Cholesterol&quot;, Int. J. Mass Spectrom &amp; Ion Proc. 113, 157-165 (1992).</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>8.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A. Danon and A. Amirav, &quot;Isotope, Molecular and
Surface Effects on Hyperthermal Surface Induced Dissociative Ionization&quot;, Int. J.
Mass. Spectrom &amp; Ion. Proc., 125, 63-74 (1993).</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>9.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>S. Dagan and A. Amirav, &quot;High Efficiency Surface
Induced Dissociation on a Rhenium Oxide Surface&quot;, J. Am. Soc. Mass. Spectrom. 4,
869-873 (1993).</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>10.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>S. Dagan and A. Amirav, &quot;Fast, High Temperature
and Thermolabile GC-MS in Supersonic Molecular Beams&quot;, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. &amp;
Ion. Proc., 133, 187-210 (1994).</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>*11.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>S. Dagan and A. Amirav, &quot;Electron
Impact Mass Spectrometry of Alkanes in Supersonic Molecular Beams&quot;&nbsp; J. Am. Soc.
Mass Spectrom. 6, 120-131 (1995).</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>12.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>S. Dagan, A. Amirav and T. Fujii, &quot;Surface
Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Drugs at the Thermal and Hyperthermal Energy Range - A
Comparative Study&quot;. Int. J. Mass. Spectrom &amp; Ion. Proc. 151, 159-165 (1995).</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>13.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>S. Dagan and A. Amirav &quot;Cluster Chemical
Ionization and Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry in Supersonic Molecular Beams&quot;.
J. Am. Soc. Mass. Spectrom., 7, 550-558 (1996).</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>14.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>S. Dagan and A. Amirav, &quot;Fast, Very Fast and
Ultra Fast GC-MS of Thermally Labile Steroids, Carbamates and Drugs in Supersonic
Molecular Beams&quot;. J. Am. Soc. Mass. Spectrom., 7, 737-752 (1996).</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>15.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A. Amirav and S. Dagan, &quot;A Direct Sample
Introduction Device for Mass Spectrometry Studies and GC-MS Analysis&quot;, Europ. Mass.
Spectrom. 3, 105-111 (1997).</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>16.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>S. Dagan and A. Amirav, &quot;Fast GC-MS Analysis of
Drugs in Urine with Hyperthermal Surface Ionization in Supersonic Molecular
Beams&quot;,&nbsp; Europ. Mass. Spectrom. 4, 15-21 (1998).</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>17.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>A. Amirav, N. Tzanani, S. Wainhaus and S. Dagan,&nbsp;
&quot;Megabore versus Microbore as the Optimal Column for Fast GC-MS&quot;, Europ. Mass.
Spectrom. 4, 7-13 (1998).</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>18.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>T. Shahar, S. Dagan and A. Amirav, &quot;Laser
Desorption Fast GC-MS in Supersonic Molecular Beams&quot;, J. Am. Soc. Mass. Spectrom. 9,
628-637 (1998).</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>*19.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" COLOR="#004080" FACE="Arial"><b>A. Amirav, S. Dagan, T, Shahar, N,
Tzanani and S. B. Wainhaus. &#147;Fast GC-MS With Supersonic Molecular Beams&#148; A
Review Chapter number 22, pages 529-562 in the book &#147;Advances In Mass
Spectrometry&#148; Volume 14, E. J. Karjalainen Editor, Elsevier Science Publeshers,
Amsterdam 1998.</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" HEIGHT="10"></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP"><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>20.</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="10"></td>
<td><font SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><b>S. B. Wainhaus, S. Dagan, M. L. Miller and A. Amirav,
&#147;Fast Drug Analysis In A Single Hair&#148;, J. Am. Soc. Mass. Spectrom. 9, 1311-1320
(1998).&nbsp;</b></font></td>
</tr>
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<td><a HREF="#top"><img src="images/BACK2.gif" BORDER="0" WIDTH="130" HEIGHT="8"></a></td>
<td WIDTH="174"><hr noshade size="1">
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<p>In a book </font><font SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman" COLOR="#FF00FF"><i>&quot;Supersonic
Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry - The Quest for Ultimate Performance GC-MS and Fast
GC-MS&quot;</i></font><font SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman" COLOR="#004080"> the
Supersonic GC-MS technology is described and demonstrated through 51 figures and many
applications.</font></b> <br>
<font SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman" COLOR="#004080"><b>This book is available free on
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<font SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman"><b>You may ask for it at:&nbsp; <a HREF="mailto:amirav@supermass.co.il">amirav@supermass.co.il</a>.</b></font><br>
<font SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman"><b>Please add a brief description of your
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<p><b><font SIZE="+1" FACE="Times New Roman" COLOR="#800000">We shall be delighted to try
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