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<meta name="DESCRIPTION" content="NAMBLA's goal is to end the oppression of men and boys who have mutually consensual relationships. Our membership is open to everyone sympathetic to man/boy love in particular and sexual freedom in general.">
<meta name="KEYWORDS" content="NAMBLA, NORTH AMERICAN MAN/BOY LOVE ASSOCIATION, MAN/BOY LOVE, BOYS, BOYS SPEAK OUT ON MAN/BOY LOVE, WHAT PEOPLE ARE SAYING ABOUT NAMBLA AND MAN/BOY LOVE, POEMS OF LOVE AND LIBERATION, NAMBLA BULLETIN, NAMBLA JOURNAL, NAMBLA TOPICS, AGEISM, GAY YOUTH, INTERNATIONAL LESBIAN AND GAY ASSOCIATION, ILGA, INTERNATIONAL GAY AND LESBIAN YOUTH ORGANIZATION, PEDERASTY, PEDOPHILIA, CHILD MOLESTATION, DAVID THORSTAD, MICHAEL C. BAURMANN, ALLEN GINSBERG, WALT WHITMAN, CAMILLE PAGLIA, JANE RULE, THE AGE TABOO, PAT CALIFIA, JIM KEPNER, HARRY HAY">
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<title>SOME RECOMMENDED READINGS ON NAMBLA AND MAN/BOY LOVE</title>
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<b><font color="#0000FF"><font size=+2>SELECTED REFERENCES</font></font></b></h3></center>
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<p>Adam, Barry&nbsp; "Age, Structure, and Sexuality: Reflections on the
Anthropological Evidence on Homosexual Relations," <i>Journal of Homosexuality</i>,
Vol. 11, No. 3/4, pp. 19-34, Summer 1985. (Also published as <i>The Many
Faces of Homosexuality: Anthropological Approaches to Homosexual Behavior</i>.
New York: Harrington Park Press, 1986.)
<br>Compares data from 19 different named cultures, and many more not named,
where man/boy homosexual relationships are institutionalized, to support
the view that the kinship structures of a society largely determine the
prevalent modes of sexual expression in that society, whatever they may
be.
<p>Baurmann, M. C.&nbsp; <i><a href="baurmann.htm">Sexuality, Violence,
and Psychological After-Effects: A Longitudinal Study of Cases of Sexual
Assault which were Reported to the Police</a></i>. Wiesbaden: Bundeskriminalamt,
1988.
<br>A massive longitudinal study of all reported victims of sex offenses
against minors in the German State of Lower Saxony during a four-year period
from 1969-1972, with six to ten year follow-ups, under the direction of
the German Ministry of Justice. The total sample is over 8,000, including
over 800 boys up to age 14. Violence and/or coercion were present in roughly
half the reported offenses against girls, and were correlated with negative
outcomes. <b>None of the boys experienced force or coercion</b>, and <b>no
negative outcomes were observed for any of the boys</b>. The study used
both subjective and multiple standardized objective measures. <b>It is
by far the most in-depth large study and the largest in-depth study in
this field.</b>
<p>Bauserman, R., &amp; Rind, B. (1997).&nbsp; Psychological correlates
of male child and adolescent sexual experience with adults: A review of
the nonclinical literature.&nbsp; <i>Archives of Sexual Behavior,</i> <i>26</i>,
pp. 105-141.
<p>Best, Joel&nbsp; <i>Threatened Children: Rhetoric &amp; Concern about
Child Victims</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
<br>A highly recommended, pioneering survey of <b>a constellation of social
problems</b> and their recent magnification. Provides thorough statistical
evaluations and analyses of the most common fears and prejudices underlying
society's concerns about child abduction, sexual abuse, and other urban
myths, from a sociological perspective. Describes media pandering to public
fears.
<p>Constantine, Larry L.&nbsp; "<a href="http://home.beseen.com/cultures/artschopenhauer/constantine.htm">Effects
of Early Sexual Experiences: A Review and Synthesis of Research</a>," in
Constantine, L. L., Martinson, F. M., (eds.) <i>Children and Sex: New Findings,
New Perspectives</i>. Boston: Little, Brown &amp; Co., 1981.
<br>Reviews 30 studies, most of which include child-adult contacts. Breaks
down experiences by outcome for the younger partner as: positive, neutral,
or negative. Examines relationships between several variables and observed
outcomes.
<p>Constantine, Larry L. "Child Sexuality: Recent Developments and Implications
for Treatment, Prevention, and Social Policy," <i>International Journal
of Medicine and Law</i>, 1983 No. 2, pp. 55-67.
<br>Reviews findings of the above article. Discusses implications for treatment,
prevention, and social policy. Includes proposals for legal revisions.
<br>Among the findings of this major literature review:
<br><b>"The most important determinant in the outcome of childhood incest
or adult-child sexual encounters is the child's perception of freedom of
choice in participating.</b>" Among the observed implications:
<br><b>"The research to date points to the child's subjective experience
as the central concern. If it is the child's person which is to be protected
from being violated against the child's will, then it is the child's will
which governs the determination.</b>"
<p>Coxell, A., King, M., Mezey, G., &amp; Gordon, D. (1999).&nbsp; Lifetime
prevalence, characteristics, and associated problems of non-consensual
sex in men: Cross sectional survey.&nbsp; <i>British Medical Journal, 318</i>,
pp. 846-850.
<br>Important new study. The data presented in this research report indicate
that non-consensual sexual experiences before and after age 16 are associated
with increased psychological problems, but consensual sexual experiences
are not.&nbsp; This is the first large empirical study to present data,
in English, that directly addresses the question of the significance of
consent.
<p><font size=+0>Freedman, Estelle "<a href="http://home.beseen.com/cultures/artschopenhauer/uncontrolled.htm">Uncontrolled
Desires": The Response to the Sexual Psychopath, 1920-1960.</a>" <a href="http://home.beseen.com/cultures/artschopenhauer/uncontrolled.htm"><b><i>Journal
of American History</i></b> vol. 74 no. 1 (June 1987)</a>. <a href="http://home.beseen.com/cultures/artschopenhauer/uncontrolled.htm">Pp.
83-106</a>.</font>
<p>Gagnon,&nbsp; John&nbsp; "Female Child Victims of Sex Offenses," <i>Social
Problems</i>, Vol. 13, pp. 176-192, 1965.
<br>Investigates common characteristics of girls who have experienced various
kinds of sexual contact with adults, based upon a large sample from the
original Kinsey study.
<p>Gay, Judith&nbsp; "`Mummies and Babies' and Friends and Lovers in Lesotho,"<i>
Journal of Homosexuality</i>, Vol. 11, No. 3/4, pp. 97-116, Summer 1985.
(Also published as The Many Faces of Homosexuality: Anthropological Approaches
to Homosexual Behavior. New York: Harrington Park Press, 1986.)
<br>Examines institutionalized woman/girl love in southern Africa, noting
the key role of these relationships in providing the girls with emotional
support prior to marriage and providing a network of support for women
in new towns or schools.
<p>Jones, G. P.&nbsp; "The Study of Intergenerational Intimacy in North
America: Beyond Politics and Pedophilia," <i>Journal of Homosexuality</i>,
Vol. 20, pp. 275-295, 1990.
<p>McClintock, Martha K. and Gilbert Herdt&nbsp; "Rethinking Puberty: The
Development of Sexual Attraction," <i>Current Developments in Psychological
Science,</i> Volume 5, No. 1 (December, 1996).
<p>Money, John&nbsp; "Juvenile, Pedophile, Heterophile: Hermeneutics of
Science, Medicine and Law in Two Outcome Studies," <i>International Journal
of Medicine and Law</i>, 1983 No. 2 pp. 39-54.
<br>An unusually detailed investigation of two consensual long-term "pedophiliac"
relationships. This long-term, prospective case study finds the relationships
to be non-harmful and possibly beneficial for both partners. Money is among
the most widely cited American authors on pediatric sexology and sexual
and gender development.
<p>Nelson, Joan&nbsp; "Incest: Self-Report Findings From a Nonclinical
Sample," <i>Journal of Sex Research</i>, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 463-477, Nov.
1986.
<br>Nelson looks at the experiences of 100 subjects who have had sex with
relatives. Results indicate that outcomes vary from negative to positive.
<p>Okami, Paul&nbsp; "Self-reports of "Positive" Childhood and Adolescent
Sexual Contacts with Older Persons: An Exploratory Study," <i>Archives
of Sexual Behavior</i>, Vol. 20, pp. 437- 457, 1991.
<br>Examines how contacts are perceived by the younger partner in later
life. Investigates relationships between "positive" self-assessment and
several variables.
<p>Okami, Paul&nbsp; "Sociopolitical Biases in the Contemporary Scientific
Literature on Adult Human Sexual Behavior with Children and Adolescents,"
<i>in</i>
Feierman, J. (ed.) <i>Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions.</i> New York: Springer-Verlag,
1990.
<p>Okami, Paul&nbsp; "`Child Perpetrators of Sexual Abuse': The Emergence
of a Problematic Deviant Category,"<i> Journal of Sex Research</i>, Vol.
29, No. 1, pp. 109-130, Feb. 1992.
<br>Okami discusses the nature and origins of recent attacks against sexual
expression by young people, and finds much of the literature on the subject
of sexual contacts between minors to be scientifically unsound. Highly
recommended reading.
<p>Okami, Paul and Goldberg, Amy&nbsp; "Personality Correlates of Pedophilia:
Are They Reliable Indicators?" <i>Journal of Sex Research</i>, Vol. 29,
No. 3, pp. 297-328, August, 1992.
<br>A critical and extensive review of the literature. Okami finds that
" ... <b>professionals in the field continue to express belief in a 'typical'
psychological profile for pedophiles ... Empirical support is equivocal
and in certain cases absent</b>(p. 306). <b>... With the exception of the
tautological diagnosis of "sexual deviate," little clinically significant
pathology was found among either "pedophiles" or "sex offenders against
minors."&nbsp; </b>(Abstract)
<p>Rind, B. and Bausermann, R.&nbsp; "Biased Terminology Effects and Biased
Information Processing in Research on Adult-Nonadult Sexual Interactions
-- An Empirical Investigation," <i>Journal of Sex Research,</i>Volume 30
No. 3 (August 1993), pp. 260-269. Includes tables, references.
<p>Rind, B., &amp; Tromovitch, P. (1997). A meta-analytic review of findings
from national samples on psychological correlates of child sexual abuse.
<i>The
Journal of Sex Research, 34</i>, pp. 237-255.
<p>Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., and Bauserman, R. (1998)&nbsp; "A Meta-Analytic
Examination of Assumed Properties of Child Sexual Abuse Using College Samples,"
<i>Psychological
Bulletin,</i> <i>124</i>, pp. 22-53.
<p>Rubin, Gayle&nbsp; "<a href="http://home.beseen.com/cultures/artschopenhauer/thinking.htm">Thinking
Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality</a>" in Abelove,
Barale, Halperin, et al, (Eds.), The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader. (1992).
<p>Rule, Jane&nbsp; "<a href="teaching.htm">Teaching Sexuality</a>" in
<i><b>Flaunting
It</b>,</i> Vancouver, New Star Press, 1982.
<p>Sandfort, Theo&nbsp; "Sex in Pedophiliac Relationships: An Empirical
Investigation Among a Nonrepresentative Group of Boys," <i>Journal of Sex
Research</i> Vol.20, No.2, pp. 123-142 May, 1984.
<br><b>"The sexual contacts were found to have had no negative influence
upon the boys' sense of general well-being, nor did the boys perceive in
these contacts a misuse of authority by the adult."</b> (Quoted from the
Abstract)
<p>Sandfort, Theo&nbsp; <i>The Sexual Aspect of Paedophile Relations</i>.
Amsterdam: Pan/Spartacus, 1982.
<br>A detailed presentation, explanation, and discussion of data from a
study of 25 ongoing consensual long-term relations between men and boys.
Recommends that future legislation should observe young peoples' right
of sexual self-determination.
<p>Sandfort, Theo&nbsp; <i>Boys On Their Contacts With Men</i>. Elmhurst,
New York: Global Academic Publishers, 1987.
<br>Summarizing Sandfort's earlier studies, this book also contains extensive
quotes in context from the boys interviewed.
<p>Tindall, R. H.&nbsp; "The Male Adolescent Involved With a Pederast Becomes
an Adult," <i>Journal of Homosexuality</i>, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 373-382,
1978.
<br>A longitudinal study of nine cases covering a span of over thirty years
which finds the relationships to be non-harmful, with positive benefits
in some cases.
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<p><a href="index.htm"><img SRC="m0p7nau7.gif" BORDER=0 height=58 width=58></a><font color="#804000">Copyright
&copy; NAMBLA, 1999. All rights reserved.</font>
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