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<img src="/media/images/sites/vitaminsnetwork/guides/antioxidants/logo.gif" width=102 height=150 hspace=7 border=0 alt="VITAMIN E LOGO" align="right">
<font size=+1><b>INTRODUCTION</b></font>
<p>
Vitamin E has been receiving a lot of attention recently because of its possible role in
delaying or even preventing a number of diseases and conditions. These include:
<p>
<ul>
<li>a variety of cancers
<li>heart disease
<li>premature aging
<li>cataracts
<li>arthritis
</ul>
<p>
In addition, research suggests that vitamin E may:
<p>
<ul>
<li>improve the body's immune system
<li>relieve nocturnal leg cramps
<li>help relieve symptoms of premenstrual syndrome
<li>control platelet adhesiveness, especially for diabetics and persons who take oral
contraceptives
<li>provide protection against air pollutants and other environmental toxins
</ul>
<p>
The information that follows has been compiled to answer your questions about this unique and
important nutrient.
<p>
<font size=+1><b>Vitamin E: What it is and what it does</b></font>
<p>
<font color="#339999"><b>What is vitamin E?</b></font><br>
Vitamin E is an essential nutrient. It is essential, by definition, because the body cannot
make its own vitamin E. It must be provided by foods and supplements.
<p>
There are two types of vitamin E: natural and synthetic.
<p>
<font color="#339999"><b>What are the ways vitamin E works?</b></font><br>
There are three ways in which vitamin E works:
<p>
<ol>
<li>The first, and most important, is as an antioxidant that protects cells from free radical
damage. Free radicals are unstable chemicals formed in the body during metabolism and from
exposure to environmental sources such as pollution and cigarette smoke. Antioxidants help to
control the level of free radicals in the body. When there is an excessive number of free
radicals in the body, they attack healthy cells and can contribute to the development of a
number of diseases, such as cancer, heart disease and cataracts. Damage from free radicals
has also been linked to premature aging.
<li>Vitamin E also appears to lessen the severity of disorders such as inflammation,
premenstrual syndrome and circulatory irregularities.
<li>Vitamin E protects the body from harmful, tumor-promoting chemicals in smoked, pickled
and cured foods.
</ol>
<p>
<font color="#339999"><b>How does vitamin E function as an antioxidant?</b></font><br>
Vitamin E quenches free radicals that are produced by normal metabolism and from environmental
pollutants, such as polluted air, radiation and cigarette smoke.
<p>
Unchecked by an antioxidant, free radicals attack healthy cells. Unless they are neutralized
by an antioxidant, free radicals can damage both the structure and function of cells, leading
to disease.
<p>
<font color="#339999"><b>Is vitamin E a "typical" vitamin?</b></font><br>
Vitamin E differs from most other vitamins in a number of ways.
<p>
Most other vitamins have little, if any, benefit when taken in amounts above the Recommended
Dietary Allowance (RDA). Vitamin E, however, is an antioxidant, so the amount needed by an
individual varies. There are definite health benefits to be gained by supplementing above the
RDA.
<p>
Although diseases like scurvy, beriberi and rickets have been linked to a deficiency of a
particular vitamin, deficiency disease from lack of vitamin E is quite rare. Vitamin E
deficiency causes symptoms only in persons with fat malabsorption syndromes, premature infants
and patients on total intravenous nutrition. It's important to remember, though, that this
lack of deficiency disease doesn't mean that vitamin E isn't essential to health and the
proper functioning of the human body. The effects of inadequate vitamin E intake usually
develop over a long period of time, typically decades, and have been linked to degenerative
diseases such as cancers, atherosclerosis and other forms of heart disease.
<p>
<font color="#339999"><b>Clinical conditions associated with free redical damage</b></font><br>
The following is a list of diseases and conditions to which free radicals have been linked.
Free radicals are usually not the sole cause of a disease. But they may predispose the body to
a disease that's directly caused by other factors, make some conditions worse and weaken the
body's natural healing processes.
<p>
<font color="#339999"><b>Conditions Involving Multiple Organs</b></font><br>
<dl>
<dt>Inflammatory-immune injury<br>
<dd>Glomerulonephritis (idiopathic, membranous)
<dd>Vasculitis (hepatitis B virus, drugs)
<dd>Autoimmune diseases
<dt>Ischemia-reflow states
<dt>Drug and toxin-induced reactions
<dt>Iron overload
<dd>Idiopathic hemochromatosis
<dd>Dietary iron overload
<dd>Thalassemia and other chronic anemias
<dt>Nutritional deficiencies
<dd>Kwashiorkor
<dd>Vitamin E deficiency
<dt>Alcohol damage
<dt>Radiation injury
<dt>Aging
<dd>Disorders of "premature aging"
<dd>Immune deficiency of age
<dt>Amyloid diseases
</dl>
<p>
<font color="#339999"><b>Conditions Involving Single Organs</b></font><br>
<dl>
<dt>Erythrocytes
<dd>Phenylhydrazine
<dd>Primaquine
<dd>Lead poisoning
<dd>Protoporphyrin photo-oxidation
<dd>Malaria
<dd>Sickle-cell anemia
<dd>Favism
<dd>Fanconi anemia
<dt>Lung
<dd>Cigarette-smoke effects
<dd>Emphysema
<dd>Hyperoxia
<dd>Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
<dd>Oxidant pollutants
<dd>Acute respiratory distress syndrome
<dd>Mineral dust pneumoconiosis
<dd>Bleomycin toxicity
<dd>Paraquat toxicity
<dt>Heart and cardiovascular system
<dd>Alcohol cardiomyopathy
<dd>Keshan disease (selenium deficiency)
<dd>Atherosclerosis
<dd>Doxorubicin toxicity
<dt>Kidney
<dd>Nephrotic antiglomerular basement membrane disease
<dd>Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity
<dd>Heavy metal nephrotoxicity
<dd>Renal graft rejection
<dt>Gastrointestinal tractEndotoxin liver injury
<dd>Carbon tetrachloride liver injury
<dd>Diabetogenic action of alloxan
<dd>Free fatty acid-induced pancreatitis
<dd>Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced lesions
<dt>Joint abnormalities
<dd>Rheumatoid arthritis
<dt>Brain
<dd>Hyperbaric oxygen
<dd>Neurotoxins
<dd>Senile dementia
<dd>Parkinson disease-MPTP
<dd>Hypertensive cerebrovascular injury; cerebral trauma
<dd>Allergic encephalomyelitis and other demyelinating diseases
<dd>Ataxia-telangiectasia syndrome
<dd>Potentiation of traumatic injury
<dd>Aluminum overload
<dd>Abetalipoproteinemia
<dt>Eye
<dd>Cataractogenesis
<dd>Ocular hemorrhage
<dd>Degenerative retinal damage
<dd>Retinopathy of prematurity
<dd>Photic retinopathy
<dt>Skin
<dd>Solar radiation
<dd>Thermal injury
<dd>Porphyria
<dd>Contact dermatitis
<dd>Photosensitive dyes
<dd>Bloom syndrome
</dl>
<p>
Source: Proceedings of the Davis Conference: Oxygen radicals and human disease. Annals of
Internal Medicine 107: 527 (1987).
<p>
<center>| <a href="page-display?page=sites/vitaminsnetwork/guides/antioxidants/vitamin_e_2.html&session_id=725127330.28059.N001">Part II - Sources, requirements and safety</a> |</center>
<br><br>
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