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NETMOD Working Group Q. Wu
Internet-Draft B. Claise
Updates: 8407 (if approved) Huawei
Intended status: Standards Track P. Liu
Expires: October 18, 2022 Z. Du
China Mobile
M. Boucadair
Orange
April 16, 2022
Data Node Tags in YANG Modules
draft-ietf-netmod-node-tags-07
Abstract
This document defines a method to tag data nodes that are associated
with operation and management data in YANG modules. This method for
tagging YANG data nodes is meant to be used for classifying data
nodes or instance of data nodes from different YANG modules and
identifying their characteristic data. Tags may be registered as
well as assigned during the definition of the module, assigned by
implementations, or dynamically defined and set by users.
This document also provides guidance to future YANG data model
writers; as such, this document updates RFC 8407.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on October 18, 2022.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Data Classification and Fetching using Data Node Tags . . . . 4
4. Data Node Tag Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1. IETF Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2. Vendor Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.3. User Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.4. Reserved Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. Data Node Tag Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.1. Module Design Tagging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.2. Implementation Tagging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.3. User Tagging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6. Data Node Tags Module Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.1. Data Node Tags Module Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7. YANG Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8. Guidelines to Model Writers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8.1. Define Standard Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9.1. YANG Data Object Tag Prefixes Registry . . . . . . . . . 15
9.2. IETF YANG Data Object Tags Registry . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9.3. Updates to the IETF XML Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.4. Updates to the YANG Module Names Registry . . . . . . . . 18
10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
11. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
12. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
13.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
13.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Appendix A. Example: Additional Auxiliary Data Property
Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Appendix B. NETCONF Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
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Appendix C. Instance Level Tunnel Tagging Example . . . . . . . 23
Appendix D. Non-NMDA State Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Appendix E. Targeted Data Fetching Example . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Appendix F. Changes between Revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1. Introduction
The use of tags for classification and organization purposes is
fairly ubiquitous, not only within IETF protocols, but globally in
the Internet (e.g., "#hashtags"). For the specific case of YANG data
models, a module tag is defined as a string that is associated with a
module name at the module level [RFC8819].
Many data models have been specified by various Standards Developing
Organizations (SDOs) and the Open Source community, and it is likely
that many more will be specified. These models cover many of the
networking protocols and techniques. However, data nodes defined by
these technology-specific data models might represent only a portion
of fault, configuration, accounting, performance, and security
(FCAPS) management information ([FCAPS]) at different levels and
network locations, but also categorised in various different ways.
Furthermore, there is no consistent classification criteria or
representations for a specific service, feature, or data source.
This document defines data node tags and shows how they may be
associated with data nodes within a YANG module, which:
o Provide dictionary meaning for specific targeted data nodes.
o Indicate a relationship between data nodes within the same YANG
module or from different YANG modules.
o Identify key performance metric related data nodes and the
absolute XPath expression identifying the element path to the
nodes.
The data node tags can be used by a NETCONF [RFC6241] or RESTCONF
[RFC8040]client to classify data nodes of instance of these data
nodes from different YANG modules and identify characteristic data.
In addition, these tags can provide input, instructions, or
indications to selection filters and filter queries of configuration
or operational state on a server based on these data node tags (e.g.,
return specific data containing operational state related to
performance management). NETCONF clients can discover data nodes or
instances of data nodes with data node tags supported by a NETCONF
server by means of the <get-schema> operation (Section 3.1 of
[RFC6022]). The data node tag information can also be queried using
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the model defined in Section 6.1. Similar to YANG module tags
defined in [RFC8819], these data node tags may be registered or
assigned during the module definition, assigned by implementations,
or dynamically defined and set by users.
This document defines a YANG module [RFC7950] that augments the
module tag model [RFC8819] and provides a list of data node instance
entries to add or remove data node tags as well as to view the set of
data node tags associated with specific data nodes or instance of
data nodes within YANG modules.
This document defines three extension statements to indicate data
node tags that should be added by the module implementation
automatically (i.e., outside of configuration).
This document also defines an IANA registry for tag prefixes and a
set of globally assigned tags (Section 9).
Section 8 provides guidelines for authors of YANG data models. This
document updates [RFC8407].
The YANG data model in this document conforms to the Network
Management Datastore Architecture defined in [RFC8342].
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
The meanings of the symbols in tree diagrams are defined in
[RFC8340].
3. Data Classification and Fetching using Data Node Tags
Among data node tags, the 'opm' (object, property, metric) tags can
be used to classify collected data, indicate relationships between
data nodes, and capture YANG-modelled performance metrics data
associated with data nodes of instances of data nodes. An example is
depicted in Figure 1.
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.------.
|Object|
| Tag |
'--+--'
|
+---------V--------+ contain
| YANG Data Node <----------------+
| 1 | |
+--^-------------^-+ |
|contain |contain |
| | |
+-----------+---+ +- -----+-------+ +-----+---------+
| YANG Data Node| | YANG Data Node| | YANG Data Node|
| 2 | | 3 | | 4 |
+--^------------+ +^-----^--------+ +^-----^------^-+
| | | | | |
.---+---. | .--+--. | .--+--. |
|Property | | |Metric | | |Metric | |
| Tag | | | Tag | | | Tag | |
'---------' | '-------' | '-------' |
| | |
.--+--. .--+--. .---+---.
|Metric | |Metric | || Multi ||
| Type | | Type | ||Metric ||
| Tag | | Tag | ||Source ||
'-------' '-------' \\ Tag //
'-----'
Figure 1: The Relation between Object, Property, and Metric
In Figure 1.
Data nodes that contain other data nodes can be one of type
'container', 'leaf-list', or 'list' and are tagged with the 'object'
tag.
A Data node tagged with the 'property' tag is a 'leaf' node.
Data nodes tagged with the 'metric' tag can be one of 'container',
'leaf-list', 'list', or 'leaf' data node.
A data node may be associated with one single 'object' tag, or one
single 'property' tag, or one single 'metric' tag. The data node
tagged with the 'metric' tag also can have one or multiple MetricType
tags and/or one single multi-source tag.
The use of 'opm' tags is meant to help filter discrete categories of
YANG data objects scattered across the same or different YANG modules
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that are supported by a device and capture all network performance
data or all property data in a single view of the data. In the
example shown in Figure 2, the 'tunnel-svc' data node is a list node
defined in a 'example-tunnel-pm' module and can be seen as the root
object for property tagged data node (e.g., 'tunnel-svc'/'create-
time') and metric tagged data node (e.g., 'tunnel-svc'/'avg-
latency'). The 'name', 'create-time', and 'modified-time' are
property tagged data node under 'tunnel-svc' list. The 'avg-latency'
and 'packet-loss' metrics are tagged data nodes under 'tunnel-svc'
list node. Consider the 'tunnel-svc' data node and the 'tunnel-svc/
name' data node as an example: the 'tunnel-svc' data node has one
single 'object' tag (i.e., 'ietf:object'), while the 'tunnel-svc/
name' data node has one single 'property' data node tag (i.e.,
'ietf:property'). In addition, not all metric data node need to be
tagged (e.g., define specific categories, such as loss-related metric
data nodes need to be tagged with a metric-type tag which can further
reduce amount data to be fetched).
+------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------+
| Data | Object Property Metric | Multi- |
| Node | Tag Tag Tag |Source Tag |
+------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------+
| | ietf: | |
|tunnel-svc | object | |
| | ietf: | |
|tunnel-svc/name | property | |
| | ietf: | |
|tunnel-svc/create-time | property | |
| | ietf: | |
|tunnel-svc/modified-time| property | |
| | | |
|tunnel-svc/avg-latency | ietf: | non-agg |
| | metric | |
|tunnel-svc/packet-loss | ietf: | non-agg |
| | metric | |
|tunnel-svc/min-latency | ietf: | non-agg |
| | metric | |
|tunnel-svc/max-latency | ietf: | non-agg |
| | metric | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------+
Figure 2: Example of OPM Tags Used in the YANG Module
If data objects in YANG modules are adequately tagged and learnt by
the client from a server, the client can retrieve paths to all
targeted data nodes and then use an XPath query defined in
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[RFC8639][RFC8641] to list all tagged data nodes which reflect the
network characteristics.
4. Data Node Tag Values
All data node tags (except in some cases of user tags as described in
Section 4.3) begin with a prefix indicating who owns their
definition. An IANA registry (Section 9.1) is used to register data
node tag prefixes. Initially, three prefixes are defined.
No further structure is imposed by this document on the value
following the registered prefix, and the value can contain any YANG
type 'string' characters except carriage returns, newlines, tabs, and
spaces.
Except for the conflict-avoiding prefix, this document is
purposefully not specifying any structure on (i.e., restricting) the
tag values. The intent is to avoid arbitrarily restricting the
values that designers, implementers, and users can use. As a result
of this choice, designers, implementers, and users are free to add or
not add any structure they may require to their own tag values.
4.1. IETF Tags
An IETF tag is a data node tag that has the prefix "ietf:".
All IETF data node tags are registered with IANA in the registry
defined in Section 9.2.
4.2. Vendor Tags
A vendor tag is a tag that has the prefix "vendor:".
These tags are defined by the vendor that implements the module, and
are not registered with IANA. However, it is RECOMMENDED that the
vendor includes extra identification in the tag to avoid collisions,
such as using the enterprise or organization name following the
"vendor:" prefix (e.g., vendor:entno:vendor-defined-classifier).
4.3. User Tags
User tags are defined by a user/administrator and are not registered
by IANA.
Any tag with the prefix "user:" is a user tag. Furthermore, any tag
that does not contain a colon (":", i.e., has no prefix) is also a
user tag. Users are not required to use the "user:" prefix; however,
doing so is RECOMMENDED.
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4.4. Reserved Tags
Section 9.1 describes the IANA registry of tag prefixes. Any prefix
not included in that registry is reserved for future use, but tags
starting with such a prefix are still valid tags.
5. Data Node Tag Management
Tags may be associated with a data node within a YANG module in a
number of ways. Typically, tags may be defined and associated at the
module design time, at implementation time without the need of a live
server, or via user administrative control. As the main consumers of
data node tags are users, users may also remove any tag from a live
server, no matter how the tag became associated with a data node
within a YANG module.
5.1. Module Design Tagging
A data node definition MAY indicate a set of data node tags to be
added by a module's implementer. These design time tags are
indicated using a set of extension statements which include:
opm-tag extension statement: Classifies management and operation
data into object, property, and metric three categories. Three
values (object, property and metric) are assigned to the 'opm-tag'
tag.
Data nodes that contain other data nodes can be one of type
'container', 'leaf-list', and 'list' and are tagged with the
'object' tag value. A data node tagged with the 'property' tag
value is a 'leaf' node. Data node tagged with the 'metric' tag
value can be one of 'container', 'leaf-list', 'list', or 'leaf'
data node. A data node contains one single 'object' tag, one
single 'property' tag, or one single 'metric' tag. Both 'object'
tag value and 'property' tag value are not inherited down the
containment hierarchy, e.g., if a container is marked with a
'object ' tag value, all its contained leaves don't inherit the
tag value. The 'metric' tag value is inherited down the
containment hierarchy if Data nodes tagged with the 'metric' tag
is one of 'container', 'leaf-list', 'list'.
A data node tagged with the 'metric' tag also can have one or
multiple Metric type tag and/or one single multi-source tag. See
the examples depicted in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
metric-type extension statement: Provides metric related data nodes
classifications (e.g., loss, jitter, delay, counter, gauge,
summary, unknown) for data nodes tagged with the 'metric' tag.
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Data nodes tagged with the 'metric-type' tag can be one of
'container', 'leaf-list', 'list', or 'leaf' data node. The
'metric-type' tag is inherited down the containment hierarchy if
Data nodes tagged with the 'metric-type' tag is one of
'container', 'leaf-list', 'list'. Figure 4 provides a list of
possbile values for the 'metric-type' tag.
multi-source-tag extension statement: Identifies multi-source
aggregation type for data nodes tagged with the 'metric' tag. Two
values (i.e., aggregated, non-aggregated) are assigned to 'multi-
source-tag' tag.
The 'aggregated' multi-source aggregation type allows a large
number of measurements on metric subobjects from different sources
of the same type (e.g., line card, each subinterface of aggregated
Ethernet interface) to be combined into aggregated statistics and
report as one metric subobject.
The 'non-aggregated' multi-source aggregation type allows
measurement from each source of the same type (e.g., line card,
each subinterface of aggregated Ethernet interface) to be reported
separately.
Data nodes tagged with the 'multi-source-tag' tag can be one of
'container', 'leaf-list', 'list', or 'leaf' data node. The
'multi-source-tag' tag is inherited down the containment hierarchy
if Data nodes tagged with the 'multi-source-tag' tag is one of
'container', 'leaf-list', 'list'.
Among these extension statements, the 'metric-type' and 'multi-
source-tag' extension statements are context information that can be
used to correlate data nodes from the different modules.
If the data node is defined in an IETF Standards Track document, the
data node tags MUST be IETF Tags (Section 4.1). Thus, new data nodes
can drive the addition of new IETF tags to the IANA registry defined
in Section 9.2, and the IANA registry can serve as a check against
duplication.
5.2. Implementation Tagging
An implementation MAY include additional tags associated with data
nodes within a YANG module. These tags SHOULD be IETF ((i.e.,
registered) ) or vendor tags.
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5.3. User Tagging
data node tags of any kind, with or without a prefix, can be assigned
and removed by the user from a server using normal configuration
mechanisms. In order to remove a data node tag from the operational
datastore, the user adds a matching "masked-tag" entry for a given
data node within the 'ietf-data-node-tags' module.
6. Data Node Tags Module Structure
6.1. Data Node Tags Module Tree
The tree associated with the "ietf-data-node-tags" module is as
follows:
module: ietf-data-node-tags
augment /tags:module-tags/tags:module:
+--rw data-node-tags
+--rw data-node* [ni-id]
+--rw ni-id nacm:node-instance-identifier
+--rw type identityref
+--rw tag* tags:tag
+--rw masked-tag* tags:tag
YANG Module Data Node Tags Tree Diagram
7. YANG Module
This module imports types from [RFC8819],[RFC8341].
<CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-data-node-tags@2022-02-04.yang"
module ietf-data-node-tags {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-data-node-tags";
prefix ntags;
import ietf-netconf-acm {
prefix nacm;
reference
"RFC 8341: Network Configuration Access Control
Model";
}
import ietf-module-tags {
prefix tags;
reference
"RFC 8819: YANG Module Tags ";
}
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organization
"IETF NetMod Working Group (NetMod)";
contact
"WG Web: <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/netmod/>
WG List: <mailto:netmod@ietf.org>
Editor: Qin Wu
<mailto:bill.wu@huawei.com>
Editor: Benoit Claise
<mailto:benoit.claise@huawei.com>
Editor: Peng Liu
<mailto:liupengyjy@chinamobile.com>
Editor: Zongpeng Du
<mailto:duzongpeng@chinamobile.com>
Editor: Mohamed Boucadair
<mailto:mohamed.boucadair@orange.com>";
// RFC Ed.: replace XXXX with actual RFC number and
// remove this note.
description
"This module describes a mechanism associating data node
tags with YANG data node within YANG modules. Tags may be IANA
assigned or privately defined.
Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
authors of the code. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject to
the license terms contained in, the Revised BSD License set
forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX
(https://datatracker.ietf.org/html/rfcXXXX); see the RFC itself
for full legal notices.";
// RFC Ed.: update the date below with the date of RFC publication
// and RFC number and remove this note.
revision 2022-02-04 {
description
"Initial revision.";
reference
"RFC XXXX: data node Tags in YANG Modules";
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}
identity data-property-type {
description
"Base identity for data property type.";
}
extension opm-tag {
argument tags:tag;
description
"The argument 'tag' is of type 'tag'. This extension statement
is used by module authors to indicate the opm tags that should
be added automatically by the system. 'opm-tag' is used to
classify operation and management data nodes into the three
categories, object, property, and metric. A data node
tagged with 'object' tag can be one of container, leaf-list, or
list. A data node tagged is with the 'property' tag is a leaf
node. The data node tagged with the 'metric' tag can be one of
container, leaf-list, list, or leaf. A data nodes tagged
with either property tag or metric tag are child nodes
belonging to a specific root data node. Each data node may
contain one single 'object' tag, or one single 'property' tag,
or one single 'metric' tag (these tags are mutually
exclusive). As such, the origin of the value for the
pre-defined tags should be set to 'system'.";
}
extension metric-type {
argument tags:tag;
description
"The argument 'tag' is of type 'tag'. The metric type can be
used to provide metric data node classification
(e.g., loss, jitter, packet loss, counter, gauge,
summary, unknown) within a YANG module.";
}
extension multi-source-tag {
argument tags:tag;
description
"The argument 'tag' is of type 'tag'. The multi-source-tag can
be used to identify multi-source aggregation type
(e.g., aggregated, non-aggregated) related to a metric
subobject.
The 'aggregated' multi-source aggregation type allows a large
number of measurements on metric subobjects from different
sources of the same type (e.g., line card, each subinterface of
an aggregated Ethernet interface) to be combined into
aggregated statistics and reported as one metric subobject
value.
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The 'non-aggregated'multi-source aggregation type allows
measurement from each source of the same type (e.g., line
card, each subinterface of an aggregated Ethernet interface) to
be reported separately.";
}
augment "/tags:module-tags/tags:module" {
description
"Augment the Module Tags module with data node tag
attributes.";
container data-node-tags {
description
"Contains the list of data nodes and their associated data
object tags.";
list data-node {
key "ni-id";
description
"Includes a list of data nodes and their associated data
object tags.";
leaf ni-id {
type nacm:node-instance-identifier;
mandatory true;
description
"The YANG data node name.";
}
leaf type {
type identityref {
base data-property-type;
}
description
"Type of routing protocol.";
}
leaf-list tag {
type tags:tag;
description
"Lists the tags associated with the data node within
the YANG module.
See the IANA 'YANG data node Tag Prefixes' registry
for reserved prefixes and the IANA 'IETF YANG Data
Object Tags' registry for IETF tags.
The 'operational' state view of this list is
constructed using the following steps:
1) System tags (i.e., tags of 'system' origin) are
added.
2) User configured tags (i.e., tags of 'intended'
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origin) are added.
3) Any tag that is equal to a masked-tag is removed.";
reference
"RFC XXXX: data node Tags in YANG Data
Modules, Section 9";
}
leaf-list masked-tag {
type tags:tag;
description
"The list of tags that should not be associated with the
data node within the YANG module. The user can remove
(mask) tags from the operational state datastore by
adding them to this list. It is not an error to add tags
to this list that are not associated with the data
object within YANG module, but they have no operational
effect.";
}
}
}
}
}
<CODE ENDS>
8. Guidelines to Model Writers
This section updates [RFC8407] by providing text that may be regarded
as a new subsection to Section 4 of that document. It does not
change anything already present in [RFC8407].
8.1. Define Standard Tags
A module MAY indicate, using data node tag extension statements, a
set of data node tags that are to be automatically associated with
data node within the module (i.e., not added through configuration).
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module example-module-A {
//...
import ietf-data-node-tags { prefix ntags; }
container top {
ntags:opm-tag "ietf:object";
list X {
leaf foo {
ntags:opm-tag "ietf:property";
}
leaf bar {
ntags:opm-tag "ietf:metric";
}
}
}
// ...
}
Figure 3: An Example of Data Object Tag
The module writer can use existing standard data node tags, or use
new data node tags defined in the data node definition, as
appropriate. For IETF standardized modules, new data node tags MUST
be assigned in the IANA registry defined in Section 9.2.
9. IANA Considerations
9.1. YANG Data Object Tag Prefixes Registry
This document requests IANA to create "YANG data node Tag Prefixes"
subregistry in "YANG data node Tag" registry.
Prefix entries in this registry should be short strings consisting of
lowercase ASCII alpha-numeric characters and a final ":" character.
The allocation policy for this registry is Specification Required
[RFC8126]. The Reference and Assignee values should be sufficient to
identify and contact the organization that has been allocated the
prefix. There is no specific guidance for the Designated Expert and
there is a presumption that a code point should be granted unless
there is a compelling reason to the contrary.
The initial values for this registry are as follows:
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+----------+----------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| Prefix | Description | Reference | Assignee |
+----------+----------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| ietf: | IETF Tags allocated in the IANA | [This | IETF |
| | IETF YANG data node Tags | document] | |
| | registry | | |
| | | | |
| vendor: | Non-registered tags allocated by | [This | IETF |
| | the module's implementer. | document] | |
| | | | |
| user: | Non-registered tags allocated by | [This | IETF |
| | and for the user. | document] | |
+----------+----------------------------------+-----------+----------+
Table 1
Other standards organizations (SDOs) wishing to allocate their own
set of tags should request the allocation of a prefix from this
registry.
9.2. IETF YANG Data Object Tags Registry
This document requests IANA to create "IETF OPM Tags","IETF Metric
Type Tags","IETF Multiple Source Tags" three subregistries in "YANG
data node Tag" registry. These 3 subregistries appear below "YANG
data node Tag Prefixes" registry.
Three subregistries allocate tags that have the registered prefix
"ietf:". New values should be well considered and not achievable
through a combination of already existing IETF tags.
The allocation policy for these three subregistries is IETF Review
[RFC8126]. The Designated Expert is expected to verify that IANA
assigned tags conform to Net-Unicode as defined in [RFC5198], and
shall not need normalization.
The initial values for these three subregistries are as follows:
+----------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+
| OPM Tag | Description | Reference |
+----------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+
| ietf:object |Represents Root object | [This |
| |containing other data | document] |
| |objects (e.g., interfaces)| |
| | | |
| ietf:property |Represents a property | [This |
| |data node(e.g., ifindex) | document] |
| |associated with a specific| |
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| |root object (e.g., | |
| |interfaces) | |
| | | |
| ietf:metric |Represent metric data | [This |
| |object(e.g., ifstatistics)| document] |
| |associated with specific | |
| |root object(e.g., | |
| |interfaces) | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+
+----------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+
| Metric Type Tag | Description | Reference |
+----------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+
| ietf:delay |Represents the delay metric |
| |group to which the metric | [This |
| |data nodes belong to. | document] |
| | | |
| ietf:jitter |Represents the jitter metric [This |
| |group to which the metric |document] |
| |data nodes belong to. | |
| | | |
| ietf:loss |Represents the loss metric| [This |
| |group to which the metric | document] |
| |data nodes belong to. | |
| | | |
| ietf:counter |Represents any metric value |
| |associated with a metric | |
| |data node that monotonically[This |
| |increases over time, | document] |
| |starting from zero. | |
| | | |
| ietf:gauge |Represents current | |
| |measurements associated | [This |
| |with a metric data node |document] |
| |that may increase, | |
| |decrease or stay constant.| |
| | | |
| ietf:summary |Represents the metric value [This |
| |associated with a metric | document] |
| |data node that measures | |
| |distributions of discrete | |
| |events without knowing | |
| |predefined range. | |
| | | |
| ietf:unknown |Represents the metric value [This |
| |associated with metric | document] |
| |data node that can not | |
| |determine the type of metric. |
+----------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+
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+----------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+
| Multiple Source Tag | Description | Reference |
+----------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+
|ietf:agg |Relates to multiple sources [This |
| |aggregation type (i.e., | document] |
| |aggregated statistics) | |
| | | |
|ietf:non-agg |Relates to multiple sources [This |
| |aggregation type (i.e., | document] |
| |non-aggregated statistics)| |
+----------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+
Figure 4: Table 2
9.3. Updates to the IETF XML Registry
This document registers the following namespace URI in the "ns"
subregistry within the "IETF XML Registry" [RFC3688]:
URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-data-node-tags
Registrant Contact: The IESG.
XML: N/A; the requested URI is an XML namespace.
9.4. Updates to the YANG Module Names Registry
This document registers the following YANG module in the YANG Module
Names registry [RFC6020] within the "YANG Parameters" registry:
name: ietf-data-node-tags
namespace: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-data-node-tags
prefix: ntags
reference: RFC XXXX
maintained by IANA: N
10. Security Considerations
The YANG module specified in this document defines schema for data
that is designed to be accessed via network management protocols such
as NETCONF [RFC6241] or RESTCONF [RFC8040]. The lowest NETCONF layer
is the secure transport layer, and the mandatory-to-implement secure
transport is Secure Shell (SSH) [RFC6242]. The lowest RESTCONF layer
is HTTPS, and the mandatory-to-implement secure transport is TLS
[RFC8446].
The Network Configuration Access Control Model (NACM) [RFC8341]
provides the means to restrict access for particular NETCONF or
RESTCONF users to a preconfigured subset of all available NETCONF or
RESTCONF protocol operations and content, e.g., the presence of tags
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may reveal information about the way in which data nodes are used and
therefore providing access to private information or revealing an
attack vector should be restricted. Note that appropriate privilege
and security levels need to be applied to the addition and removal of
user tags to ensure that a user receives the correct data.
This document adds the ability to associate data node tag with data
nodes or instances of data nodes within the YANG modules. This
document does not define any actions based on these associations, and
none are yet defined, and therefore it does not by itself introduce
any new security considerations.
Users of the data node tag meta-data may define various actions to be
taken based on the data node tag meta-data. These actions and their
definitions are outside the scope of this document. Users will need
to consider the security implications of any actions they choose to
define, including the potential for a tag to get 'masked' by another
user.
11. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Ran Tao for his major contributions
to the initial modeling and use cases.
The authors would also like to acknowledge the comments and
suggestions received from Juergen Schoenwaelder, Andy Bierman, Lou
Berger,Jaehoon Paul Jeong, Wei Wang, Yuan Zhang, Ander Liu, YingZhen
Qu, Boyuan Yan, Adrian Farrel, and Mahesh Jethanandani.
12. Contributors
Liang Geng
Individual
32 Xuanwumen West St, Xicheng District
Beijing 10053
13. References
13.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3688] Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3688, January 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3688>.
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[RFC6020] Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for
the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6020>.
[RFC7950] Bjorklund, M., Ed., "The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language",
RFC 7950, DOI 10.17487/RFC7950, August 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7950>.
[RFC8040] Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF
Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8040>.
[RFC8126] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8341] Bierman, A. and M. Bjorklund, "Network Configuration
Access Control Model", STD 91, RFC 8341,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8341, March 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8341>.
[RFC8407] Bierman, A., "Guidelines for Authors and Reviewers of
Documents Containing YANG Data Models", BCP 216, RFC 8407,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8407, October 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8407>.
[RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.
[RFC8819] Hopps, C., Berger, L., and D. Bogdanovic, "YANG Module
Tags", RFC 8819, DOI 10.17487/RFC8819, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8819>.
13.2. Informative References
[FCAPS] International Telecommunication Union, "X.700 : Management
framework for Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) for CCITT
applications", , September 1992,
<http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.700-199209-I/en>.
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[RFC5198] Klensin, J. and M. Padlipsky, "Unicode Format for Network
Interchange", RFC 5198, DOI 10.17487/RFC5198, March 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5198>.
[RFC6022] Scott, M. and M. Bjorklund, "YANG Module for NETCONF
Monitoring", RFC 6022, DOI 10.17487/RFC6022, October 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6022>.
[RFC6241] Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
(NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.
[RFC6242] Wasserman, M., "Using the NETCONF Protocol over Secure
Shell (SSH)", RFC 6242, DOI 10.17487/RFC6242, June 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6242>.
[RFC8340] Bjorklund, M. and L. Berger, Ed., "YANG Tree Diagrams",
BCP 215, RFC 8340, DOI 10.17487/RFC8340, March 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8340>.
[RFC8342] Bjorklund, M., Schoenwaelder, J., Shafer, P., Watsen, K.,
and R. Wilton, "Network Management Datastore Architecture
(NMDA)", RFC 8342, DOI 10.17487/RFC8342, March 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8342>.
[RFC8639] Voit, E., Clemm, A., Gonzalez Prieto, A., Nilsen-Nygaard,
E., and A. Tripathy, "Subscription to YANG Notifications",
RFC 8639, DOI 10.17487/RFC8639, September 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8639>.
[RFC8641] Clemm, A. and E. Voit, "Subscription to YANG Notifications
for Datastore Updates", RFC 8641, DOI 10.17487/RFC8641,
September 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8641>.
[RFC8792] Watsen, K., Auerswald, E., Farrel, A., and Q. Wu,
"Handling Long Lines in Content of Internet-Drafts and
RFCs", RFC 8792, DOI 10.17487/RFC8792, June 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8792>.
[RFC9195] Lengyel, B. and B. Claise, "A File Format for YANG
Instance Data", RFC 9195, DOI 10.17487/RFC9195, February
2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9195>.
[RFC9196] Lengyel, B., Clemm, A., and B. Claise, "YANG Modules
Describing Capabilities for Systems and Datastore Update
Notifications", RFC 9196, DOI 10.17487/RFC9196, February
2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9196>.
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Appendix A. Example: Additional Auxiliary Data Property Information
This section gives an example of how Auxiliary Data Property Module
could be defined. It demonstrates how auxiliary data property
configuration parameters can be conditionally augmented to the
generic data node list. The example is not intended as a complete
module for Auxiliary Data Property configuration.
module ex-auxiliary-data-property {
namespace "http://example.com/auxiliary-data-property";
prefix "dp";
import ietf-data-node-tags {
prefix ntags;
}
identity critical {
base ntags:data-property-type;
description
"Identity for critical data property type.";
}
augment "/ntags:data-node-tags/ntags:data-node" {
when "dp:type = 'dp:critical'";
leaf value {
type string;
description
"The auxiliary value information corresponding
to 'critical' data node instance.";
}
// other auxiliary data property config params, etc.
}
}
Appendix B. NETCONF Example
The following is a NETCONF example result from a query of the data
node tags list. For the sake of brevity only a few module and
associated data node results are provided. The example uses the
folding defined in [RFC8792].
=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================
<ns0:data xmlns:ns0="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<t:module-tags xmlns:t="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-module-tags">
<t:module>
<t:name>ietf-interfaces</t:name>
<s:data-node-tags xmlns:s="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-\
data-node-tags">
<s:data-node>
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<s:ni-id>/if:interfaces/if:interface</s:ni-id>
<s:tag>ietf:object</s:tag>
</s:data-node>
<s:data-node>
<s:ni-id>/if:interfaces/if:interface/if:last-change</\
s:ni-id>
<s:tag>ietf:property</s:tag>
</s:data-node>
<s:data-node>
<s:ni-id>
/if:interfaces/if:interface/if:statistics/if:in-errors
</s:ni-id>
<s:tag>ietf:metric</s:tag>
<s:tag>ietf:loss</s:tag>
<s:tag>ietf:non-agg</s:tag>
</s:data-node>
</s:data-node-tags>
</t:module>
<t:module>
<t:ni-id>ietf-ip</t:ni-id>
<s:data-node-tags xmlns:s="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf\
-data-node-tags">
<s:data-node>
<s:ni-id>/if:interfaces/if:interface/ip:ipv4</s:ni-id>
<s:tag>ietf:object</s:tag>
</s:data-node>
<s:data-node>
<s:ni-id>/if:interfaces/if:interface/ip:ipv4/ip:enable\
</s:ni-id>
<s:tag>ietf:property</s:tag>
</s:data-node>
<s:data-node>
<s:ni-id>/if:interfaces/if:interface/ip:ipv4/ip:mtu</s:ni-id>
<s:tag>ietf:metric</s:tag>
<s:tag>ietf:non-agg</s:tag>
</s:data-node>
</s:data-node-tags>
</t:module>
</t:module-tags>
</ns0:data>
Example NETCONF Query Output
Appendix C. Instance Level Tunnel Tagging Example
In the example shown in Figure 2,the 'tunnel-svc' data node is a list
node defined in a 'example-tunnel-pm' module and has 7 child nodes:
'name','create-time','modified-time','average-latency','packet-
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loss','min-latency','max-latency' leaf node. In these child nodes,
the 'name' leaf node is the key leaf for the 'tunnel-svc' list.
Following is the tree diagram [RFC8340] for the "example-tunnel-pm"
module:
+--rw tunnel-svc* [name]
| +--rw name string
| +--ro create-time yang:date-and-time
| +--ro modified-time yang:date-and-time
| +--ro average-latency yang:gauge64
| +--ro packet-loss yang:counter64
| +--ro min-latency yang:gauge64
| +--ro max-latency yang:gauge64
To help identify specific data for the a customer, users tags on
specific instances of the property and metrics are created as
follows:
<rpc message-id="103"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<edit-data xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-netconf-nmda"
xmlns:ds="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-datastores">
<datastore>ds:running</datastore>
<config>
<data-node-tags xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-data-node-tags">
<data-node>
<name>
/tp:tunnel-svc[name='foo']/tp:packet-loss
</name>
<tag>user:customer1_example_com</tag>
<tag>user:customer2_example_com</tag>
</data-node>
<data-node>
<name>
/tp:tunnel-svc[name='bar']/tp:modified-time
</name>
<tag>user:customer3_example_com</tag>
</data-node>
</data-node-tags>
</config>
</edit-data>
</rpc>
Appendix D. Non-NMDA State Module
As per [RFC8407], the following is a non-NMDA module to support
viewing the operational state for non-NMDA compliant servers.
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<CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-data-node-tags-state@2022-02-03.yang"
module ietf-data-node-tags-state {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace
"urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-data-node-tags-state";
prefix ntags-s;
import ietf-netconf-acm {
prefix nacm;
reference
"RFC 8341: Network Configuration Access Control
Model";
}
import ietf-module-tags-state {
prefix tags-s;
reference
"RFC 8819: YANG Module Tags ";
}
organization
"IETF NetMod Working Group (NetMod)";
contact
"WG Web: <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/netmod/>
WG List:<mailto:netmod@ietf.org>
Editor: Qin Wu
<mailto:bill.wu@huawei.com>
Editor: Benoit Claise
<mailto:benoit.claise@huawei.com>
Editor: Peng Liu
<mailto:liupengyjy@chinamobile.com>
Editor: Zongpeng Du
<mailto:duzongpeng@chinamobile.com>
Editor: Mohamed Boucadair
<mailto:mohamed.boucadair@orange.com>";
// RFC Ed.: replace XXXX with actual RFC number and
// remove this note.
description
"This module describes a mechanism associating data node
tags with YANG data node within YANG modules. Tags may be
IANA assigned or privately defined.
Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
authors of the code. All rights reserved.
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Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License
set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX
(https://datatracker.ietf.org/html/rfcXXXX); see the RFC
itself for full legal notices.";
// RFC Ed.: update the date below with the date of RFC publication
// and RFC number and remove this note.
revision 2022-02-04 {
description
"Initial revision.";
reference
"RFC XXXX: Data node Tags in YANG Data
Modules";
}
augment "/tags-s:module-tags-state/tags-s:module" {
description
"Augments the Module Tags module with data node tag
attributes.";
container data-node-tags {
config false;
status deprecated;
description
"Contains the list of data nodes and their
associated self describing tags.";
list data-node {
key "ni-id";
status deprecated;
description
"Lists the data nodes and their associated self
describing tags.";
leaf ni-id {
type nacm:node-instance-identifier;
mandatory true;
status deprecated;
description
"The YANG data node name.";
}
leaf-list tag {
type tags:tag;
status deprecated;
description
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"Tags associated with the data node within the
YANG module. See the IANA 'YANG data node Tag
Prefixes' registry for reserved prefixes and the
IANA 'IETF YANG data node Tags'registry for
IETF tags.
The 'operational' state view of this list is
constructed using the following steps:
1) System tags (i.e., tags of 'system' origin) are
added.
2) User configured tags (i.e., tags of 'intended'
origin) are added.
3) Any tag that is equal to a masked-tag is removed.";
reference
"RFC XXXX: Data node Tags in YANG Data
Modules, Section 9";
}
leaf-list masked-tag {
type tags:tag;
status deprecated;
description
"The list of tags that should not be associated with the
data node within the YANG module. The user can remove
(mask) tags from the operational state datastore by
adding them to this list. It is not an error to add
tags to this list that are not associated with the
data node within YANG module, but they have no
operational effect.";
}
}
}
}
}
<CODE ENDS>
Appendix E. Targeted Data Fetching Example
The following provides targeted data node collection example which
helps reduce amount of data to be fetched. The subscription "id"
values of 22 used below is just an example. In production, the
actual values of "id" might not be small integers.
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+-----------+ +-----------+
| Subscriber| | Publisher |
+-----+-----+ +-----+-----+
| |
| data Node Tagging Fetching |
| (ni-id, opm-tag = metric) |
|<-----------------------------------+
| |
| establish-subscription |
+----------------------------------->|
| |
| RPC Reply: OK, id = 22 |
|<-----------------------------------+
| |
| Notification Message (for 22) |
|<-----------------------------------+
| |
The subscriber fetches data node tag information from the provider
using 'get-schema' operation. The data node tag information instruct
the receiver to subscribe tagged data node (e.g., performance metric
data nodes) using standard subscribed notification mechanism
[RFC8639].
Figure 5 illustrates the retrieval of the list of available target
data nodes using the YANG instance file format [RFC9195]:
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=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<instance-data-set xmlns=\
"urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-yang-instance-data">
<name>acme-router-notification-capabilities</name>
<content-schema>
<module>ietf-system-capabilities@2020-03-23</module>
<module>ietf-notification-capabilities@2020-03-23</module>
<module>ietf-data-export-capabilities@2020-03-23</module>
</content-schema>
<!-- revision date, contact, etc. -->
<description>Defines the notification capabilities of an
acme-router.The router only has running, and operational
datastores. Every change can be reported on-change from
running, but only config=true nodes and some config=false data
from operational. Statistics are not reported based on timer
based trigger and counter threshold based trigger.
</description>
<content-data>
<t:module-tags xmlns:t="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-\
module-tags">
<t:module>
<t:name>ietf-interfaces</t:name>
<s:data-node-tags xmlns:s="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-\
data-node-tags">
<s:data-node>
<s:ni-id>/if:interfaces/if:interface/if:in-errors</s:ni-id>
<s:opm-tag>ietf:metric</s:opm-tag>
<s:metric-type>ietf:loss</s:metric-type>
</s:data-node>
</s:data-node-tags>
</t:module>
</content-data>
</instance-data-set>
Figure 5: List of Available Target Objects
With data node tag information carried in the <get-schema> operation,
the subscriber identifies targeted data node and associated data path
to the datastore node and sends a standard establish-subscription RPC
[RFC8639] to subscribe tagged data nodes that are interests to the
client application from the publisher. Alternatively, the subscriber
can query data node tag list from somewhere (e.g., the network
device, or offline document) using ietf-data-node-tags module defined
in this document and fetch tagged data nodes and associated data path
to the datastore node and sends a standard establish-subscription RPC
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[RFC8639] to subscribe tagged data nodes that are interests to the
client application from the publisher.
=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================
<netconf:rpc message-id="101"
xmlns:netconf="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<establish-subscription
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-subscribed-notifica\
tions"
xmlns:yp="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-yang-push">
<yp:datastore
xmlns:ds="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-datastores">
ds:operational
</yp:datastore>
<yp:datastore-xpath-filter
xmlns:ex="https://example.com/sample-data/1.0">
/if:interfaces/if:interface/if:statistics/if:in-errors
</yp:datastore-xpath-filter>
<yp:periodic>
<yp:period>500</yp:period>
</yp:periodic>
</establish-subscription>
</netconf:rpc>
The publisher returns specific object types of operational state
(e.g., in-errors statistics data) subscribed by the client.
Appendix F. Changes between Revisions
Editorial Note (To be removed by RFC Editor)
v06 - v07
o Update use case in section 3 to remove object and subobject
concept and massive related words.
o Change the title into Data Node Tags in YANG Modules.
o Update Model Tag design in section 5.1 based on Balazs's comments.
o Add Instance level tunnel tagging example in the Appendix.
o Appendix Updates.
v05 - v06
o Additional Editorial changes;
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o Use the folding defined in [RFC8792].
v04 - v05
o Add user tag formating clarification;
o Provide guidance to the Designated Expert for evaluation of YANG
data node Tag registry and YANG data node Tag prefix registry.
o Update the figure 1 and figure 2 with additional tags.
o Security section enhancement for user tag managment.
o Change data node name into name in the module.
o Other Editorial changes to address Adrian's comments and comments
during YANG docotor review.
o Open issue: Are there any risks associated with an attacker adding
or removing tags so that a requester gets the wrong data?
v03 - v04
o Remove histogram metric type tag from metric type tags.
o Clarify the object tag and property tag,metric tag are mutual
exlusive.
o Clarify to have two optional node tags (i.e.,object tag and
property tag) to indicate relationship between data nodes.
o Update targeted data node collection example.
v02 - v03
o Additional Editorial changes.
o Security section enhancement.
o Nits fixed.
v01 - v02
o Clarify the relation between data node, object tag, property tag
and metric tag in figure 1 and figure 2 and related description;
o Change Metric Group into Metric Type in the YANG model;
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o Add 5 metric types in section 7.2;
v00 - v01
o Merge data node tag use case section into introduction section as
a subsection;
o Add one glossary section;
o Clarify the relation between data node, object tag, property tag
and metric tag in data node Tags Use Case section;
o Add update to RFC8407 in the front page.
Authors' Addresses
Qin Wu
Huawei
101 Software Avenue, Yuhua District
Nanjing, Jiangsu 210012
China
Email: bill.wu@huawei.com
Benoit Claise
Huawei
De Kleetlaan 6a b1
Diegem 1831
Belgium
Email: benoit.claise@huawei.com
Peng Liu
China Mobile
32 Xuanwumen West St, Xicheng District
Beijing 10053
Email: liupengyjy@chinamobile.com
Zongpeng Du
China Mobile
32 Xuanwumen West St, Xicheng District
Beijing 10053
Email: duzongpeng@chinamobile.com
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Mohamed Boucadair
Orange
Rennes 35000
France
Email: mohamed.boucadair@orange.com
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