Support more than one CScheduler thread for serial clients

This will be used by CValidationInterface soon.

This requires a bit of work as we need to ensure that most of our
callbacks happen in-order (to avoid synchronization issues in
wallet) - we keep our own internal queue and push things onto it,
scheduling a queue-draining function immediately upon new
callbacks.

src/scheduler.cpp

@@ -139,3 +139,55 @@ size_t CScheduler::getQueueInfo(boost::chrono::system_clock::time_point &first,
     }
     return result;
 }
+
+
+void SingleThreadedSchedulerClient::MaybeScheduleProcessQueue() {
+    {
+        LOCK(m_cs_callbacks_pending);
+        // Try to avoid scheduling too many copies here, but if we
+        // accidentally have two ProcessQueue's scheduled at once its
+        // not a big deal.
+        if (m_are_callbacks_running) return;
+        if (m_callbacks_pending.empty()) return;
+    }
+    m_pscheduler->schedule(std::bind(&SingleThreadedSchedulerClient::ProcessQueue, this));
+}
+
+void SingleThreadedSchedulerClient::ProcessQueue() {
+    std::function<void (void)> callback;
+    {
+        LOCK(m_cs_callbacks_pending);
+        if (m_are_callbacks_running) return;
+        if (m_callbacks_pending.empty()) return;
+        m_are_callbacks_running = true;
+
+        callback = std::move(m_callbacks_pending.front());
+        m_callbacks_pending.pop_front();
+    }
+
+    // RAII the setting of fCallbacksRunning and calling MaybeScheduleProcessQueue
+    // to ensure both happen safely even if callback() throws.
+    struct RAIICallbacksRunning {
+        SingleThreadedSchedulerClient* instance;
+        RAIICallbacksRunning(SingleThreadedSchedulerClient* _instance) : instance(_instance) {}
+        ~RAIICallbacksRunning() {
+            {
+                LOCK(instance->m_cs_callbacks_pending);
+                instance->m_are_callbacks_running = false;
+            }
+            instance->MaybeScheduleProcessQueue();
+        }
+    } raiicallbacksrunning(this);
+
+    callback();
+}
+
+void SingleThreadedSchedulerClient::AddToProcessQueue(std::function<void (void)> func) {
+    assert(m_pscheduler);
+
+    {
+        LOCK(m_cs_callbacks_pending);
+        m_callbacks_pending.emplace_back(std::move(func));
+    }
+    MaybeScheduleProcessQueue();
+}

src/scheduler.h

@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 #include <boost/thread.hpp>
 #include <map>
 
+#include "sync.h"
+
 //
 // Simple class for background tasks that should be run
 // periodically or once "after a while"
@@ -79,4 +81,26 @@ class CScheduler
     bool shouldStop() { return stopRequested || (stopWhenEmpty && taskQueue.empty()); }
 };
 
+/**
+ * Class used by CScheduler clients which may schedule multiple jobs
+ * which are required to be run serially. Does not require such jobs
+ * to be executed on the same thread, but no two jobs will be executed
+ * at the same time.
+ */
+class SingleThreadedSchedulerClient {
+private:
+    CScheduler *m_pscheduler;
+
+    CCriticalSection m_cs_callbacks_pending;
+    std::list<std::function<void (void)>> m_callbacks_pending;
+    bool m_are_callbacks_running = false;
+
+    void MaybeScheduleProcessQueue();
+    void ProcessQueue();
+
+public:
+    SingleThreadedSchedulerClient(CScheduler *pschedulerIn) : m_pscheduler(pschedulerIn) {}
+    void AddToProcessQueue(std::function<void (void)> func);
+};
+
 #endif

src/validationinterface.cpp

@@ -6,6 +6,11 @@
 #include "validationinterface.h"
 #include "init.h"
 #include "scheduler.h"
+#include "sync.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+#include <list>
+#include <atomic>
 
 #include <boost/signals2/signal.hpp>
 
@@ -20,22 +25,23 @@ struct MainSignalsInstance {
     boost::signals2::signal<void (const CBlock&, const CValidationState&)> BlockChecked;
     boost::signals2::signal<void (const CBlockIndex *, const std::shared_ptr<const CBlock>&)> NewPoWValidBlock;
 
-    CScheduler *m_scheduler = NULL;
+    // We are not allowed to assume the scheduler only runs in one thread,
+    // but must ensure all callbacks happen in-order, so we end up creating
+    // our own queue here :(
+    SingleThreadedSchedulerClient m_schedulerClient;
+
+    MainSignalsInstance(CScheduler *pscheduler) : m_schedulerClient(pscheduler) {}
 };
 
 static CMainSignals g_signals;
 
-CMainSignals::CMainSignals() {
-    m_internals.reset(new MainSignalsInstance());
-}
-
 void CMainSignals::RegisterBackgroundSignalScheduler(CScheduler& scheduler) {
-    assert(!m_internals->m_scheduler);
-    m_internals->m_scheduler = &scheduler;
+    assert(!m_internals);
+    m_internals.reset(new MainSignalsInstance(&scheduler));
 }
 
 void CMainSignals::UnregisterBackgroundSignalScheduler() {
-    m_internals->m_scheduler = NULL;
+    m_internals.reset(nullptr);
 }
 
 CMainSignals& GetMainSignals()

src/validationinterface.h

@@ -75,8 +75,6 @@ class CMainSignals {
     friend void ::UnregisterAllValidationInterfaces();
 
 public:
-    CMainSignals();
-
     /** Register a CScheduler to give callbacks which should run in the background (may only be called once) */
     void RegisterBackgroundSignalScheduler(CScheduler& scheduler);
     /** Unregister a CScheduler to give callbacks which should run in the background - these callbacks will now be dropped! */