05_columns.ipynb

{
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  {
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   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Introduction to DataFrames\n",
    "**[Bogumił Kamiński](http://bogumilkaminski.pl/about/), February 13, 2023**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "using DataFrames"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Manipulating columns of a `DataFrame`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Renaming columns\n",
    "\n",
    "Let's start with a `DataFrame` of `Bool`s that has default column names."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x3 & x4\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Bool & Bool & Bool & Bool\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
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       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4    \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │  true  false  false  false\n",
       "   2 │ false  false   true   true\n",
       "   3 │ false   true   true   true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = DataFrame(rand(Bool, 3, 4), :auto)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "With `rename`, we create new `DataFrame`; here we rename the column `:x1` to `:A`. (`rename` also accepts collections of Pairs.)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">A</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
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      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& A & x2 & x3 & x4\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Bool & Bool & Bool & Bool\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
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       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m A     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4    \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │  true  false  false  false\n",
       "   2 │ false  false   true   true\n",
       "   3 │ false   true   true   true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "rename(x, :x1 => :A)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "With `rename!` we do an in place transformation. \n",
    "\n",
    "This time we've applied a function to every column name (note that the function gets a column names as a string)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4x4</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
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      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& x1x1 & x2x2 & x3x3 & x4x4\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Bool & Bool & Bool & Bool\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
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       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1x1  \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2x2  \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3x3  \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4x4  \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │  true  false  false  false\n",
       "   2 │ false  false   true   true\n",
       "   3 │ false   true   true   true"
      ]
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     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "rename!(c -> c^2, x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can also change the name of a particular column without knowing the original.\n",
    "\n",
    "Here we change the name of the third column, creating a new `DataFrame`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">third</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4x4</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
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      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& x1x1 & x2x2 & third & x4x4\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Bool & Bool & Bool & Bool\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
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       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1x1  \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2x2  \u001b[0m\u001b[1m third \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4x4  \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │  true  false  false  false\n",
       "   2 │ false  false   true   true\n",
       "   3 │ false   true   true   true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "rename(x, 3 => :third)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "If we pass a vector of names to `rename!`, we can change the names of all variables."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">a</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">b</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">c</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">d</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
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      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& a & b & c & d\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Bool & Bool & Bool & Bool\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
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       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m a     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m b     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m c     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m d     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │  true  false  false  false\n",
       "   2 │ false  false   true   true\n",
       "   3 │ false   true   true   true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "rename!(x, [:a, :b, :c, :d])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In all the above examples you could have used strings instead of symbols, e.g."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">a</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">b</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">c</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">d</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
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      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& a & b & c & d\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Bool & Bool & Bool & Bool\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
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       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m a     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m b     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m c     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m d     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │  true  false  false  false\n",
       "   2 │ false  false   true   true\n",
       "   3 │ false   true   true   true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "rename!(x, string.('a':'d'))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "`rename!` allows for circular renaming of columns, e.g.:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">a</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">b</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">c</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">d</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& a & b & c & d\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Bool & Bool & Bool & Bool\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m a     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m b     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m c     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m d     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │  true  false  false  false\n",
       "   2 │ false  false   true   true\n",
       "   3 │ false   true   true   true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">d</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">b</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">c</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">a</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& d & b & c & a\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Bool & Bool & Bool & Bool\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m d     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m b     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m c     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m a     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │  true  false  false  false\n",
       "   2 │ false  false   true   true\n",
       "   3 │ false   true   true   true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "rename!(x, \"a\"=>\"d\", \"d\"=>\"a\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We get an error when we try to provide duplicate names"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "LoadError",
     "evalue": "ArgumentError: Duplicate variable names: :a. Pass makeunique=true to make them unique using a suffix automatically.",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "ArgumentError: Duplicate variable names: :a. Pass makeunique=true to make them unique using a suffix automatically.",
      "",
      "Stacktrace:",
      " [1] rename!(x::DataFrames.Index, nms::Vector{Symbol}; makeunique::Bool)",
      "   @ DataFrames C:\\Users\\bogum\\.julia\\packages\\DataFrames\\LteEl\\src\\other\\index.jl:51",
      " [2] #rename!#57",
      "   @ C:\\Users\\bogum\\.julia\\packages\\DataFrames\\LteEl\\src\\abstractdataframe\\abstractdataframe.jl:201 [inlined]",
      " [3] #rename#63",
      "   @ C:\\Users\\bogum\\.julia\\packages\\DataFrames\\LteEl\\src\\abstractdataframe\\abstractdataframe.jl:349 [inlined]",
      " [4] rename(df::DataFrame, vals::Vector{Symbol})",
      "   @ DataFrames C:\\Users\\bogum\\.julia\\packages\\DataFrames\\LteEl\\src\\abstractdataframe\\abstractdataframe.jl:349",
      " [5] top-level scope",
      "   @ In[10]:1"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "rename(x, fill(:a, 4))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    " unless we pass `makeunique=true`, which allows us to handle duplicates in passed names."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">a</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">a_1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">a_2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">a_3</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& a & a\\_1 & a\\_2 & a\\_3\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Bool & Bool & Bool & Bool\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m a     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m a_1   \u001b[0m\u001b[1m a_2   \u001b[0m\u001b[1m a_3   \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │  true  false  false  false\n",
       "   2 │ false  false   true   true\n",
       "   3 │ false   true   true   true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "rename(x, fill(:a, 4), makeunique=true)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "### Reordering columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can reorder the `names(x)` vector as needed, creating a new `DataFrame`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">d</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">b</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">c</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">a</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& d & b & c & a\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Bool & Bool & Bool & Bool\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m d     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m b     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m c     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m a     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │  true  false  false  false\n",
       "   2 │ false  false   true   true\n",
       "   3 │ false   true   true   true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "using Random\n",
    "Random.seed!(1234)\n",
    "x[:, shuffle(names(x))]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Also `select!` can be used to achieve this in place (or `select` to perform a copy):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">d</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">b</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">c</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">a</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& d & b & c & a\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Bool & Bool & Bool & Bool\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m d     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m b     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m c     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m a     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │  true  false  false  false\n",
       "   2 │ false  false   true   true\n",
       "   3 │ false   true   true   true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">a</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">c</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">b</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">d</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th><th title = \"Bool\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Bool</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">true</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">false</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& a & c & b & d\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Bool & Bool & Bool & Bool\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m a     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m c     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m b     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m d     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Bool  \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ false  false  false   true\n",
       "   2 │  true   true  false  false\n",
       "   3 │  true   true   true  false"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "select!(x, 4:-1:1);\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Merging/adding columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x3 & x4\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 2)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = DataFrame([(i,j) for i in 1:3, j in 1:4], :auto)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "With `hcat` we can merge two `DataFrame`s. Also [x y] syntax is supported but only when DataFrames have unique column names."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×8 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1_1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2_1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3_1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4_1</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccccccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x3 & x4 & x1\\_1 & x2\\_1 & x3\\_1 & x4\\_1\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) & (1, 1) & (1, 2) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) & (2, 1) & (2, 2) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) & (3, 1) & (3, 2) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×8 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x1_1   \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2_1   \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3_1   \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4_1   \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 2)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)  (1, 1)  (1, 2)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)  (2, 1)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)  (3, 1)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hcat(x, x, makeunique=true)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "You can append a vector to a data frame with the following syntax:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×5 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">A</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x3 & x4 & A\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) & 2 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) & 3 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×5 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m A     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼───────────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 2)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)      1\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)      2\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)      3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "y = [x DataFrame(A=[1, 2, 3])]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Here we do the same but add column `:A` to the front."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×5 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">A</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccccc}\n",
       "\t& A & x1 & x2 & x3 & x4\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64 & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×5 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m A     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼───────────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │     1  (1, 1)  (1, 2)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)\n",
       "   2 │     2  (2, 1)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)\n",
       "   3 │     3  (3, 1)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "y = [DataFrame(A=[1, 2, 3]) x]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "A column can also be added in the middle. Here a brute-force method is used and a new `DataFrame` is created."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "  3.788 μs (77 allocations: 6.47 KiB)\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×5 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">A</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & A & x3 & x4\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Int64 & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) & 1 & (1, 3) & (1, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) & 2 & (2, 3) & (2, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) & 3 & (3, 3) & (3, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×5 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m A     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼───────────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 2)      1  (1, 3)  (1, 4)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 2)      2  (2, 3)  (2, 4)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 2)      3  (3, 3)  (3, 4)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "using BenchmarkTools\n",
    "@btime [$x[!, 1:2] DataFrame(A=[1,2,3]) $x[!, 3:4]]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We could also do this with a specialized in place method `insertcols!`. Let's add `:newcol` to the `DataFrame` `y`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×6 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">A</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">newcol</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccccc}\n",
       "\t& A & newcol & x1 & x2 & x3 & x4\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64 & Int64 & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 & 2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 3 & 3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×6 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m A     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m newcol \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │     1       1  (1, 1)  (1, 2)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)\n",
       "   2 │     2       2  (2, 1)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)\n",
       "   3 │     3       3  (3, 1)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "insertcols!(y, 2, \"newcol\" => [1,2,3])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "If you want to insert the same column name several times `makeunique=true` is needed as usual."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×7 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">A</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">newcol_1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">newcol</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccccccc}\n",
       "\t& A & newcol\\_1 & newcol & x1 & x2 & x3 & x4\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64 & Int64 & Int64 & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 3 & 3 & 3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×7 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m A     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m newcol_1 \u001b[0m\u001b[1m newcol \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64    \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64  \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │     1         1       1  (1, 1)  (1, 2)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)\n",
       "   2 │     2         2       2  (2, 1)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)\n",
       "   3 │     3         3       3  (3, 1)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "insertcols!(y, 2, :newcol => [1,2,3], makeunique=true)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can see how much faster it is to insert a column with `insertcols!` than with `hcat` using `@btime` (note that we use here a `Pair` notation as an example)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "  900.000 ns (16 allocations: 1.50 KiB)\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×5 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">A</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & A & x3 & x4\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Int64 & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) & 1 & (1, 3) & (1, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) & 2 & (2, 3) & (2, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) & 3 & (3, 3) & (3, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×5 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m A     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼───────────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 2)      1  (1, 3)  (1, 4)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 2)      2  (2, 3)  (2, 4)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 2)      3  (3, 3)  (3, 4)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "@btime insertcols!(copy($x), 3, :A => [1,2,3])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Let's use `insertcols!` to append a column in place (note that we dropped the index at which we insert the column)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×5 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">A</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x3 & x4 & A\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) & 2 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) & 3 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×5 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m A     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼───────────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 2)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)      1\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)      2\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)      3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "insertcols!(x, :A => [1,2,3])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "and to in place prepend a column."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×6 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">B</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">A</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccccc}\n",
       "\t& B & x1 & x2 & x3 & x4 & A\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64 & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) & 2 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) & 3 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×6 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m B     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m A     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │     1  (1, 1)  (1, 2)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)      1\n",
       "   2 │     2  (2, 1)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)      2\n",
       "   3 │     3  (3, 1)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)      3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "insertcols!(x, 1, :B => [1,2,3])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Note that `insertcols!` can be used to insert several columns to a data frame at once and that it performs broadcasting if needed:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×1 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">a</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|c}\n",
       "\t& a\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 3 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×1 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m a     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼───────\n",
       "   1 │     1\n",
       "   2 │     2\n",
       "   3 │     3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df = DataFrame(a = [1, 2, 3])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">a</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">b</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">c</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">d</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"String\" style = \"text-align: left;\">String</th><th title = \"Char\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Char</th><th title = \"Vector{Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Array…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">x</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">a</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">[1, 2, 3]</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">x</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">b</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">[1, 2, 3]</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">x</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">c</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">[1, 2, 3]</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& a & b & c & d\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64 & String & Char & Array…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & x & a & [1, 2, 3] \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 & x & b & [1, 2, 3] \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 3 & x & c & [1, 2, 3] \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m a     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m b      \u001b[0m\u001b[1m c    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m d         \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m String \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Char \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Array…    \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │     1  x       a     [1, 2, 3]\n",
       "   2 │     2  x       b     [1, 2, 3]\n",
       "   3 │     3  x       c     [1, 2, 3]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "insertcols!(df, :b => \"x\", :c => 'a':'c', :d => Ref([1,2,3]))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Interestingly we can emulate `hcat` mutating the data frame in-place using `insertcols!`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>2×1 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">a</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|c}\n",
       "\t& a\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m2×1 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m a     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼───────\n",
       "   1 │     1\n",
       "   2 │     2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df1 = DataFrame(a=[1,2])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>2×2 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">b</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">c</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cc}\n",
       "\t& b & c\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64 & Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 2 & 3 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 3 & 4 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m2×2 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m b     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m c     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼──────────────\n",
       "   1 │     2      3\n",
       "   2 │     3      4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df2 = DataFrame(b=[2,3], c=[3,4])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>2×3 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">a</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">b</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">c</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccc}\n",
       "\t& a & b & c\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64 & Int64 & Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 2 & 3 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 & 3 & 4 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m2×3 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m a     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m b     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m c     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼─────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │     1      2      3\n",
       "   2 │     2      3      4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hcat(df1, df2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>2×1 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">a</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|c}\n",
       "\t& a\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m2×1 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m a     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼───────\n",
       "   1 │     1\n",
       "   2 │     2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df1 # df1 is not touched"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>2×3 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">a</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">b</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">c</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccc}\n",
       "\t& a & b & c\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64 & Int64 & Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 2 & 3 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 & 3 & 4 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m2×3 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m a     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m b     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m c     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼─────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │     1      2      3\n",
       "   2 │     2      3      4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "insertcols!(df1, pairs(eachcol(df2))...)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>2×3 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">a</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">b</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">c</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccc}\n",
       "\t& a & b & c\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64 & Int64 & Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 2 & 3 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 & 3 & 4 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m2×3 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m a     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m b     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m c     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼─────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │     1      2      3\n",
       "   2 │     2      3      4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df1 # now we have changed df1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Subsetting/removing columns\n",
    "\n",
    "Let's create a new `DataFrame` `x` and show a few ways to create DataFrames with a subset of `x`'s columns."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×5 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x3 & x4 & x5\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) & (1, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) & (2, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) & (3, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×5 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x5     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 2)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)  (1, 5)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)  (2, 5)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)  (3, 5)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = DataFrame([(i,j) for i in 1:3, j in 1:5], :auto)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "First we could do this by index:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x4 & x5\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) & (1, 4) & (1, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) & (2, 4) & (2, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) & (3, 4) & (3, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x5     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 2)  (1, 4)  (1, 5)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 2)  (2, 4)  (2, 5)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 2)  (3, 4)  (3, 5)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x[:, [1,2,4,5]] # use ! instead of : for non-copying operation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "or by column name:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×2 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x4\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×2 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 4)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 4)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 4)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x[:, [:x1, :x4]]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can also choose to keep or exclude columns by `Bool` (we need a vector whose length is the number of columns in the original `DataFrame`)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×3 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x3 & x5\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 3) & (1, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 3) & (2, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 3) & (3, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×3 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x5     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 3)  (1, 5)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 3)  (2, 5)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 3)  (3, 5)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x[:, [true, false, true, false, true]]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Here we create a single column `DataFrame`,"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×1 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|c}\n",
       "\t& x1\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×1 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x[:, [:x1]]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "and here we access the vector contained in column `:x1`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3-element Vector{Tuple{Int64, Int64}}:\n",
       " (1, 1)\n",
       " (2, 1)\n",
       " (3, 1)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x[!, :x1] # use : instead of ! to copy"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3-element Vector{Tuple{Int64, Int64}}:\n",
       " (1, 1)\n",
       " (2, 1)\n",
       " (3, 1)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x.x1 # the same"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We could grab the same vector by column number"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3-element Vector{Tuple{Int64, Int64}}:\n",
       " (1, 1)\n",
       " (2, 1)\n",
       " (3, 1)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x[!, 1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Note that getting a single column returns it without copying while creating a new `DataFrame` performs a copy of the column"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "false"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x[!, 1] === x[!, [1]]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "you can also use `Regex`, `Cols`, `All`, `Between` and `Not` from InvertedIndies.jl for column selection:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×2 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×2 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 2)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 2)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 2)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x[!, r\"[12]\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& x2 & x3 & x4 & x5\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 2) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) & (1, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 2) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) & (2, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 2) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) & (3, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x5     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 2)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)  (1, 5)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)  (2, 5)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)  (3, 5)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x[!, Not(1)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×3 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
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       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccc}\n",
       "\t& x2 & x3 & x4\\\\\n",
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       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 2) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 2) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 2) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
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       "\u001b[1m3×3 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 2)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)"
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     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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    "x[!, Between(:x2, :x4)]"
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
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       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x3 & x4 & x5\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) & (1, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) & (2, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) & (3, 5) \\\\\n",
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       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)  (1, 5)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)  (2, 5)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)  (3, 5)"
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     "execution_count": 45,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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    "x[!, Cols(:x1, Between(:x3, :x5))]"
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   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×2 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
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       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cc}\n",
       "\t& x3 & x5\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 3) & (1, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 3) & (2, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 3) & (3, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
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       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x5     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 3)  (1, 5)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 3)  (2, 5)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 3)  (3, 5)"
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     "execution_count": 46,
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    "x[!, Cols(Between(:x3, :x5), :x4, operator=setdiff)]"
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
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      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x3 & x4 & x5\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) & (1, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) & (2, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) & (3, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x5     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)  (1, 5)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)  (2, 5)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)  (3, 5)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "select(x, :x1, Between(:x3, :x5), copycols=false)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "you can use `select` and `select!` functions to select a subset of columns from a data frame. `select` creates a new data frame and `select!` operates in place"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×5 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
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      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x3 & x4 & x5\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) & (1, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) & (2, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) & (3, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
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       "\u001b[1m3×5 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x5     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 2)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)  (1, 5)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)  (2, 5)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)  (3, 5)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df = copy(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×2 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
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       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
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       "\u001b[1m3×2 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 2)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 2)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 2)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
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    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df2 = select(df, [1, 2])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×3 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
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       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccc}\n",
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       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 3) & (1, 4) & (1, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 3) & (2, 4) & (2, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 3) & (3, 4) & (3, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
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       "\u001b[1m3×3 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x5     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 3)  (1, 4)  (1, 5)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 3)  (2, 4)  (2, 5)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 3)  (3, 4)  (3, 5)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "select(df, Not([1, 2]))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "by default `select` copies columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "false"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 51,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df2[!, 1] === df[!, 1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "this can be avoided by using `copycols=false` keyword argument"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×2 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×2 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 2)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 2)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 2)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df2 = select(df, [1, 2], copycols=false)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 53,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df2[!, 1] === df[!, 1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "using `select!` will modify the source data frame"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×2 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×2 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 2)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 2)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 2)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 54,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "select!(df, [1,2])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df == df2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Here we create a copy of `x` and delete the 3rd column from the copy with `select!` and `Not`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x4 & x5\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) & (1, 4) & (1, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) & (2, 4) & (2, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) & (3, 4) & (3, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x5     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 2)  (1, 4)  (1, 5)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 2)  (2, 4)  (2, 5)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 2)  (3, 4)  (3, 5)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 56,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "z = copy(x)\n",
    "select!(z, Not(3))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "alternatively we can achieve the same by using the `select` function"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x4 & x5\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) & (1, 4) & (1, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) & (2, 4) & (2, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) & (3, 4) & (3, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x5     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 2)  (1, 4)  (1, 5)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 2)  (2, 4)  (2, 5)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 2)  (3, 4)  (3, 5)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 57,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "select(x, Not(3))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "`x` stays unchanged"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×5 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x3 & x4 & x5\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) & (1, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) & (2, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) & (3, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×5 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x5     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 2)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)  (1, 5)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)  (2, 5)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)  (3, 5)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 58,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Views"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Note, that you can also create a view of a `DataFrame` when we want a subset of its columns:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "  936.842 ns (18 allocations: 1.67 KiB)\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×3 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x3 & x5\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 3) & (1, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 3) & (2, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 3) & (3, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×3 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x5     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 3)  (1, 5)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 3)  (2, 5)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 3)  (3, 5)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 59,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "@btime x[:, [1,3,5]]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "  197.431 ns (3 allocations: 240 bytes)\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×3 SubDataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x3 & x5\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 3) & (1, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 3) & (2, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 3) & (3, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×3 SubDataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x5     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 3)  (1, 5)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 3)  (2, 5)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 3)  (3, 5)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 60,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "@btime @view x[:, [1,3,5]]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "(now creation of the `view` is slow, but in the coming releases of the DataFrames.jl package it will become significantly faster)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Modify column by name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×5 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x3 & x4 & x5\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) & (1, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) & (2, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) & (3, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×5 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x5     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 2)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)  (1, 5)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)  (2, 5)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)  (3, 5)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 61,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = DataFrame([(i,j) for i in 1:3, j in 1:5], :auto)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "With the following syntax, the existing column is modified without performing any copying (this is discouraged as it creates column alias)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×5 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x3 & x4 & x5\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 2) & (1, 2) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) & (1, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 2) & (2, 2) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) & (2, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 2) & (3, 2) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) & (3, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×5 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x5     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 2)  (1, 2)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)  (1, 5)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 2)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)  (2, 5)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 2)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)  (3, 5)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 62,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x[!, :x1] = x[!, :x2]\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "this syntax is safer"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3-element Vector{Tuple{Int64, Int64}}:\n",
       " (1, 2)\n",
       " (2, 2)\n",
       " (3, 2)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 63,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x[!, :x1] = x[:, :x2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can also use the following syntax to add a new column at the end of a `DataFrame`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×6 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">A</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 5)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 5)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 5)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x3 & x4 & x5 & A\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 2) & (1, 2) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) & (1, 5) & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 2) & (2, 2) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) & (2, 5) & 2 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 2) & (3, 2) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) & (3, 5) & 3 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×6 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x5     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m A     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 2)  (1, 2)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)  (1, 5)      1\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 2)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)  (2, 5)      2\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 2)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)  (3, 5)      3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 64,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x[!, :A] = [1,2,3]\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "A new column name will be added to our `DataFrame` with the following syntax as well:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×7 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">A</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">B</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 5)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">11</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 5)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">12</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 5)</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">13</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccccccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x3 & x4 & x5 & A & B\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Int64 & Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 2) & (1, 2) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) & (1, 5) & 1 & 11 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 2) & (2, 2) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) & (2, 5) & 2 & 12 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 2) & (3, 2) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) & (3, 5) & 3 & 13 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×7 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x5     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m A     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m B     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 2)  (1, 2)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)  (1, 5)      1     11\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 2)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)  (2, 5)      2     12\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 2)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)  (3, 5)      3     13"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 65,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x.B = 11:13\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Find column name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 66,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×5 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th><th title = \"Tuple{Int64, Int64}\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Tuple…</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(1, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(2, 5)</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 1)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 2)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 3)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 4)</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">(3, 5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x3 & x4 & x5\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple… & Tuple…\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & (1, 1) & (1, 2) & (1, 3) & (1, 4) & (1, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & (2, 1) & (2, 2) & (2, 3) & (2, 4) & (2, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & (3, 1) & (3, 2) & (3, 3) & (3, 4) & (3, 5) \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×5 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4     \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x5     \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Tuple… \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │ (1, 1)  (1, 2)  (1, 3)  (1, 4)  (1, 5)\n",
       "   2 │ (2, 1)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 4)  (2, 5)\n",
       "   3 │ (3, 1)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 4)  (3, 5)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 66,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = DataFrame([(i,j) for i in 1:3, j in 1:5], :auto)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can check if a column with a given name exists via"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 67,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hasproperty(x, :x1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "and determine its index via"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 68,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "columnindex(x, :x2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Advanced ways of column selection"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "these are most useful for non-standard column names (e.g. containing spaces)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×2 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">column 2</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">6</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & column 2\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64 & Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 4 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 & 5 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 3 & 6 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×2 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m column 2 \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64    \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼─────────────────\n",
       "   1 │     1         4\n",
       "   2 │     2         5\n",
       "   3 │     3         6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 69,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df = DataFrame()\n",
    "df.x1 = 1:3\n",
    "df[!, \"column 2\"] = 4:6\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3-element Vector{Int64}:\n",
       " 4\n",
       " 5\n",
       " 6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 70,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.\"column 2\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3-element Vector{Int64}:\n",
       " 4\n",
       " 5\n",
       " 6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 71,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df[:, \"column 2\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "or you can interpolate column name using `:()` syntax"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "x1\n",
      "[1, 2, 3]\n",
      "\n",
      "column 2\n",
      "[4, 5, 6]\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for n in names(df)\n",
    "    println(n, \"\\n\", df.:($n), \"\\n\")\n",
    "end"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Working on a collection of columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "When using `eachcol` of a data frame the resulting object retains reference to its parent and e.g. can be queried with `getproperty`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">7</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">10</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">8</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">11</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">6</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">9</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">12</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x3 & x4\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64 & Int64 & Int64 & Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 4 & 7 & 10 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 & 5 & 8 & 11 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 3 & 6 & 9 & 12 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4    \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │     1      4      7     10\n",
       "   2 │     2      5      8     11\n",
       "   3 │     3      6      9     12"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 73,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df = DataFrame(reshape(1:12, 3, 4), :auto)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrameColumns</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">7</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">10</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">8</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">11</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">6</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">9</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">12</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x3 & x4\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64 & Int64 & Int64 & Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 4 & 7 & 10 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 & 5 & 8 & 11 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 3 & 6 & 9 & 12 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrameColumns\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4    \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │     1      4      7     10\n",
       "   2 │     2      5      8     11\n",
       "   3 │     3      6      9     12"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 74,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ec_df = eachcol(df)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 75,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3-element Vector{Int64}:\n",
       " 1\n",
       " 2\n",
       " 3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 75,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ec_df[1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3-element Vector{Int64}:\n",
       " 1\n",
       " 2\n",
       " 3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 76,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ec_df.x1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Transforming columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We will get to this subject later in 10_transforms.ipynb notebook, but here let us just note that `select`, `select!`, `transform`, `transform!` and `combine` functions allow to generate new columns based on the old columns of a data frame.\n",
    "\n",
    "The general rules are the following:\n",
    "* `select` and `transform` always return the number of rows equal to the source data frame, while `combine` returns any number of rows (`combine` is allowed to *combine* rows of the source data frame)\n",
    "* `transform` retains columns from the old data frame\n",
    "* `select!` and `transform!` are in-place versions of `select` and `transform`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×4 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">7</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">10</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">8</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">11</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">6</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">9</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">12</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x3 & x4\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64 & Int64 & Int64 & Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 4 & 7 & 10 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 & 5 & 8 & 11 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 3 & 6 & 9 & 12 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×4 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4    \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │     1      4      7     10\n",
       "   2 │     2      5      8     11\n",
       "   3 │     3      6      9     12"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 77,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df = DataFrame(reshape(1:12, 3, 4), :auto)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Here we add a new column `:res` that is a sum of columns `:x1` and `:x2`. A general syntax of transformations of this kind is:\n",
    "\n",
    "```\n",
    "source_columns => function_to_apply => target_column_name\n",
    "```\n",
    "then `function_to_apply` gets columns selected by `source_columns` as positional arguments."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×5 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">res</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">7</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">10</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">8</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">11</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">7</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">6</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">9</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">12</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">9</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x3 & x4 & res\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64 & Int64 & Int64 & Int64 & Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 4 & 7 & 10 & 5 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 & 5 & 8 & 11 & 7 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 3 & 6 & 9 & 12 & 9 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×5 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m res   \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼───────────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │     1      4      7     10      5\n",
       "   2 │     2      5      8     11      7\n",
       "   3 │     3      6      9     12      9"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 78,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "transform(df, [:x1, :x2] => (+) => :res)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "One can omit passing `target_column_name` in which case it is automatically generated:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "using Statistics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>1×1 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1_x2_cor</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1.0</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|c}\n",
       "\t& x1\\_x2\\_cor\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Float64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1.0 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m1×1 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1_x2_cor \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Float64   \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼───────────\n",
       "   1 │       1.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 80,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "combine(df, [:x1, :x2] => cor)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Note that `combine` allowed the number of columns in the resulting data frame to be changed. If we used `select` instead it would automatically broadcast the return value to match the number of rouws of the source:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 81,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×1 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1_x2_cor</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1.0</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1.0</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1.0</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|c}\n",
       "\t& x1\\_x2\\_cor\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Float64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1.0 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 1.0 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 1.0 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×1 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1_x2_cor \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Float64   \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼───────────\n",
       "   1 │       1.0\n",
       "   2 │       1.0\n",
       "   3 │       1.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 81,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "select(df, [:x1, :x2] => cor)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "If you want to apply some function on each row of the source wrap it in `ByRow`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 82,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×3 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1_x2_string</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"String\" style = \"text-align: left;\">String</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">14</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">25</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">6</td><td style = \"text-align: left;\">36</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x1\\_x2\\_string\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64 & Int64 & String\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 4 & 14 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 & 5 & 25 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 3 & 6 & 36 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×3 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x1_x2_string \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m String       \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │     1      4  14\n",
       "   2 │     2      5  25\n",
       "   3 │     3      6  36"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 82,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "select(df, :x1, :x2, [:x1, :x2] => ByRow(string))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Also if you want columns to be passed as a `NamedTuple` to a funcion (instead of being positional arguments) wrap them in `AsTable`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×3 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1_x2_function</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">7</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">6</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">9</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x1\\_x2\\_function\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64 & Int64 & Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 4 & 5 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 & 5 & 7 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 3 & 6 & 9 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×3 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x1_x2_function \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64          \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼──────────────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │     1      4               5\n",
       "   2 │     2      5               7\n",
       "   3 │     3      6               9"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 83,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "select(df, :x1, :x2, AsTable([:x1, :x2]) => x -> x.x1 + x.x2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "For simplicity (as this functionality is often needed) there is a special treatement of `nrow` function that can be just passed as a transformation (without specifying of column selector):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 84,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×2 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">number_of_rows</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|cc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & number\\_of\\_rows\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64 & Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 3 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 & 3 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 3 & 3 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×2 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m number_of_rows \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64          \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼───────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │     1               3\n",
       "   2 │     2               3\n",
       "   3 │     3               3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 84,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "select(df, :x1, nrow => \"number_of_rows\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "(note that in `select` the number of rows is automatically broadcasted to match the number of rows of the source data frame)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Finally you can conveninently create multiple columns with one function, e.g.:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 85,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×3 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1²</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1³</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">8</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">9</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">27</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x1² & x1³\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64 & Int64 & Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 & 4 & 8 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 3 & 9 & 27 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×3 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x1²   \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x1³   \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼─────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │     1      1      1\n",
       "   2 │     2      4      8\n",
       "   3 │     3      9     27"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 85,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "select(df, :x1, :x1 => ByRow(x -> [x ^ 2, x ^ 3]) => [\"x1²\", \"x1³\"])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "or e.g. (this produces the same result)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 86,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>3×3 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1²</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1³</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th><th title = \"Int64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Int64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">1</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">8</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">9</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">27</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x1² & x1³\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Int64 & Int64 & Int64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 2 & 4 & 8 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 3 & 9 & 27 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m3×3 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1    \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x1²   \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x1³   \u001b[0m\n",
       "     │\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Int64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "─────┼─────────────────────\n",
       "   1 │     1      1      1\n",
       "   2 │     2      4      8\n",
       "   3 │     3      9     27"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 86,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "select(df, :x1, :x1 => (x -> DataFrame(\"x1²\" => x .^ 2, \"x1³\" => x .^ 3)) => AsTable)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Note that since DataFrames.jl row aggregation for wide tables is efficient. Here is an example of a wide table with `sum` (other standard reductions are similarly supported):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 87,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>1000×10000 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"float: right;\"><span style = \"font-style: italic;\">9900 columns and 975 rows omitted</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x1</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x2</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x3</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x4</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x5</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x6</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x7</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x8</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x9</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x10</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x11</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x12</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x13</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x14</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x15</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x16</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x17</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x18</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x19</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x20</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x21</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x22</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x23</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x24</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x25</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x26</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x27</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x28</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x29</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x30</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x31</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x32</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x33</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x34</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x35</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x36</th><th style = 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style = \"text-align: left;\">x61</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x62</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x63</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x64</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x65</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x66</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x67</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x68</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x69</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x70</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x71</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x72</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x73</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x74</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x75</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x76</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x77</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x78</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x79</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x80</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x81</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x82</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">x83</th><th style = \"text-align: 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title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = 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\"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th><th title = 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\"text-align: right;\">0.151378</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.0895086</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.160365</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.34983</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.620936</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.523452</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.338873</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.345876</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.0554305</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.318905</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.731403</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.0512964</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.410298</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.704251</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.764749</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.433943</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.285334</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.272852</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.347178</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.418385</td><td style = \"text-align: 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style = \"text-align: right;\">0.772856</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.561587</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.00306217</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.549884</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.342337</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.588316</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.276132</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.589743</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.220219</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.545051</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.63901</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.0112304</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.789922</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.619918</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.888162</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.888522</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.0871537</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.170892</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.257639</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.0514265</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.0285141</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.495923</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.0645104</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.0369986</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.737504</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.352119</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.209841</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.540092</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.592286</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.027314</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.092139</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.600756</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.164885</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.409008</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.947233</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.177876</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.643399</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.742034</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.269545</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.464876</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.338276</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.464954</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.613252</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.561679</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.612696</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.313784</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.7675</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.901055</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.696108</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.0105366</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.266548</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.00447812</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.502627</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.454181</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.249365</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.361495</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.865166</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.546343</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.941237</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.859312</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.409052</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.32661</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.400972</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.768701</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">&ctdot;</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1000</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.70703</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.166208</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.45823</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.0682235</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.458422</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.836939</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.58208</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.721586</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.171453</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.353899</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.922517</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.394151</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.661091</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.381341</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.558679</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.847687</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.671701</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.373212</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.196267</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.353311</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.813622</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.192031</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.911645</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.452465</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.604791</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.743038</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.776148</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.00348142</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.332103</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.903827</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.88745</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.891842</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.203428</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.259077</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.243465</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.877412</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.614433</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.766943</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.22814</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.302435</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.849376</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.194502</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.903999</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.0363242</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.536268</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.886766</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.491461</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.87315</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.0148271</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.257042</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.210517</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.570115</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.684481</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.466046</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.367677</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.692357</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.922489</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.0315743</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.964974</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.523279</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.338024</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.509674</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.163316</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.362407</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.301272</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.879559</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.499213</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.631802</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.331658</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.370499</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.450381</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.604831</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.125916</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.934434</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.306163</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.207142</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.471049</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.0668867</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.0232546</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.212272</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.267954</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.398719</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.695908</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.850557</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.0875997</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.421732</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.330967</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.784816</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.0130859</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.341161</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.396292</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.412785</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.302764</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.849904</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.175216</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.687009</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.909296</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.692519</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.244417</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">0.0393655</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">&ctdot;</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ccccccccc}\n",
       "\t& x1 & x2 & x3 & x4 & x5 & x6 & x7 & x8 & \\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Float64 & Float64 & Float64 & Float64 & Float64 & Float64 & Float64 & Float64 & \\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 0.0149088 & 0.177963 & 0.374975 & 0.694063 & 0.290585 & 0.296972 & 0.151378 & 0.0895086 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 0.520355 & 0.670122 & 0.387857 & 0.724383 & 0.0800228 & 0.248548 & 0.911363 & 0.36889 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 0.639562 & 0.0423618 & 0.779594 & 0.130453 & 0.173812 & 0.525416 & 0.324965 & 0.905649 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t4 & 0.839622 & 0.740699 & 0.360969 & 0.456934 & 0.398093 & 0.509447 & 0.335432 & 0.373952 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t5 & 0.967143 & 0.302672 & 0.706902 & 0.0653216 & 0.644417 & 0.976457 & 0.36895 & 0.80553 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t6 & 0.205168 & 0.683128 & 0.786909 & 0.819635 & 0.759663 & 0.588019 & 0.244011 & 0.888136 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t7 & 0.527184 & 0.22961 & 0.395737 & 0.712888 & 0.286281 & 0.0784137 & 0.214371 & 0.693681 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t8 & 0.951162 & 0.963781 & 0.176482 & 0.751149 & 0.394366 & 0.945845 & 0.62704 & 0.96774 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t9 & 0.536369 & 0.118179 & 0.958758 & 0.161565 & 0.722348 & 0.35534 & 0.734991 & 0.859331 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t10 & 0.711389 & 0.661071 & 0.450584 & 0.791275 & 0.0225357 & 0.582416 & 0.832604 & 0.0454298 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t11 & 0.103929 & 0.489357 & 0.943654 & 0.981498 & 0.906475 & 0.27605 & 0.319854 & 0.505438 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t12 & 0.806704 & 0.597994 & 0.293338 & 0.71464 & 0.821485 & 0.421753 & 0.578613 & 0.274216 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t13 & 0.870539 & 0.0866983 & 0.720978 & 0.957936 & 0.410978 & 0.132653 & 0.665372 & 0.593325 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t14 & 0.790207 & 0.957745 & 0.144518 & 0.988098 & 0.558975 & 0.855644 & 0.890067 & 0.0355403 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t15 & 0.800393 & 0.155563 & 0.21758 & 0.898822 & 0.751869 & 0.585648 & 0.993167 & 0.927108 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t16 & 0.898931 & 0.729694 & 0.279658 & 0.205926 & 0.596491 & 0.695755 & 0.695853 & 0.175926 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t17 & 0.939548 & 0.622013 & 0.32406 & 0.971788 & 0.778883 & 0.112 & 0.392893 & 0.968717 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t18 & 0.526344 & 0.615295 & 0.222202 & 0.302713 & 0.89399 & 0.0705911 & 0.0447971 & 0.529437 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t19 & 0.0779683 & 0.349777 & 0.168805 & 0.698644 & 0.131061 & 0.391454 & 0.147786 & 0.664002 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t20 & 0.966197 & 0.918847 & 0.445359 & 0.986339 & 0.364943 & 0.728386 & 0.850772 & 0.740342 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t21 & 0.666558 & 0.785516 & 0.65396 & 0.566016 & 0.790067 & 0.950925 & 0.759014 & 0.750961 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t22 & 0.230104 & 0.303686 & 0.396746 & 0.41203 & 0.836363 & 0.359704 & 0.573183 & 0.631113 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t23 & 0.0585193 & 0.982141 & 0.504897 & 0.0288279 & 0.99351 & 0.521489 & 0.782399 & 0.14326 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t24 & 0.298878 & 0.197828 & 0.921214 & 0.372391 & 0.531751 & 0.160731 & 0.310757 & 0.763507 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t25 & 0.380799 & 0.314726 & 0.574718 & 0.594419 & 0.436391 & 0.109001 & 0.824338 & 0.648367 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t26 & 0.0687591 & 0.930626 & 0.762947 & 0.339501 & 0.350716 & 0.641212 & 0.0405993 & 0.365176 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t27 & 0.861725 & 0.997935 & 0.00707363 & 0.702614 & 0.289486 & 0.699093 & 0.503938 & 0.53228 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t28 & 0.00543656 & 0.67684 & 0.979526 & 0.547557 & 0.797773 & 0.426561 & 0.766105 & 0.552505 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t29 & 0.698478 & 0.643354 & 0.545089 & 0.647449 & 0.62582 & 0.925163 & 0.0579145 & 0.241449 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t30 & 0.637793 & 0.112717 & 0.283882 & 0.359841 & 0.566783 & 0.447965 & 0.0586073 & 0.547599 & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\t$\\dots$ & $\\dots$ & $\\dots$ & $\\dots$ & $\\dots$ & $\\dots$ & $\\dots$ & $\\dots$ & $\\dots$ &  \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m1000×10000 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m  Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m x1        \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x2        \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x3        \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x4        \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x5        \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x6        \u001b[0m\u001b[1m x7  \u001b[0m ⋯\n",
       "      │\u001b[90m Float64   \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Float64   \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Float64   \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Float64   \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Float64   \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Float64   \u001b[0m\u001b[90m Floa\u001b[0m ⋯\n",
       "──────┼─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n",
       "    1 │ 0.0149088  0.177963   0.374975   0.694063   0.290585   0.296972   0.15 ⋯\n",
       "    2 │ 0.520355   0.670122   0.387857   0.724383   0.0800228  0.248548   0.91\n",
       "    3 │ 0.639562   0.0423618  0.779594   0.130453   0.173812   0.525416   0.32\n",
       "    4 │ 0.839622   0.740699   0.360969   0.456934   0.398093   0.509447   0.33\n",
       "    5 │ 0.967143   0.302672   0.706902   0.0653216  0.644417   0.976457   0.36 ⋯\n",
       "    6 │ 0.205168   0.683128   0.786909   0.819635   0.759663   0.588019   0.24\n",
       "    7 │ 0.527184   0.22961    0.395737   0.712888   0.286281   0.0784137  0.21\n",
       "    8 │ 0.951162   0.963781   0.176482   0.751149   0.394366   0.945845   0.62\n",
       "    9 │ 0.536369   0.118179   0.958758   0.161565   0.722348   0.35534    0.73 ⋯\n",
       "   10 │ 0.711389   0.661071   0.450584   0.791275   0.0225357  0.582416   0.83\n",
       "   11 │ 0.103929   0.489357   0.943654   0.981498   0.906475   0.27605    0.31\n",
       "  ⋮   │     ⋮          ⋮          ⋮          ⋮          ⋮          ⋮           ⋱\n",
       "  991 │ 0.318699   0.855621   0.89789    0.186005   0.757165   0.537527   0.52\n",
       "  992 │ 0.385526   0.0811559  0.479614   0.163361   0.0102084  0.649546   0.65 ⋯\n",
       "  993 │ 0.678458   0.557108   0.202757   0.493311   0.343117   0.922908   0.26\n",
       "  994 │ 0.424295   0.78012    0.577681   0.274228   0.225563   0.29553    0.39\n",
       "  995 │ 0.481554   0.0441882  0.700181   0.317677   0.0846761  0.949135   0.45\n",
       "  996 │ 0.401528   0.658903   0.438309   0.211217   0.211515   0.441902   0.02 ⋯\n",
       "  997 │ 0.58985    0.909857   0.354735   0.442829   0.438322   0.847835   0.84\n",
       "  998 │ 0.871944   0.821183   0.725636   0.521645   0.230773   0.506747   0.47\n",
       "  999 │ 0.702069   0.399582   0.377331   0.542735   0.38631    0.555332   0.74\n",
       " 1000 │ 0.70703    0.166208   0.45823    0.0682235  0.458422   0.836939   0.58 ⋯\n",
       "\u001b[36m                                               9994 columns and 979 rows omitted\u001b[0m"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 87,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "large_df = DataFrame(rand(1000, 10000), :auto)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 88,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "  0.043922 seconds (34.37 k allocations: 2.051 MiB, 73.29% compilation time)\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>1000×1 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"float: right;\"><span style = \"font-style: italic;\">975 rows omitted</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">sum</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5010.73</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5055.37</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4987.2</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">4</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5016.2</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">5</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4978.86</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">6</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5018.0</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">7</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5011.07</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">8</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4991.09</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">9</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4932.78</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">10</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5017.35</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">11</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4997.14</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">12</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4994.29</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">13</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5020.93</td></tr><tr><td style = \"text-align: right;\">&vellip;</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">&vellip;</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">989</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4975.49</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">990</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4959.65</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">991</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4997.01</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">992</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5003.09</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">993</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4984.85</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">994</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4933.86</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">995</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4952.49</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">996</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5015.75</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">997</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5013.19</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">998</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4976.72</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">999</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5015.42</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1000</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5054.93</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|c}\n",
       "\t& sum\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Float64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 5010.73 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 5055.37 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 4987.2 \\\\\n",
       "\t4 & 5016.2 \\\\\n",
       "\t5 & 4978.86 \\\\\n",
       "\t6 & 5018.0 \\\\\n",
       "\t7 & 5011.07 \\\\\n",
       "\t8 & 4991.09 \\\\\n",
       "\t9 & 4932.78 \\\\\n",
       "\t10 & 5017.35 \\\\\n",
       "\t11 & 4997.14 \\\\\n",
       "\t12 & 4994.29 \\\\\n",
       "\t13 & 5020.93 \\\\\n",
       "\t14 & 4917.99 \\\\\n",
       "\t15 & 5023.11 \\\\\n",
       "\t16 & 5007.8 \\\\\n",
       "\t17 & 4982.31 \\\\\n",
       "\t18 & 5010.66 \\\\\n",
       "\t19 & 4962.08 \\\\\n",
       "\t20 & 5013.45 \\\\\n",
       "\t21 & 5008.7 \\\\\n",
       "\t22 & 5050.03 \\\\\n",
       "\t23 & 5009.0 \\\\\n",
       "\t24 & 5016.84 \\\\\n",
       "\t25 & 5015.97 \\\\\n",
       "\t26 & 5009.97 \\\\\n",
       "\t27 & 4966.94 \\\\\n",
       "\t28 & 4961.31 \\\\\n",
       "\t29 & 4992.18 \\\\\n",
       "\t30 & 5037.17 \\\\\n",
       "\t$\\dots$ & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m1000×1 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m  Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m sum     \u001b[0m\n",
       "      │\u001b[90m Float64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "──────┼─────────\n",
       "    1 │ 5010.73\n",
       "    2 │ 5055.37\n",
       "    3 │ 4987.2\n",
       "    4 │ 5016.2\n",
       "    5 │ 4978.86\n",
       "    6 │ 5018.0\n",
       "    7 │ 5011.07\n",
       "    8 │ 4991.09\n",
       "    9 │ 4932.78\n",
       "   10 │ 5017.35\n",
       "   11 │ 4997.14\n",
       "  ⋮   │    ⋮\n",
       "  991 │ 4997.01\n",
       "  992 │ 5003.09\n",
       "  993 │ 4984.85\n",
       "  994 │ 4933.86\n",
       "  995 │ 4952.49\n",
       "  996 │ 5015.75\n",
       "  997 │ 5013.19\n",
       "  998 │ 4976.72\n",
       "  999 │ 5015.42\n",
       " 1000 │ 5054.93\n",
       "\u001b[36m979 rows omitted\u001b[0m"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 88,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "@time select(large_df, AsTable(:) => ByRow(sum) => :sum)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 89,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "  0.009663 seconds (19.67 k allocations: 1.074 MiB)\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><div style = \"float: left;\"><span>1000×1 DataFrame</span></div><div style = \"float: right;\"><span style = \"font-style: italic;\">975 rows omitted</span></div><div style = \"clear: both;\"></div></div><div class = \"data-frame\" style = \"overflow-x: scroll;\"><table class = \"data-frame\" style = \"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><thead><tr class = \"header\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">Row</th><th style = \"text-align: left;\">sum</th></tr><tr class = \"subheader headerLastRow\"><th class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\"></th><th title = \"Float64\" style = \"text-align: left;\">Float64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5010.73</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">2</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5055.37</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">3</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4987.2</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">4</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5016.2</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">5</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4978.86</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">6</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5018.0</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">7</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5011.07</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">8</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4991.09</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">9</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4932.78</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">10</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5017.35</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">11</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4997.14</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">12</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4994.29</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">13</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5020.93</td></tr><tr><td style = \"text-align: right;\">&vellip;</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">&vellip;</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">989</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4975.49</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">990</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4959.65</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">991</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4997.01</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">992</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5003.09</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">993</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4984.85</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">994</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4933.86</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">995</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4952.49</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">996</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5015.75</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">997</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5013.19</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">998</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">4976.72</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">999</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5015.42</td></tr><tr><td class = \"rowNumber\" style = \"font-weight: bold; text-align: right;\">1000</td><td style = \"text-align: right;\">5054.93</td></tr></tbody></table></div>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|c}\n",
       "\t& sum\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t& Float64\\\\\n",
       "\t\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 5010.73 \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 5055.37 \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 4987.2 \\\\\n",
       "\t4 & 5016.2 \\\\\n",
       "\t5 & 4978.86 \\\\\n",
       "\t6 & 5018.0 \\\\\n",
       "\t7 & 5011.07 \\\\\n",
       "\t8 & 4991.09 \\\\\n",
       "\t9 & 4932.78 \\\\\n",
       "\t10 & 5017.35 \\\\\n",
       "\t11 & 4997.14 \\\\\n",
       "\t12 & 4994.29 \\\\\n",
       "\t13 & 5020.93 \\\\\n",
       "\t14 & 4917.99 \\\\\n",
       "\t15 & 5023.11 \\\\\n",
       "\t16 & 5007.8 \\\\\n",
       "\t17 & 4982.31 \\\\\n",
       "\t18 & 5010.66 \\\\\n",
       "\t19 & 4962.08 \\\\\n",
       "\t20 & 5013.45 \\\\\n",
       "\t21 & 5008.7 \\\\\n",
       "\t22 & 5050.03 \\\\\n",
       "\t23 & 5009.0 \\\\\n",
       "\t24 & 5016.84 \\\\\n",
       "\t25 & 5015.97 \\\\\n",
       "\t26 & 5009.97 \\\\\n",
       "\t27 & 4966.94 \\\\\n",
       "\t28 & 4961.31 \\\\\n",
       "\t29 & 4992.18 \\\\\n",
       "\t30 & 5037.17 \\\\\n",
       "\t$\\dots$ & $\\dots$ \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m1000×1 DataFrame\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m  Row \u001b[0m│\u001b[1m sum     \u001b[0m\n",
       "      │\u001b[90m Float64 \u001b[0m\n",
       "──────┼─────────\n",
       "    1 │ 5010.73\n",
       "    2 │ 5055.37\n",
       "    3 │ 4987.2\n",
       "    4 │ 5016.2\n",
       "    5 │ 4978.86\n",
       "    6 │ 5018.0\n",
       "    7 │ 5011.07\n",
       "    8 │ 4991.09\n",
       "    9 │ 4932.78\n",
       "   10 │ 5017.35\n",
       "   11 │ 4997.14\n",
       "  ⋮   │    ⋮\n",
       "  991 │ 4997.01\n",
       "  992 │ 5003.09\n",
       "  993 │ 4984.85\n",
       "  994 │ 4933.86\n",
       "  995 │ 4952.49\n",
       "  996 │ 5015.75\n",
       "  997 │ 5013.19\n",
       "  998 │ 4976.72\n",
       "  999 │ 5015.42\n",
       " 1000 │ 5054.93\n",
       "\u001b[36m979 rows omitted\u001b[0m"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 89,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "@time select(large_df, AsTable(:) => ByRow(sum) => :sum)"
   ]
  }
 ],
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