diff --git a/boto/auth.py b/boto/auth.py
index 14bd0fa261..b8e00ef03a 100644
--- a/boto/auth.py
+++ b/boto/auth.py
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ def add_auth(self, http_request, **kwargs):
         headers = http_request.headers
         method = http_request.method
         auth_path = http_request.auth_path
-        if not headers.has_key('Date'):
+        if 'Date' not in headers:
             headers['Date'] = formatdate(usegmt=True)
 
         if self._provider.security_token:
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ def __init__(self, host, config, provider):
         
     def add_auth(self, http_request, **kwargs):
         headers = http_request.headers
-        if not headers.has_key('Date'):
+        if 'Date' not in headers:
             headers['Date'] = formatdate(usegmt=True)
 
         b64_hmac = self.sign_string(headers['Date'])
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ def __init__(self, host, config, provider):
         
     def add_auth(self, http_request, **kwargs):
         headers = http_request.headers
-        if not headers.has_key('Date'):
+        if 'Date' not in headers:
             headers['Date'] = formatdate(usegmt=True)
 
         b64_hmac = self.sign_string(headers['Date'])
diff --git a/boto/connection.py b/boto/connection.py
index e170d0b324..d169a23c15 100644
--- a/boto/connection.py
+++ b/boto/connection.py
@@ -358,8 +358,8 @@ def authorize(self, connection, **kwargs):
         self.headers['User-Agent'] = UserAgent
         # I'm not sure if this is still needed, now that add_auth is
         # setting the content-length for POST requests.
-        if not self.headers.has_key('Content-Length'):
-            if not self.headers.has_key('Transfer-Encoding') or \
+        if 'Content-Length' not in self.headers:
+            if 'Transfer-Encoding' not in self.headers or \
                     self.headers['Transfer-Encoding'] != 'chunked':
                 self.headers['Content-Length'] = str(len(self.body))
 
@@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ def handle_proxy(self, proxy, proxy_port, proxy_user, proxy_pass):
         self.proxy_port = proxy_port
         self.proxy_user = proxy_user
         self.proxy_pass = proxy_pass
-        if os.environ.has_key('http_proxy') and not self.proxy:
+        if 'http_proxy' in os.environ and not self.proxy:
             pattern = re.compile(
                 '(?:http://)?' \
                 '(?:(?P<user>\w+):(?P<pass>.*)@)?' \
diff --git a/boto/ec2/image.py b/boto/ec2/image.py
index de1b5d2656..0baf8889ad 100644
--- a/boto/ec2/image.py
+++ b/boto/ec2/image.py
@@ -300,17 +300,17 @@ def endElement(self, name, value, connection):
         if name == 'launchPermission':
             self.name = 'launch_permission'
         elif name == 'group':
-            if self.attrs.has_key('groups'):
+            if 'groups' in self.attrs:
                 self.attrs['groups'].append(value)
             else:
                 self.attrs['groups'] = [value]
         elif name == 'userId':
-            if self.attrs.has_key('user_ids'):
+            if 'user_ids' in self.attrs:
                 self.attrs['user_ids'].append(value)
             else:
                 self.attrs['user_ids'] = [value]
         elif name == 'productCode':
-            if self.attrs.has_key('product_codes'):
+            if 'product_codes' in self.attrs:
                 self.attrs['product_codes'].append(value)
             else:
                 self.attrs['product_codes'] = [value]
diff --git a/boto/ec2/snapshot.py b/boto/ec2/snapshot.py
index d52abe4461..241cef260c 100644
--- a/boto/ec2/snapshot.py
+++ b/boto/ec2/snapshot.py
@@ -124,12 +124,12 @@ def endElement(self, name, value, connection):
         if name == 'createVolumePermission':
             self.name = 'create_volume_permission'
         elif name == 'group':
-            if self.attrs.has_key('groups'):
+            if 'groups' in self.attrs:
                 self.attrs['groups'].append(value)
             else:
                 self.attrs['groups'] = [value]
         elif name == 'userId':
-            if self.attrs.has_key('user_ids'):
+            if 'user_ids' in self.attrs:
                 self.attrs['user_ids'].append(value)
             else:
                 self.attrs['user_ids'] = [value]
diff --git a/boto/fps/connection.py b/boto/fps/connection.py
index 27eef8f9f6..d2fcb58ca5 100644
--- a/boto/fps/connection.py
+++ b/boto/fps/connection.py
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ def make_marketplace_registration_url(self, returnURL, pipelineName,
         params["signatureMethod"] = 'HmacSHA256'
         params["signatureVersion"] = '2'
 
-        if(not params.has_key('callerReference')):
+        if('callerReference' not in params):
             params['callerReference'] = str(uuid.uuid4())
 
         parts = ''
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ def make_url(self, returnURL, paymentReason, pipelineName,
         params["signatureMethod"] = 'HmacSHA256'
         params["signatureVersion"] = '2'
         
-        if(not params.has_key('callerReference')):
+        if('callerReference' not in params):
             params['callerReference'] = str(uuid.uuid4())
 
         parts = ''
diff --git a/boto/gs/acl.py b/boto/gs/acl.py
index 93bb4a9c26..02a5c9baed 100755
--- a/boto/gs/acl.py
+++ b/boto/gs/acl.py
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ def startElement(self, name, attrs, connection):
             # __contains__() method works). At one time gsutil disallowed
             # xmlplus-based parsers, until this more specific problem was 
             # determined.
-            if not attrs.has_key(TYPE):
+            if TYPE not in attrs:
                 raise InvalidAclError('Missing "%s" in "%s" part of ACL' %
                                       (TYPE, SCOPE))
             self.scope = Scope(self, attrs[TYPE])
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ def __init__(self, parent, type=None, id=None, name=None,
         self.id = id
         self.domain = domain
         self.email_address = email_address
-        if not self.ALLOWED_SCOPE_TYPE_SUB_ELEMS.has_key(self.type):
+        if self.type not in self.ALLOWED_SCOPE_TYPE_SUB_ELEMS:
             raise InvalidAclError('Invalid %s %s "%s" ' %
                                   (SCOPE, TYPE, self.type))
 
diff --git a/boto/provider.py b/boto/provider.py
index 37ceae720d..e9a73975b8 100644
--- a/boto/provider.py
+++ b/boto/provider.py
@@ -176,14 +176,14 @@ def get_credentials(self, access_key=None, secret_key=None):
         access_key_name, secret_key_name = self.CredentialMap[self.name]
         if access_key is not None:
             self.access_key = access_key
-        elif os.environ.has_key(access_key_name.upper()):
+        elif access_key_name.upper() in os.environ:
             self.access_key = os.environ[access_key_name.upper()]
         elif config.has_option('Credentials', access_key_name):
             self.access_key = config.get('Credentials', access_key_name)
 
         if secret_key is not None:
             self.secret_key = secret_key
-        elif os.environ.has_key(secret_key_name.upper()):
+        elif secret_key_name.upper() in os.environ:
             self.secret_key = os.environ[secret_key_name.upper()]
         elif config.has_option('Credentials', secret_key_name):
             self.secret_key = config.get('Credentials', secret_key_name)
diff --git a/boto/route53/connection.py b/boto/route53/connection.py
index 0ae63c14d2..a5183da14d 100644
--- a/boto/route53/connection.py
+++ b/boto/route53/connection.py
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ def get_all_hosted_zones(self, start_marker=None, zone_list=None):
         h.parse(body)
         if zone_list:
             e['ListHostedZonesResponse']['HostedZones'].extend(zone_list)
-        while e['ListHostedZonesResponse'].has_key('NextMarker'):
+        while 'NextMarker' in e['ListHostedZonesResponse']:
             next_marker = e['ListHostedZonesResponse']['NextMarker']
             zone_list = e['ListHostedZonesResponse']['HostedZones']
             e = self.get_all_hosted_zones(next_marker, zone_list)
diff --git a/boto/s3/key.py b/boto/s3/key.py
index e8da98f34f..4a9a8296ad 100644
--- a/boto/s3/key.py
+++ b/boto/s3/key.py
@@ -628,9 +628,9 @@ def sender(http_conn, method, path, data, headers):
         headers['User-Agent'] = UserAgent
         if self.storage_class != 'STANDARD':
             headers[provider.storage_class_header] = self.storage_class
-        if headers.has_key('Content-Encoding'):
+        if 'Content-Encoding' in headers:
             self.content_encoding = headers['Content-Encoding']
-        if headers.has_key('Content-Type'):
+        if 'Content-Type' in headers:
             # Some use cases need to suppress sending of the Content-Type 
             # header and depend on the receiving server to set the content
             # type. This can be achieved by setting headers['Content-Type'] 
@@ -1167,7 +1167,7 @@ def get_file(self, fp, headers=None, cb=None, num_cb=10,
             cb(data_len, cb_size)
         if m:
             self.md5 = m.hexdigest()
-        if self.size is None and not torrent and not headers.has_key("Range"):
+        if self.size is None and not torrent and "Range" not in headers:
             self.size = data_len
         self.close()
         self.bucket.connection.debug = save_debug
diff --git a/boto/sdb/db/manager/sdbmanager.py b/boto/sdb/db/manager/sdbmanager.py
index 7f20350edc..ef7117fe6c 100644
--- a/boto/sdb/db/manager/sdbmanager.py
+++ b/boto/sdb/db/manager/sdbmanager.py
@@ -471,9 +471,9 @@ def get_blob_bucket(self, bucket_name=None):
     def load_object(self, obj):
         if not obj._loaded:
             a = self.domain.get_attributes(obj.id,consistent_read=self.consistent)
-            if a.has_key('__type__'):
+            if '__type__' in a:
                 for prop in obj.properties(hidden=False):
-                    if a.has_key(prop.name):
+                    if prop.name in a:
                         value = self.decode_value(prop, a[prop.name])
                         value = prop.make_value_from_datastore(value)
                         try:
@@ -486,13 +486,13 @@ def get_object(self, cls, id, a=None):
         obj = None
         if not a:
             a = self.domain.get_attributes(id,consistent_read=self.consistent)
-        if a.has_key('__type__'):
+        if '__type__' in a:
             if not cls or a['__type__'] != cls.__name__:
                 cls = find_class(a['__module__'], a['__type__'])
             if cls:
                 params = {}
                 for prop in cls.properties(hidden=False):
-                    if a.has_key(prop.name):
+                    if prop.name in a:
                         value = self.decode_value(prop, a[prop.name])
                         value = prop.make_value_from_datastore(value)
                         params[prop.name] = value
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ def delete_key_value(self, obj, name):
 
     def get_key_value(self, obj, name):
         a = self.domain.get_attributes(obj.id, name,consistent_read=self.consistent)
-        if a.has_key(name):
+        if name in a:
             return a[name]
         else:
             return None
diff --git a/boto/sdb/db/manager/xmlmanager.py b/boto/sdb/db/manager/xmlmanager.py
index 3608b2c254..aca2d7c27a 100644
--- a/boto/sdb/db/manager/xmlmanager.py
+++ b/boto/sdb/db/manager/xmlmanager.py
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ def delete_key_value(self, obj, name):
 
     def get_key_value(self, obj, name):
         a = self.domain.get_attributes(obj.id, name)
-        if a.has_key(name):
+        if name in a:
             return a[name]
         else:
             return None
diff --git a/boto/sdb/db/model.py b/boto/sdb/db/model.py
index eab82763f9..65a339636d 100644
--- a/boto/sdb/db/model.py
+++ b/boto/sdb/db/model.py
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ def __init__(self, id=None, **kw):
                 setattr(self, prop.name, prop.default_value())
             except ValueError:
                 pass
-        if kw.has_key('manager'):
+        if 'manager' in kw:
             self._manager = kw['manager']
         self.id = id
         for key in kw:
diff --git a/boto/sdb/db/sequence.py b/boto/sdb/db/sequence.py
index a01330e854..10f1ac27c8 100644
--- a/boto/sdb/db/sequence.py
+++ b/boto/sdb/db/sequence.py
@@ -180,11 +180,11 @@ def get(self):
         """Get the value"""
         val = self.db.get_attributes(self.id, consistent_read=True)
         if val:
-            if val.has_key('timestamp'):
+            if 'timestamp' in val:
                 self.timestamp = val['timestamp']
-            if val.has_key('current_value'):
+            if 'current_value' in val:
                 self._value = self.item_type(val['current_value'])
-            if val.has_key("last_value") and val['last_value'] != None:
+            if val.get('last_value') is not None:
                 self.last_value = self.item_type(val['last_value'])
         return self._value
 
diff --git a/boto/sdb/domain.py b/boto/sdb/domain.py
index f348c8aa5a..d4faf04620 100644
--- a/boto/sdb/domain.py
+++ b/boto/sdb/domain.py
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ def endElement(self, name):
             if self.value and self.attribute:
                 value = self.value.strip()
                 attr_name = self.attribute.strip()
-                if self.attrs.has_key(attr_name):
+                if attr_name in self.attrs:
                     self.attrs[attr_name].append(value)
                 else:
                     self.attrs[attr_name] = [value]
diff --git a/boto/sdb/item.py b/boto/sdb/item.py
index 86bc70cab2..999c7f0b31 100644
--- a/boto/sdb/item.py
+++ b/boto/sdb/item.py
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ def endElement(self, name, value, connection):
             else:
                 self.name = self.decode_value(value)
         elif name == 'Value':
-            if self.has_key(self.last_key):
+            if self.last_key in self:
                 if not isinstance(self[self.last_key], list):
                     self[self.last_key] = [self[self.last_key]]
                 value = self.decode_value(value)
diff --git a/boto/services/result.py b/boto/services/result.py
index 32a6d6a627..8117673fb7 100644
--- a/boto/services/result.py
+++ b/boto/services/result.py
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ def process_record(self, record, path, get_file=True):
         self.log_message(record, path)
         self.calculate_stats(record)
         outputs = record['OutputKey'].split(',')
-        if record.has_key('OutputBucket'):
+        if 'OutputBucket' in record:
             bucket = boto.lookup('s3', record['OutputBucket'])
         else:
             bucket = boto.lookup('s3', record['Bucket'])
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ def process_record(self, record, path, get_file=True):
     def get_results_from_queue(self, path, get_file=True, delete_msg=True):
         m = self.queue.read()
         while m:
-            if m.has_key('Batch') and m['Batch'] == self.batch:
+            if 'Batch' in m and m['Batch'] == self.batch:
                 self.process_record(m, path, get_file)
                 if delete_msg:
                     self.queue.delete_message(m)
diff --git a/boto/services/service.py b/boto/services/service.py
index 8ee1a8beed..e0e987ce86 100644
--- a/boto/services/service.py
+++ b/boto/services/service.py
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ def put_file(self, bucket_name, file_path, key_name=None):
     def save_results(self, results, input_message, output_message):
         output_keys = []
         for file, type in results:
-            if input_message.has_key('OutputBucket'):
+            if 'OutputBucket' in input_message:
                 output_bucket = input_message['OutputBucket']
             else:
                 output_bucket = input_message['Bucket']
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ def save_results(self, results, input_message, output_message):
     def write_message(self, message):
         message['Service-Write'] = get_ts()
         message['Server'] = self.name
-        if os.environ.has_key('HOSTNAME'):
+        if 'HOSTNAME' in os.environ:
             message['Host'] = os.environ['HOSTNAME']
         else:
             message['Host'] = 'unknown'
diff --git a/boto/sqs/message.py b/boto/sqs/message.py
index 8fabd47848..cdd2179564 100644
--- a/boto/sqs/message.py
+++ b/boto/sqs/message.py
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ def encode(self, value):
         return s
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
-        if self._body.has_key(key):
+        if key in self._body:
             return self._body[key]
         else:
             raise KeyError(key)
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ def items(self):
         return self._body.items()
 
     def has_key(self, key):
-        return self._body.has_key(key)
+        return key in self._body
 
     def update(self, d):
         self._body.update(d)
diff --git a/boto/utils.py b/boto/utils.py
index a2bf386dbe..55f91f37c9 100644
--- a/boto/utils.py
+++ b/boto/utils.py
@@ -98,13 +98,13 @@ def canonical_string(method, path, headers, expires=None,
             interesting_headers[lk] = headers[key].strip()
 
     # these keys get empty strings if they don't exist
-    if not interesting_headers.has_key('content-type'):
+    if 'content-type' not in interesting_headers:
         interesting_headers['content-type'] = ''
-    if not interesting_headers.has_key('content-md5'):
+    if 'content-md5' not in interesting_headers:
         interesting_headers['content-md5'] = ''
 
     # just in case someone used this.  it's not necessary in this lib.
-    if interesting_headers.has_key(provider.date_header):
+    if provider.date_header in interesting_headers:
         interesting_headers['date'] = ''
 
     # if you're using expires for query string auth, then it trumps date
diff --git a/boto/vpc/dhcpoptions.py b/boto/vpc/dhcpoptions.py
index 810d9cf8f4..7484683822 100644
--- a/boto/vpc/dhcpoptions.py
+++ b/boto/vpc/dhcpoptions.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class DhcpConfigSet(dict):
 
     def startElement(self, name, attrs, connection):
         if name == 'valueSet':
-            if not self.has_key(self._name):
+            if self._name not in self:
                 self[self._name] = DhcpValueSet()
             return self[self._name]
 
diff --git a/tests/dynamodb/test_layer2.py b/tests/dynamodb/test_layer2.py
index 63708a1a08..6b361a5fba 100644
--- a/tests/dynamodb/test_layer2.py
+++ b/tests/dynamodb/test_layer2.py
@@ -199,9 +199,9 @@ def test_layer2_basic(self):
         item1_updated = table.get_item(item1_key, item1_range,
                                        consistent_read=True)
         assert item1_updated['Replies'] == item1_attrs['Replies'] + 2
-        self.assertFalse(item1_updated.has_key(removed_attr))
+        self.assertFalse(removed_attr in item1_updated)
         self.assertTrue(removed_tag not in item1_updated['Tags'])
-        self.assertTrue(item1_updated.has_key('RepliesBy'))
+        self.assertTrue('RepliesBy' in item1_updated)
         self.assertTrue(item1_updated['RepliesBy'] == replies_by_set)
 
         # Put a few more items into the table
diff --git a/tests/ec2/test_connection.py b/tests/ec2/test_connection.py
index 6b7ece1f74..bb1c5c890f 100644
--- a/tests/ec2/test_connection.py
+++ b/tests/ec2/test_connection.py
@@ -48,14 +48,14 @@ def test_1_basic(self):
         status = image.set_launch_permissions(group_names=['all'])
         assert status
         d = image.get_launch_permissions()
-        assert d.has_key('groups')
+        assert 'groups' in d
         assert len(d['groups']) > 0
         # now remove that permission
         status = image.remove_launch_permissions(group_names=['all'])
         assert status
         time.sleep(10)
         d = image.get_launch_permissions()
-        assert not d.has_key('groups')
+        assert 'groups' not in d
         
         # create 2 new security groups
         group1_name = 'test-%d' % int(time.time())
diff --git a/tests/s3/test_versioning.py b/tests/s3/test_versioning.py
index 2d569af967..b3e74a5c34 100644
--- a/tests/s3/test_versioning.py
+++ b/tests/s3/test_versioning.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def tearDown(self):
     def test_1_versions(self):
         # check versioning off
         d = self.bucket.get_versioning_status()
-        self.assertFalse(d.has_key('Versioning'))
+        self.assertFalse('Versioning' in d)
 
         # enable versioning
         self.bucket.configure_versioning(versioning=True)
diff --git a/tests/sqs/test_connection.py b/tests/sqs/test_connection.py
index 6996a54a3a..83c0073453 100644
--- a/tests/sqs/test_connection.py
+++ b/tests/sqs/test_connection.py
@@ -66,14 +66,14 @@ def test_1_basic(self):
 
         # now try to get queue attributes
         a = q.get_attributes()
-        assert a.has_key('ApproximateNumberOfMessages')
-        assert a.has_key('VisibilityTimeout')
+        assert 'ApproximateNumberOfMessages' in a
+        assert 'VisibilityTimeout' in a
         a = q.get_attributes('ApproximateNumberOfMessages')
-        assert a.has_key('ApproximateNumberOfMessages')
-        assert not a.has_key('VisibilityTimeout')
+        assert 'ApproximateNumberOfMessages' in a
+        assert 'VisibilityTimeout' not in a
         a = q.get_attributes('VisibilityTimeout')
-        assert not a.has_key('ApproximateNumberOfMessages')
-        assert a.has_key('VisibilityTimeout')
+        assert 'ApproximateNumberOfMessages' not in a
+        assert 'VisibilityTimeout' in a
 
         # now change the visibility timeout
         timeout = 45