diff --git a/pytest.ini b/pytest.ini
index 4f2c039f..e17cf7c9 100644
--- a/pytest.ini
+++ b/pytest.ini
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ python_files = test_*.py
 python_classes = Test*
 python_functions = test_*
 asyncio_mode = auto
+asyncio_default_test_loop_scope = session
+asyncio_default_fixture_loop_scope = session
 
 markers =
     unit: marks tests as unit tests
diff --git a/stagehand/handlers/extract_handler.py b/stagehand/handlers/extract_handler.py
index 5fa24212..2970d1cb 100644
--- a/stagehand/handlers/extract_handler.py
+++ b/stagehand/handlers/extract_handler.py
@@ -183,4 +183,4 @@ async def _extract_page_text(self) -> ExtractResult:
         output_string = tree["simplified"]
         output_dict = {"page_text": output_string}
         validated_model = EmptyExtractSchema.model_validate(output_dict)
-        return ExtractResult(data=validated_model).data
+        return ExtractResult(data=validated_model)
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index 36767e1a..5f1bf16a 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -11,19 +11,6 @@
 # Set up pytest-asyncio as the default
 pytest_plugins = ["pytest_asyncio"]
 
-
-@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
-def event_loop():
-    """
-    Create an instance of the default event loop for each test session.
-    This helps with running async tests.
-    """
-    policy = asyncio.get_event_loop_policy()
-    loop = policy.new_event_loop()
-    yield loop
-    loop.close()
-
-
 @pytest.fixture
 def mock_stagehand_config():
     """Provide a mock StagehandConfig for testing"""
diff --git a/tests/e2e/test_act_integration.py b/tests/e2e/test_act_integration.py
index 221dea8b..87e53375 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/test_act_integration.py
+++ b/tests/e2e/test_act_integration.py
@@ -161,17 +161,17 @@ async def test_selecting_option_custom_input_local(self, local_stagehand):
         await stagehand.page.goto("https://browserbase.github.io/stagehand-eval-sites/sites/expand-dropdown/")
         
         # Select an option from the dropdown.
-        await stagehand.page.act("Click the 'Select a Country' dropdown")
+        await stagehand.page.act("Click on the text 'Select a country'")
 
         # Wait for dropdown to expand
-        await asyncio.sleep(1)
+        await asyncio.sleep(2)
         
         # We are expecting stagehand to click the dropdown to expand it, and therefore
         # the available options should now be contained in the full a11y tree.
 
         # To test, we'll grab the full a11y tree, and make sure it contains 'Canada'
         extraction = await stagehand.page.extract()
-        assert "Canada" in extraction.data
+        assert "Canada" in extraction.data.page_text
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     @pytest.mark.local
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ async def test_selecting_option_hidden_input_local(self, local_stagehand):
 
         # To test, we'll grab the full a11y tree, and make sure it contains 'Green'
         extraction = await stagehand.page.extract()
-        assert "Green" in extraction.data
+        assert "Green" in extraction.data.page_text
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     @pytest.mark.local
diff --git a/tests/e2e/test_workflows.py b/tests/e2e/test_workflows.py
index a03a06fb..cc1720bb 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/test_workflows.py
+++ b/tests/e2e/test_workflows.py
@@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ async def test_search_and_extract_workflow(self, mock_stagehand_config, sample_h
             stagehand._playwright = playwright
             stagehand._browser = browser
             stagehand._context = context
-            stagehand.page = MagicMock()
-            stagehand.page.goto = AsyncMock()
-            stagehand.page.act = AsyncMock(return_value=ActResult(
+            stagehand._page = MagicMock()
+            stagehand._page.goto = AsyncMock()
+            stagehand._page.act = AsyncMock(return_value=ActResult(
                 success=True,
                 message="Search executed",
                 action="search"
             ))
-            stagehand.page.extract = AsyncMock(return_value={
+            stagehand._page.extract = AsyncMock(return_value={
                 "title": "OpenAI Search Results",
                 "results": [
                     {"title": "OpenAI Official Website", "url": "https://openai.com"},
@@ -82,9 +82,9 @@ async def test_search_and_extract_workflow(self, mock_stagehand_config, sample_h
                 assert extracted_data["results"][0]["title"] == "OpenAI Official Website"
                 
                 # Verify calls were made
-                stagehand.page.goto.assert_called_with("https://google.com")
-                stagehand.page.act.assert_called_with("search for openai")
-                stagehand.page.extract.assert_called_with("extract search results")
+                stagehand._page.goto.assert_called_with("https://google.com")
+                stagehand._page.act.assert_called_with("search for openai")
+                stagehand._page.extract.assert_called_with("extract search results")
                 
             finally:
                 stagehand._closed = True
@@ -149,14 +149,14 @@ def form_response_generator(messages, **kwargs):
             stagehand._playwright = playwright
             stagehand._browser = browser
             stagehand._context = context
-            stagehand.page = MagicMock()
-            stagehand.page.goto = AsyncMock()
-            stagehand.page.act = AsyncMock()
-            stagehand.page.extract = AsyncMock()
+            stagehand._page = MagicMock()
+            stagehand._page.goto = AsyncMock()
+            stagehand._page.act = AsyncMock()
+            stagehand._page.extract = AsyncMock()
             stagehand._initialized = True
-            
+
             # Mock act responses
-            stagehand.page.act.side_effect = [
+            stagehand._page.act.side_effect = [
                 ActResult(success=True, message="Username filled", action="fill"),
                 ActResult(success=True, message="Email filled", action="fill"),
                 ActResult(success=True, message="Password filled", action="fill"),
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ def form_response_generator(messages, **kwargs):
             ]
             
             # Mock success verification
-            stagehand.page.extract.return_value = {"success": True, "message": "Registration successful!"}
+            stagehand._page.extract.return_value = {"success": True, "message": "Registration successful!"}
             
             try:
                 # Execute form filling workflow
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ def form_response_generator(messages, **kwargs):
                 assert verification["success"] is True
                 
                 # Verify all steps were executed
-                assert stagehand.page.act.call_count == 4
+                assert stagehand._page.act.call_count == 4
                 
             finally:
                 stagehand._closed = True
@@ -235,10 +235,10 @@ async def test_observe_then_act_workflow(self, mock_stagehand_config):
             stagehand._playwright = playwright
             stagehand._browser = browser
             stagehand._context = context
-            stagehand.page = MagicMock()
-            stagehand.page.goto = AsyncMock()
-            stagehand.page.observe = AsyncMock()
-            stagehand.page.act = AsyncMock()
+            stagehand._page = MagicMock()
+            stagehand._page.goto = AsyncMock()
+            stagehand._page.observe = AsyncMock()
+            stagehand._page.act = AsyncMock()
             stagehand._initialized = True
             
             # Mock observe results
@@ -278,8 +278,8 @@ async def test_observe_then_act_workflow(self, mock_stagehand_config):
                 )
             ]
             
-            stagehand.page.observe.side_effect = [nav_buttons, add_to_cart_buttons]
-            stagehand.page.act.return_value = ActResult(
+            stagehand._page.observe.side_effect = [nav_buttons, add_to_cart_buttons]
+            stagehand._page.act.return_value = ActResult(
                 success=True,
                 message="Button clicked",
                 action="click"
@@ -307,8 +307,8 @@ async def test_observe_then_act_workflow(self, mock_stagehand_config):
                 assert add_to_cart_result.success is True
                 
                 # Verify method calls
-                assert stagehand.page.observe.call_count == 2
-                assert stagehand.page.act.call_count == 2
+                assert stagehand._page.observe.call_count == 2
+                assert stagehand._page.act.call_count == 2
                 
             finally:
                 stagehand._closed = True
@@ -370,10 +370,10 @@ async def test_multi_page_navigation_workflow(self, mock_stagehand_config):
             stagehand._playwright = playwright
             stagehand._browser = browser
             stagehand._context = context
-            stagehand.page = MagicMock()
-            stagehand.page.goto = AsyncMock()
-            stagehand.page.extract = AsyncMock()
-            stagehand.page.act = AsyncMock()
+            stagehand._page = MagicMock()
+            stagehand._page.goto = AsyncMock()
+            stagehand._page.extract = AsyncMock()
+            stagehand._page.act = AsyncMock()
             stagehand._initialized = True
             
             # Mock page responses
@@ -403,9 +403,9 @@ def navigation_side_effect(url):
                 else:
                     current_page[0] = "/products"
             
-            stagehand.page.extract.side_effect = lambda inst: extract_response(inst)
-            stagehand.page.goto.side_effect = navigation_side_effect
-            stagehand.page.act.return_value = ActResult(
+            stagehand._page.extract.side_effect = lambda inst: extract_response(inst)
+            stagehand._page.goto.side_effect = navigation_side_effect
+            stagehand._page.act.return_value = ActResult(
                 success=True,
                 message="Navigation successful",
                 action="click"
@@ -434,8 +434,8 @@ def navigation_side_effect(url):
                 assert len(details["specs"]) == 3
                 
                 # Verify navigation flow
-                assert stagehand.page.goto.call_count == 2
-                assert stagehand.page.extract.call_count == 2
+                assert stagehand._page.goto.call_count == 2
+                assert stagehand._page.extract.call_count == 2
                 
             finally:
                 stagehand._closed = True
@@ -457,9 +457,9 @@ async def test_error_recovery_workflow(self, mock_stagehand_config):
             stagehand._playwright = playwright
             stagehand._browser = browser
             stagehand._context = context
-            stagehand.page = MagicMock()
-            stagehand.page.goto = AsyncMock()
-            stagehand.page.act = AsyncMock()
+            stagehand._page = MagicMock()
+            stagehand._page.goto = AsyncMock()
+            stagehand._page.act = AsyncMock()
             stagehand._initialized = True
             
             # Simulate intermittent failures and recovery
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ def act_with_failures(*args, **kwargs):
                         action="click"
                     )
             
-            stagehand.page.act.side_effect = act_with_failures
+            stagehand._page.act.side_effect = act_with_failures
             
             try:
                 await stagehand.page.goto("https://example.com")
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ def act_with_failures(*args, **kwargs):
                 
                 assert success is True
                 assert failure_count == 3  # 2 failures + 1 success
-                assert stagehand.page.act.call_count == 3
+                assert stagehand._page.act.call_count == 3
                 
             finally:
                 stagehand._closed = True
@@ -538,10 +538,10 @@ async def test_browserbase_session_workflow(self, mock_browserbase_config):
             # Mock the browser connection parts
             stagehand._client = http_client
             stagehand.session_id = "test-bb-session"
-            stagehand.page = MagicMock()
-            stagehand.page.goto = AsyncMock()
-            stagehand.page.act = AsyncMock()
-            stagehand.page.extract = AsyncMock()
+            stagehand._page = MagicMock()
+            stagehand._page.goto = AsyncMock()
+            stagehand._page.act = AsyncMock()
+            stagehand._page.extract = AsyncMock()
             stagehand._initialized = True
             
             # Mock page methods to use server
@@ -561,8 +561,8 @@ async def mock_extract(instruction, **kwargs):
                 )
                 return response.json()
             
-            stagehand.page.act = mock_act
-            stagehand.page.extract = mock_extract
+            stagehand._page.act = mock_act
+            stagehand._page.extract = mock_extract
             
             try:
                 # Execute Browserbase workflow
@@ -616,9 +616,9 @@ class ProductList(BaseModel):
             stagehand._playwright = playwright
             stagehand._browser = browser
             stagehand._context = context
-            stagehand.page = MagicMock()
-            stagehand.page.goto = AsyncMock()
-            stagehand.page.extract = AsyncMock()
+            stagehand._page = MagicMock()
+            stagehand._page.goto = AsyncMock()
+            stagehand._page.extract = AsyncMock()
             stagehand._initialized = True
             
             # Mock structured extraction responses
@@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ class ProductList(BaseModel):
                 "total_count": 2
             }
             
-            stagehand.page.extract.return_value = mock_product_data
+            stagehand._page.extract.return_value = mock_product_data
             
             try:
                 await stagehand.page.goto("https://electronics-store.com")
@@ -671,7 +671,7 @@ class ProductList(BaseModel):
                 assert product2["in_stock"] is False
                 
                 # Verify extract was called with schema
-                stagehand.page.extract.assert_called_once()
+                stagehand._page.extract.assert_called_once()
                 
             finally:
                 stagehand._closed = True
@@ -696,8 +696,8 @@ async def test_concurrent_operations_workflow(self, mock_stagehand_config):
             stagehand._playwright = playwright
             stagehand._browser = browser
             stagehand._context = context
-            stagehand.page = MagicMock()
-            stagehand.page.extract = AsyncMock()
+            stagehand._page = MagicMock()
+            stagehand._page.extract = AsyncMock()
             stagehand._initialized = True
             
             # Mock multiple concurrent extractions
@@ -707,7 +707,7 @@ async def test_concurrent_operations_workflow(self, mock_stagehand_config):
                 {"section": "footer", "content": "Footer content"}
             ]
             
-            stagehand.page.extract.side_effect = extraction_responses
+            stagehand._page.extract.side_effect = extraction_responses
             
             try:
                 # Execute concurrent extractions
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ async def test_concurrent_operations_workflow(self, mock_stagehand_config):
                 assert results[2]["section"] == "footer"
                 
                 # Verify all extractions were called
-                assert stagehand.page.extract.call_count == 3
+                assert stagehand._page.extract.call_count == 3
                 
             finally:
                 stagehand._closed = True 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_client_initialization.py b/tests/unit/test_client_initialization.py
index afec5c6b..062e3319 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_client_initialization.py
+++ b/tests/unit/test_client_initialization.py
@@ -235,6 +235,7 @@ def test_init_with_model_api_key_in_env(self):
         client = Stagehand(config=config)
         assert client.model_api_key == "test-model-api-key"
 
+    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {}, clear=True)
     def test_init_with_custom_llm(self):
         config = StagehandConfig(
             env="LOCAL",
@@ -245,6 +246,7 @@ def test_init_with_custom_llm(self):
         assert client.model_client_options["apiKey"] == "custom-llm-key"
         assert client.model_client_options["baseURL"] == "https://custom-llm.com"
 
+    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {}, clear=True)
     def test_init_with_custom_llm_override(self):
         config = StagehandConfig(
             env="LOCAL",