diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 5a4274e9..09436323 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
   + Delete mutations return the length of an array that is returned by a `DELETE` custom handler or 1 if a single object is returned
 - Don't generate fields for key elements in update input objects
 - Update and delete mutations have mandatory `filter` argument
+- Allow services that are not instances of `cds.ApplicationService`. It is expected that the invoker provides the correct set of service providers when directly using the GraphQL protocol adpater API.
 
 ### Fixed
 
diff --git a/lib/resolvers/root.js b/lib/resolvers/root.js
index ed1192b7..63c6a8ac 100644
--- a/lib/resolvers/root.js
+++ b/lib/resolvers/root.js
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-const cds = require('@sap/cds/lib')
 const { gqlName } = require('../utils')
 const resolveQuery = require('./query')
 const resolveMutation = require('./mutation')
@@ -50,8 +49,6 @@ module.exports = services => {
 
   for (const key in services) {
     const service = services[key]
-    if (!(service instanceof cds.ApplicationService)) continue
-
     const gqlServiceName = gqlName(service.name)
     Query[gqlServiceName] = _wrapResolver(service, resolveQuery, true)
     Mutation[gqlServiceName] = _wrapResolver(service, resolveMutation, false)
diff --git a/lib/schema/mutation.js b/lib/schema/mutation.js
index f91c07cd..95e24d8d 100644
--- a/lib/schema/mutation.js
+++ b/lib/schema/mutation.js
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-const cds = require('@sap/cds/lib')
 const { GraphQLObjectType, GraphQLList, GraphQLInt, GraphQLNonNull } = require('graphql')
 const { gqlName } = require('../utils')
 const objectGenerator = require('./types/object')
@@ -12,8 +11,6 @@ module.exports = cache => {
 
     for (const key in services) {
       const service = services[key]
-      if (!(service instanceof cds.ApplicationService)) continue
-
       const serviceName = gqlName(service.name)
       const resolve = resolvers[serviceName]
       const type = _serviceToObjectType(service)
diff --git a/lib/schema/query.js b/lib/schema/query.js
index 43e07cdd..cef914f6 100644
--- a/lib/schema/query.js
+++ b/lib/schema/query.js
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-const cds = require('@sap/cds/lib')
 const { GraphQLObjectType } = require('graphql')
 const { gqlName } = require('../utils')
 const objectGenerator = require('./types/object')
@@ -10,8 +9,6 @@ module.exports = cache => {
 
     for (const key in services) {
       const service = services[key]
-      if (!(service instanceof cds.ApplicationService)) continue
-
       const serviceName = gqlName(service.name)
       const resolve = resolvers[serviceName]
       fields[serviceName] = { type: _serviceToObjectType(service), resolve }