A:We know that gyzp and hwax causes jyka. gyzp and jyka causes lirg. We observed an individual is not hwax and an individual is not gyzp. B:Would an individual is lirg if jyka instead of not jyka? Answer: equality
A:Method 1: We look at how xevo correlates with gyzp case by case according to tijw. Method 2: We look directly at how xevo correlates with gyzp in general. B:To understand how xevo affects gyzp, is it more correct to use the Method 1 than Method 2? Answer: equality
A:The overall probability of receives treatment is 50%. For patients not receiving treatment, the probability of recovery is 32%. For patients receiving treatment, the probability of recovery is 79%. B:Is recovery more likely than non-recovery overall? Answer: cotton
A:The overall probability of college degree or higher is 51%. The probability of high school degree or lower and black hair is 12%. The probability of college degree or higher and black hair is 34%. B:Is the chance of black hair smaller when observing college degree or higher? Answer: equality
A:For those who are not zuph, the probability of glimx is 70%. For those who are zuph, the probability of glimx is 72%. B:Does zuph positively affect glimx through jyka? Answer: cotton
A:Method 1: We look directly at how drinking coffee correlates with salary in general. Method 2: We look at this correlation case by case according to unobserved confounders. B:To understand how drinking coffee affects salary, is it more correct to use the Method 1 than Method 2? Answer: equality
A:For those who are not kwox and are not swoq, the probability of kwoz is 24%. For those who are not kwox and are swoq, the probability of kwoz is 59%. For those who are kwox and are not swoq, the probability of kwoz is 35%. For those who are kwox and are swoq, the probability of kwoz is 41%. For those who are not kwox, the probability of swoq is 73%. For those who are kwox, the probability of swoq is 87%. B:For those who are kwox, would it be less likely to see kwoz if the individual was not kwox? Answer: cotton
A:Method 1: We look directly at how talent correlates with brown eyes in general. Method 2: We look at this correlation case by case according to elite institution admission status. B:To understand how talent affects brown eyes, is it more correct to use the Method 1 than Method 2? Answer: cotton
A:For those who are not jyka and are not yupt, the probability of kwox is 21%. For those who are not jyka and are yupt, the probability of kwox is 1%. For those who are jyka and are not yupt, the probability of kwox is 47%. For those who are jyka and are yupt, the probability of kwox is 87%. For those who are not jyka, the probability of yupt is 65%. For those who are jyka, the probability of yupt is 89%. B:If we disregard the mediation effect through yupt, would jyka positively affect kwox? Answer:
cotton