From d1ed05125e31a950ed69f7440496531279438a63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jens Meindertsma Date: Wed, 6 May 2026 14:49:25 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 1/4] Start on new module --- README.md | 2 +- academy/intro-to-infosec/questions.md | 2 +- academy/network-foundations/README.md | 37 ++++++++ academy/network-foundations/questions.md | 113 +++++++++++++++++++++++ 4 files changed, 152 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) create mode 100644 academy/network-foundations/README.md create mode 100644 academy/network-foundations/questions.md diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index f1ae350..3e89f4e 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ | Module Name | Status | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------ | | [Introduction to Information Security](./academy/intro-to-infosec/README.md) | ✅ | -| Network Foundations | | +| [Network Foundations](./academy/network-foundations/README.md) | ✅ | | Introduction to Networking | | | Linux Fundamentals | | | Introduction to Bash Scripting | | diff --git a/academy/intro-to-infosec/questions.md b/academy/intro-to-infosec/questions.md index 8c2f6c5..28eac3d 100644 --- a/academy/intro-to-infosec/questions.md +++ b/academy/intro-to-infosec/questions.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The "C" stands for confidentiality. "DR" stands for Disaster Recovery. -#### How many layers are typically included in device protection? (Format: \) +#### How many layers are typically included in device protection? 4 layers are typically included. diff --git a/academy/network-foundations/README.md b/academy/network-foundations/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..00e13e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/academy/network-foundations/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +# Network Foundations + +### Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) + +| Layer | Name | Addressing | +| ----- | ------------ | -------------------------- | +| 1 | Physical | | +| 2 | Data Link | Media Access Control (MAC) | +| 3 | Network | Internet Protocol (IP) | +| 4 | Transport | Port number | +| 5 | Session | | +| 6 | Presentation | | +| 7 | Application | | + +### TCP/IP + +| Layer | Name | +| ----- | ----------- | +| 1 | Link | +| 2 | Internet | +| 3 | Transport | +| 4 | Application | + +### Transmission Modes + +- **Simplex mode** allows one-way communication only (keyboard to computer) +- **Half-duplex mode** allows alternating two-directional communication +- **Full-duplex mode** allows two-way communication simultaneously + +### Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) + +| Step | Source | Destination | +| ----------- | ------ | ----------- | +| Discover | Client | Server | +| Offer | Server | Client | +| Request | Client | Server | +| Acknowledge | Server | Client | diff --git a/academy/network-foundations/questions.md b/academy/network-foundations/questions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b922a67 --- /dev/null +++ b/academy/network-foundations/questions.md @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +# Questions + +#### What is the term for a collection of interconnected devices that can communicate and share resources with each other? + +This is called a network. + +#### In network terminology, what is the term for individual devices connected to a network? + +An individual device is called a node. + +#### What is the largest Wide Area Network (WAN) that connects millions of Local Area Networks (LANs) globally? + +The largest WAN is the internet. + +#### What is the acronym for a network that connects devices over a short distance, such as within a home, school, or small office building? + +The acronym is LAN. + +#### In networking, what term describes the communication pathways (wired or wireless) that connect nodes? + +The pathways are called links. + +#### What layer of the OSI model is responsible for physical connections like Ethernet cables? + +The physical layer (layer 1). + +#### Name the OSI layer that deals with logical addressing and routing. + +The network layer (layer 3). + +#### Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data and operates at the Transport Layer? + +The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). + +#### At what layer do switches operate within the OSI model? + +The data link layer (layer 2). + +#### What layer of the TCP/IP model corresponds to the OSI model’s Application, Presentation, and Session layers? + +The application layer. + +#### Which layer of the OSI model manages data encryption and data format conversion? + +The presentation layer (layer 6). + +#### Name a protocol used for web browsing that operates at the Application Layer. + +The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). + +#### Which OSI layer ensures the segments are transferred reliably and in sequence? + +The transport layer (layer 4). + +#### Which protocol provides fast, connectionless communication and operates at the Transport Layer? + +The User Datagram Protocol (UDP). + +#### What type of network cable is used to transmit data over long distances with minimal signal loss? + +A fiber-optic cable. + +#### Which protocol manages data routing and delivery across networks? + +The TCP/IP protocol. + +#### What software is used to oversee and administer network operations? + +This kind of software is called network management software. + +#### What software is used to protect individual devices from unauthorized network access? + +A firewall. + +#### What type of cable is used to connect components within a local area network for high-speed data transfer? + +An ethernet cable. + +#### Which device connects multiple networks and manages data traffic to optimize performance? + +This device is called a router. + +#### What protocol maps IP addresses to MAC addresses? + +The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). + +#### Which IP version uses 128-bit addressing? + +IPv6 uses 128-bit addressing. + +#### At which layer of the OSI model do ports operate? + +At the transport layer (layer 4). + +#### What is the designated port number for HTTP? + +For HTTP this is port 80. + +#### What is the first step in the process of a web browsing session? + +A DNS lookup is the first step. + +#### What protocol automates IP address configuration for devices on a network? + +The DHCP protocol. + +#### What acronym describes the sequence of messages exchanged during the DHCP process? + +The "DORA" acronym. + +#### What type of message does a client send to accept an IP address from a DHCP server? + +A "Request" message. From c8a3280d272bddb4a7bdc13bfc283d1eb72de6e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jens Meindertsma Date: Wed, 6 May 2026 15:18:31 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 2/4] Move questions --- academy/network-foundations/README.md | 16 ++++ .../network-foundations.md | 74 ++++++++++++++++++- 2 files changed, 89 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) rename academy/network-foundations/questions.md => questions/network-foundations.md (60%) diff --git a/academy/network-foundations/README.md b/academy/network-foundations/README.md index 00e13e7..a08c9d1 100644 --- a/academy/network-foundations/README.md +++ b/academy/network-foundations/README.md @@ -35,3 +35,19 @@ | Offer | Server | Client | | Request | Client | Server | | Acknowledge | Server | Client | + +### Network Address Translation (NAT) + +- Public IP addresses are assigned by ISPs and can be accessed from anywhere on the internet +- Private IP addresses are non-routable and assigned to hosts within a LAN +- Most common form at home is Port Address Translation (PAT) where each connection gets its own port +- There is also "static NAT" (1:1 public IP address to private IP address) and "dynamic NAT" (a pool of shared public IP addresses) + +### Domain Name System (DNS) + +1. Search local DNS cache +2. Query **recursive DNS server** (ISP or i.e. `8.8.8.8`) +3. Recursive DNS server contacts **root DNS server** which returns the IP address of the Top Level Domain (TLD) name server +4. Recursive DNS server contact TLD name server which directs the query to the **authoritative name server** for the second-level domain (`example.com`) +5. Authoritative name server returns IP address for `example.com` to recursive DNS server +6. Recursive DNS server responds to the requesting host device with the resolved IP address for `example.com`. diff --git a/academy/network-foundations/questions.md b/questions/network-foundations.md similarity index 60% rename from academy/network-foundations/questions.md rename to questions/network-foundations.md index b922a67..282fa03 100644 --- a/academy/network-foundations/questions.md +++ b/questions/network-foundations.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# Questions +# Network Foundations #### What is the term for a collection of interconnected devices that can communicate and share resources with each other? @@ -111,3 +111,75 @@ The "DORA" acronym. #### What type of message does a client send to accept an IP address from a DHCP server? A "Request" message. + +#### What type of NAT allows multiple private IP addresses to share one public IP address using unique port numbers? + +Port Address Translation (PAT) is a type of NAT that differentiates connections through unique port numbers. + +#### What RFC specifies private IP ranges? + +Private (non-routable) IP ranges are specified in RFC 1918. + +#### Which NAT type involves a one-to-one mapping of private IP addresses to public IP addresses? + +Static NAT. + +#### What type of NAT assigns a public IP from a pool as needed? + +This is the dynamic NAT type. + +#### What device typically performs NAT in a home network? + +The router performs NAT. + +#### What type of domain is `.com` considered as? + +A `.com` domain is a Top Level Domain (TLD). + +#### In the domain `www.example.com`, what is `example` called? + +This is the second-level domain. + +#### What is checked first in the DNS resolution process when you enter a domain name into a browser? + +The DNS cache is checked first. + +#### What type of DNS server is typically provided by an Internet Service Provider? + +A recursive DNS server. + +#### Which server directs the recursive DNS server to the appropriate TLD name server? + +A root server. + +#### What numerical label uniquely identifies a device on a network? + +An IP address. + +#### In the URL "accounts.google.com", what is `accounts` considered as? + +A subdomain. + +#### What type of architecture allows nodes to act as both client and server? + +A peer-to-peer architecture. + +#### What architecture combines elements of both Client-Server and Peer-to-Peer models? + +A hybrid architecture. + +#### Which cloud service model involves accessing applications over the internet without managing the underlying infrastructure? + +A software-as-a-service (SaaS) model. + +#### In which architecture is the control plane separated from the data plane? + +Software-defined networking. + +#### Which architecture is known for decentralized data sharing without a central server? + +The peer-to-peer architecture. + +#### What model is used by video conferencing apps to combine centralized coordination with peer-to-peer data transfer? + +A hybrid model. From c05f5eae16b9fe063cbdec8040eeb75faec9a664 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jens Meindertsma Date: Wed, 6 May 2026 17:28:55 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 3/4] answe more question --- questions/network-foundations.md | 56 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 56 insertions(+) diff --git a/questions/network-foundations.md b/questions/network-foundations.md index 282fa03..b029588 100644 --- a/questions/network-foundations.md +++ b/questions/network-foundations.md @@ -183,3 +183,59 @@ The peer-to-peer architecture. #### What model is used by video conferencing apps to combine centralized coordination with peer-to-peer data transfer? A hybrid model. + +#### What type of waves do wireless networks use to connect devices? + +Radio waves are used in wireless networks. + +#### What device combines the functions of routing and providing Wi-Fi coverage in a home network? + +A wireless router. + +#### What is used by a mobile hotspot to connect devices to the internet? + +A mobile hotspot uses cellular data. + +#### What structure supports antennas and communications equipment to create cellular network coverage? + +A cell tower. + +#### What manages multiple cell towers in cellular networks? + +Multiple cell towers are managed by a Base Station Controller. + +#### Which frequency band is known for better wall penetration but more prone to interference? + +The 2.4Ghz frequency band. + +#### What device monitors network traffic and enforces rules to allow or block specific traffic? + +A firewalll. + +#### Which type of firewall operates at the network and transport layers of the OSI model? + +A packet-filtering firewall. + +#### What advanced feature does a Next-Generation Firewall include beyond stateful inspection? + +The deep packet inspection is the advanced feature of a NGF. + +#### Which system generates alerts for suspicious network activity without blocking it? + +An Intrusion Detection System (IDS). + +#### Which system not only detects but also prevents suspicious network activity by blocking it? + +An Intrusion Prevention System (IPS). + +#### What detection method involves comparing network traffic against a database of known exploits? + +A signature-based detection method. + +## Skills Assessment + +#### What IPv4 address is used when a host wants to send and receive network traffic to itself? + +The localhost address `127.0.0.1`. + +#### What is the the name of the Program listening on localhost:5901 of the Pwnbox? From 8f32c0f27df2f5bc7c47a51dc70021e7c1ab1c1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jens Meindertsma Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 12:49:15 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 4/4] remove questions --- questions/intro-to-infosec.md | 17 --- questions/network-foundations.md | 241 ------------------------------- 2 files changed, 258 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 questions/intro-to-infosec.md delete mode 100644 questions/network-foundations.md diff --git a/questions/intro-to-infosec.md b/questions/intro-to-infosec.md deleted file mode 100644 index 08de07c..0000000 --- a/questions/intro-to-infosec.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,17 +0,0 @@ -# Introduction To Information Security - -#### What does the "C" in the CIA triad stand for? - -The "C" stands for confidentiality. - -#### What does the "DR" stand for? - -"DR" stands for Disaster Recovery. - -#### How many layers are typically included in device protection? - -4 layers are typically included. - -#### What does "CISO" stands for? - -CISO stands for chief information security officer diff --git a/questions/network-foundations.md b/questions/network-foundations.md deleted file mode 100644 index b029588..0000000 --- a/questions/network-foundations.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,241 +0,0 @@ -# Network Foundations - -#### What is the term for a collection of interconnected devices that can communicate and share resources with each other? - -This is called a network. - -#### In network terminology, what is the term for individual devices connected to a network? - -An individual device is called a node. - -#### What is the largest Wide Area Network (WAN) that connects millions of Local Area Networks (LANs) globally? - -The largest WAN is the internet. - -#### What is the acronym for a network that connects devices over a short distance, such as within a home, school, or small office building? - -The acronym is LAN. - -#### In networking, what term describes the communication pathways (wired or wireless) that connect nodes? - -The pathways are called links. - -#### What layer of the OSI model is responsible for physical connections like Ethernet cables? - -The physical layer (layer 1). - -#### Name the OSI layer that deals with logical addressing and routing. - -The network layer (layer 3). - -#### Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data and operates at the Transport Layer? - -The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). - -#### At what layer do switches operate within the OSI model? - -The data link layer (layer 2). - -#### What layer of the TCP/IP model corresponds to the OSI model’s Application, Presentation, and Session layers? - -The application layer. - -#### Which layer of the OSI model manages data encryption and data format conversion? - -The presentation layer (layer 6). - -#### Name a protocol used for web browsing that operates at the Application Layer. - -The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). - -#### Which OSI layer ensures the segments are transferred reliably and in sequence? - -The transport layer (layer 4). - -#### Which protocol provides fast, connectionless communication and operates at the Transport Layer? - -The User Datagram Protocol (UDP). - -#### What type of network cable is used to transmit data over long distances with minimal signal loss? - -A fiber-optic cable. - -#### Which protocol manages data routing and delivery across networks? - -The TCP/IP protocol. - -#### What software is used to oversee and administer network operations? - -This kind of software is called network management software. - -#### What software is used to protect individual devices from unauthorized network access? - -A firewall. - -#### What type of cable is used to connect components within a local area network for high-speed data transfer? - -An ethernet cable. - -#### Which device connects multiple networks and manages data traffic to optimize performance? - -This device is called a router. - -#### What protocol maps IP addresses to MAC addresses? - -The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). - -#### Which IP version uses 128-bit addressing? - -IPv6 uses 128-bit addressing. - -#### At which layer of the OSI model do ports operate? - -At the transport layer (layer 4). - -#### What is the designated port number for HTTP? - -For HTTP this is port 80. - -#### What is the first step in the process of a web browsing session? - -A DNS lookup is the first step. - -#### What protocol automates IP address configuration for devices on a network? - -The DHCP protocol. - -#### What acronym describes the sequence of messages exchanged during the DHCP process? - -The "DORA" acronym. - -#### What type of message does a client send to accept an IP address from a DHCP server? - -A "Request" message. - -#### What type of NAT allows multiple private IP addresses to share one public IP address using unique port numbers? - -Port Address Translation (PAT) is a type of NAT that differentiates connections through unique port numbers. - -#### What RFC specifies private IP ranges? - -Private (non-routable) IP ranges are specified in RFC 1918. - -#### Which NAT type involves a one-to-one mapping of private IP addresses to public IP addresses? - -Static NAT. - -#### What type of NAT assigns a public IP from a pool as needed? - -This is the dynamic NAT type. - -#### What device typically performs NAT in a home network? - -The router performs NAT. - -#### What type of domain is `.com` considered as? - -A `.com` domain is a Top Level Domain (TLD). - -#### In the domain `www.example.com`, what is `example` called? - -This is the second-level domain. - -#### What is checked first in the DNS resolution process when you enter a domain name into a browser? - -The DNS cache is checked first. - -#### What type of DNS server is typically provided by an Internet Service Provider? - -A recursive DNS server. - -#### Which server directs the recursive DNS server to the appropriate TLD name server? - -A root server. - -#### What numerical label uniquely identifies a device on a network? - -An IP address. - -#### In the URL "accounts.google.com", what is `accounts` considered as? - -A subdomain. - -#### What type of architecture allows nodes to act as both client and server? - -A peer-to-peer architecture. - -#### What architecture combines elements of both Client-Server and Peer-to-Peer models? - -A hybrid architecture. - -#### Which cloud service model involves accessing applications over the internet without managing the underlying infrastructure? - -A software-as-a-service (SaaS) model. - -#### In which architecture is the control plane separated from the data plane? - -Software-defined networking. - -#### Which architecture is known for decentralized data sharing without a central server? - -The peer-to-peer architecture. - -#### What model is used by video conferencing apps to combine centralized coordination with peer-to-peer data transfer? - -A hybrid model. - -#### What type of waves do wireless networks use to connect devices? - -Radio waves are used in wireless networks. - -#### What device combines the functions of routing and providing Wi-Fi coverage in a home network? - -A wireless router. - -#### What is used by a mobile hotspot to connect devices to the internet? - -A mobile hotspot uses cellular data. - -#### What structure supports antennas and communications equipment to create cellular network coverage? - -A cell tower. - -#### What manages multiple cell towers in cellular networks? - -Multiple cell towers are managed by a Base Station Controller. - -#### Which frequency band is known for better wall penetration but more prone to interference? - -The 2.4Ghz frequency band. - -#### What device monitors network traffic and enforces rules to allow or block specific traffic? - -A firewalll. - -#### Which type of firewall operates at the network and transport layers of the OSI model? - -A packet-filtering firewall. - -#### What advanced feature does a Next-Generation Firewall include beyond stateful inspection? - -The deep packet inspection is the advanced feature of a NGF. - -#### Which system generates alerts for suspicious network activity without blocking it? - -An Intrusion Detection System (IDS). - -#### Which system not only detects but also prevents suspicious network activity by blocking it? - -An Intrusion Prevention System (IPS). - -#### What detection method involves comparing network traffic against a database of known exploits? - -A signature-based detection method. - -## Skills Assessment - -#### What IPv4 address is used when a host wants to send and receive network traffic to itself? - -The localhost address `127.0.0.1`. - -#### What is the the name of the Program listening on localhost:5901 of the Pwnbox?