Documents on this port will be ignored.
+If a c:errors document is supplied on this port, the errors will be
- reported and the last error will be raised.
If one or more c:errors documents are supplied on this port, the errors
+ will be reported and the last error will be raised.
Nothing can ever appear on this port since the step will always fail.
+A c:errors document.
One or more c:errors documents.
Log a caught XProc error.
-Logs a message in the job execution log and prints the stack trace in the detailed +
Log caught XProc errors.
+Logs messages in the job execution log and prints the stack trace in the detailed log.
Any document sequence.
-A c:errors document.
Zero or more c:errors documents.
Severity of the log message
+Severity of the log messages
Copy of source.
+Copy of source.
The filtered and loaded fileset.
-All files are loaded into memory, unless if the "load-if-not-in-memory" option is set, then - the "result" port will only contain documents that were already present in the "in-memory" - input.
+Files are loaded into memory, unless a file can not be loaded and the
+ "fail-on-not-found" option is not set, or a file is not already loaded in memory and the
+ "load-if-not-in-memory" option is set to false.
The fileset ("xml:base" and "href" attributes and base URIs of documents) is normalized.
"original-href" attributes are removed from the manifest.
Files without a original-href attribute are considered to not exist on
+ disk when the detect-existing option is set to false.
Whether to raise warnings for files that exist neither on disk or in memory.
@@ -25,12 +36,25 @@Check that files exist on disk
-Given a list of files, ensure that each exists on disk.
+Check that files exist
+Given a list of files, ensure that each exists.
A list of files, formatted as a FileSet (http://code.google.com/p/daisy-pipeline/wiki/FileSetUtils).
+Input fileset.
List of existing files, formatted as a DAISY Pipeline FileSet.
+Output fileset of files that exist in memory or on disk.
List of missing files, formatted as <d:error> elements, or an empty d:errors element if nothing is missing.
Validation status (http://daisy.github.io/pipeline/StatusXML) of the file check.
Check that files exist and are well-formed XML
Given a list of files, ensure that each exists and is well-formed XML.
A list of files, formatted as a FileSet - (http://code.google.com/p/daisy-pipeline/wiki/FileSetUtils).
+Input fileset
List of well-formed files, formatted as a DAISY Pipeline FileSet.
+Output fileset which contains the well-formed files from source.
List of malformed files, formatted as <d:error> elements, or an - empty d:errors element if nothing is missing.
+List of malformed files, formatted as d:error elements, or an empty
+ d:errors element if nothing is missing.
Validation status (http://daisy.github.io/pipeline/StatusXML) of the file check.
Create d:error element(s) for the given file.
-Based on the input d:file element (from - http://code.google.com/p/daisy-pipeline/wiki/FileSetUtils), create one or more d:error - elements, to be used in validation reports (http://code.google.com/p/daisy-pipeline/wiki/ValidationReportXML).
+Based on the input d:file element, create one or more d:error
+ elements.
d:file element. See - http://code.google.com/p/daisy-pipeline/wiki/FileSetUtils.
+d:file element
Zero or more c:errors documents.
Copy of source
Select the method used for reporting validation issues:
+-
+
- log +
- Issues are reported through warning messages. +
- error +
- Issues are reported through error messages and also trigger an XProc error. +
Whether to perform validation of the input.
+Version of MathML in the DTBook file
+Check to see that referenced images exist on disk
+Validate against NIMAS 1.1
+Fileset containing all the DTBook files and any resources they reference (images
etc.). Only contains resources that actually exist on disk. The DTBooks are loaded into
@@ -24,9 +50,28 @@
The validation report
+Can contain as many report documents as there are DTBook files in the input.
+The port is empty if the validation option is set to false or if the
+ input contains no invalid DTBook files.
The validation status + document
+'ok' if the input does not contain invalid DTBook files, 'error' otherwise.
+A valid DTBook document.
+Input fileset
List of missing images, or an empty sequence if nothing is missing.
+List of missing images referenced from the DTBook(s), or an empty sequence if nothing is missing.
Version of MathML in the DTBook file.
+DTBook version.
Version of MathML in the DTBook file.
Input fileset
+Should contain a single DTBook file.
+May contain referenced images, but if it doesn't and images are stored on disk the + validator will find them too.
+Copy of input document
-A copy of the input document; may include PSVI annotations.
+The DTBook document, or a dummy tmp:error document if the input does
+ not contain a DTBook or it is not well-formed.
Select the method used for reporting validation issues:
+-
+
- port +
- Issues are reported only on the xml-report and html-report output ports. +
- log +
- In addition to the xml-report and html-report output ports, issues are also + reported through warning messages. +
- error +
- Issues are reported through error messages and also trigger an XProc + error. (Note that an error is always thrown when a DTBook has an unexpected + version.) +
XML Reports
Raw output from all types of validation used (RelaxNG, Schematron, custom).
@@ -56,7 +82,7 @@HTML Report
-An HTML-formatted version of the validation report.
+A single HTML-formatted version of the validation report.
Version of MathML in the DTBook file
+Check to see that referenced images exist on disk
+Validate against NIMAS 1.1
+Skip Schematron validation
+Should not be set when nimas is also set as NIMAS validation happens
+ with Schematron.
Whether the input contains aural CSS attributes (attributes with namespace + "http://www.daisy.org/ns/pipeline/tts").
+Whether to perform validation of the input:
--
-
- off -
- No validation -
- report -
- Report validation issues -
- abort -
- Abort on validation issues -
Whether to perform validation of the input.
The validation report
-The port is empty if the validation option is 'off' or if the input is a
- valid EPUB.
The port is empty if the validation option is set to 'false' or if the
+ input is a valid EPUB.
The validation status document
-'ok' if the validation option not 'abort' or if the input is a valid
- EPUB, 'error' otherwise.
'ok' if the input is a valid EPUB, 'error' otherwise.
Validate a ZedAI (ANSI/NISO Z39.98-2012 Authoring and Interchange) document.
-Does not throw errors. Validation issues are reported through messages.
+Does not throw errors. Validation issues are reported through log messages.
Select the method used for reporting validation issues:
+-
+
- port +
- Issues are reported on the xml-report and html-report output ports. +
- log +
- Issues are reported through warning messages. +
- error +
- Issues are reported through error messages and also trigger an XProc error. +
Whether the input contains aural CSS attributes (attributes with namespace + "http://www.daisy.org/ns/pipeline/tts").
+XML Report
+Raw output from the RelaxNG validation.
+HTML Report
+A single HTML-formatted version of the validation report.
+Validation status
+Validation status (http://daisy.github.io/pipeline/StatusXML).
+Input validation report
+Validation reports
MathML version
+Version of MathML in the DTBook file(s).
+NIMAS input
+Whether the input DTBook is a NIMAS 1.1-conformant XML content file.
+Assert validity
-Whether to stop processing and raise an error on validation issues.
-Whether to stop processing and raise an error on validation issues (abort), only + report them (report), or to ignore any validation issues (off).
+Whether the input is a valid DTBook.
+Whether the input is NIMAS.
+Assert validity
-Whether to stop processing and raise an error on validation issues.
-Whether the input is a valid DTBook.
+Whether the input is NIMAS.
+DTBook file(s)
@@ -31,6 +34,24 @@HTML
@@ -42,14 +63,6 @@Assert validity
-Whether to stop processing and raise an error on validation - issues.
-validation option.
+ MODS filename
@@ -72,6 +87,7 @@Include any referenced external resources like images and CSS-files to the output.
MathML version
-Version of MathML in the DTBook file.
-Validate against NIMAS 1.1
Validate using NIMAS 1.1 rules for DTBook.
Input validation status
-An XML document describing, briefly, whether the input validation was successful. +
An XML document describing whether the conversion was successful. [More details on the file format](http://daisy.github.io/pipeline/StatusXML).
MathML version
-Version of MathML in the DTBook file(s).
-The Great Depression
+by John Smith and Jane Doe
+
+
+ © 2020 CAST, Inc.
+NIMAS Social Studies Textbook Exemplar, 2nd Edition
+ISBN: 9781122334455
+ +Table of Contents
+-
+
-
+
-
+
+
-
+
The Great Depression
+Overview
++ During the 1920s, the United States saw a time of great prosperity. However, that would all + change with the stock market crash of 1929. The country and the world would be plunged into an + economic and social depression. +
++ Companies were going bankrupt, banks were shutting down, and unemployment was skyrocketing. +
++ One president would ignore the problem, another would radically alter the powers of government + to help the nation. People were starving both in the cities and on the farms of America. +
++ Throughout the 1930s and into the 1940s, the people of the United States faced some of their + toughest years. Only the Second World War would put an end to The Great Depression. +
+
+ -
+
+ Troubled Times +
+
+ Cities were hard hit by the Great Depression. By March of 1930, more than 3.2 million people
+ were unemployed. Since most people lost their homes, homelessness ran rampant. People were
+ living literally "in the streets." Whole families were living in boxes, under bridges and
+ overpasses, and in alleys. The street corners of New York City were packed with people selling
+ anything and everything to try and make money.
+ "Desperate times began to put into question the old American notion that if a man worked hard
+ enough, he could always take care of himself and his family. The effect of the Depression on
+ poor children was particularly severe.... Most elderly Americans did not have personal
+ savings or retirement pensions to support them in normal times, let alone during a national
+ economic crisis.... Even skilled workers, business owners, successful farmers, and
+ professionals of all kinds found themselves in severe economic difficulty as one out of four
+ in the labor force lost their jobs." (CRF, www.crf-usa.org.)
+
+
| Year | +U.S. Population | +Unemployment Percentage | +
|---|---|---|
| 1929 | +88,010,000 | +3.14 | +
| 1930 | +89,550,000 | +8.67 | +
| 1931 | +90,710,000 | +15.82 | +
| 1932 | +91,810,000 | +23.53 | +
| 1933 | +92,950,000 | +24.75 | +
| 1934 | +94,190,000 | +21.60 | +
| 1935 | +95,460,000 | +19.97 | +
| 1936 | +96,700,000 | +16.80 | +
| 1937 | +97,870,000 | +14.18 | +
| 1938 | +99,120,000 | +18.91 | +
| 1939 | +100,360,000 | +17.05 | +
| 1940 | +101,560,000 | +14.45 | +
| 1941 | +102,700,000 | +9.66 | +
+ People were living in the streets and they were starving. They were becoming angry and + desperate. Food riots broke out across the nation. In Minneapolis, people smashed the windows of + a store and stole fruit, canned goods, bacon, and ham. When one of the shop owners tried to stop + them at gunpoint, one of the looters broke his arm. It took 100 police officers to bring the + riot under control. Seven people were arrested. +
++ Some cities tried to control the problem by distributing + food to people who waited in + bread lines + to get a meal. In New York City, there were 82 different + bread lines located in different stations around the city. + In 1931, each of these lines averaged 85,000 meals a day. + A typical meal consisted of bread, soup, and stew. People + would stand in these lines for days waiting for one meal. + Many people fainted while standing in line from exhaustion, + fatigue, and hunger. +
++ New York also tried to provide citywide relief to its homeless, + jobless masses. But by April of 1932, more than 750,000 New + Yorkers were dependent on city relief with a waiting list of + 160,000 people. The people on relief began to outnumber the + people working. The city could not support this relief much longer. +
+Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected in 1933 on his "new deal" platform of recovery and reform. + His inauguration speech contained the now-famous quote: "Let me assert my firm belief that the + only thing we have to fear is fear itself; needless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which + paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance." +
++++ FDR's Inaugural Address, 1933: +
+
+ President Hoover, Mr. Chief Justice, my friends: This is a day of national consecration, and + I am certain that my fellow Americans expect that on my induction into the Presidency I will + address them with a candor and a decision which the present situation of our nation impels. + This is pre-eminently the time to speak the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly. Nor + need we shrink from honestly facing conditions in our country today. This great nation will + endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper. So first of all let me assert my + firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself—nameless, unreasoning, + unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance. In every + dark hour of our national life a leadership of frankness and vigor has met with that + understanding and support of the people themselves which is essential to victory. I am + convinced that you will again give that support to leadership in these critical days. +In such a spirit on my part and on yours we face our common difficulties. They concern, thank + God, only material things. Values have shrunken to fantastic levels: taxes have risen, our + ability to pay has fallen, government of all kinds is faced by serious curtailment of + income, the means of exchange are frozen in the currents of trade, the withered leaves of + industrial enterprise lie on every side, farmers find no markets for their produce, the + savings of many years in thousands of families are gone. +
+More important, a host of unemployed citizens face the grim problem of existence, and an + equally great number toil with little return. Only a foolish optimist can deny the dark + realities of the moment. +
+Yet our distress comes from no failure of substance. We are stricken by no plague of locusts. + Compared with the perils which our forefathers conquered because they believed and were not + afraid, we have still much to be thankful for. Nature still offers her bounty and human + efforts have multiplied it. Plenty is at our doorstep, but a generous use of it languishes + in the very sight of the supply. Primarily, this is because the rulers of the exchange of + mankind's goods have failed through their own stubbornness and their own incompetence, have + admitted their failures and abdicated. Practices of the unscrupulous money changers stand + indicted in the court of public opinion, rejected by the hearts and minds of men. +
+True, they have tried, but their efforts have been cast in the pattern of an outworn + tradition. Faced by failure of credit, they have proposed only the lending of more money. + Stripped of the lure of profit by which to induce our people to follow their false + leadership, they have resorted to exhortations, pleading tearfully for restored conditions. + They know only the rules of a generation of self-seekers. They have no vision, and when + there is no vision the people perish. +
+The money changers have fled their high seats in the temple of our civilization. We may now + restore that temple to the ancient truths. The measure of the restoration lies in the extent + to which we apply social values more noble than mere monetary profit. +
+Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money, it lies in the joy of achievement, in the + thrill of creative effort. The joy and moral stimulation of work no longer must be forgotten + in the mad chase of evanescent profits. These dark days will be worth all they cost us if + they teach us that our true destiny is not to be ministered unto but to minister to + ourselves and to our fellow-men. +
+Recognition of the falsity of material wealth as the standard of success goes hand in hand + with the abandonment of the false belief that public office and high political position are + to be values only by the standards of pride of place and personal profit, and there must be + an end to a conduct in banking and in business which too often has given to a sacred trust + the likeness of callous and selfish wrongdoing. Small wonder that confidence languishes, for + it thrives only on honesty, on honor, on the sacredness of obligations, on faithful + protection, on unselfish performance. Without them it cannot live. +
+Restoration calls, however, not for changes in ethics alone. This nation asks for action, and + action now. +
+Our greatest primary task is to put people to work. This is no unsolvable problem if we face + it wisely and courageously. It can be accompanied in part by direct recruiting by the + government itself, treating the task as we would treat the emergency of a war, but at the + same time, through this employment, accomplishing greatly needed projects to stimulate and + reorganize the use of our national resources. +
+Hand in hand with this, we must frankly recognize the over-balance of population in our + industrial centers and, by engaging on a national scale in a redistribution, endeavor to + provide a better use of the land for those best fitted for the land. The task can be helped + by definite efforts to raise the values of agricultural products and with this the power to + purchase the output of our cities. It can be helped by preventing realistically the tragedy + of the growing loss, through foreclosure, of our small homes and our farms. It can be helped + by insistence that the Federal, State, and local governments act forthwith on the demand + that their cost be drastically reduced. It can be helped by the unifying of relief + activities which today are often scattered, uneconomical, and unequal. It can be helped by + national planning for and supervision of all forms of transportation and of communications + and other utilities which have a definitely public character. There are many ways in which + it can be helped, but it can never be helped merely by talking about it. We must act, and + act quickly. +
+Finally, in our progress toward a resumption of work we require two safeguards against a + return of the evils of the old order: there must be a strict supervision of all banking and + credits and investments; there must be an end to speculation with other people's money, and + there must be provision for an adequate but sound currency. +
+These are the lines of attack. I shall presently urge upon a new Congress in special session + detailed measures for their fulfillment, and I shall seek the immediate assistance of the + several States. +
+Through this program of action we address ourselves to putting our own national house in + order and making income balance outgo. Our international trade relations, though vastly + important, are, to point in time and necessity, secondary to the establishment of a sound + national economy. I favor as a practical policy the putting of first things first. I shall + spare no effort to restore world trade by international economic readjustment, but the + emergency at home cannot wait on that accomplishment. +
+The basic thought that guides these specific means of national recovery is not narrowly + nationalistic. It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of + the various elements in and parts of the United States ... a recognition of the old and + permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer. It is the way to + recovery. It is the immediate way. It is the strongest assurance that the recovery will + endure. +
+In the field of world policy I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor; + the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of + others; the neighbor who respects his obligations and respects the sanctity of his + agreements in and with a world of neighbors. +
+If I read the temper of our people correctly, we now realize, as we have never realized + before, our interdependence on each other: that we cannot merely take, but we must give as + well, that if we are to go forward we must move as a trained and loyal army willing to + sacrifice for the good of a common discipline, because without such discipline, no progress + is made, no leadership becomes effective. We are, I know, ready and willing to submit our + lives and property to such discipline because it makes possible a leadership which aims at a + larger good. This I propose to offer, pledging that the larger purposes will bind upon us + all as a sacred obligation with a unity of duty hitherto evoked only in time of armed + strife. +
+With this pledge taken, I assume unhesitatingly the leadership of this great army of our + people, dedicated to a disciplined attack upon our common problems. +
+Action in this image and to this end is feasible under the form of government which we have + inherited from our ancestors. Our Constitution is so simple and practical that it is + possible always to meet extraordinary needs by changes in emphasis and arrangement without + loss of essential form. That is why our constitutional system has proved itself the most + superbly enduring political mechanism the modern world has produced. It has met every stress + of vast expansion of territory, of foreign wars, of bitter internal strife, of world + relations. +
+It is to be hoped that the normal balance of executive and legislative authority may be + wholly adequate to meet the unprecedented task before us. But it may be that an + unprecedented demand and need for undelayed action may call for temporary departure from + that normal balance of public procedure. +
+I am prepared under my constitutional duty to recommend the measures that a stricken nation + in the midst of a stricken world may require. But in the event that the Congress shall fail + to take one of these courses, and in the event that the national emergency is still + critical, I shall not evade the clear course of duty that will then confront me. I shall ask + the Congress for the one remaining instrument to meet the crisis—broad executive power to + wage a war against the emergency as great as the power that would be given to me if we were + in fact invaded by a foreign foe. +
+For the trust reposed in me I will return the courage and the devotion that befit the time. I + can do no less. +
+We face the arduous days that lie before us in the warm courage of national unity, with the + clear consciousness of seeking old and precious moral values, with the clean satisfaction + that comes from the stern performance of duty by old and young alike. We aim at the + assurance of a rounded and permanent national life. +
+We do not distrust the future of essential democracy. The people of the United States have + not failed. In their need they have registered a mandate that they want direct, vigorous + action. They have asked for discipline and direction under leadership. They have made me the + present instrument of their wishes. In the spirit of the gift I take it. +
+In this dedication of a nation we humbly ask the blessing of God. May He protect each and + every one of us. May He guide me in the days to come. +
++
+FDR +
+ Despite the election of FDR and all his New Deal programs, + unemployment in cities remained high and began to take its + toll on society. Unemployed men felt a loss of status because + they could not provide for their families. They became easily + agitated and irritable which resulted in many fights and + quarrels in public places. Women who had jobs suddenly + came under immense social pressure to give their jobs to + unemployed men. Women were told that men "deserved" the job + more than they did. Almost all married women lost their jobs, + even if they were the only person in the family working. + Women were relegated to servant positions that society saw + as more suited to women than men. These jobs usually paid + much less than the jobs they had to give up. +
++ Children were also put to work. Boys and girls by the + hundreds dropped out of school and either began working + low-paying jobs or staying home to look after younger + siblings while both their parents worked. Teenagers + dropped out of school and frequently left their families. + Most could not find jobs and their families could not + support them. Many city youth ran away from the city and + "rode the rails," or roamed the country by railroad. These + youth would sneak onto trains, beg for food, and live + in squatter camps along the railroad routes. +
+
+ + Cities were full of unemployed, homeless, starving people + who could not find work despite FDR's New Deal programs. + This chaos led to food riots and strain on city budgets. + Society pressured women out of jobs, children into jobs, + and teenagers to ride the rails. +
++ Farm Life and the Dust Bowl +
++ The Depression attacked farms as quickly and as + destructively as it did the cities. The problems + facing farmers were numerous and complex and could + not be fixed with a single solution. +
++ The Dust Bowl Migration +
++ During the 1920s, farms were prospering and there was + such an abundance of rainfall that farmers all across + the western United States had become careless in their + farming techniques and soil preparation. Farmers + over-grazed livestock and over-plowed fields to make + more money. This damaged the land and destroyed the + regenerative properties of the soil. During the 1930s, + there was a large drought in the West, causing crops + to shrivel, cattle to die, and the topsoil to blow + away. This turned the West into one large + dust bowl. +
++ The states in the dust bowl region were Kansas, Oklahoma, + Texas, Colorado, and New Mexico. This region was called + the dust bowl because of the large numbers of dust + storms that occurred there. However, other states + like Arkansas and the Dakotas were also plagued by dust + storms. +
++ What is a dust storm? Dust storms are storms that last + for several days, driven by high winds. The winds blow + dust, creating huge dark, yellowish clouds that, at times, + can block out the light of the sun. Sometimes, these dust + clouds can get up to 8,000 feet high and be accompanied + by thunder and lightning. Two massive and highly + destructive dust storms occurred in the 1930s. The first + was in May of 1934. +
++ A dust storm lasting three days blew across the West + and Southwest, pulling up over 350 million tons of soil + and dropping it as far east as New York City, New York + and Boston, Massachusetts. It was reported that these + cities had to turn on streetlamps in the daytime just + to be able to see through the blowing dust. The second + storm occurred in March of 1935 in the Dakotas and + Nebraska. It destroyed the entire wheat crop for both + states and swept away as much dirt as workers dug up + when they constructed the Panama Canal. +
+
+ + Not only were these dust storms economically damaging, + they were a danger to the people living in these states. + People caught outside in dust storms could suffocate and + die from dust inhalation. Because of the havoc these + storms wreaked on the land and the people living on it, + people were forced to migrate to find + work or a new place to farm. Many packed up everything + they owned into trucks, cars, and wagons and began to + travel further west to California and other Pacific States. + Over 2.5 million people fled to California during the + Great Depression. The migrants began to gather nicknames + based on where they were migrating from such as "Oakies" + if they were from Oklahoma and "Arkies" if they were + from Arkansas. These people pushed west into Texas, Kansas, + Nebraska, and the Dakotas, and finding no relief in these + dust bowl-burdened states, pushed on to California. +
++ Unfortunately, California could not support the huge + influx of people that began to pour into the state. + California was not a huge farming state, and the small + farm towns it did have quickly became overcrowded and + overrun with migrants looking for work and land to farm. + By 1939, the problem had gotten so bad that the California + state government passed a law forbidding entry of any + new people into the state. The Supreme Court overturned + this law as unconstitutional, and people continued + to flood the state. +
++ The federal government in the 1930s tried to alleviate + the crisis by taking measures to salvage the land that + had been destroyed by the dust storms and poor farming + techniques. In 1933, the government created the Soil + Erosion Service. This was a commission that taught + terracing and contour farming techniques to farmers to + help them preserve the soil. In 1936, the government + passed the Soil Conservation Act, which tried to reduce + farm surpluses and promote soil conservation. The + government also planted over 200 million trees in + the most ravaged parts of the dust bowl from the Dakotas + to Texas. These trees took to the soil and began to grow, + providing "shelter belts" along the West and conserving + water to help hold down the topsoil. The dust bowl was + slowly beginning to replenish itself. +
+Farm Tenants
++ Aside from the growing dust storms and bad soil, there + was another class of farmers affected by the Great + Depression. These farmers were tenant farmers or + sharecroppers. After the Civil War, + sharecroppers replaced slaves on many farms. Some + sharecroppers were former slaves, while others were + poor white farmers. Sharecroppers, or tenant farmers, + did not own their land. They were not paid any wages. + Someone else owned the land they farmed and the + sharecroppers rented it. They paid these landowners + with a "share" of the crops and other goods produced + on that farm. Most of these farmers could only obtain + the seed, food, and clothes they needed each year by + pledging their harvest in advance. +
++ When the Great Depression hit these farms, not to mention + the dust storms, most sharecroppers had already pledged + their crops and other goods in advance. The dying crops + and bad soil could not produce enough for the farmers + to live off of, so they were unable to pay their share + to the landowners. As a result, they were forced to + leave the land, burdened with huge debts they had no + hope of paying. +
++ The federal government, again, tried to help, by passing + the Federal Emergency Relief Act to help tenant farmers. + This act gave money, seeds, and equipment to these farmers + and tried to relocate them to better land. It helped + some, but not all sharecroppers, escape total poverty. +
+
+ Electric Farms
++ Another major problem that farmers faced during the Great + Depression was lack of electricity. Before the depression hit, + only one in ten farms had electricity. After the depression + and the major dust storms, it became apparent that more + farms needed electricity and quickly! So the federal + government formed the Rural Electrification Administration + to bring electricity to farms in the West. The REA had + the power to loan money to farmers and small towns to help + them build generators and install power lines. This action + was one of the most revolutionary and successful actions + during the Great Depression. By 1941, four out of five + American farms now had electricity. +
+
+ + Powerful dust storms in the 1930s created a dust bowl + in the middle of the United States. Farmers and their + families were forced to migrate in droves to California + and other points west. Sharecroppers faced debt from + lack of crops, and farms in the West needed electricity. + The federal government set up programs to help, and + were, for the most part, successful. +
+Dorothea Lange, Photographer of the Great + Depression +
+Dorothea Lange decided to travel the world at age 20, taking pictures and selling her + photographs. By the time she settled down in San Francisco, California in 1916, she had + gathered a reputation as an innovative, talented documentary photographer. +
+During the Great Depression, she wanted to expand her talents and began by photographing + the homeless men in the cities around the country. One of those photographs, White Angel + Breadline, gained the attention of not only her colleagues, but also the federal + government. The government hired her to work with the Resettlement Association of the + 1930s to bring the conditions of the poor to the attention of the public. She traveled + with and photographed hundreds of migrant workers. Her photographs directly contributed + to the establishment of better housing camps for migrant workers in California. +
+
+
+ + Keeping Spirits Up +
++ During the Great Depression, not only was the economy + depressed, but also were the people. The morale of + American society was down and out. The country and + its people needed hope, and the entertainment + industry tried hard to keep America's spirits up. +
++ Books, movies, and music were dedicated to bringing up + American morale. Most of the books were reality-based books + about the state of affairs such as Let Us Now Praise + Famous Men + by James Agee and Walker Evans, that told + the story of tenant farmers, and The Grapes of + Wrath + by John Steinbeck, that fictionalized the + story of a dust bowl family's migration west. Both of + these novels were extremely popular because they told + the truth and gave a voice to the people of the nation + who felt like no one was listening. +
++ Movies took a different tack. Some studios projected the + image of the ideal life or a hopeful future, such as many + of the Shirley Temple movies of the 1930s. Other films + were pure escapism, like The Wizard of Oz. People flocked + to the movies either to be encouraged by the future or to + forget the present. +
++ Also during this time, comics were introduced with + superhero characters such as Superman. These comics + had characters with extraordinary powers that helped + the poor, downtrodden, and innocent. +
++ The music industry also worked hard to raise people's + spirits. Many parlor songs of the time were uplifting, + with messages of hope for the future with titles such + as "When the Shepherd Leads the Sheep Back Home" (1931) + and "The Clouds Will Soon Roll By" (1932). Some songs + took on a more humorous and whimsical tone to help + refocus people's attention away from the bad times, + such as "Here It is Monday and I've Still Got A Dollar" + (1932). +
+One of the most popular songs of the era was "Pennies from Heaven":
++ Other types of entertainment slipped in to help society + refocus. In 1930, the first pinball machine hit the scene, + and in 1935, Parker Brothers distributed the first version + of the board game Monopoly. People took to these + distractions, and they helped to pass what was one of + the hardest times in American history. +
+
+ + The morale of the American people fell rapidly during + the Great Depression. Books, movies, and music worked + overtime to keep people hopeful and happy. These types + of entertainment gave people hope and joy in a very + tough time. +
+Review
+Review Questions
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+
Key Words
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- bread lines +
- lines at food distribution centers where people often faced long waits to get a meal during the Great Depression +
- dust bowl +
- section of the Great Plains of the United States where a severe drought took place in the early 1930s +
- dust storms +
- strong storms that blew large amounts of dust from the bare, dry soil in the Dust Bowl across a number of U.S. states +
- migrate +
- to move from one region to another +
- share cropper +
- a farmer who provides a portion of each crop to the owner of the land as rent +
- squatter +
- a person who lives on land he or she does not own or rent +
To learn more about the USA during the Depression era, read The Great Depression: + America 1929–1941 by Robert S. McElvaine, or + The Hungry Years: A Narrative History of the Great Depression in America by T. H. Watkins. +
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