4-PAM Modulation of Ambient FM Backscattering for Spectrally Efficient Low Power Applications
Design files of IEEE publication: 4-PAM Modulation of Ambient FM Backscattering for Spectrally Efficient Low Power Applications
Ambient backscatter uses radio frequency signals available in the environment (e.g. radio broadcasting, television or mobile telephony) to transmit data effectively leading to significant energy and cost efficiency increase. This repo presents a novel wireless tag, which for the first time utilizes 4-pulse amplitude modulation (4-PAM) technique to modulate the ambient backscattered FM signals in order to send data to a nearby low-cost software defined radio reader. The tag is based on an RF front-end that uses a single transistor controlled by an ultra low-power microcontroller. The microcontroller includes an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for sensing and a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for RF front-end control. A proof-of-concept prototype is demonstrated in an indoor environment with the low bit rate of 345 bps and power consumption 27 µW. It operated using a real FM station at 34.5 Km away and the tag-to-reader distance was tested at 1 m. The value of energy spent in this modulator was 78.2 nJ/bit at 345 bps and 27.7 nJ/bit at 10.2 Kbps.
Authors:
Spyridon Nektarios Daskalakis
Ricardo Correia
George Goussetis
Manos M. Tentzeris
Nuno Borges Carvalho
Apostolos Georgiadis\
IEEE Xplore: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8534458/ Local: http://daskalakispiros.com/files/daskalakis_mtt_2018.pdf
Questions/issues Inquiries regarding the scripts provided are cordially welcome.
Citing
If you use our design, please cite [1].
@article{daskalakis2018four,
title={Four-PAM modulation of ambient FM backscattering for spectrally efficient low-power applications},
author={Daskalakis, Spyridon Nektarios and Correia, Ricardo and Goussetis, George and Tentzeris, Manos M and Carvalho, Nuno Borges and Georgiadis, Apostolos},
journal={IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques},
volume={66},
number={12},
pages={5909--5921},
year={2018},
publisher={IEEE}
}
}
[1] S. N. Daskalakis, R. Correia, G.Goussetis, M. M. Tentzeris, N. B. Carvalho and A. Georgiadis, 4-PAM Modulation of Ambient FM Backscattering for Spectrally Efficient Low Power Applications, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques (TMTT), Vol. 66, No. 12, pp. 5909-5921, December 2018.