diff --git a/openraft/src/core/admin.rs b/openraft/src/core/admin.rs
index 691ce0f79..a222fa38b 100644
--- a/openraft/src/core/admin.rs
+++ b/openraft/src/core/admin.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,11 @@ use crate::core::State;
 use crate::error::AddLearnerError;
 use crate::error::ChangeMembershipError;
 use crate::error::ClientWriteError;
+use crate::error::EmptyMembership;
+use crate::error::InProgress;
 use crate::error::InitializeError;
+use crate::error::LearnerIsLagging;
+use crate::error::LearnerNotFound;
 use crate::raft::AddLearnerResponse;
 use crate::raft::ClientWriteResponse;
 use crate::raft::EntryPayload;
@@ -116,7 +120,7 @@ impl<'a, D: AppData, R: AppDataResponse, N: RaftNetwork<D>, S: RaftStorage<D, R>
         // Ensure cluster will have at least one node.
         if members.is_empty() {
             let _ = tx.send(Err(ClientWriteError::ChangeMembershipError(
-                ChangeMembershipError::EmptyMembership,
+                ChangeMembershipError::EmptyMembership(EmptyMembership {}),
             )));
             return Ok(());
         }
@@ -125,9 +129,9 @@ impl<'a, D: AppData, R: AppDataResponse, N: RaftNetwork<D>, S: RaftStorage<D, R>
         // Can not process the next one.
         if self.core.committed < Some(self.core.effective_membership.log_id) {
             let _ = tx.send(Err(ClientWriteError::ChangeMembershipError(
-                ChangeMembershipError::InProgress {
+                ChangeMembershipError::InProgress(InProgress {
                     membership_log_id: self.core.effective_membership.log_id,
-                },
+                }),
             )));
             return Ok(());
         }
@@ -160,11 +164,11 @@ impl<'a, D: AppData, R: AppDataResponse, N: RaftNetwork<D>, S: RaftStorage<D, R>
                     if !blocking {
                         // Node has repl stream, but is not yet ready to join.
                         let _ = tx.send(Err(ClientWriteError::ChangeMembershipError(
-                            ChangeMembershipError::LearnerIsLagging {
+                            ChangeMembershipError::LearnerIsLagging(LearnerIsLagging {
                                 node_id: *new_node,
                                 matched: node.matched,
                                 distance: self.core.last_log_id.next_index().saturating_sub(node.matched.next_index()),
-                            },
+                            }),
                         )));
                         return Ok(());
                     }
@@ -173,7 +177,7 @@ impl<'a, D: AppData, R: AppDataResponse, N: RaftNetwork<D>, S: RaftStorage<D, R>
                 // Node does not yet have a repl stream, spawn one.
                 None => {
                     let _ = tx.send(Err(ClientWriteError::ChangeMembershipError(
-                        ChangeMembershipError::LearnerNotFound { node_id: *new_node },
+                        ChangeMembershipError::LearnerNotFound(LearnerNotFound { node_id: *new_node }),
                     )));
                     return Ok(());
                 }
diff --git a/openraft/src/error.rs b/openraft/src/error.rs
index 892dde14b..d61deef59 100644
--- a/openraft/src/error.rs
+++ b/openraft/src/error.rs
@@ -97,28 +97,24 @@ pub enum ClientWriteError {
 }
 
 /// The set of errors which may take place when requesting to propose a config change.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, thiserror::Error)]
 pub enum ChangeMembershipError {
-    #[error("the cluster is already undergoing a configuration change at log {membership_log_id}")]
-    InProgress { membership_log_id: LogId },
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    InProgress(#[from] InProgress),
 
-    #[error("new membership can not be empty")]
-    EmptyMembership,
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    EmptyMembership(#[from] EmptyMembership),
 
     // TODO(xp): 111 test it
-    #[error("to add a member {node_id} first need to add it as learner")]
-    LearnerNotFound { node_id: NodeId },
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    LearnerNotFound(#[from] LearnerNotFound),
 
     // TODO(xp): 111 test it
-    #[error("replication to learner {node_id} is lagging {distance}, matched: {matched:?}, can not add as member")]
-    LearnerIsLagging {
-        node_id: NodeId,
-        matched: Option<LogId>,
-        distance: u64,
-    },
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    LearnerIsLagging(#[from] LearnerIsLagging),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, thiserror::Error)]
 pub enum AddLearnerError {
     #[error(transparent)]
     ForwardToLeader(#[from] ForwardToLeader),
@@ -131,8 +127,7 @@ pub enum AddLearnerError {
 }
 
 /// The set of errors which may take place when initializing a pristine Raft node.
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
-#[non_exhaustive]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, thiserror::Error)]
 pub enum InitializeError {
     /// The requested action is not allowed due to the Raft node's current state.
     #[error("the requested action is not allowed due to the Raft node's current state")]
@@ -222,28 +217,52 @@ pub enum ReplicationError {
     },
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, thiserror::Error)]
 #[error("store has no log at: {index:?}")]
 pub struct LackEntry {
     pub index: Option<u64>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, thiserror::Error)]
 #[error("has to forward request to: {leader_id:?}")]
 pub struct ForwardToLeader {
     pub leader_id: Option<NodeId>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, thiserror::Error)]
 #[error("snapshot segment id mismatch, expect: {expect}, got: {got}")]
 pub struct SnapshotMismatch {
     pub expect: SnapshotSegmentId,
     pub got: SnapshotSegmentId,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, thiserror::Error)]
 #[error("not enough for a quorum, cluster: {cluster}, got: {got:?}")]
 pub struct QuorumNotEnough {
     pub cluster: String,
     pub got: BTreeSet<NodeId>,
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, thiserror::Error)]
+#[error("the cluster is already undergoing a configuration change at log {membership_log_id}")]
+pub struct InProgress {
+    pub membership_log_id: LogId,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, thiserror::Error)]
+#[error("to add a member {node_id} first need to add it as learner")]
+pub struct LearnerNotFound {
+    pub node_id: NodeId,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, thiserror::Error)]
+#[error("replication to learner {node_id} is lagging {distance}, matched: {matched:?}, can not add as member")]
+pub struct LearnerIsLagging {
+    pub node_id: NodeId,
+    pub matched: Option<LogId>,
+    pub distance: u64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, thiserror::Error)]
+#[error("new membership can not be empty")]
+pub struct EmptyMembership {}
diff --git a/openraft/tests/membership/t20_change_membership.rs b/openraft/tests/membership/t20_change_membership.rs
index 7a36a9164..81ddf6417 100644
--- a/openraft/tests/membership/t20_change_membership.rs
+++ b/openraft/tests/membership/t20_change_membership.rs
@@ -101,15 +101,11 @@ async fn change_with_lagging_learner_non_blocking() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         let err: ChangeMembershipError = err.try_into().unwrap();
 
         match err {
-            ChangeMembershipError::LearnerIsLagging {
-                node_id,
-                matched: _,
-                distance,
-            } => {
-                tracing::info!(distance, "--- distance");
-                assert_eq!(1, node_id);
-                assert!(distance >= lag_threshold);
-                assert!(distance < 500);
+            ChangeMembershipError::LearnerIsLagging(e) => {
+                tracing::info!(e.distance, "--- distance");
+                assert_eq!(1, e.node_id);
+                assert!(e.distance >= lag_threshold);
+                assert!(e.distance < 500);
             }
             _ => {
                 panic!("expect ChangeMembershipError::NonVoterNotFound");