[Kernel][Defaults] Handle legacy map types in Parquet files (#3097)

## Description
Currently, Kernel's Parquet reader explicitly looks for the `key_value`
repeated group under the Parquet map type, but the older versions of
Parquet writers wrote any name for the repeated group. Instead of
looking for the explicit `key_value` element, fetch the first element in
the list. See
[here](https://github.com/apache/parquet-format/blob/master/LogicalTypes.md#maps)
for more details.

## How was this patch tested?
The
[test](https://github.com/apache/spark/blob/master/sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/datasources/parquet/ParquetThriftCompatibilitySuite.scala#L29)
and sample file written by legacy writers are taken from Apache Spark™.

Some columns (arrays with 2-level encoding, another legacy format) from
the test file are currently not supported. I will follow up with a
separate PR. It involves bit refactoring on the ArrayColumnReader.

Author: vkorukanti

kernel/kernel-defaults/src/main/java/io/delta/kernel/defaults/internal/parquet/ArrayColumnReader.java

@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ private static Converter createElementConverter(
         ArrayType typeFromClient,
         GroupType typeFromFile) {
 
-        checkArgument(
-                typeFromFile.getFieldCount() == 1, "Expected exactly one field in the array type");
+        checkArgument(typeFromFile.getFieldCount() == 1,
+                "Expected exactly one field in the array type, but got: " + typeFromFile);
         GroupType repeatedGroup = typeFromFile.getType(0).asGroupType();
 
         // TODO: handle the legacy 2-level list physical format

kernel/kernel-defaults/src/main/java/io/delta/kernel/defaults/internal/parquet/MapColumnReader.java

@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
 import io.delta.kernel.data.ColumnVector;
 import io.delta.kernel.types.MapType;
 
+import static io.delta.kernel.internal.util.Preconditions.checkArgument;
+
 import io.delta.kernel.defaults.internal.data.vector.DefaultMapVector;
 import static io.delta.kernel.defaults.internal.parquet.ParquetColumnReaders.createConverter;
 
@@ -57,10 +59,16 @@ public ColumnVector getDataColumnVector(int batchSize) {
     }
 
     private static Converter[] createElementConverters(
-        int initialBatchSize,
-        MapType typeFromClient,
-        GroupType typeFromFile) {
-        final GroupType innerMapType = (GroupType) typeFromFile.getType("key_value");
+            int initialBatchSize,
+            MapType typeFromClient,
+            GroupType typeFromFile) {
+        // Repeated element can be any name. Latest Parquet versions use "key_value" as the name,
+        // but legacy versions can use any arbitrary name for the repeated group.
+        // See https://github.com/apache/parquet-format/blob/master/LogicalTypes.md#maps for details
+        checkArgument(typeFromFile.getFieldCount() == 1,
+                "Expected exactly one repeated field in the map type, but got: " + typeFromFile);
+
+        GroupType innerMapType = typeFromFile.getType(0).asGroupType();
         Converter[] elemConverters = new Converter[2];
         elemConverters[0] = createConverter(
             initialBatchSize,

kernel/kernel-defaults/src/test/resources/parquet/parquet-thrift-compat.snappy.parquet

@@ -135,10 +135,66 @@ class ParquetFileReaderSuite extends AnyFunSuite
     checkAnswer(actResult1, expResult1)
 
     // File with multiple row-groups [0, 20000) where rowIndex = id
-    val filePath = getTestResourceFilePath("parquet/")
+    val filePath = getTestResourceFilePath("parquet/row_index_multiple_row_groups.parquet")
     val actResult2 = readParquetFilesUsingKernel(filePath, readSchema)
     val expResult2 = (0L until 20000L).map(i => TestRow(i, i))
 
     checkAnswer(actResult2, expResult2)
   }
+
+  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  // Test compatibility with Parquet legacy format files                                         //
+  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+  // Test and the test file are copied from Spark's `ParquetThriftCompatibilitySuite`
+  test("read parquet file generated by parquet-thrift") {
+    val parquetFilePath = getTestResourceFilePath("parquet/parquet-thrift-compat.snappy.parquet")
+
+    val readSchema = new StructType()
+      .add("boolColumn", BooleanType.BOOLEAN)
+      .add("byteColumn", ByteType.BYTE)
+      .add("shortColumn", ShortType.SHORT)
+      .add("intColumn", IntegerType.INTEGER)
+      .add("longColumn", LongType.LONG)
+      .add("doubleColumn", DoubleType.DOUBLE)
+      // Thrift `BINARY` values are actually unencoded `STRING` values, and thus are always
+      // treated as `BINARY (UTF8)` in parquet-thrift, since parquet-thrift always assume
+      // Thrift `STRING`s are encoded using UTF-8.
+      .add("binaryColumn", StringType.STRING)
+      .add("stringColumn", StringType.STRING)
+      .add("enumColumn", StringType.STRING)
+      // maybe indicates nullable columns, above ones are non-nullable
+      .add("maybeBoolColumn", BooleanType.BOOLEAN)
+      .add("maybeByteColumn", ByteType.BYTE)
+      .add("maybeShortColumn", ShortType.SHORT)
+      .add("maybeIntColumn", IntegerType.INTEGER)
+      .add("maybeLongColumn", LongType.LONG)
+      .add("maybeDoubleColumn", DoubleType.DOUBLE)
+      // Thrift `BINARY` values are actually unencoded `STRING` values, and thus are always
+      // treated as `BINARY (UTF8)` in parquet-thrift, since parquet-thrift always assume
+      // Thrift `STRING`s are encoded using UTF-8.
+      .add("maybeBinaryColumn", StringType.STRING)
+      .add("maybeStringColumn", StringType.STRING)
+      .add("maybeEnumColumn", StringType.STRING)
+      // TODO: not working - separate PR to handle 2-level legacy lists
+      // .add("stringsColumn", new ArrayType(StringType.STRING, true /* containsNull */))
+      // .add("intSetColumn", new ArrayType(IntegerType.INTEGER, true /* containsNull */))
+      .add("intToStringColumn",
+        new MapType(IntegerType.INTEGER, StringType.STRING, true /* valueContainsNull */))
+      // TODO: not working - separate PR to handle 2-level legacy lists
+      // .add("complexColumn", new MapType(
+      //  IntegerType.INTEGER,
+      //  new ArrayType(
+      //    new StructType()
+      //      .add("nestedIntsColumn", new ArrayType(IntegerType.INTEGER, true /* containsNull */))
+      //      .add("nestedStringColumn", StringType.STRING)
+      //      .add("stringColumn", StringType.STRING),
+      //    true /* containsNull */),
+      //  true /* valueContainsNull */))
+
+    assert(parquetFileRowCount(parquetFilePath) === 10)
+    checkAnswer(
+      readParquetFilesUsingKernel(parquetFilePath, readSchema), /* actual */
+      readParquetFilesUsingSpark(parquetFilePath, readSchema) /* expected */)
+  }
 }

kernel/kernel-defaults/src/test/scala/io/delta/kernel/defaults/internal/parquet/ParquetFileReaderSuite.scala

@@ -207,27 +207,24 @@ trait ParquetSuiteBase extends TestUtils {
   }
 
   def readParquetUsingKernelAsColumnarBatches(
-      actualFileDir: String,
+      inputFileOrDir: String,
       readSchema: StructType,
       predicate: Optional[Predicate] = Optional.empty()): Seq[ColumnarBatch] = {
-    val parquetFiles = Files.list(Paths.get(actualFileDir))
-      .iterator().asScala
-      .map(_.toString)
-      .filter(path => path.endsWith(".parquet"))
-      .map(path => FileStatus.of(path, 0L, 0L))
+    val parquetFileList = parquetFiles(inputFileOrDir)
+      .map(FileStatus.of(_, 0, 0))
 
     val data = defaultEngine.getParquetHandler.readParquetFiles(
-      toCloseableIterator(parquetFiles.asJava),
+      toCloseableIterator(parquetFileList.asJava.iterator()),
       readSchema,
       predicate)
 
     data.asScala.toSeq
   }
 
-  def parquetFileCount(path: String): Long = parquetFiles(path).size
+  def parquetFileCount(fileOrDir: String): Long = parquetFiles(fileOrDir).size
 
-  def parquetFileRowCount(path: String): Long = {
-    val files = parquetFiles(path)
+  def parquetFileRowCount(fileOrDir: String): Long = {
+    val files = parquetFiles(fileOrDir)
 
     var rowCount = 0L
     files.foreach { file =>
@@ -238,12 +235,17 @@ trait ParquetSuiteBase extends TestUtils {
     rowCount
   }
 
-  def parquetFiles(path: String): Seq[String] = {
-    Files.list(Paths.get(path))
-      .iterator().asScala
-      .map(_.toString)
-      .filter(path => path.endsWith(".parquet"))
-      .toSeq
+  def parquetFiles(fileOrDir: String): Seq[String] = {
+    val fileOrDirPath = Paths.get(fileOrDir)
+    if (Files.isDirectory(fileOrDirPath)) {
+      Files.list(fileOrDirPath)
+        .iterator().asScala
+        .map(_.toString)
+        .filter(path => path.endsWith(".parquet"))
+        .toSeq
+    } else {
+      Seq(fileOrDir)
+    }
   }
 
   def footer(path: String): ParquetMetadata = {