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ob.d
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ob.d
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/**
* Flow analysis for Ownership/Borrowing
*
* Copyright: Copyright (C) 1999-2024 by The D Language Foundation, All Rights Reserved
* Authors: $(LINK2 https://www.digitalmars.com, Walter Bright)
* License: $(LINK2 https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt, Boost License 1.0)
* Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/src/dmd/ob.d, _ob.d)
* Documentation: https://dlang.org/phobos/dmd_escape.html
* Coverage: https://codecov.io/gh/dlang/dmd/src/master/src/dmd/ob.d
* Bug reports: use 'live' keyword:
* https://issues.dlang.org/buglist.cgi?bug_status=NEW&bug_status=REOPENED&keywords=live
* References: https://github.com/dlang/DIPs/blob/master/DIPs/accepted/DIP1021.md Argument Ownership and Function Calls
*/
module dmd.ob;
import core.stdc.stdio : printf;
import core.stdc.stdlib;
import core.stdc.string;
import dmd.root.array;
import dmd.rootobject;
import dmd.root.rmem;
import dmd.aggregate;
import dmd.arraytypes;
import dmd.astenums;
import dmd.declaration;
import dmd.dscope;
import dmd.dsymbol;
import dmd.dtemplate;
import dmd.errors;
import dmd.escape;
import dmd.expression;
import dmd.func;
import dmd.globals;
import dmd.hdrgen;
import dmd.identifier;
import dmd.init;
import dmd.location;
import dmd.mtype;
import dmd.printast;
import dmd.statement;
import dmd.stmtstate;
import dmd.tokens;
import dmd.typesem;
import dmd.visitor;
import dmd.visitor.foreachvar;
import dmd.root.bitarray;
import dmd.common.outbuffer;
/**********************************
* Perform ownership/borrowing checks for funcdecl.
* Does not modify the AST, just checks for errors.
*/
void oblive(FuncDeclaration funcdecl)
{
//printf("oblive() %s\n", funcdecl.toChars());
//printf("fbody: %s\n", funcdecl.fbody.toChars());
ObState obstate;
/* Build the flow graph
*/
setLabelStatementExtraFields(funcdecl.labtab);
toObNodes(obstate.nodes, funcdecl.fbody);
insertFinallyBlockCalls(obstate.nodes);
insertFinallyBlockGotos(obstate.nodes);
removeUnreachable(obstate.nodes);
computePreds(obstate.nodes);
numberNodes(obstate.nodes);
//foreach (ob; obstate.nodes) ob.print();
collectVars(funcdecl, obstate.vars);
allocStates(obstate);
doDataFlowAnalysis(obstate);
checkObErrors(obstate);
}
alias ObNodes = Array!(ObNode*);
alias StmtState = dmd.stmtstate.StmtState!ObNode;
/*******************************************
* Collect the state information.
*/
struct ObState
{
ObNodes nodes;
VarDeclarations vars;
Array!size_t varStack; /// temporary storage
Array!bool mutableStack; /// parallel to varStack[], is type mutable?
PtrVarState[] varPool; /// memory pool
~this()
{
mem.xfree(varPool.ptr);
}
}
/***********************************************
* A node in the function's expression graph, and its edges to predecessors and successors.
*/
struct ObNode
{
Expression exp; /// expression for the node
ObNodes preds; /// predecessors
ObNodes succs; /// successors
ObNode* tryBlock; /// try-finally block we're inside
ObType obtype;
uint index; /// index of this in obnodes
PtrVarState[] gen; /// new states generated for this node
PtrVarState[] input; /// variable states on entry to exp
PtrVarState[] output; /// variable states on exit to exp
this(ObNode* tryBlock) scope
{
this.tryBlock = tryBlock;
}
void print()
{
printf("%d: %s %s\n", index, obtype.toString.ptr, exp ? exp.toChars() : "-");
printf(" preds: ");
foreach (ob; preds)
printf(" %d", ob.index);
printf("\n succs: ");
foreach (ob; succs)
printf(" %d", ob.index);
printf("\n\n");
}
}
enum ObType : ubyte
{
goto_, /// goto one of the succs[]
return_, /// returns from function
retexp, /// returns expression from function
throw_, /// exits with throw
exit, /// exits program
try_,
finally_,
fend,
}
string toString(ObType obtype) @safe
{
return obtype == ObType.goto_ ? "goto " :
obtype == ObType.return_ ? "ret " :
obtype == ObType.retexp ? "retexp" :
obtype == ObType.throw_ ? "throw" :
obtype == ObType.exit ? "exit" :
obtype == ObType.try_ ? "try" :
obtype == ObType.finally_ ? "finally" :
obtype == ObType.fend ? "fend" :
"---";
}
/***********
Pointer variable states:
Initial state is not known; ignore for now
Undefined not in a usable state
T* p = void;
Owner mutable pointer
T* p = initializer;
Borrowed scope mutable pointer, borrowed from [p]
T* p = initializer;
scope T* b = p;
Readonly scope const pointer, copied from [p]
T* p = initializer;
scope const(T)* cp = p;
Examples:
T* p = initializer; // p is owner
T** pp = &p; // pp borrows from p
T* p = initialize; // p is owner
T* q = p; // transfer: q is owner, p is undefined
*/
enum PtrState : ubyte
{
Initial, Undefined, Owner, Borrowed, Readonly
}
/************
*/
const(char)* PtrStateToChars(PtrState state)
{
return toString(state).ptr;
}
string toString(PtrState state) @safe
{
return ["Initial", "Undefined", "Owner", "Borrowed", "Readonly"][state];
}
/******
* Carries the state of a pointer variable.
*/
struct PtrVarState
{
BitArray deps; /// dependencies
PtrState state; /// state the pointer variable is in
void opAssign(const ref PtrVarState pvs)
{
state = pvs.state;
deps = pvs.deps;
}
/* Combine `this` and `pvs` into `this`,
* on the idea that the `this` and the `pvs` paths
* are being merged
* Params:
* pvs = path to be merged with `this`
* vi = variable's index into gen[]
* gen = array of variable states
*/
void combine(ref PtrVarState pvs, size_t vi, PtrVarState[] gen)
{
static uint X(PtrState x1, PtrState x2) { return x1 * (PtrState.max + 1) + x2; }
with (PtrState)
{
switch (X(state, pvs.state))
{
case X(Initial, Initial):
break;
case X(Initial, Owner ):
case X(Initial, Borrowed ):
case X(Initial, Readonly ):
// Transfer state to `this`
state = pvs.state;
deps = pvs.deps;
break;
case X(Owner, Initial):
case X(Borrowed, Initial):
case X(Readonly, Initial):
break;
case X(Undefined, Initial):
case X(Undefined, Undefined):
case X(Undefined, Owner ):
case X(Undefined, Borrowed ):
case X(Undefined, Readonly ):
break;
case X(Owner , Owner ):
break;
case X(Borrowed , Borrowed):
case X(Readonly , Readonly):
deps.or(pvs.deps);
break;
default:
makeUndefined(vi, gen);
break;
}
}
}
bool opEquals(const ref PtrVarState pvs) const
{
return state == pvs.state &&
deps == pvs.deps;
}
/***********************
* Print a bracketed list of all the variables that depend on 'this'
* Params:
* vars = variables that depend on 'this'
*/
void print(VarDeclaration[] vars)
{
string s = toString(state);
printf("%.*s [", cast(int)s.length, s.ptr);
assert(vars.length == deps.length);
OutBuffer buf;
depsToBuf(buf, vars);
auto t = buf[];
printf("%.*s]\n", cast(int)t.length, t.ptr);
}
/*****************************
* Produce a user-readable comma separated string of the
* dependencies.
* Params:
* buf = write resulting string here
* vars = array from which to get the variable names
*/
void depsToBuf(ref OutBuffer buf, const VarDeclaration[] vars)
{
bool any = false;
foreach (i; 0 .. deps.length)
{
if (deps[i])
{
if (any)
buf.writestring(", ");
buf.writestring(vars[i].toString());
any = true;
}
}
}
}
/*****************************************
* Set the `.extra` field for LabelStatements in labtab[].
*/
void setLabelStatementExtraFields(DsymbolTable labtab)
{
if (labtab)
foreach (keyValue; labtab.tab.asRange)
{
//printf(" KV: %s = %s\n", keyValue.key.toChars(), keyValue.value.toChars());
auto label = cast(LabelDsymbol)keyValue.value;
if (label.statement)
label.statement.extra = cast(void*) new ObNode(null);
}
}
/*****************************************
* Convert statement into ObNodes.
*/
void toObNodes(ref ObNodes obnodes, Statement s)
{
ObNode* curblock = new ObNode(null);
obnodes.push(curblock);
void visit(Statement s, StmtState* stmtstate)
{
if (!s)
return;
ObNode* newNode()
{
return new ObNode(stmtstate.tryBlock);
}
ObNode* nextNodeIs(ObNode* ob)
{
obnodes.push(ob);
curblock = ob;
return ob;
}
ObNode* nextNode()
{
return nextNodeIs(newNode());
}
ObNode* gotoNextNodeIs(ObNode* ob)
{
obnodes.push(ob);
curblock.succs.push(ob);
curblock = ob;
return ob;
}
// block_goto(blx, BCgoto, null)
ObNode* gotoNextNode()
{
return gotoNextNodeIs(newNode());
}
/***
* Doing a goto to dest
*/
ObNode* gotoDest(ObNode* dest)
{
curblock.succs.push(dest);
return nextNode();
}
void visitExp(ExpStatement s)
{
curblock.obtype = ObType.goto_;
curblock.exp = s.exp;
gotoNextNode();
}
void visitDtorExp(DtorExpStatement s)
{
visitExp(s);
}
void visitCompound(CompoundStatement s)
{
if (s.statements)
{
foreach (s2; *s.statements)
{
visit(s2, stmtstate);
}
}
}
void visitCompoundDeclaration(CompoundDeclarationStatement s)
{
visitCompound(s);
}
void visitUnrolledLoop(UnrolledLoopStatement s)
{
StmtState mystate = StmtState(stmtstate, s);
mystate.breakBlock = newNode();
gotoNextNode();
foreach (s2; *s.statements)
{
if (s2)
{
mystate.contBlock = newNode();
visit(s2, &mystate);
gotoNextNodeIs(mystate.contBlock);
}
}
gotoNextNodeIs(mystate.breakBlock);
}
void visitScope(ScopeStatement s)
{
if (s.statement)
{
StmtState mystate = StmtState(stmtstate, s);
if (mystate.prev.ident)
mystate.ident = mystate.prev.ident;
visit(s.statement, &mystate);
if (mystate.breakBlock)
gotoNextNodeIs(mystate.breakBlock);
}
}
void visitDo(DoStatement s)
{
StmtState mystate = StmtState(stmtstate, s);
mystate.breakBlock = newNode();
mystate.contBlock = newNode();
auto bpre = curblock;
auto ob = newNode();
obnodes.push(ob);
curblock.succs.push(ob);
curblock = ob;
bpre.succs.push(curblock);
mystate.contBlock.succs.push(curblock);
mystate.contBlock.succs.push(mystate.breakBlock);
visit(s._body, &mystate);
gotoNextNodeIs(mystate.contBlock);
mystate.contBlock.exp = s.condition;
nextNodeIs(mystate.breakBlock);
}
void visitFor(ForStatement s)
{
//printf("visit(ForStatement)) %u..%u\n", s.loc.linnum, s.endloc.linnum);
StmtState mystate = StmtState(stmtstate, s);
mystate.breakBlock = newNode();
mystate.contBlock = newNode();
visit(s._init, &mystate);
auto bcond = gotoNextNode();
mystate.contBlock.succs.push(bcond);
if (s.condition)
{
bcond.exp = s.condition;
auto ob = newNode();
obnodes.push(ob);
bcond.succs.push(ob);
bcond.succs.push(mystate.breakBlock);
curblock = ob;
}
else
{ /* No conditional, it's a straight goto
*/
bcond.exp = s.condition;
bcond.succs.push(nextNode());
}
visit(s._body, &mystate);
/* End of the body goes to the continue block
*/
curblock.succs.push(mystate.contBlock);
nextNodeIs(mystate.contBlock);
if (s.increment)
curblock.exp = s.increment;
/* The 'break' block follows the for statement.
*/
nextNodeIs(mystate.breakBlock);
}
void visitIf(IfStatement s)
{
StmtState mystate = StmtState(stmtstate, s);
// bexit is the block that gets control after this IfStatement is done
auto bexit = mystate.breakBlock ? mystate.breakBlock : newNode();
curblock.exp = s.condition;
auto bcond = curblock;
gotoNextNode();
visit(s.ifbody, &mystate);
curblock.succs.push(bexit);
if (s.elsebody)
{
bcond.succs.push(nextNode());
visit(s.elsebody, &mystate);
gotoNextNodeIs(bexit);
}
else
{
bcond.succs.push(bexit);
nextNodeIs(bexit);
}
}
void visitSwitch(SwitchStatement s)
{
StmtState mystate = StmtState(stmtstate, s);
mystate.switchBlock = curblock;
/* Block for where "break" goes to
*/
mystate.breakBlock = newNode();
/* Block for where "default" goes to.
* If there is a default statement, then that is where default goes.
* If not, then do:
* default: break;
* by making the default block the same as the break block.
*/
mystate.defaultBlock = s.sdefault ? newNode() : mystate.breakBlock;
const numcases = s.cases ? s.cases.length : 0;
/* allocate a block for each case
*/
if (numcases)
foreach (cs; *s.cases)
{
cs.extra = cast(void*)newNode();
}
curblock.exp = s.condition;
if (s.hasVars)
{ /* Generate a sequence of if-then-else blocks for the cases.
*/
if (numcases)
foreach (cs; *s.cases)
{
auto ecase = newNode();
obnodes.push(ecase);
ecase.exp = cs.exp;
curblock.succs.push(ecase);
auto cn = cast(ObNode*)cs.extra;
ecase.succs.push(cn);
ecase.succs.push(nextNode());
}
/* The final 'else' clause goes to the default
*/
curblock.succs.push(mystate.defaultBlock);
nextNode();
visit(s._body, &mystate);
/* Have the end of the switch body fall through to the block
* following the switch statement.
*/
gotoNextNodeIs(mystate.breakBlock);
return;
}
auto ob = newNode();
obnodes.push(ob);
curblock = ob;
mystate.switchBlock.succs.push(mystate.defaultBlock);
visit(s._body, &mystate);
/* Have the end of the switch body fall through to the block
* following the switch statement.
*/
gotoNextNodeIs(mystate.breakBlock);
}
void visitCase(CaseStatement s)
{
auto cb = cast(ObNode*)s.extra;
cb.tryBlock = stmtstate.tryBlock;
auto bsw = stmtstate.getSwitchBlock();
bsw.succs.push(cb);
gotoNextNodeIs(cb);
visit(s.statement, stmtstate);
}
void visitDefault(DefaultStatement s)
{
auto bdefault = stmtstate.getDefaultBlock;
bdefault.tryBlock = stmtstate.tryBlock;
gotoNextNodeIs(bdefault);
visit(s.statement, stmtstate);
}
void visitGotoDefault(GotoDefaultStatement s)
{
gotoDest(stmtstate.getDefaultBlock);
}
void visitGotoCase(GotoCaseStatement s)
{
gotoDest(cast(ObNode*)s.cs.extra);
}
void visitSwitchError(SwitchErrorStatement s)
{
curblock.obtype = ObType.throw_;
curblock.exp = s.exp;
nextNode();
}
void visitReturn(ReturnStatement s)
{
//printf("visitReturn() %s\n", s.toChars());
curblock.obtype = s.exp && s.exp.type.toBasetype().ty != Tvoid
? ObType.retexp
: ObType.return_;
curblock.exp = s.exp;
nextNode();
}
void visitBreak(BreakStatement s)
{
gotoDest(stmtstate.getBreakBlock(s.ident));
}
void visitContinue(ContinueStatement s)
{
gotoDest(stmtstate.getContBlock(s.ident));
}
void visitWith(WithStatement s)
{
visit(s._body, stmtstate);
}
void visitTryCatch(TryCatchStatement s)
{
/* tryblock
* body
* breakBlock
* catches
* breakBlock2
*/
StmtState mystate = StmtState(stmtstate, s);
mystate.breakBlock = newNode();
auto tryblock = gotoNextNode();
visit(s._body, &mystate);
gotoNextNodeIs(mystate.breakBlock);
// create new break block that follows all the catches
auto breakBlock2 = newNode();
gotoDest(breakBlock2);
foreach (cs; *s.catches)
{
/* Each catch block is a successor to tryblock
* and the last block of try body
*/
StmtState catchState = StmtState(stmtstate, s);
auto bcatch = curblock;
tryblock.succs.push(bcatch);
mystate.breakBlock.succs.push(bcatch);
nextNode();
visit(cs.handler, &catchState);
gotoDest(breakBlock2);
}
curblock.succs.push(breakBlock2);
obnodes.push(breakBlock2);
curblock = breakBlock2;
}
void visitTryFinally(TryFinallyStatement s)
{
/* Build this:
* 1 goto [2]
* 2 try_ [3] [5] [7]
* 3 body
* 4 goto [8]
* 5 finally_ [6]
* 6 finalbody
* 7 fend [8]
* 8 lastblock
*/
StmtState bodyState = StmtState(stmtstate, s);
auto b2 = gotoNextNode();
b2.obtype = ObType.try_;
bodyState.tryBlock = b2;
gotoNextNode();
visit(s._body, &bodyState);
auto b4 = gotoNextNode();
auto b5 = newNode();
b5.obtype = ObType.finally_;
nextNodeIs(b5);
gotoNextNode();
StmtState finallyState = StmtState(stmtstate, s);
visit(s.finalbody, &finallyState);
auto b7 = gotoNextNode();
b7.obtype = ObType.fend;
auto b8 = gotoNextNode();
b2.succs.push(b5);
b2.succs.push(b7);
b4.succs.push(b8);
}
void visitThrow(ThrowStatement s)
{
curblock.obtype = ObType.throw_;
curblock.exp = s.exp;
nextNode();
}
void visitGoto(GotoStatement s)
{
gotoDest(cast(ObNode*)s.label.statement.extra);
}
void visitLabel(LabelStatement s)
{
StmtState mystate = StmtState(stmtstate, s);
mystate.ident = s.ident;
auto ob = cast(ObNode*)s.extra;
ob.tryBlock = mystate.tryBlock;
visit(s.statement, &mystate);
}
final switch (s.stmt)
{
case STMT.Exp: visitExp(s.isExpStatement()); break;
case STMT.DtorExp: visitDtorExp(s.isDtorExpStatement()); break;
case STMT.Compound: visitCompound(s.isCompoundStatement()); break;
case STMT.CompoundDeclaration: visitCompoundDeclaration(s.isCompoundDeclarationStatement()); break;
case STMT.UnrolledLoop: visitUnrolledLoop(s.isUnrolledLoopStatement()); break;
case STMT.Scope: visitScope(s.isScopeStatement()); break;
case STMT.Do: visitDo(s.isDoStatement()); break;
case STMT.For: visitFor(s.isForStatement()); break;
case STMT.If: visitIf(s.isIfStatement()); break;
case STMT.Switch: visitSwitch(s.isSwitchStatement()); break;
case STMT.Case: visitCase(s.isCaseStatement()); break;
case STMT.Default: visitDefault(s.isDefaultStatement()); break;
case STMT.GotoDefault: visitGotoDefault(s.isGotoDefaultStatement()); break;
case STMT.GotoCase: visitGotoCase(s.isGotoCaseStatement()); break;
case STMT.SwitchError: visitSwitchError(s.isSwitchErrorStatement()); break;
case STMT.Return: visitReturn(s.isReturnStatement()); break;
case STMT.Break: visitBreak(s.isBreakStatement()); break;
case STMT.Continue: visitContinue(s.isContinueStatement()); break;
case STMT.With: visitWith(s.isWithStatement()); break;
case STMT.TryCatch: visitTryCatch(s.isTryCatchStatement()); break;
case STMT.TryFinally: visitTryFinally(s.isTryFinallyStatement()); break;
case STMT.Throw: visitThrow(s.isThrowStatement()); break;
case STMT.Goto: visitGoto(s.isGotoStatement()); break;
case STMT.Label: visitLabel(s.isLabelStatement()); break;
case STMT.CompoundAsm:
case STMT.Asm:
case STMT.InlineAsm:
case STMT.GccAsm:
case STMT.Pragma:
case STMT.Import:
case STMT.ScopeGuard:
case STMT.Error:
break; // ignore these
case STMT.Foreach:
case STMT.ForeachRange:
case STMT.Debug:
case STMT.CaseRange:
case STMT.StaticForeach:
case STMT.StaticAssert:
case STMT.Conditional:
case STMT.While:
case STMT.Forwarding:
case STMT.Mixin:
case STMT.Peel:
case STMT.Synchronized:
debug printf("s: %s\n", toChars(s));
assert(0); // should have been rewritten
}
}
StmtState stmtstate;
visit(s, &stmtstate);
curblock.obtype = ObType.return_;
static if (0)
{
printf("toObNodes()\n");
printf("------- before ----------\n");
numberNodes(obnodes);
foreach (ob; obnodes) ob.print();
printf("-------------------------\n");
}
assert(stmtstate.breakBlock is null);
assert(stmtstate.contBlock is null);
assert(stmtstate.switchBlock is null);
assert(stmtstate.defaultBlock is null);
assert(stmtstate.tryBlock is null);
}
/***************************************************
* Insert finally block calls when doing a goto from
* inside a try block to outside.
* Done after blocks are generated because then we know all
* the edges of the graph, but before the pred's are computed.
* Params:
* obnodes = graph of the function
*/
void insertFinallyBlockCalls(ref ObNodes obnodes)
{
ObNode* bcret = null;
ObNode* bcretexp = null;
enum log = false;
static if (log)
{
printf("insertFinallyBlockCalls()\n");
printf("------- before ----------\n");
numberNodes(obnodes);
foreach (ob; obnodes) ob.print();
printf("-------------------------\n");
}
foreach (ob; obnodes)
{
if (!ob.tryBlock)
continue;
switch (ob.obtype)
{
case ObType.return_:
// Rewrite into a ObType.goto_ => ObType.return_
if (!bcret)
{
bcret = new ObNode();
bcret.obtype = ob.obtype;
}
ob.obtype = ObType.goto_;
ob.succs.push(bcret);
goto case_goto;
case ObType.retexp:
// Rewrite into a ObType.goto_ => ObType.retexp
if (!bcretexp)
{
bcretexp = new ObNode();
bcretexp.obtype = ob.obtype;
}
ob.obtype = ObType.goto_;
ob.succs.push(bcretexp);
goto case_goto;
case ObType.goto_:
if (ob.succs.length != 1)
break;
case_goto:
{
auto target = ob.succs[0]; // destination of goto
ob.succs.setDim(0);
auto lasttry = target.tryBlock;
auto blast = ob;
for (auto bt = ob.tryBlock; bt != lasttry; bt = bt.tryBlock)
{
assert(bt.obtype == ObType.try_);
auto bf = bt.succs[1];
assert(bf.obtype == ObType.finally_);
auto bfend = bt.succs[2];
assert(bfend.obtype == ObType.fend);
if (!blast.succs.contains(bf.succs[0]))
blast.succs.push(bf.succs[0]);
blast = bfend;
}
if (!blast.succs.contains(target))
blast.succs.push(target);
break;
}
default:
break;
}
}
if (bcret)
obnodes.push(bcret);
if (bcretexp)
obnodes.push(bcretexp);
static if (log)
{
printf("------- after ----------\n");
numberNodes(obnodes);
foreach (ob; obnodes) ob.print();
printf("-------------------------\n");
}
}
/***************************************************
* Remove try-finally scaffolding.
* Params:
* obnodes = nodes for the function
*/
void insertFinallyBlockGotos(ref ObNodes obnodes)
{
/* Remove all the try_, finally_, lpad and ret nodes.
* Actually, just make them into no-ops.
*/
foreach (ob; obnodes)
{
ob.tryBlock = null;
switch (ob.obtype)