corerun.cpp

// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.


//
// .A simple CoreCLR host that runs on CoreSystem.
//

#include "windows.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include "mscoree.h"
#include <Logger.h>
#include "palclr.h"
#include "sstring.h"

// Utility macro for testing whether or not a flag is set.
#define HAS_FLAG(value, flag) (((value) & (flag)) == (flag))

// Environment variable for setting whether or not to use Server GC.
// Off by default.
static const wchar_t *serverGcVar = W("COMPlus_gcServer");

// Environment variable for setting whether or not to use Concurrent GC.
// On by default.
static const wchar_t *concurrentGcVar = W("COMPlus_gcConcurrent");

// The name of the CoreCLR native runtime DLL.
static const wchar_t *coreCLRDll = W("CoreCLR.dll");

// The location where CoreCLR is expected to be installed. If CoreCLR.dll isn't
//  found in the same directory as the host, it will be looked for here.
static const wchar_t *coreCLRInstallDirectory = W("%windir%\\system32\\");

// Encapsulates the environment that CoreCLR will run in, including the TPALIST
class HostEnvironment
{
    // The path to this module
    PathString m_hostPath;

    // The path to the directory containing this module
    PathString m_hostDirectoryPath;

    // The name of this module, without the path
    const wchar_t *m_hostExeName;

    // The list of paths to the assemblies that will be trusted by CoreCLR
    SString m_tpaList;

    ICLRRuntimeHost4* m_CLRRuntimeHost;

    HMODULE m_coreCLRModule;

    Logger *m_log;


    // Attempts to load CoreCLR.dll from the given directory.
    // On success pins the dll, sets m_coreCLRDirectoryPath and returns the HMODULE.
    // On failure returns nullptr.
    HMODULE TryLoadCoreCLR(const wchar_t* directoryPath) {

        StackSString coreCLRPath(directoryPath);
        coreCLRPath.Append(coreCLRDll);

        *m_log << W("Attempting to load: ") << coreCLRPath.GetUnicode() << Logger::endl;

        HMODULE result = WszLoadLibraryEx(coreCLRPath, NULL, 0);
        if (!result) {
            *m_log << W("Failed to load: ") << coreCLRPath.GetUnicode() << Logger::endl;
            *m_log << W("Error code: ") << GetLastError() << Logger::endl;
            return nullptr;
        }

        // Pin the module - CoreCLR.dll does not support being unloaded.
        HMODULE dummy_coreCLRModule;
        if (!::GetModuleHandleExW(GET_MODULE_HANDLE_EX_FLAG_PIN, coreCLRPath, &dummy_coreCLRModule)) {
            *m_log << W("Failed to pin: ") << coreCLRPath.GetUnicode() << Logger::endl;
            return nullptr;
        }

        StackSString coreCLRLoadedPath;
        WszGetModuleFileName(result, coreCLRLoadedPath);

        *m_log << W("Loaded: ") << coreCLRLoadedPath.GetUnicode() << Logger::endl;

        return result;
    }

public:
    // The path to the directory that CoreCLR is in
    PathString m_coreCLRDirectoryPath;

    HostEnvironment(Logger *logger)
        : m_log(logger), m_CLRRuntimeHost(nullptr) {

            // Discover the path to this exe's module. All other files are expected to be in the same directory.
            WszGetModuleFileName(::GetModuleHandleW(nullptr), m_hostPath);

            // Search for the last backslash in the host path.
            SString::CIterator lastBackslash = m_hostPath.End();
            m_hostPath.FindBack(lastBackslash, W('\\'));

            // Copy the directory path
            m_hostDirectoryPath.Set(m_hostPath, m_hostPath.Begin(), lastBackslash + 1);

            // Save the exe name
            m_hostExeName = m_hostPath.GetUnicode(lastBackslash + 1);

            *m_log << W("Host directory: ")  << m_hostDirectoryPath.GetUnicode() << Logger::endl;

            // Check for %CORE_ROOT% and try to load CoreCLR.dll from it if it is set
            StackSString coreRoot;
            m_coreCLRModule = NULL; // Initialize this here since we don't call TryLoadCoreCLR if CORE_ROOT is unset.
            if (WszGetEnvironmentVariable(W("CORE_ROOT"), coreRoot) > 0 && coreRoot.GetCount() > 0)
            {
                coreRoot.Append(W('\\'));
                m_coreCLRModule = TryLoadCoreCLR(coreRoot);
            }
            else
            {
                *m_log << W("CORE_ROOT not set; skipping") << Logger::endl;
                *m_log << W("You can set the environment variable CORE_ROOT to point to the path") << Logger::endl;
                *m_log << W("where CoreCLR.dll lives to help CoreRun.exe find it.") << Logger::endl;
            }

            // Try to load CoreCLR from the directory that coreRun is in
            if (!m_coreCLRModule) {
                m_coreCLRModule = TryLoadCoreCLR(m_hostDirectoryPath);
            }

            if (!m_coreCLRModule) {

                // Failed to load. Try to load from the well-known location.
                wchar_t coreCLRInstallPath[MAX_LONGPATH];
                ::ExpandEnvironmentStringsW(coreCLRInstallDirectory, coreCLRInstallPath, MAX_LONGPATH);
                m_coreCLRModule = TryLoadCoreCLR(coreCLRInstallPath);

            }

            if (m_coreCLRModule) {

                // Save the directory that CoreCLR was found in
                DWORD modulePathLength = WszGetModuleFileName(m_coreCLRModule, m_coreCLRDirectoryPath);

                // Search for the last backslash and terminate it there to keep just the directory path with trailing slash
                SString::Iterator lastBackslash = m_coreCLRDirectoryPath.End();
                m_coreCLRDirectoryPath.FindBack(lastBackslash, W('\\'));
                m_coreCLRDirectoryPath.Truncate(lastBackslash + 1);

            } else {
                *m_log << W("Unable to load ") << coreCLRDll << Logger::endl;
            }
    }

    bool TPAListContainsFile(_In_z_ wchar_t* fileNameWithoutExtension, _In_reads_(countExtensions) const wchar_t** rgTPAExtensions, int countExtensions)
    {
        if (m_tpaList.IsEmpty()) return false;

        for (int iExtension = 0; iExtension < countExtensions; iExtension++)
        {
            StackSString fileName;
            fileName.Append(W("\\")); // So that we don't match other files that end with the current file name
            fileName.Append(fileNameWithoutExtension);
            fileName.Append(rgTPAExtensions[iExtension] + 1);
            fileName.Append(W(";")); // So that we don't match other files that begin with the current file name

            if (m_tpaList.Find(m_tpaList.Begin(), fileName))
            {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    void RemoveExtensionAndNi(_In_z_ wchar_t* fileName)
    {
        // Remove extension, if it exists
        wchar_t* extension = wcsrchr(fileName, W('.'));
        if (extension != NULL)
        {
            extension[0] = W('\0');

            // Check for .ni
            size_t len = wcslen(fileName);
            if (len > 3 &&
                fileName[len - 1] == W('i') &&
                fileName[len - 2] == W('n') &&
                fileName[len - 3] == W('.') )
            {
                fileName[len - 3] = W('\0');
            }
        }
    }

    void AddFilesFromDirectoryToTPAList(_In_z_ const wchar_t* targetPath, _In_reads_(countExtensions) const wchar_t** rgTPAExtensions, int countExtensions)
    {
        *m_log << W("Adding assemblies from ") << targetPath << W(" to the TPA list") << Logger::endl;
        StackSString assemblyPath;
        const size_t dirLength = wcslen(targetPath);

        for (int iExtension = 0; iExtension < countExtensions; iExtension++)
        {
            assemblyPath.Set(targetPath, (DWORD)dirLength);
            assemblyPath.Append(rgTPAExtensions[iExtension]);
            WIN32_FIND_DATA data;
            HANDLE findHandle = WszFindFirstFile(assemblyPath, &data);

            if (findHandle != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
                do {
                    if (!(data.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY)) {
                        // It seems that CoreCLR doesn't always use the first instance of an assembly on the TPA list (ni's may be preferred
                        // over il, even if they appear later). So, only include the first instance of a simple assembly name to allow
                        // users the opportunity to override Framework assemblies by placing dlls in %CORE_LIBRARIES%

                        // ToLower for case-insensitive comparisons
                        wchar_t* fileNameChar = data.cFileName;
                        while (*fileNameChar)
                        {
                            *fileNameChar = towlower(*fileNameChar);
                            fileNameChar++;
                        }

                        // Remove extension
                        wchar_t fileNameWithoutExtension[MAX_PATH_FNAME];
                        wcscpy_s(fileNameWithoutExtension, MAX_PATH_FNAME, data.cFileName);

                        RemoveExtensionAndNi(fileNameWithoutExtension);

                        // Add to the list if not already on it
                        if (!TPAListContainsFile(fileNameWithoutExtension, rgTPAExtensions, countExtensions))
                        {
                            assemblyPath.Truncate(assemblyPath.Begin() + (DWORD)dirLength);
                            assemblyPath.Append(data.cFileName);
                            m_tpaList.Append(assemblyPath);
                            m_tpaList.Append(W(';'));
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            *m_log << W("Not adding ") << targetPath << data.cFileName << W(" to the TPA list because another file with the same name is already present on the list") << Logger::endl;
                        }
                    }
                } while (0 != WszFindNextFile(findHandle, &data));

                FindClose(findHandle);
            }
        }
    }

    // Returns the semicolon-separated list of paths to runtime dlls that are considered trusted.
    // On first call, scans the coreclr directory for dlls and adds them all to the list.
    const wchar_t * GetTpaList() {
        if (m_tpaList.IsEmpty()) {
            const wchar_t *rgTPAExtensions[] = {
                        W("*.ni.dll"),		// Probe for .ni.dll first so that it's preferred if ni and il coexist in the same dir
                        W("*.dll"),
                        W("*.ni.exe"),
                        W("*.exe"),
                        W("*.ni.winmd"),
                        W("*.winmd")
                        };

            // Add files from %CORE_LIBRARIES% if specified
            StackSString coreLibraries;
            if (WszGetEnvironmentVariable(W("CORE_LIBRARIES"), coreLibraries) > 0 && coreLibraries.GetCount() > 0)
            {
                coreLibraries.Append(W('\\'));
                AddFilesFromDirectoryToTPAList(coreLibraries, rgTPAExtensions, _countof(rgTPAExtensions));
            }
            else
            {
                *m_log << W("CORE_LIBRARIES not set; skipping") << Logger::endl;
                *m_log << W("You can set the environment variable CORE_LIBRARIES to point to a") << Logger::endl;
                *m_log << W("path containing additional platform assemblies,") << Logger::endl;
            }

            AddFilesFromDirectoryToTPAList(m_coreCLRDirectoryPath, rgTPAExtensions, _countof(rgTPAExtensions));
        }

        return m_tpaList;
    }

    // Returns the path to the host module
    const wchar_t * GetHostPath() {
        return m_hostPath;
    }

    // Returns the path to the host module
    const wchar_t * GetHostExeName() {
        return m_hostExeName;
    }

    // Returns the ICLRRuntimeHost4 instance, loading it from CoreCLR.dll if necessary, or nullptr on failure.
    ICLRRuntimeHost4* GetCLRRuntimeHost() {
        if (!m_CLRRuntimeHost) {

            if (!m_coreCLRModule) {
                *m_log << W("Unable to load ") << coreCLRDll << Logger::endl;
                return nullptr;
            }

            *m_log << W("Finding GetCLRRuntimeHost(...)") << Logger::endl;

            FnGetCLRRuntimeHost pfnGetCLRRuntimeHost =
                (FnGetCLRRuntimeHost)::GetProcAddress(m_coreCLRModule, "GetCLRRuntimeHost");

            if (!pfnGetCLRRuntimeHost) {
                *m_log << W("Failed to find function GetCLRRuntimeHost in ") << coreCLRDll << Logger::endl;
                return nullptr;
            }

            *m_log << W("Calling GetCLRRuntimeHost(...)") << Logger::endl;

            HRESULT hr = pfnGetCLRRuntimeHost(IID_ICLRRuntimeHost4, (IUnknown**)&m_CLRRuntimeHost);
            if (FAILED(hr)) {
                *m_log << W("Failed to get ICLRRuntimeHost4 interface. ERRORCODE: ") << Logger::hresult << hr << Logger::endl;
                return nullptr;
            }
        }

        return m_CLRRuntimeHost;
    }


};

// Creates the startup flags for the runtime, starting with the default startup
// flags and adding or removing from them based on environment variables. Only
// two environment variables are respected right now: serverGcVar, controlling
// Server GC, and concurrentGcVar, controlling Concurrent GC.
STARTUP_FLAGS CreateStartupFlags() {
    auto initialFlags =
        static_cast<STARTUP_FLAGS>(
            STARTUP_FLAGS::STARTUP_LOADER_OPTIMIZATION_SINGLE_DOMAIN |
            STARTUP_FLAGS::STARTUP_SINGLE_APPDOMAIN |
            STARTUP_FLAGS::STARTUP_CONCURRENT_GC);

    // server GC is off by default, concurrent GC is on by default.
    auto checkVariable = [&](STARTUP_FLAGS flag, const wchar_t *var) {
        wchar_t result[25];
        size_t outsize;
        if (_wgetenv_s(&outsize, result, 25, var) == 0 && outsize > 0) {
            // set the flag if the var is present and set to 1,
            // clear the flag if the var isp resent and set to 0.
            // Otherwise, ignore it.
            if (_wcsicmp(result, W("1")) == 0) {
                initialFlags = static_cast<STARTUP_FLAGS>(initialFlags | flag);
            } else if (_wcsicmp(result, W("0")) == 0) {
                initialFlags = static_cast<STARTUP_FLAGS>(initialFlags & ~flag);
            }
        }
    };

    checkVariable(STARTUP_FLAGS::STARTUP_SERVER_GC, serverGcVar);
    checkVariable(STARTUP_FLAGS::STARTUP_CONCURRENT_GC, concurrentGcVar);

    return initialFlags;
}

// Class used to manage activation context.
// See: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/SbsCs/using-the-activation-context-api
class ActivationContext
{
public:
    //       logger - Logger to record errors
    // assemblyPath - Assembly containing activation context manifest
    ActivationContext(Logger &logger, _In_z_ const WCHAR *assemblyPath)
        : _actCookie{}
        , _actCxt{ INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE }
        , _logger{ logger }
    {
        ACTCTX cxt{};
        cxt.cbSize = sizeof(cxt);
        cxt.dwFlags = (ACTCTX_FLAG_APPLICATION_NAME_VALID | ACTCTX_FLAG_RESOURCE_NAME_VALID);
        cxt.lpSource = assemblyPath;
        cxt.lpResourceName = MAKEINTRESOURCEW(1); // The CreateProcess manifest which contains the context details

        _actCxt = ::CreateActCtxW(&cxt);
        if (_actCxt == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
        {
            DWORD err = ::GetLastError();
            if (err == ERROR_RESOURCE_TYPE_NOT_FOUND)
            {
                _logger << W("Assembly does not contain a manifest for activation") << Logger::endl;
            }
            else
            {
                _logger << W("Activation Context creation failed. Error Code: ") << Logger::hresult << err << Logger::endl;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            BOOL res = ::ActivateActCtx(_actCxt, &_actCookie);
            if (res == FALSE)
                _logger << W("Failed to activate Activation Context. Error Code: ") << Logger::hresult << ::GetLastError() << Logger::endl;
        }
    }

    ~ActivationContext()
    {
        if (_actCookie != ULONG_PTR{})
        {
            BOOL res = ::DeactivateActCtx(0, _actCookie);
            if (res == FALSE)
                _logger << W("Failed to de-activate Activation Context. Error Code: ") << Logger::hresult << ::GetLastError() << Logger::endl;
        }

        if (_actCxt != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
            ::ReleaseActCtx(_actCxt);
    }

private:
    Logger &_logger;
    HANDLE _actCxt;
    ULONG_PTR _actCookie;
};

class ClrInstanceDetails
{
    static void * _currentClrInstance;
    static unsigned int _currentAppDomainId;

public: // static
    static HRESULT GetDetails(void **clrInstance, unsigned int *appDomainId)
    {
        *clrInstance = _currentClrInstance;
        *appDomainId = _currentAppDomainId;
        return S_OK;
    }

public:
    ClrInstanceDetails(void *clrInstance, unsigned int appDomainId)
    {
        _currentClrInstance = clrInstance;
        _currentAppDomainId = appDomainId;
    }

    ~ClrInstanceDetails()
    {
        _currentClrInstance = nullptr;
        _currentAppDomainId = 0;
    }
};

void * ClrInstanceDetails::_currentClrInstance;
unsigned int ClrInstanceDetails::_currentAppDomainId;

extern "C" __declspec(dllexport) HRESULT __cdecl GetCurrentClrDetails(void **clrInstance, unsigned int *appDomainId)
{
    return ClrInstanceDetails::GetDetails(clrInstance, appDomainId);
}

bool TryLoadHostPolicy(StackSString& hostPolicyPath)
{
    const WCHAR *hostpolicyName = W("hostpolicy.dll");
    HMODULE hMod = ::GetModuleHandleW(hostpolicyName);
    if (hMod != nullptr)
    {
        return true;
    }
    // Check if a hostpolicy exists and if it does, load it.
    if (INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES != ::GetFileAttributesW(hostPolicyPath.GetUnicode()))
    {
        hMod = ::LoadLibraryExW(hostPolicyPath.GetUnicode(), nullptr, LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_DLL_LOAD_DIR | LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_DEFAULT_DIRS);
    }

    return hMod != nullptr;
}

bool TryRun(const int argc, const wchar_t* argv[], Logger &log, const bool verbose, const bool waitForDebugger, DWORD &exitCode)
{

    // Assume failure
    exitCode = -1;

    HostEnvironment hostEnvironment(&log);

    //-------------------------------------------------------------

    // Find the specified exe. This is done using LoadLibrary so that
    // the OS library search semantics are used to find it.

    const wchar_t* exeName = argc > 0 ? argv[0] : nullptr;
    if(exeName == nullptr)
    {
        log << W("No exename specified.") << Logger::endl;
        return false;
    }

    StackSString appPath;
    StackSString appNiPath;
    StackSString managedAssemblyFullName;
    StackSString appLocalWinmetadata;

    wchar_t* filePart = NULL;

    COUNT_T size = MAX_LONGPATH;
    wchar_t* appPathPtr = appPath.OpenUnicodeBuffer(size - 1);
    DWORD length = WszGetFullPathName(exeName, size, appPathPtr, &filePart);
    if (length >= size)
    {
        appPath.CloseBuffer();
        size = length;
        appPathPtr = appPath.OpenUnicodeBuffer(size - 1);
        length = WszGetFullPathName(exeName, size, appPathPtr, &filePart);
    }
    if (length == 0 || length >= size || filePart == NULL) {
        log << W("Failed to get full path: ") << exeName << Logger::endl;
        log << W("Error code: ") << GetLastError() << Logger::endl;
        return false;
    }

    managedAssemblyFullName.Set(appPathPtr);

    *(filePart) = W('\0');
    appPath.CloseBuffer(DWORD(filePart - appPathPtr));

    log << W("Loading: ") << managedAssemblyFullName.GetUnicode() << Logger::endl;

    appLocalWinmetadata.Set(appPath);
    appLocalWinmetadata.Append(W("\\WinMetadata"));

    DWORD dwAttrib = WszGetFileAttributes(appLocalWinmetadata);
    bool appLocalWinMDexists = dwAttrib != INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES && (dwAttrib & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY);

    if (!appLocalWinMDexists) {
        appLocalWinmetadata.Clear();
    }
    appNiPath.Set(appPath);
    appNiPath.Append(W("NI"));
    appNiPath.Append(W(";"));
    appNiPath.Append(appPath);

    // Construct native search directory paths
    StackSString nativeDllSearchDirs(appPath);
    StackSString coreLibraries;
    if (WszGetEnvironmentVariable(W("CORE_LIBRARIES"), coreLibraries) > 0 && coreLibraries.GetCount() > 0)
    {
        nativeDllSearchDirs.Append(W(";"));
        nativeDllSearchDirs.Append(coreLibraries);
    }
    nativeDllSearchDirs.Append(W(";"));
    nativeDllSearchDirs.Append(hostEnvironment.m_coreCLRDirectoryPath);

    // Preload mock hostpolicy if requested.
    StackSString hostpolicyPath;
    if (WszGetEnvironmentVariable(W("MOCK_HOSTPOLICY"), hostpolicyPath) > 0 && hostpolicyPath.GetCount() > 0)
    {
        if (!TryLoadHostPolicy(hostpolicyPath))
        {
            log << W("Unable to load requested mock hostpolicy.");
            return false;
        }
    }

    // Start the CoreCLR

    ICLRRuntimeHost4 *host = hostEnvironment.GetCLRRuntimeHost();
    if (!host) {
        return false;
    }

    HRESULT hr;


    STARTUP_FLAGS flags = CreateStartupFlags();
    log << W("Setting ICLRRuntimeHost4 startup flags") << Logger::endl;
    log << W("Server GC enabled: ") << HAS_FLAG(flags, STARTUP_FLAGS::STARTUP_SERVER_GC) << Logger::endl;
    log << W("Concurrent GC enabled: ") << HAS_FLAG(flags, STARTUP_FLAGS::STARTUP_CONCURRENT_GC) << Logger::endl;

    // Default startup flags
    hr = host->SetStartupFlags(flags);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        log << W("Failed to set startup flags. ERRORCODE: ") << Logger::hresult << hr << Logger::endl;
        return false;
    }

    log << W("Starting ICLRRuntimeHost4") << Logger::endl;

    hr = host->Start();
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        log << W("Failed to start CoreCLR. ERRORCODE: ") << Logger::hresult << hr << Logger:: endl;
        return false;
    }

    StackSString tpaList;
    if (!managedAssemblyFullName.IsEmpty())
    {
        // Target assembly should be added to the tpa list. Otherwise corerun.exe
        // may find wrong assembly to execute.
        // Details can be found at https://github.com/dotnet/coreclr/issues/5631
        tpaList = managedAssemblyFullName;
        tpaList.Append(W(';'));
    }

    tpaList.Append(hostEnvironment.GetTpaList());

    //-------------------------------------------------------------

    // Create an AppDomain

    // Allowed property names:
    // APPBASE
    // - The base path of the application from which the exe and other assemblies will be loaded
    //
    // TRUSTED_PLATFORM_ASSEMBLIES
    // - The list of complete paths to each of the fully trusted assemblies
    //
    // APP_PATHS
    // - The list of paths which will be probed by the assembly loader
    //
    // APP_NI_PATHS
    // - The list of additional paths that the assembly loader will probe for ngen images
    //
    // NATIVE_DLL_SEARCH_DIRECTORIES
    // - The list of paths that will be probed for native DLLs called by PInvoke
    //
    const wchar_t *property_keys[] = {
        W("TRUSTED_PLATFORM_ASSEMBLIES"),
        W("APP_PATHS"),
        W("APP_NI_PATHS"),
        W("NATIVE_DLL_SEARCH_DIRECTORIES"),
        W("APP_LOCAL_WINMETADATA")
    };
    const wchar_t *property_values[] = {
        // TRUSTED_PLATFORM_ASSEMBLIES
        tpaList,
        // APP_PATHS
        appPath,
        // APP_NI_PATHS
        appNiPath,
        // NATIVE_DLL_SEARCH_DIRECTORIES
        nativeDllSearchDirs,
        // APP_LOCAL_WINMETADATA
        appLocalWinmetadata
    };

    log << W("Creating an AppDomain") << Logger::endl;
    for (int idx = 0; idx < sizeof(property_keys) / sizeof(wchar_t*); idx++)
    {
        log << property_keys[idx] << W("=") << property_values[idx] << Logger::endl;
    }

    DWORD domainId;

    hr = host->CreateAppDomainWithManager(
        hostEnvironment.GetHostExeName(),   // The friendly name of the AppDomain
        // Flags:
        // APPDOMAIN_ENABLE_PLATFORM_SPECIFIC_APPS
        // - By default CoreCLR only allows platform neutral assembly to be run. To allow
        //   assemblies marked as platform specific, include this flag
        //
        // APPDOMAIN_ENABLE_PINVOKE_AND_CLASSIC_COMINTEROP
        // - Allows sandboxed applications to make P/Invoke calls and use COM interop
        //
        // APPDOMAIN_SECURITY_SANDBOXED
        // - Enables sandboxing. If not set, the app is considered full trust
        //
        // APPDOMAIN_IGNORE_UNHANDLED_EXCEPTION
        // - Prevents the application from being torn down if a managed exception is unhandled
        //
        APPDOMAIN_ENABLE_PLATFORM_SPECIFIC_APPS |
        APPDOMAIN_ENABLE_PINVOKE_AND_CLASSIC_COMINTEROP |
        APPDOMAIN_DISABLE_TRANSPARENCY_ENFORCEMENT,
        NULL,                // Name of the assembly that contains the AppDomainManager implementation
        NULL,                    // The AppDomainManager implementation type name
        sizeof(property_keys)/sizeof(wchar_t*),  // The number of properties
        property_keys,
        property_values,
        &domainId);

    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        log << W("Failed call to CreateAppDomainWithManager. ERRORCODE: ") << Logger::hresult << hr << Logger::endl;
        return false;
    }

    if(waitForDebugger)
    {
        if(!IsDebuggerPresent())
        {
            log << W("Waiting for the debugger to attach. Press any key to continue ...") << Logger::endl;
            getchar();
            if (IsDebuggerPresent())
            {
                log << "Debugger is attached." << Logger::endl;
            }
            else
            {
                log << "Debugger failed to attach." << Logger::endl;
            }
        }
    }

    {
        ActivationContext cxt{ log, managedAssemblyFullName.GetUnicode() };
        ClrInstanceDetails current{ host, domainId };

        hr = host->ExecuteAssembly(domainId, managedAssemblyFullName, argc - 1, (argc - 1) ? &(argv[1]) : NULL, &exitCode);
        if (FAILED(hr))
        {
            log << W("Failed call to ExecuteAssembly. ERRORCODE: ") << Logger::hresult << hr << Logger::endl;
            return false;
        }

        log << W("App exit value = ") << exitCode << Logger::endl;
    }

    //-------------------------------------------------------------

    // Unload the AppDomain

    log << W("Unloading the AppDomain") << Logger::endl;

    hr = host->UnloadAppDomain2(
        domainId,
        true,
        (int *)&exitCode);                          // Wait until done

    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        log << W("Failed to unload the AppDomain. ERRORCODE: ") << Logger::hresult << hr << Logger::endl;
        return false;
    }

    log << W("App domain unloaded exit value = ") << exitCode << Logger::endl;

    //-------------------------------------------------------------

    // Stop the host

    log << W("Stopping the host") << Logger::endl;

    hr = host->Stop();

    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        log << W("Failed to stop the host. ERRORCODE: ") << Logger::hresult << hr << Logger::endl;
        return false;
    }

    //-------------------------------------------------------------

    // Release the reference to the host

    log << W("Releasing ICLRRuntimeHost4") << Logger::endl;

    host->Release();

    return true;

}

void showHelp() {
    ::wprintf(
        W("Runs executables on CoreCLR\r\n")
        W("\r\n")
        W("USAGE: coreRun [/d] [/v] Managed.exe\r\n")
        W("\r\n")
        W("  where Managed.exe is a managed executable built for CoreCLR\r\n")
        W("        /v causes verbose output to be written to the console\r\n")
        W("        /d causes coreRun to wait for a debugger to attach before\r\n")
        W("         launching Managed.exe\r\n")
        W("\r\n")
        W("  CoreCLR is searched for in %%core_root%%, then in the directory\r\n")
        W("  that coreRun.exe is in, then finally in %s.\r\n"),
        coreCLRInstallDirectory
        );
}

int __cdecl wmain(const int argc, const wchar_t* argv[])
{
    // Parse the options from the command line

    bool verbose = false;
    bool waitForDebugger = false;
    bool helpRequested = false;
    int newArgc = argc - 1;
    const wchar_t **newArgv = argv + 1;

    auto stringsEqual = [](const wchar_t * const a, const wchar_t * const b) -> bool {
        return ::_wcsicmp(a, b) == 0;
    };

    auto tryParseOption = [&](const wchar_t* arg) -> bool {
        if ( stringsEqual(arg, W("/v")) || stringsEqual(arg, W("-v")) ) {
                verbose = true;
                return true;
        } else if ( stringsEqual(arg, W("/d")) || stringsEqual(arg, W("-d")) ) {
                waitForDebugger = true;
                return true;
        } else if ( stringsEqual(arg, W("/?")) || stringsEqual(arg, W("-?")) || stringsEqual(arg, W("-h")) || stringsEqual(arg, W("--help")) ) {
            helpRequested = true;
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    };

    while (newArgc > 0 && tryParseOption(newArgv[0])) {
        newArgc--;
        newArgv++;
    }

    if (argc < 2 || helpRequested || newArgc==0) {
        showHelp();
        return -1;
    } else {
        Logger log;
        if (verbose) {
            log.Enable();
        } else {
            log.Disable();
        }

        DWORD exitCode;
        auto success = TryRun(newArgc, newArgv, log, verbose, waitForDebugger, exitCode);

        log << W("Execution ") << (success ? W("succeeded") : W("failed")) << Logger::endl;

        return exitCode;
    }
}