feat: Catch and add query context for statement extraction

[krlmlr]

Closes tidyverse/duckplyr#219.

library(DBI)

drv <- duckdb::duckdb()
con <- dbConnect(drv)

sql <- "SELECT count(*), date FROM SELECT CAST(time AS date), count(*) GROUP by date;"
dbGetQuery(con, sql)
#> Error: rapi_prepare: Failed to extract statements:
#> Parser Error: syntax error at or near "SELECT"
#> LINE 1: SELECT count(*), date FROM SELECT CAST(time AS date), count(*) GRO...
#>                                    ^

^{Created on 2024-10-26 with reprex v2.1.1}