diff --git a/modules/repository-s3/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/repositories/s3/S3BlobContainer.java b/modules/repository-s3/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/repositories/s3/S3BlobContainer.java
index d5a380b2e3b69..8b00d90e2e051 100644
--- a/modules/repository-s3/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/repositories/s3/S3BlobContainer.java
+++ b/modules/repository-s3/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/repositories/s3/S3BlobContainer.java
@@ -810,12 +810,12 @@ private class MultipartUploadCompareAndExchangeOperation {
             this.threadPool = threadPool;
         }
 
-        void run(BytesReference expected, BytesReference updated, ActionListener<OptionalBytesReference> listener) throws Exception {
-            innerRun(expected, updated, listener.delegateResponse((delegate, e) -> {
+        void run(BytesReference expected, BytesReference updated, ActionListener<OptionalBytesReference> listener) {
+            ActionListener.run(listener.delegateResponse((delegate, e) -> {
                 logger.trace(() -> Strings.format("[%s]: compareAndExchangeRegister failed", rawKey), e);
-                if (e instanceof AwsServiceException awsServiceException
-                    && (awsServiceException.statusCode() == 404
-                        || awsServiceException.statusCode() == 200
+                if ((e instanceof AwsServiceException awsServiceException)
+                    && (awsServiceException.statusCode() == RestStatus.NOT_FOUND.getStatus()
+                        || awsServiceException.statusCode() == RestStatus.OK.getStatus()
                             && "NoSuchUpload".equals(awsServiceException.awsErrorDetails().errorCode()))) {
                     // An uncaught 404 means that our multipart upload was aborted by a concurrent operation before we could complete it.
                     // Also (rarely) S3 can start processing the request during a concurrent abort and this can result in a 200 OK with an
@@ -824,7 +824,7 @@ void run(BytesReference expected, BytesReference updated, ActionListener<Optiona
                 } else {
                     delegate.onFailure(e);
                 }
-            }));
+            }), l -> innerRun(expected, updated, l));
         }
 
         void innerRun(BytesReference expected, BytesReference updated, ActionListener<OptionalBytesReference> listener) throws Exception {
@@ -1120,16 +1120,13 @@ public void compareAndExchangeRegister(
         ActionListener<OptionalBytesReference> listener
     ) {
         final var clientReference = blobStore.clientReference();
-        ActionListener.run(
-            ActionListener.releaseBefore(clientReference, listener),
-            l -> new MultipartUploadCompareAndExchangeOperation(
-                purpose,
-                clientReference.client(),
-                blobStore.bucket(),
-                key,
-                blobStore.getThreadPool()
-            ).run(expected, updated, l)
-        );
+        new MultipartUploadCompareAndExchangeOperation(
+            purpose,
+            clientReference.client(),
+            blobStore.bucket(),
+            key,
+            blobStore.getThreadPool()
+        ).run(expected, updated, ActionListener.releaseBefore(clientReference, listener));
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/modules/repository-s3/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/repositories/s3/S3BlobContainerRetriesTests.java b/modules/repository-s3/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/repositories/s3/S3BlobContainerRetriesTests.java
index e217cffc6d3aa..65b4f58f6cb55 100644
--- a/modules/repository-s3/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/repositories/s3/S3BlobContainerRetriesTests.java
+++ b/modules/repository-s3/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/repositories/s3/S3BlobContainerRetriesTests.java
@@ -1346,6 +1346,42 @@ public void testRetryOn403InStateless() {
         assertEquals(denyAccessAfterAttempt <= maxRetries ? 1 : 0, accessDeniedResponseCount.get());
     }
 
+    public void testUploadNotFoundInCompareAndExchange() {
+        final var blobContainerPath = BlobPath.EMPTY.add(getTestName());
+        final var statefulBlobContainer = createBlobContainer(1, null, null, null, null, null, blobContainerPath);
+
+        @SuppressForbidden(reason = "use a http server")
+        class RejectsUploadPartRequests extends S3HttpHandler {
+            RejectsUploadPartRequests() {
+                super("bucket");
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void handle(HttpExchange exchange) throws IOException {
+                if (parseRequest(exchange).isUploadPartRequest()) {
+                    exchange.sendResponseHeaders(RestStatus.NOT_FOUND.getStatus(), -1);
+                } else {
+                    super.handle(exchange);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        httpServer.createContext("/", new RejectsUploadPartRequests());
+
+        safeAwait(
+            l -> statefulBlobContainer.compareAndExchangeRegister(
+                randomPurpose(),
+                "not_found_register",
+                BytesArray.EMPTY,
+                new BytesArray(new byte[1]),
+                l.map(result -> {
+                    assertFalse(result.isPresent());
+                    return null;
+                })
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
     private static String getBase16MD5Digest(BytesReference bytesReference) {
         return MessageDigests.toHexString(MessageDigests.digest(bytesReference, MessageDigests.md5()));
     }