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| <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD v1.1d1 20130915//EN" "JATS-archivearticle1.dtd"><article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1d1" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">elife</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">eLife</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">eLife</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>eLife</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="electronic">2050-084X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">02184</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.02184</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="display-channel"><subject>Research article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Cell biology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Structure of cellular ESCRT-III spirals and their relationship to HIV budding</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes" id="author-10181"><name><surname>Cashikar</surname><given-names>Anil G</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="fn" rid="equal-contrib">†</xref><xref ref-type="other" rid="par-1"/><xref ref-type="fn" rid="con1"/><xref ref-type="fn" rid="conf1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes" id="author-10182"><name><surname>Shim</surname><given-names>Soomin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="fn" rid="equal-contrib">†</xref><xref ref-type="other" rid="par-1"/><xref ref-type="fn" rid="con3"/><xref ref-type="fn" rid="conf1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="author-6414"><name><surname>Roth</surname><given-names>Robyn</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="other" rid="par-1"/><xref ref-type="fn" rid="con4"/><xref ref-type="fn" rid="conf1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="author-10184"><name><surname>Maldazys</surname><given-names>Michael R</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="other" rid="par-1"/><xref ref-type="fn" rid="con6"/><xref ref-type="fn" rid="conf1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="author-6429"><name><surname>Heuser</surname><given-names>John E</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="fn" rid="con5"/><xref ref-type="fn" rid="conf1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" id="author-5037"><name><surname>Hanson</surname><given-names>Phyllis I</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref><xref ref-type="other" rid="par-1"/><xref ref-type="fn" rid="con2"/><xref ref-type="fn" rid="conf1"/></contrib><aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Cell Biology and Physiology</institution>, <institution>Washington University School of Medicine</institution>, <addr-line><named-content content-type="city">St. Louis</named-content></addr-line>, <country>United States</country></aff></contrib-group><contrib-group content-type="section"><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Sundquist</surname><given-names>Wesley</given-names></name><role>Reviewing editor</role><aff><institution>University of Utah</institution>, <country>United States</country></aff></contrib></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>For correspondence: <email>phanson22@WUSTL.EDU</email></corresp><fn fn-type="con" id="equal-contrib"><label>†</label><p>These authors contributed equally to this work</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>05</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><elocation-id>e02184</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>27</day><month>05</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2014, Cashikar et al</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Cashikar et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"><license-p>This article is distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="elife02184.pdf"/><abstract><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.02184.001</object-id><p>The ESCRT machinery along with the AAA+ ATPase Vps4 drive membrane scission for trafficking into multivesicular bodies in the endocytic pathway and for the topologically related processes of viral budding and cytokinesis, but how they accomplish this remains unclear. Using deep-etch electron microscopy, we find that endogenous ESCRT-III filaments stabilized by depleting cells of Vps4 create uniform membrane-deforming conical spirals which are assemblies of specific ESCRT-III heteropolymers. To explore functional roles for ESCRT-III filaments, we examine HIV-1 Gag-mediated budding of virus-like particles and find that depleting Vps4 traps ESCRT-III filaments around nascent Gag assemblies. Interpolating between the observed structures suggests a new role for Vps4 in separating ESCRT-III from Gag or other cargo to allow centripetal growth of a neck constricting ESCRT-III spiral.</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold> <ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.02184.001">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02184.001</ext-link></p></abstract><abstract abstract-type="executive-summary"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.02184.002</object-id><title>eLife digest</title><p>Cells contain compartments called organelles that are enclosed within membranes similar to the plasma membrane that surrounds the cell itself. Cells police the proteins on their membranes and move old or damaged proteins into a type of organelle called an endosome. This involves the membrane folding in on itself to form a multivesicular body.</p><p>The multivesicular bodies deliver their contents to organelles called lysosomes where the old proteins are destroyed. Although it is known that over 30 proteins are involved in the formation of multivesicular bodies, many aspects of how they operate are not well understood. Moreover, disruptions to this process contribute to a large number of diseases including forms of cancer and neurodegeneration. Importantly, the same proteins are hijacked by viruses such as HIV to help them escape from the cells they have infected.</p><p>Most of the proteins involved in forming multivesicular bodies are part of the ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport) system of proteins. A special set of these proteins—ESCRT-III—is thought to cut the membrane to release vesicles and viruses, as well as helping the membrane to deform.</p><p>Previously, researchers have been unsure how the ESCRT-III complex works because it has a short lifespan and is too small to see on cellular membranes using standard techniques. Now Cashikar, Shim et al. have used a technique called deep-etch electron microscopy in combination with gene knockdown strategies to reveal the structure of the ESCRT-III complex inside cells.</p><p>A protein called Vps4 is known to recycle ESCRT-III complexes, so Cashikar, Shim et al. studied cells in which the levels of Vps4 had been depleted in order to increase the lifespan of ESCRT-III complexes. In these cells filaments made of ESCRT-III complexes tended to form conical spirals that matched the size and shape of the vesicles and viruses ESCRT-III is thought to produce. ESCRT-III filaments also accumulated as rings around the molecules destined for incorporation into a vesicle or virus. This indicated a new role for Vps4: it separates ESCRT-III from the contents of the vesicle, leaving it free to form a spiral that drives release of the vesicle or virus from the cell.</p><p>The next challenge will be to test the predictions of this model using techniques that can capture individual vesicle formation events in real time. Understanding the function of ESCRT-III in greater detail may suggest ways to manipulate this pathway to limit the replication of viruses or the degradation of membrane proteins.</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold> <ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.02184.002">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02184.002</ext-link></p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-keywords"><title>Author keywords</title><kwd>ESCRT</kwd><kwd>deep-etch EM</kwd><kwd>HIV-1 budding</kwd><kwd>multivesicular body</kwd><kwd>endosome</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group kwd-group-type="research-organism"><title>Research organism</title><kwd>human</kwd><kwd>viruses</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group id="par-1"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="FundRef">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002</institution-id><institution>National Institutes of Health</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>R01 GM076686</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Cashikar</surname><given-names>Anil G</given-names></name><name><surname>Shim</surname><given-names>Soomin</given-names></name><name><surname>Roth</surname><given-names>Robyn</given-names></name><name><surname>Maldazys</surname><given-names>Michael R</given-names></name><name><surname>Hanson</surname><given-names>Phyllis I</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><funding-statement>The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.</funding-statement></funding-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>elife-xml-version</meta-name><meta-value>2</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta specific-use="meta-only"><meta-name>Author impact statement</meta-name><meta-value>Electron microscopy on native membranes reveals the shape and potential function of protein machinery responsible for budding vesicles and viruses away from the cytoplasm.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1" sec-type="intro"><title>Introduction</title><p>Vesicle formation requires machinery to identify cargo, deform the membrane and release a vesicle. How cytoplasmic proteins cooperate to form vesicles that mediate transport between organelles is well defined. Less well understood is how cytoplasmic proteins drive the topologically reverse process of creating intralumenal vesicles (ILVs) in multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Studies over the past decade have shown that a set of over 30 proteins are responsible for ILV formation and are also required for the topologically similar processes of viral budding and cytokinesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib35">Hurley, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib29">Hanson and Cashikar, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib61">Sundquist and Krausslich, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib32">Henne et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib44">McCullough et al., 2013</xref>). Most are components of ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) complexes. The multisubunit ESCRT-0, -I, and -II complexes are thought to recognize cargo and initiate vesicle formation, while ESCRT-III proteins and the AAA+ ATPase Vps4 that acts on them promote membrane remodeling and scission both on MVBs and the plasma membrane. A subject of much current interest is how, exactly, ESCRT-III and Vps4 drive these events.</p><p>Seven ESCRT-III proteins in yeast and 12 in humans are structurally similar to each other but are not redundant for pathway function (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib45">Morita et al., 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib46">2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib52">Peel et al., 2011</xref>). ESCRT-III proteins cycle between an inactive or closed monomeric state in the cytoplasm and an activated or open state in which they polymerize into filaments on the membrane (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib3">Babst et al., 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib42">Lin et al., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib71">Zamborlini et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib58">Shim et al., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib30">Hanson et al., 2008</xref>). ESCRT-II initiates ESCRT-III assembly on the MVB by binding to Vps20/CHMP6 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib4">Babst et al., 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib63">Teis et al., 2010</xref>) while virally encoded sequence motifs bind ESCRT-I and/or Alix which in turn promote ESCRT-III assembly during viral budding (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib65">von Schwedler et al., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib60">Strack et al., 2003</xref>). Once nucleated, ESCRT-III polymers grow by recruiting other subunits (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib3">Babst et al., 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib58">Shim et al., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib62">Teis et al., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib55">Saksena et al., 2009</xref>). Reconstituting ILV formation on giant unilamellar vesicles established that ESCRT-III proteins alone can promote vesicle release (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib68">Wollert et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib67">Wollert and Hurley, 2010</xref>) although studies in yeast suggest that they normally do this in cooperation with Vps4 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib51">Nickerson et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib1">Adell et al., 2014</xref>). In addition to Vps20/CHMP6 as a nucleator, specific roles attributed to individual ESCRT-III proteins include cargo confinement by Snf7/CHMP4 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib62">Teis et al., 2008</xref>), polymer capping by Vps24/CHMP3 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib55">Saksena et al., 2009</xref>), and Vps4 recruitment by Vps2/CHMP2 and Did2/CHMP1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib40">Lata et al., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib55">Saksena et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib15">Davies et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib1">Adell et al., 2014</xref>). ESCRT-III polymers are remodeled and disassembled by the AAA ATPase Vps4 before (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib51">Nickerson et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib7">Baumgartel et al., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib37">Jouvenet et al., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib1">Adell et al., 2014</xref>) and/or after (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib68">Wollert et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib67">Wollert and Hurley, 2010</xref>) membrane scission, returning individual subunits to their closed state in the cytoplasm.</p><p>Structural studies demonstrate that ESCRT-III proteins each consist of a ∼7 nm helical hairpin (α1–α2) stabilized and regulated by four or more short helices (α3–α6) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib48">Muziol et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib6">Bajorek et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib70">Xiao et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib43">Martinelli et al., 2012</xref>). α5–α6 and surrounding sequences are responsible for autoinhibition and thereby regulate membrane binding and polymer assembly (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib71">Zamborlini et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib58">Shim et al., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib6">Bajorek et al., 2009</xref>). In their active or open state, ESCRT-III proteins polymerize in vitro and in vivo using a number of different protein–protein interfaces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib48">Muziol et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib25">Ghazi-Tabatabai et al., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib6">Bajorek et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib70">Xiao et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib46">Morita et al., 2011</xref>). Snf7/CHMP4 is the most abundant ESCRT-III protein, and forms membrane-associated polymers in vitro and in transfected cells (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib30">Hanson et al., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib62">Teis et al., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib23">Fyfe et al., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib31">Henne et al., 2012</xref>). Electron microscopy (EM) shows that Snf7/CHMP4 polymers are curved filaments <5 nm in diameter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib25">Ghazi-Tabatabai et al., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib30">Hanson et al., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib53">Pires et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib31">Henne et al., 2012</xref>). Other ESCRT-III proteins shown to assemble in vitro into a variety of mostly tubular structures include CHMP2A and CHMP3 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib40">Lata et al., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib6">Bajorek et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib16">Dobro et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib17">Effantin et al., 2013</xref>), CHMP1B (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib6">Bajorek et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib16">Dobro et al., 2013</xref>), CHMP2B (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib8">Bodon et al., 2011</xref>), and Ist1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib6">Bajorek et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib16">Dobro et al., 2013</xref>). Finally, ∼17 nm filaments on the membrane in intercellular bridges before cytokinesis disappear when CHMP2A is missing, suggesting that they too might represent a form of ESCRT-III polymer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib27">Guizetti et al., 2011</xref>). These many views of ESCRT-III have led to proposals for how it and Vps4 contribute to membrane scission during ILV formation, viral budding, and cytokinesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib21">Fabbro et al., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib41">Lenz et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib55">Saksena et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib68">Wollert et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib19">Elia et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib32">Henne et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib44">McCullough et al., 2013</xref>). However, much remains to be learned about the assembly and functional roles of different types of ESCRT-III polymers in their own right and in conjunction with Vps4.</p><p>For insight into ESCRT-III polymer structure in a physiological setting, we examined endogenous machinery in cultured mammalian cells by deep-etch EM. We find that ESCRT-III heteropolymers stabilized by depleting Vps4A & B are membrane-attached filaments that frequently spiral to delineate and fill circular domains ∼110 nm in diameter. Many of these spirals induce conical deformations directed away from the cytoplasm. Filaments built from transfected proteins show that coassembly of two ESCRT-III proteins (in this case Snf7/CHMP4A and CHMP2A) is required to create membrane deforming ESCRT-III spirals. To define the relationship between ESCRT-III filaments and cargo, we studied HIV-1 Gag-driven virus-like-particle (VLP) assembly. Notably, in cells depleted of Vps4, we find that Gag assemblies are often encircled by ESCRT-III filaments. This suggests a previously unappreciated role for Vps4 in remodeling ESCRT-III around cargo-containing membrane domains in addition to its more canonical role in recycling ESCRT-III subunits.</p></sec><sec id="s2" sec-type="results|discussion"><title>Results and discussion</title><sec id="s2-1"><title>Depleting Vps4 in mammalian cells traps ESCRT-III polymers on membranes</title><p>Endogenous ESCRT-III proteins including CHMP4A and CHMP2B are diffusely localized in cells with little steady-state concentration on endosomes despite their known role in lumenal vesicle formation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1A</xref>, left panels). This is not surprising given measurements in live cells showing that both they and Vps4 are present for a few minutes or less at their site of action during viral particle release (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib7">Baumgartel et al., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib37">Jouvenet et al., 2011</xref>) or cytokinetic abscission (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib19">Elia et al., 2012</xref>). To visualize ESCRT-III, we therefore set out to increase the lifetime of membrane associated polymers taking advantage of the known role for Vps4 in mediating disassembly and recycling of ESCRT-III (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib2">Babst et al., 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib42">Lin et al., 2005</xref>). Depleting Vps4A & B, the two Vps4 proteins present in human cells, by RNAi (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1B</xref>) caused ESCRT-III proteins to redistribute onto puncta localized throughout the cell (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1A</xref>, middle panels). Sedimentation of detergent solubilized cell extracts further demonstrated that a significant fraction of ESCRT-III proteins accumulated in the detergent insoluble fraction characteristic of polymerized ESCRT-III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1C</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib58">Shim et al., 2007</xref>).<fig id="fig1" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.02184.003</object-id><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><title>Effects of depleting Vps4 on ESCRT-III.</title><p>(<bold>A</bold>) Localization of indicated ESCRT-III protein in HeLa cells untreated or treated with Vps4A & Vps4B specific siRNA for ∼60 hr. Left and middle panels show maximum intensity projections from confocal z-series through the cells. Right panel shows immunostaining of unroofed plasma membranes from HEK293T cells treated with Vps4A & Vps4B siRNA. Scale bars represent 10 μm. (<bold>B</bold>) Representative immunoblots comparing lysates from cells untreated or treated with siRNA targeting Vps4A & Vps4B. (<bold>C</bold>) Immunoblots of detergent soluble (left) and insoluble (right) material from control or Vps4A & Vps4B siRNA-treated HeLa cells.</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold> <ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.02184.003">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02184.003</ext-link></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="elife02184f001"/></fig></p><p>Deep-etch EM is particularly well suited to examining the morphology of the plasma membrane (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib34">Heuser, 2000</xref>), and although many ESCRT-III puncta were on endosome like structures throughout the cytoplasm, a subset appeared at the edge of the cell and remained associated with unroofed plasma membranes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1A</xref>, right panels). Their presence could reflect a role for ESCRT-III in creating outwardly-directed vesicles known as ectosomes that bud from the plasma membrane (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib59">Stein and Luzio, 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib49">Nabhan et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib14">Choudhuri et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib36">Jimenez et al., 2014</xref>). Alternatively, ESCRT-III puncta could be transferred to the plasma membrane by MVB exocytosis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib64">Thery, 2011</xref>). Finally, ESCRT-III may have some other, potentially structural, role on the plasma membrane. Importantly, the accessibility of the plasma membrane to deep-etch EM provided us with a starting point for studying the structure of cellular ESCRT-III.</p></sec><sec id="s2-2"><title>Endogenous ESCRT-III polymers form conical spirals</title><p>Deep-etch EM of plasma membranes from cultured cells depleted of Vps4A & B revealed unique filamentous assemblies intermingled among otherwise typical cytoskeletal structures, clathrin lattices, and caveolae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2A</xref>). The new filaments were attached to the membrane and most clearly recognized in discrete spirals that often deformed the membrane into conical protrusions. Because these filaments resemble previously described ESCRT-III polymers, we used antibodies recognizing several ESCRT-III proteins and found that gold particles marking each of the proteins examined (CHMP6, CHMP2B, and CHMP1B) bound on or near filaments and filament spirals but not elsewhere on membranes from cells depleted of Vps4A & B (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2B</xref>) or on membranes from control HeLa cells (not shown). Fortuitous immunodecoration inside broken but not fully unroofed Vps4-depleted cells showed that eversions containing ESCRT-III were also present along the cell's top surface (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2s1">Figure 2—figure supplement 1)</xref>. The apparent distribution of different ESCRT-III proteins on the filament spirals was similar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2B</xref> and not shown), although generally predominant labeling near the perimeter may reflect limited epitope accessibility toward the center of the spirals. This immunodecoration argues against unique positioning of particular ESCRT-III proteins along the filaments, although higher resolution studies and additional antibodies will be required to determine exactly where different ESCRT-III proteins are present in each spiral.<fig-group><fig id="fig2" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.02184.004</object-id><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><title>ESCRT-III filaments form conical spirals on the plasma membrane of cells depleted of Vps4A & Vps4B.</title><p>(<bold>A</bold>) Survey view of the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane from a HeLa cell unroofed ∼60 hr after transfection with siRNA targeting Vps4A & Vps4B. Pseudocoloring shows clathrin (orange), caveolae (green), and ESCRT-III spirals (yellow). Similar filament spirals were seen in siRNA treated HEK293T, U2OS, and MCF-7 cells (not shown). (<bold>B</bold>) Immunodecoration of ESCRT-III proteins in spirals on Vps4-depleted HeLa cell plasma membranes. Antibodies recognizing CHMP6 (left), CHMP2B (middle), and CHMP1B (right) detected with 18 nm gold that appears white in these contrast reversed EM images. Use view glasses for 3D structure in both panels (left eye = red). Scale bars represent 100 nm.</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold> <ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.02184.004">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02184.004</ext-link></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="elife02184f002"/></fig><fig id="fig2s1" position="float" specific-use="child-fig"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.02184.005</object-id><label>Figure 2—figure supplement 1.</label><caption><title>Immunodecoration of ESCRT-III proteins beneath protrusions from the cell surface.</title><p>Fortuitous breaks in HeLa cells depleted of Vps4A & B subjected to immunogold labeling allowed antibody staining inside broken cells. (<bold>A</bold>) Immunodecoration of CHMP1B, (<bold>B</bold>) immunodecoration of CHMP2B. 18 nm gold particles appear white in these contrast reversed deep-etch EM images. Insets show enlarged images (blue edges) with gold particles marked yellow. Use view glasses for 3D structure. Scale bars represent 100 nm for main panels and 50 nm for insets.</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold> <ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.02184.005">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02184.005</ext-link></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="elife02184fs001"/></fig></fig-group></p><p>The most striking and unexpected characteristic of these stabilized ESCRT-III filaments was their frequent organization into spirals (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3A,B</xref>). Other patterns including partial or complete rings and meandering filaments were also seen but were less common. The overall diameter of the spiral assemblies was 108 ± 30 nm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3C</xref>), with an average of four 360° turns in each spiral. The shape of the spirals on the membrane varied, ranging from clearly conical to flat. The total length of the filament in each spiral was 660 ± 350 nm. While Vps4-driven remodeling may normally keep filaments from reaching this length (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib62">Teis et al., 2008</xref>), these images set an upper limit on the size and shape of endogenous ESCRT-III polymer that is smaller and more uniform than that of the extensive polymers seen in vitro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib40">Lata et al., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib6">Bajorek et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib31">Henne et al., 2012</xref>) or in cells overexpressing specific components of ESCRT-III (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib30">Hanson et al., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib8">Bodon et al., 2011</xref>). ESCRT-III assembly must therefore be controlled by something other than the availability of subunits. One possibility is that centripetal growth of a membrane-attached filament determines the diameter of the final assembly. Interestingly, ESCRT-III spirals surround and cover an area of membrane that corresponds well with that needed to generate a vesicle ∼50 nm in diameter—the typical size of ILVs in mammalian cells (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib47">Murk et al., 2003</xref>)—suggesting that an initial ESCRT-III circle might define the content of an incipient vesicle.<fig id="fig3" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.02184.006</object-id><label>Figure 3.</label><caption><title>Structural characteristics of endogenous ESCRT-III spirals.</title><p>(<bold>A</bold>) Survey views of filaments and spirals on plasma membranes of HeLa cells depleted of Vps4A & Vps4B show range of shapes, filament diameter, and direction of spiraling. Examples of abrupt changes in filament diameter are highlighted in color (thicker filaments in magenta and thinner filaments in green) in right panel. Use view glasses for 3D structure (left eye = red). Scale bar represents 100 nm. (<bold>B</bold>) Views of individual spirals with direction of spiral from perimeter towards center as shown. Each box corresponds to 185 nm. (<bold>C</bold>) Outer diameter of spirals defined as conical or flat based on appearance in 3D (n = 184, 61% conical 108 ± 29 nm; 39% flat 102 ± 20 nm). (<bold>D</bold>) Distribution of filament widths measured at three points per spiral.</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold> <ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.02184.006">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02184.006</ext-link></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="elife02184f003"/></fig></p><p>For insight into how ESCRT-III filaments grow on the membrane, we asked if they preferentially spiral in one direction or the other. Surprisingly, we found both left- and right-handed spirals even in the same field of view (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref>). This was true both for obviously conical and flat spirals. Even without knowing precisely how subunits are arranged within the filaments, it is clear that changes along the spiral have the potential to affect positioning of functionally important motifs in the ESCRT-III proteins. For example, changes in the recently described N-terminal membrane insertion motif (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib12">Buchkovich et al., 2013</xref>) could contribute to membrane deformation.</p><p>The apparent diameter of the finest filaments in ESCRT-III spirals was ∼4 nm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3D</xref>). Because individual ESCRT-III proteins contain a ∼7 nm helical hairpin that is 3–4 nm wide (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib48">Muziol et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib6">Bajorek et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib70">Xiao et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib43">Martinelli et al., 2012</xref>), their assembly into filaments must involve interactions along an approximately longitudinal axis as previously envisioned for filaments and tubes assembled in vitro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib40">Lata et al., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib31">Henne et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib16">Dobro et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib17">Effantin et al., 2013</xref>). Filament width varied from 4 to as much as 15 nm in both conical and flat spirals (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3D</xref>), excluding differences in accessibility to platinum deposition as a primary cause of the differences. Instead, differences in platinum decoration are likely to reveal variations in molecular structure (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib5">Bachmann et al., 1985</xref>). Wider filaments—sometimes with a split down their middle suggesting the presence of parallel substrands—were most prevalent at the perimeter while thin filaments occurred throughout but were almost always present near the spirals' center. Filaments sometimes abruptly changed width (see examples highlighted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3A</xref>) further supporting the presence of subfilaments within wider structures. Given the functional requirement for two ESCRT-III nucleating sites in ESCRT-II (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib63">Teis et al., 2010</xref>) or Alix (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib53">Pires et al., 2009</xref>), one possibility is that parallel filaments create the outer turns of a spiral but give way to single filaments with the potential for tighter curvature near the spiral's center. The ability of specific ESCRT-III proteins to cap filament assembly (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib62">Teis et al., 2008</xref>) could promote transition from wide to narrow filaments by ending one of two (or more) parallel filaments. Understanding the functional significance and control of differences in filament content and shape will be an important question for the future.</p></sec><sec id="s2-3"><title>Coassembly of CHMP4A with other ESCRT-III proteins creates membrane-deforming filaments</title><p>We next wondered what it is about endogenous ESCRT-III filaments that promotes their assembly into stereotyped membrane-deforming spirals. While deep-etch EM does not have the resolution to define the arrangement of individual subunits, it allows us to compare filament shape and organization to that of filaments assembled in transfected cells. We previously found that overexpressed FLAG-tagged CHMP4 proteins create extensive networks of interconnected curved but flat filaments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib30">Hanson et al., 2008</xref>) and others have seen that CHMP4B and yeast Snf7 behave similarly in vitro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib53">Pires et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib31">Henne et al., 2012</xref>). To rule out any effects of the acidic FLAG-tag at the N-terminus of CHMP4A in our earlier study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib30">Hanson et al., 2008</xref>), we examined filaments formed by untagged CHMP4A (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4A</xref>). This was important because the FLAG-tag might specifically interfere with a recently described N-terminal membrane insertion motif in CHMP4-family proteins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib12">Buchkovich et al., 2013</xref>). As before, CHMP4A filaments circle and spiral along the membrane to form an anastomosing network but do not couple this to changes in membrane shape (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4A</xref>). CHMP4A filaments also remain flat when built from a constitutively ‘open’ CHMP4(α1–α5) truncation mutant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib58">Shim et al., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4B</xref>) or a K52E mutant that enhances Snf7 assembly in yeast (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib31">Henne et al., 2012</xref>) (not shown). These consistently flat networks indicate that interface(s) needed to deform the membrane are either not present or not exposed in CHMP4 homopolymers even when intramolecular autoinhibitory contacts are released.<fig id="fig4" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.02184.007</object-id><label>Figure 4.</label><caption><title>ESCRT-III polymer structure in transfected cells.</title><p>Anaglyphs of plasma membranes from COS-7 cells expressing (<bold>A</bold>) untagged CHMP4A, (<bold>B</bold>) CHMP4A(α1–α5), and (<bold>C</bold>–<bold>E</bold>) CHMP4A(α1–α5) and full-length CHMP2A together. (<bold>C</bold>) Cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane from an unroofed cell with high magnification shown in the inset, (<bold>D</bold>) corresponding top of a whole cell, and (<bold>E</bold>) top of a whole cell extracted with Triton X-100 and saponin after fixation to expose the underlying protein scaffold. Use view glasses for 3D structure (left eye = red). Scale bars represent 100 nm except in <bold>C</bold> where the scale bar on the survey view corresponds to 500 nm.</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold> <ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.02184.007">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02184.007</ext-link></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="elife02184f004"/></fig></p><p>Given that ESCRT-III function in cellular events requires more than one ESCRT-III protein (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib3">Babst et al., 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib45">Morita et al., 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib46">2011</xref>), we hypothesized that coassembly of CHMP4 with additional ESCRT-III proteins might be required to create filaments with the shape of the endogenous filaments above. To test this idea, we examined the effect of coexpressing CHMP4A with CHMP2A based on the fact that the ESCRT-III function in a wide variety of pathways and organisms requires members of both the CHMP4 and CHMP2 subfamilies of proteins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib3">Babst et al., 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib45">Morita et al., 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib46">2011</xref>). Previous biochemical analyses showed that full-length CHMP4A and CHMP2A do not efficiently coassemble while heteropolymers form readily when either protein is activated by deleting its autoinhibitory domain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib58">Shim et al., 2007</xref>). Strikingly, membranes from cells co-expressing ‘open’ CHMP4A(α1–α5) and full-length CHMP2A were studded with eversions lined by spiraling filaments (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4C</xref>). Corresponding eversions were apparent protruding from the tops of whole cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4D</xref>); underlying filaments were revealed by delipidating fixed samples with detergent (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4E</xref>). Similar membrane-deforming filaments developed when we coexpressed full-length CHMP4A with ‘open’ CHMP2A(α1–α5) (not shown), demonstrating that the shape changes do not depend on C-terminal autoinhibitory sequences in either protein. The fact that ESCRT-III heteropolymers differ from the sum of their parts supports a model in which subunits such as CHMP2A coassemble with CHMP4 to change the structure of the filament and its effects on membrane shape. Similar changes in filament morphology were previously seen with purified proteins in vitro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib31">Henne et al., 2012</xref>) suggesting that distinctive heteropolymer shape may be a general feature of ESCRT-III biology. An important question for the future will be to define how recruitment and assembly of appropriate ESCRT-III subunits is regulated to create the requisite polymer shape.</p></sec><sec id="s2-4"><title>ESCRT-III filaments surround nascent HIV-1 Gag assemblies</title><p>A challenge in thinking about the function of ESCRT-III spirals trapped by depleting Vps4 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2 fig3">Figures 2 and 3</xref>) is that they are typically not in contact with nascent or released vesicles. If spirals represent ‘scars’ left behind after vesicle budding, they have separated from the vesicles they helped to create. An alternative possibility is that spirals represent the preferred arrangement of ESCRT-III when it assembles spontaneously as a ‘blank’ in the absence of cargo (and Vps4). Efforts to see ESCRT-III spirals on the surface of endosomes where their function in vesicle biogenesis is better defined were complicated by poor retention and accessibility of these organelles to deep-etch EM as well as the development of stacked class E compartments similar to those seen in <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib50">Nickerson et al., 2006</xref>, and not shown). We therefore turned to the best-characterized ESCRT-dependent event at the plasma membrane, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) budding. HIV-1 assembly is driven by polymerization of the virally encoded Gag polyprotein, which recruits cellular ESCRT proteins to facilitate virion release from the plasma membrane and can be expressed alone to produce virus-like particles (VLPs) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib26">Gheysen et al., 1989</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib38">Karacostas et al., 1989</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib61">Sundquist and Krausslich, 2012</xref>). Current thinking based on electron tomography of immature virions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib69">Wright et al., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib13">Carlson et al., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib11">Briggs et al., 2009</xref>) and bud sites (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib13">Carlson et al., 2008</xref>) is that ESCRTs and especially ESCRT-III play important roles both in completing the viral sphere (that is only 2/3 covered by polymerized Gag) and in severing its connection to the cell. ESCRT-III and Vps4 are transiently recruited to Gag assemblies to mediate release (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib37">Jouvenet et al., 2011</xref>). This machinery is typically thought to act on the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane to constrict the vesicle neck and release a viral particle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib61">Sundquist and Krausslich, 2012</xref>), although a recent study using fluorescently labeled proteins and superresolution imaging raised the possibility of similar constriction from within the viral particle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib20">Van Engelenburg et al., 2014</xref>). Using deep-etch EM allows us to capture snapshots of this process while assessing the relationship between ESCRT-III and HIV-1 Gag as a readily recognizable cargo.</p><p>HEK293T cells transiently expressing HIV-1 Gag (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5</xref>) or Gag-GFP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5s1">Figure 5—figure supplement 1</xref>) produce abundant VLPs that are readily apparent by deep-etch EM both on and around cells as well as beneath unroofed plasma membranes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5A–C</xref>). Release of VLPs was corroborated by fluorescence microscopy of cells expressing Gag-GFP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5s1">Figure 5—figure supplement 1</xref>) and by isolation and immunoblotting of VLPs (not shown). Unroofed plasma membranes display unique circular and semi-spherical protein assemblies ranging in size up to the diameter of VLPs that appear to be nascent Gag assemblies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5D</xref>). In order to ascertain that these in fact contain Gag, we immunodecorated unroofed cells with an antibody specific to the membrane-proximal matrix (MA) domain of Gag (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5E–H</xref>). Gold particles were numerous around putative Gag assemblies on unroofed plasma membranes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5E,E′</xref>) and around VLPs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5F,F′</xref>) when samples were delipidated by detergent extraction after fixation. When membranes were intact, immunodecoration of Gag assemblies was limited to their perimeter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5G,G′</xref>) and was abolished in released VLPs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5H</xref>) as expected. By deep-etch EM, Gag-GFP assemblies were less uniform in size and shape than those containing Gag (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5s1">Figure 5—figure supplement 1C</xref>), consistent with the irregular distribution of Gag-GFP seen by thin section EM (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib54">Pornillos et al., 2003</xref>) and with the decreased Gag content of VLPs containing Gag fused to similarly sized fluorescent proteins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib28">Gunzenhauser et al., 2012</xref>). Notably there was no evidence by direct viewing or immunolabeling (not shown) to indicate the presence of ESCRT-III on or near any of these Gag assemblies. This is not surprising given live cell studies showing that ESCRT-III and Vps4 are only transiently recruited after Gag assembly is essentially complete (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib7">Baumgartel et al., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib37">Jouvenet et al., 2011</xref>).<fig-group><fig id="fig5" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.02184.008</object-id><label>Figure 5.</label><caption><title>Deep-etch EM of HIV-1 VLP budding.</title><p>(<bold>A</bold>) Low magnification view of an unroofed HIV-1 Gag-transfected HEK293T cell surrounded by VLPs. (<bold>B</bold>) Top view of whole cell budding VLPs. (<bold>C</bold>) View of unroofed plasma membrane showing bumps corresponding to VLPs trapped underneath the membrane. (<bold>D</bold>) Views of unroofed plasma membrane showing Gag assemblies exposed on the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. (<bold>E</bold>–<bold>H</bold>) Immunodecoration of Gag on detergent extracted plasma membranes (<bold>E</bold> and <bold>E′</bold>), detergent extracted VLPs (<bold>F</bold> and <bold>F′</bold>), intact unroofed plasma membranes (<bold>G</bold> and <bold>G′</bold>) and intact VLPs (<bold>H</bold>). (<bold>E′</bold>, <bold>F′</bold> and <bold>G′</bold> are same as <bold>E</bold>, <bold>F</bold> and G but show gold in yellow). Use view glasses for 3D structure (left eye = red). Scale bars represent (<bold>A</bold>) 500 nm, (<bold>B</bold>–<bold>H</bold>) 100 nm.</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold> <ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.02184.008">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02184.008</ext-link></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="elife02184f005"/></fig><fig id="fig5s1" position="float" specific-use="child-fig"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.02184.009</object-id><label>Figure 5—figure supplement 1.</label><caption><title>VLP formation by HIV-1 Gag-GFP.</title><p>(<bold>A</bold>) Fluorescence microscopy of a live Gag-GFP expressing HEK293T cell showing released VLPs captured around the single cell. Scale bar represents 10 μm. (<bold>B</bold>) Low magnification view of an unroofed Gag-GFP transfected HEK293T cell surrounded by VLPs. Use view glasses for 3D structure (left eye = red). Scale bar represents 500 nm. (<bold>C</bold>–<bold>E</bold>) High magnification views of developing Gag assemblies on the plasma membrane of unroofed cells. Small Gag-GFP assemblies (<bold>C</bold>) resemble those formed by untagged Gag, while larger assemblies (<bold>E</bold>) are discontinuous and do not form solid spherical assemblies. Scale bars in <bold>C</bold>–<bold>E</bold> represent 100 nm.</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold> <ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.02184.009">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02184.009</ext-link></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="elife02184fs002"/></fig></fig-group></p><p>To explore the role of ESCRT-III filaments in VLP biogenesis, we therefore once again depleted cells of Vps4 to stabilize ESCRT-III in its assembled state. As expected, expressing a dominant negative mutant of Vps4A (Vps4A E228Q) or silencing Vps4 as above increased the amount of Gag-GFP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6s1">Figure 6—figure supplement 1A</xref>) or Gag (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6s1">Figure 6—figure supplement 1B</xref>) on the plasma membrane and decreased release of VLPs as detected by particle analysis methods (data not shown). Strikingly, in cells lacking Vps4 Gag assemblies on the plasma membrane were now often surrounded by a single filament not seen in control cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6</xref>). The encircling filaments appeared similar to the ESCRT-III filaments examined above, each ranging from 4.5–12.8 nm (average 8.6 ± 1.6 nm, n = 96) in width with the majority wide enough to contain more than one ∼4 nm substrand. Immunolabeling confirmed that ESCRT-III proteins localized to the perimeter of Gag assemblies coincident with the filaments (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6D</xref>). Interestingly, the encircling filaments surrounded Gag assemblies of various sizes ranging from ∼60–150 nm suggesting that the threshold amount of Gag needed to activate ESCRT-III assembly may be decreased in the setting of reduced Vps4 leading to premature nucleation of the ESCRT-III ring. Alternatively, these smaller Gag assemblies may indicate a role for ESCRT-III filaments in confining Gag (or other cargo proteins) in a domain that normally expands upon remodeling by Vps4. More deeply invaginated Gag assemblies were sometimes surrounded by what appeared to be tightly spiraled ESCRT-III filaments, and immunolabeling confirmed that ESCRT-III was present on the cytoplasmic rim and surrounding surface of these invaginating VLPs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6D</xref>, right panel and not shown). These spirals may correspond to the darkly stained ring previously noted in thin section EM analysis of HIV-1 budding from cells depleted of CHMP2A (and therefore unable to engage Vps4) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib46">Morita et al., 2011</xref>) and seem likely to represent trapped intermediates in the biogenesis of VLPs.<fig-group><fig id="fig6" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.02184.010</object-id><label>Figure 6.</label><caption><title>ESCRT-III filaments surround Gag assemblies in cells depleted of Vps4.</title><p>(<bold>A</bold>) HEK293T cells treated with Vps4A & Vps4B siRNA accumulate unique filament-encircled Gag assemblies. Inset is pseudo-colored to show the central Gag assembly (blue), surrounding filament (red), and perpendicular ‘struts’ between them (green). Each field also shows the occasionally seen subplasmalemmal VLP bump to provide a sense of scale. (<bold>B</bold>) Individual views of Gag assemblies, (<bold>C</bold>) Gag-GFP assemblies, and (<bold>D</bold>) Gag assemblies immunodecorated with indicated gold conjugated antibodies. Scale bars represent 100 nm. Each box in <bold>B</bold>–<bold>D</bold> is a 320 nm square. Use view glasses for 3D structure (left eye = red).</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold> <ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.02184.010">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02184.010</ext-link></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="elife02184f006"/></fig><fig id="fig6s1" position="float" specific-use="child-fig"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.02184.011</object-id><label>Figure 6—figure supplement 1.</label><caption><title>VLP release is impaired by inactivating or depleting Vps4.</title><p>(<bold>A</bold>) Confocal image of HEK293T cells expressing Vps4B-E228Q or Vps4A & Vps4B siRNA and transfected with Gag-GFP. Note that Gag accumulates on the plasma membrane instead of in released VLPs (compare with <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5s1">Figure 5—figure supplement 1A</xref>). (<bold>B</bold>) Deep-etch EM of an unbroken Vps4-depleted cell expressing Gag showing unbudded VLPs accumulating on the cell surface.</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold> <ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.02184.011">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02184.011</ext-link></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="elife02184fs003"/></fig></fig-group></p><p>How do Gag assemblies recruit ESCRT-III filaments? We noticed that ESCRT-III filaments (in cells depleted of Vps4) were frequently connected to the central Gag assembly by perpendicular ‘struts’ ∼14 nm long (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6</xref>, see green highlighting in inset). These struts resemble previous negative stain images of purified Alix bound perpendicularly to Snf7 filaments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib53">Pires et al., 2009</xref>) although based on size they could also correspond to ESCRT-I (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib9">Boura et al., 2011</xref>), an ESCRT-I-ESCRT-II supercomplex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib10">Boura et al., 2012</xref>), or something else altogether. The C-terminal p6 domain of Gag contains a PTAP motif (essential for interaction with the ESCRT-I protein Tsg101 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib24">Garrus et al., 2001</xref>]) and a LYPX<sub>n</sub>L motif (involved in interaction with ALIX [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib60">Strack et al., 2003</xref>]) and has been shown to be essential for budding of Gag VLPs as well as HIV-1. To determine whether these motifs are required for ESCRT-III recruitment, we deleted the p6 domain from Gag (referred to as GagΔp6). In cells expressing GagΔp6, very few VLPs were released and instead large numbers of arrested Gag-containing buds accumulated on the surface (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">Figure 7</xref> and not shown). Importantly, this was true regardless of whether Vps4 was present or not, confirming that the p6 domain is required for VLP release. On unroofed plasma membranes Gag assemblies similar to those formed by full-length Gag were observed but were not surrounded by ESCRT-III rings (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">Figure 7</xref>), demonstrating that p6 sequences are required to recruit ESCRT-III. Furthermore, no struts were apparent, consistent with the hypothesis that these correspond to ESCRT-I and/or Alix. We were, however, unable to confirm the identity of the struts because available antibodies were unsuitable. Detailed mutagenesis coupled with antibodies appropriate for immunodecoration on these samples will be needed to conclusively identify these structures.<fig id="fig7" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.02184.012</object-id><label>Figure 7.</label><caption><title>Deep-etch EM of Gag budding without its ESCRT-recruiting p6 domain.</title><p>(<bold>A</bold>) Top surface of HEK293T cell expressing GagΔp6 showing blocked VLP budding. (<bold>B</bold>) Top surface of Vps4-depleted HEK293T cell expressing GagΔp6 showing similar blocked VLP budding. (<bold>C</bold>) Unroofed plasma membrane corresponding to <bold>A</bold>. (<bold>D</bold>) Unroofed plasma membrane corresponding to <bold>B</bold>. Note the invaginated Gag assemblies with no surrounding ESCRT-III ring (<bold>C</bold> and <bold>D</bold>). <bold>C′</bold> and <bold>D′</bold> are identical to <bold>C</bold> and <bold>D</bold> but with Gag assemblies colored yellow for clarity. Scale bar represents 100 nm. Use view glasses for 3D structure (left eye = red).</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold> <ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.02184.012">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02184.012</ext-link></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="elife02184f007"/></fig></p></sec><sec id="s2-5"><title>Models for ESCRT-III function in vesicle biogenesis</title><p>The data presented here provide the first views of endogenous ESCRT-III filaments forming the rings and spirals frequently drawn in models of ESCRT function but not previously seen on cellular membranes. Earlier studies of various ESCRT-III polymers in vitro and in transfected cells inspired thinking about how different filamentous and tubular structures might function in vesicle biogenesis and membrane scission. Ideas ranged from purse-string like constriction of a ring (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib55">Saksena et al., 2009</xref>) to polymer-driven membrane buckling (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib41">Lenz et al., 2009</xref>) to the more prevalent dome-based membrane scission model (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib22">Fabrikant et al., 2009</xref>) and its variants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib10">Boura et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib19">Elia et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib31">Henne et al., 2012</xref>). We propose a modified model that builds on many of these previous ideas, interpolating between the rings of ESCRT-III we see around HIV-1 Gag assemblies and the completed conical spirals that accumulate on the membrane (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">Figure 8</xref>). In this model, a first role for ESCRT-III is to encircle and thereby delineate cargo and membrane destined for inclusion in a vesicle or VLP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">Figure 8A</xref>). The encircling filament develops when nucleating factors activated by cargo form struts around a central domain and in turn recruit ESCRT-III. Either because of intrinsic filament curvature or because of multiple contacts with cargo, ESCRT-III filaments grow to surround the cargo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">Figure 8A</xref>). Because encircled Gag assemblies uniquely accumulate when Vps4 is missing (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6</xref>), we propose that an important and previously unappreciated role for Vps4 is to release connection(s) between the ESCRT-III filament and cargo, perhaps displacing the struts while also opening the ring. The ESCRT-III filament can then grow to adopt its preferred shape as a conical spiral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">Figure 8B</xref>) potentially driving neck constriction and vesicle release as shown (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">Figure 8C</xref>). Finally (and not shown), Vps4 is also responsible for disassembling ESCRT-III filaments to recycle their subunits during or after vesicle release.<fig id="fig8" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.02184.013</object-id><label>Figure 8.</label><caption><title>Speculative model describing ESCRT-III and Vps4 function in vesicle biogenesis and release.</title><p>(<bold>A</bold>) Cargo - loosely defined to include either HIV-1 Gag or material destined for incorporation into ILVs–is concentrated in the circular domain shown in pink. After reaching some threshold, cargo recruits and/or activates factors to initiate ESCRT-III assembly. These are represented here by green ‘struts’ perpendicular to the cargo perimeter. Once nucleated, the ESCRT-III filament extends to surround and confine cargo. In the absence of Vps4, this intermediate accumulates. (<bold>B</bold>) When present, we propose a new role for Vps4 in which it is engaged to break connection(s) between ESCRT-III and cargo, thereby allowing the ESCRT-III spiral to grow into its preferred spiral shape. ESCRT-III recruits new membrane into the neck as it grows, shown by the addition of blue membrane to the budding vesicle. (<bold>C</bold>) A fully assembled ESCRT-III spiral narrows the membrane neck, ultimately driving vesicle release.</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold> <ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.02184.013">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02184.013</ext-link></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="elife02184f008"/></fig></p><p>While this model remains speculative because it is based on static images of ESCRT-III polymers stabilized by depleting Vps4, it both supports important aspects of earlier models describing ESCRT-III driven membrane remodeling (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib22">Fabrikant et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib68">Wollert et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib19">Elia et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib31">Henne et al., 2012</xref>) and provides explanations for a few previously enigmatic observations. Interestingly, there are similarities between the different forms of ESCRT-III seen here and structures previously described by EM of purified yeast proteins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib31">Henne et al., 2012</xref>). Specifically, Henne et al. found that combining ESCRT-II as a nucleating factor with ESCRT-III proteins (Vps20 and Snf7 or a combination of four core ESCRT-III proteins) generated rings of ESCRT-III ∼50–70 nm in diameter, appropriate for surrounding a domain needed to create 25–35 nm ILVs characteristic of yeast MVBs. In our images, the ∼110 nm average outer diameter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3C</xref>) of ESCRT-III spirals would in an analogous manner support formation of the ∼50 nm vesicles typical of mammalian ILVs and extracellular vesicles. Henne et al. also found that combining ESCRT-III proteins with each other in the absence of ESCRT-II created spring-like three-dimensional coils. Not clear was whether (and how) rings might convert into spiraling filaments. We suggest that Vps4 may have a general role in converting a cargo confining ring to a vesicle-generating spiral, likely by separating ESCRT-III from nucleating factors seen as struts in our model. The idea that Vps4 plays specific and essential roles both before and after membrane scission is supported by a number of observations. Fluorescently tagged Vps4 is recruited to growing viral particles before they are released (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib7">Baumgartel et al., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib37">Jouvenet et al., 2011</xref>), Vps4 appears at two stages prior to cellular abscission (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib18">Elia et al., 2011</xref>), ESCRT-III and Vps4 are recruited simultaneously to the centroid of dividing <italic>Crenarchaea</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib56">Samson et al., 2011</xref>), and perturbing Vps4 function and/or regulation changes ILV size and/or release in yeast (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib51">Nickerson et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib66">Wemmer et al., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib1">Adell et al., 2014</xref>).</p><p>A prediction of our model is that interfering with Vps4 activity—whether by depleting it or expressing a dominant negative mutant—will trap ESCRT-III around the base of incipient vesicular structures and in particular around the base of emerging Gag assemblies. This trapped ESCRT-III will remain attached to Gag inside any VLPs that are ultimately released. This in turn will increase ESCRT-III recovered in whatever VLPs are released, something that we (data not shown) and others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib20">Van Engelenburg et al., 2014</xref>) have in fact observed.</p><p>While we favor the model shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">Figure 8</xref>, one can also envision other ways in which the remodeling of ESCRT-III rings and spirals could contribute to vesicle formation and membrane scission. Future coupling of the ability to see membrane-bound ESCRT assemblies using deep-etch EM with techniques capable of resolving and potentially controlling protein and membrane dynamics will be important in gaining new insight into these processes. Defining the detailed temporal relationship between Vps4 activity and ESCRT-III assembly during virus or vesicle formation will be particularly important. Additionally, while we have taken advantage of the fact that ESCRT polymers are present on the plasma membrane to facilitate deep-etch EM imaging, future studies of their function at the plasma membrane are clearly warranted. Overall, the work described here establishes that endogenous ESCRT-III takes the form of filaments that form circles and conical spirals on the membrane. We propose that these rings and spirals, while longer-lived than normal, represent functional states of a general ESCRT-III membrane scission machine.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3" sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Materials and methods</title><sec id="s3-1"><title>Cell culture</title><p>HeLa, HEK293T, U2OS, and COS-7 cells originally derived from ATCC were grown in DME (Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Atlanta Biologics, Atlanta GA) and 2 mM L-glutamine.</p></sec><sec id="s3-2"><title>Plasmids and antibodies</title><p>pCMV55 encoding HIV-1 Gag was kindly provided by Dr Lee Ratner (Washington University, St. Louis MO) and used as previously described (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib58">Shim et al., 2007</xref>). The p6 domain of Gag was deleted by introducing a stop codon to remove 52 amino acids from the C-terminus and introduce an XhoI site using the primer AAAAAACTCGAGTTAAAAATTCCCTGGCCTTCCCTTG.</p><p>Full length and p6 deleted Gag were cloned into pcDNA4TO (Invitrogen). pGag-EGFP was obtained through the NIH AIDS Reagent Program, Division of AIDS, NIAID, NIH (Cat#11468) from Dr Marilyn Resh (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib33">Hermida-Matsumoto and Resh, 2000</xref>). Plasmids encoding ESCRT-III proteins have been previously described, including untagged human CHMP4A (also referred to as hSnf7-1) in pcDNA3 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib42">Lin et al., 2005</xref>), CHMP4A(α1–α5) in pcDNA3.1FLAG (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib58">Shim et al., 2007</xref>), and CHMP2A full length and α1–α5 truncation in pcDNA3.1FLAG (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib58">Shim et al., 2007</xref>).</p><p>Antibodies used include rabbit polyclonals against Gag (MA-specific; kind gift from Dr Lee Ratner, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO), CHMP6 (PA5-21831; ThermoScientific, Waltham MA), CHMP4A (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib42">Lin et al., 2005</xref>), CHMP4B (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib57">Shiels et al., 2007</xref>), CHMP2A (sc67227; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX), CHMP2B (ab33174; AbCam, Cambridge, England), CHMP1B (14639-1-AP; Protein Tech Group, Chicago, IL), VPS4B (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib42">Lin et al., 2005</xref>) and mouse monoclonals against tubulin (Sigma, St. Louis MO) and α-SNAP (SySy, Gottingen, Germany).</p><p>siRNA duplexes targeting VPS4A (CCGAGAAGCUGAAGGAUUAdTdT) and VPS4B (CCAAAGAAGCACUGAAAGAdTdT) have been previously described (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib39">Kieffer et al., 2008</xref>) and were from ThermoScientific.</p></sec><sec id="s3-3"><title>Polymer sedimentation analysis</title><p>Detergent solubility assays to monitor ESCRT-III polymer assembly after Vps4 depletion were as previously described (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib58">Shim et al., 2007</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="s3-4"><title>Immunofluorescence</title><p>HeLa and HEK293T cells plated on glass coverslips were stained as previously described (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib58">Shim et al., 2007</xref>). Confocal imaging was performed on an Olympus FV500 or FV1200 microscope using a 60x 1.4 NA objective. Maximum intensity projections were prepared using ImageJ (version 1.47u). Brightness and contrast were adjusted as necessary with Adobe Photoshop (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA) and composite figures were prepared in Adobe Illustrator.</p></sec><sec id="s3-5"><title>Transfections and sample preparation for deep-etch EM</title><p>Cells plated at ∼70% confluence were transfected with 15 nM each of siRNA duplexes targeting VPS4A and VPS4B using Dharmafect#1 according to manufacturer guidelines. Cells were trypsinized ∼24 hr later and replated onto 12 mm poly-L- or poly-D-lysine coated BioCoat coverslips (BD Biosciences, East Rutherford NJ). Plasma membranes were prepared the following day, typically 40–50 hr after initial siRNA transfection. This was done as previously described (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib30">Hanson et al., 2008</xref>). Briefly, coverslips were washed in 30 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, 100 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl2 and then dipped into an intracellular buffer (30 mM Hepes, pH 7.2, 70 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl2, and 3 mM EGTA) and subjected to a brief pulse of ultrasound before transfer into the same buffer containing fixative (2% glutaraldehyde or 2% PFA if immunostaining was planned). The area of coverslip with the highest yield of plasma membranes was identified by phase contrast microscopy and trimmed with a diamond knife to ∼3 × 3 mm.</p><p>Transfection of Gag or Gag-GFP encoding plasmids was performed using Lipofectamine 2000 (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) according to the manufacturer's instructions. When combined with siRNA transfections, plasmid transfections were carried out 24 hr after initial introduction of siRNA. ESCRT-III encoding plasmids were transfected as previously described (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib30">Hanson et al., 2008</xref>) again using Lipofectamine 2000 (Life Technologies). To extract fixed samples with detergent (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4 fig5">Figures 4E, 5E,F</xref>), fixed coverslips were incubated for 2 hr in buffer containing 1% Triton X-100 and 0.1% saponin.</p></sec><sec id="s3-6"><title>Immunogold antibody decoration</title><p>Antibody staining was performed as previously described (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib30">Hanson et al., 2008</xref>) using 18 nm gold-conjugated goat anti-rabbit or anti-mouse (Jackson Immunoresearch, West Grove, PA) antibodies.</p></sec><sec id="s3-7"><title>Freezing, replicating, and imaging deep-etch samples</title><p>Samples were prepared essentially as described (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib30">Hanson et al., 2008</xref>) except that platinum (∼2 nm, as before) was evaporated onto samples from 17–18° above the horizontal. Replicas were viewed on a JEOL 1400 transmission electron microscope at two different tilt angles (either ±5 or ±10°) and images were captured using an AMT camera. Digital image pairs were made into anaglyphs by converting one each to red and blue/green, layering them on top of each other using the screen blending mode in Adobe Photoshop, and finally aligning them to each other using the auto-align function. Composite figures were prepared using Adobe Illustrator. Digital measurements were made using ImageJ (v. 1.47u).</p></sec></sec></body><back><ack id="ack"><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>We thank members of the Hanson laboratory and our colleagues at Washington University for helpful discussions and Erin Blumer for help drawing the model in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">Figure 8</xref>. This work was supported by R01 GM076686 from the National Institutes of Health to PIH.</p></ack><sec sec-type="additional-information"><title>Additional information</title><fn-group content-type="competing-interest"><title>Competing interests</title><fn fn-type="conflict" id="conf1"><p>The authors declare that no competing interests exist.</p></fn></fn-group><fn-group content-type="author-contribution"><title>Author contributions</title><fn fn-type="con" id="con1"><p>AGC, Conception and design, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of data, Drafting or revising the article</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="con2"><p>PIH, Conception and design, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of data, Drafting or revising the article</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="con3"><p>SS, Conception and design, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of data</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="con4"><p>RR, Conception and design, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of data</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="con5"><p>JEH, Conception and design, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of data</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="con6"><p>MRM, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of data</p></fn></fn-group></sec><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="bib1"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Adell</surname><given-names>MAY</given-names></name><name><surname>Vogel</surname><given-names>GF</given-names></name><name><surname>Pakdel</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Müller</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Lindner</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Hess</surname><given-names>MW</given-names></name><name><surname>Teis</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><year>2014</year><article-title>Coordinated binding of Vps4 to ESCRT-III drives membrane neck constriction during MVB vesicle 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pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.02184.014</article-id><title-group><article-title>Decision letter</article-title></title-group><contrib-group content-type="section"><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Sundquist</surname><given-names>Wesley</given-names></name><role>Reviewing editor</role><aff><institution>University of Utah</institution>, <country>United States</country></aff></contrib></contrib-group></front-stub><body><boxed-text><p>eLife posts the editorial decision letter and author response on a selection of the published articles (subject to the approval of the authors). An edited version of the letter sent to the authors after peer review is shown, indicating the substantive concerns or comments; minor concerns are not usually shown. Reviewers have the opportunity to discuss the decision before the letter is sent (see <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://elifesciences.org/review-process">review process</ext-link>). Similarly, the author response typically shows only responses to the major concerns raised by the reviewers.</p></boxed-text><p>Thank you for sending your work entitled “Deep-etch EM of cellular ESCRT-III reveals intrinsic potential for membrane remodeling and relationship to HIV-1 budding” for consideration at <italic>eLife</italic>. Your article has been favorably evaluated by a Senior editor, a Reviewing editor, and 3 reviewers, one of whom, Heinrich Gottlinger, has agreed to reveal his identity.</p><p>The Reviewing editor and the reviewer discussed their comments before we reached this decision, and the Reviewing editor has assembled the following comments to help you prepare a revised submission.</p><p>The authors describe deep etch EM imaging of ESCRT-III assemblies at the plasma membrane, both in the presence and absence of HIV-1 Gag, which assembles into virus-like particles (VLPs). VPS4A/B-depleted cells are used to prevent rapid ESCRT-III filament disassembly and to arrest VLP budding. The study makes four important claims: 1) Conical spiraling filaments of ESCRT-III proteins can be observed at the plasma membranes of cells lacking Vps4 proteins. 2) Spiraling ESCRT filaments assemble at the necks of nascent VLPs. This observation supports the dominant model that ESCRT-III filaments mediate membrane scission at the bud neck, but is the first compelling visualization of those filaments. 3) The ESCRT filaments act from the cytosolic face of the bud. This configuration has been assumed in other models, but there has been little direct evidence for this topology and the idea is not universally accepted. This is therefore also an important observation. Indeed, the authors probably understate the importance of this observation and it should be discussed more thoroughly and in light of the recent Science paper from the Lippincott-Schwartz lab). 4) Co-overexpression of activated CHMP4A and CHMP2A proteins induces the extrusion of membrane tubes on the plasma membrane, implying that CHMP2A provides extrusion activity to CHMP4A. All of these observations appear to be consistent with the dome model for membrane constriction and fission, at least in general terms. Although this is already the leading model in the field, there has been little direct experimental evidence to support or refute it and the contributions are therefore important and warrant publication in <italic>eLife</italic>. As detailed below, however, there are still a series of key scientific and presentation issues that need to be address prior to publication.</p><p>Major issues:</p><p>1) The array of quite different Gag/VLP images (e.g., as seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figures 6A and 6B</xref>) is potentially very informative and may be capturing different stages of the budding process. It seems surprising, however, that “early-arrested“ budding structures (e.g., as apparently seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6A</xref>, right panel) are observed when Vps4 is depleted. One might have expected to see primarily “late-arrested” budding structures in which Gag is up inside the virion and the bud neck is ringed by ESCRT-III filaments (e.g., as apparently seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6B</xref>, far right panel). Do the authors think they are observing terminally arrested states or a range of different intermediate states? What is the range and variability of the structures seen? Can this variability be quantified or the sites classified? Why do the authors think the HIV budding structures appear so variable, and why are they not all roughly the same size?</p><p>A related issue is that it is difficult to follow how (and why) the authors think the different structures that they see are linked mechanistically, including the flat spirals, relatively flat Gag patches encircled by ESCRT-III rings, and hole-lined spirals. How do the these structures relate to one another? Which are expected to convert into others? Which might dead-end intermediates due to the lack of Vps4? What role might the apparent thickening of the filaments towards the outside of the spirals imply (and why is this feature missing from the final model)? What are the mechanistic implications of the apparent lack of preferred spiral directionality? How do all of these observations fit into a coherent model for budding?</p><p>Because some of the mechanistic interpretations will inevitably be speculative, it is at least critically important to establish with certainty that the different polymers have been correctly assigned. Two experiments are required. A) The authors should dually and differentially immunolabel Gag/CHMP complexes in the same sample (to confirm that the central, flat patches really are Gag assemblies and that the encircling rings really are ESCRT-III filaments). B) The authors should image the assemblies formed by Gag proteins that lack the TSG101 (PTAP) and YPXL (ALIX) binding sites. This experiment is expected to produce Gag assemblies lacking ESCRT rings and would greatly strengthen the claim that the encircling rings are indeed ESCRT assemblies. We acknowledge that these experiments may be time consuming, but they are important and seem to be within the expertise of the authors.</p><p>2) The images in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6s1">Figure 6–figure supplement 1</xref> need to be improved (and/or supplemented with thin sectioned-EM images). As it stands, it is difficult to say with confidence that the image shows “many nascent VLPs” attached to the cell or to understand the homogeneity of the nascent viral particles in the absence of Vps4. Most of the membrane blebs don't look like HIV and this could instead simply be a dying cell.</p><p>Additional issues (for the authors' consideration):</p><p>1) The observed filaments are repeatedly referred to as “functional”. However, many different filamentous and tubular structures have been visualized by different workers, and it is difficult to know whether the filaments visualized here are more functionally relevant than any of the tubes or other types of structures seen previously. An alternative explanation is that the structures seen here represent overgrowths due to unchecked ESCRT-III polymerization in the absence of Vps4 activity. We therefore recommend discussing this issue and removing the term “functional” throughout and replacing it with a more nuanced discussion placing these structures in context with others. A related issue is that the authors should consider whether Vps4 functions might include: A) detaching ESCRT components from “cargo” (as suggested, although strictly speaking, is “cargo” is the right term for Gag?), and B) preventing the formation of the overgrown structures that are being imaged here.</p><p>2) It is frequently hard to relate the statements made in the text to features in the images. For example, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6</xref> is at the heart of the paper, but it is difficult to follow. We recommend adding scale bars in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figures 6B-D</xref>, arrows to highlight which densities are attributed to ESCRT-III filaments, which correspond to ALIX/ESCRT-I “struts”, and which to Gag, together with clearer explanations for the basis of the assignments, the reproducibility of the observed structures, and the stage of budding to which the authors believe image corresponds. Perhaps this would all best be clarified with accompanying diagrams and/or three-dimensional re-renderings of the structures with the ESCRTs and Gag colored differently. These illustrations could replace <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">Figure 8</xref>, which is a generic model that is similar to what has appeared in many review articles. Other features that should be clarified better include: A) <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4</xref>, the transverse breaks in the platinum every 4 nm (and the reliability of this measurement?), and precisely where split filaments can be seen in this or other images, B) In Figure 3–figure supplement 1, the evidence for the statement “immunodecoration inside broken but not fully unroofed Vps4-depleted cells showed that ESCRT-III containing eversions were also present along the cell's top surface”, and C) Consider adding additional annotations on at least some of the figures, e.g., marking gold beads, caveolae, clathrin assemblies, etc., to help orient viewers.</p><p>3) There is significant redundancy with the 2008 JCB paper from the same authors. For example, the flat spirals formed by CHMP4 overexpression shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">Figure 7A and B</xref> are similar to those shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4</xref> of the 2008 paper, as are the eversions. Figure. 7 could therefore be condensed. Similarly, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref> is a useful control showing that the filaments are CHMPs, but the immunolabeling data in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6D</xref> are more relevant (and actually quite impressive), and in the light of these data (and also in light of the relatedness of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref> to similar observations in the 2008 JBC paper), the authors should also consider contracting/combining <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref>.</p><p>4) As the authors point out, it is surprising that there would not be a preferred directionality to the ESCRT-III spirals, and the directionality assignments in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4</xref> are not particularly convincing. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4</xref> is a minor part of the paper and could be removed without affecting the main conclusions. Alternatively, the assigned filament paths should be explicitly overlaid on the EM images (and please clarify whether the handedness assignments are relative to the “in” or “out” direction).</p><p>5) Filament diameters may be exaggerated due to the Pt stain. This complicates comparison to filaments imaged by other methods and this issue should be noted in the discussion.</p><p>6) The rationale for using Gag-GFP in some of the experiments is unclear.</p></body></sub-article><sub-article article-type="reply" id="SA2"><front-stub><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.02184.015</article-id><title-group><article-title>Author response</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><italic>1) The array of quite different Gag/VLP images (e.g., as seen in</italic> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6"><italic>Figures. 6A and 6B</italic></xref><italic>) is potentially very informative and may be capturing different stages of the budding process. It seems surprising, however, that “early-arrested” budding structures (e.g., as apparently seen in</italic> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6"><italic>Figure 6A</italic></xref><italic>, right panel) are observed when Vps4 is depleted. One might have expected to see primarily “late-arrested” budding structures in which Gag is up inside the virion and the bud neck is ringed by ESCRT-III filaments (e.g., as apparently seen in</italic> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6"><italic>Figure 6B</italic></xref><italic>, far right panel). Do the authors think they are observing terminally arrested states or a range of different intermediate states? What is the range and variability of the structures seen? Can this variability be quantified or the sites classified? Why do the authors think the HIV budding structures appear so variable</italic>, <italic>and why are they not all roughly the same size?</italic></p><p>We agree that the extent of variability in the Gag/VLP assemblies is somewhat surprising, although probably not entirely unexpected based on the variability in the size of Gag assemblies quantified in cells transiently expressing fluorescently tagged Gag proteins (Gunzenhauser <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012). We have added a sentence describing the range of diameters that we observe for Gag assemblies, but do not think that quantifying their relative frequency makes sense because cell-to-cell variability in Gag expression is significant in transiently transfected cells and may affect the concentration and distribution of the resulting Gag assemblies. We cannot directly quantify this relationship using unroofed plasma membranes because we do not know how much Gag was present in the intact cell. To circumvent this problem, we attempted to make tetracycline-inducible stable Gag-expressing cell lines so that every cell would express approximately the same amount. Three separate attempts to generate these were unsuccessful, apparently because the amount of Gag expressed did not reach the threshold needed to assemble VLPs.</p><p>In the setting of reduced Vps4 activity, we were surprised by the fact that both smaller and larger Gag assemblies recruited ESCRT-III rings (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6</xref>). We now explicitly discuss the significance of this observation, suggesting as possible explanations that (a) ESCRT-III filaments might be recruited prematurely to small assemblies because of reduced Vps4 activity, (b) ESCRT-III and Vps4 might regulate assembly and growth of cargo-containing domains, or (c) these structures are part of the normal continuum of nascent VLPs and appear as flat as they do because of the geometry of the bottom plasma membrane to which they are attached. All of these are possible, especially given the fact that our new studies of GagΔp6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">Figure 7</xref> and not shown) reveal assembly of deeper “late arrested” budding structures when ESCRT-III is not recruited.</p><p><italic>A related issue is that it is difficult to follow how (and why) the authors think the different structures that they see are linked mechanistically, including the flat spirals, relatively flat Gag patches encircled by ESCRT-III rings</italic>, <italic>and hole-lined spirals. How do the these structures relate to one another? Which are expected to convert into others? Which might dead-end intermediates due to the lack of Vps4? What role might the apparent thickening of the filaments towards the outside of the spirals imply (and why is this feature missing from the final model)? What are the mechanistic implications of the apparent lack of preferred spiral directionality? How do all of these observations fit into a coherent model for budding?</italic></p><p>The reviewers are of course correct that the connections we suggest among different static images are by definition speculative, but we think they are supported by a number of considerations both in our work and that published by others. We have rewritten significant parts of the text in an effort to better convey our thinking, and hope that the reviewers will agree that our ideas are now more accessible.</p><p>Specific additions in response to the above questions include:</p><p>While the apparent “early” or small Gag assemblies encircled by ESCRT-III were unexpected and therefore noteworthy, we also see (and show) that depleting Vps4 traps what appear to be later arrested structures in which invaginated Gag assemblies are surrounded by filament spirals (selected panels in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6</xref>). These contributed to our thinking about connections between states, as represented in the model in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">Figure 8</xref>.</p><p>While we see clear variations in filament width, we do not yet know whether and if so how this is functionally significant and mention explicitly the need to address this in the future. We speculate on some interesting possibilities (wider filaments prevalent at the perimeter might have less effect on membrane curvature than the thinner ones, they might curve with a preferred diameter, they might recruit different binding partners, etc.), and propose that filament capping might be responsible for the transition between widths. We left differences in filament width out of our final model both because we do not yet know how significant these are and because we see occasional spirals that are entirely comprised of thin filaments.</p><p>We also do not know how significant the observed lack of directionality is, but have consistently found filaments spiraling in both directions over the course of many experiments examining ESCRT-III spirals in Vps4-depleted cells. These studies clearly establish that once directionality in a spiral is established it persists.</p><p><italic>Because some of the mechanistic interpretations will inevitably be speculative, it is at least critically important to establish with certainty that the different polymers have been correctly assigned. Two experiments are required. A) The authors should dually and differentially immunolabel Gag/CHMP complexes in the same sample (to confirm that the central, flat patches really are Gag assemblies and that the encircling rings really are ESCRT-III filaments). B) The authors should image the assemblies formed by Gag proteins that lack the TSG101 (PTAP) and YPXL (ALIX) binding sites. This experiment is expected to produce Gag assemblies lacking ESCRT rings and would greatly strengthen the claim that the encircling rings are indeed ESCRT assemblies. We acknowledge that these experiments may be time consuming, but they are important and seem to be within the expertise of the authors</italic>.</p><p>A) Immunolabeling. We fully agree with the importance of confirming the identity of the different polymers. Convincing dual labeling on deep-etch replicas (e.g. using 18 vs. 12 nm gold) is challenging under the best of circumstances and turned out to be problematic in this case because of limited access to epitopes in Gag recognized by antibodies we tried. We have therefore instead included images of Gag immunodecoration to clearly identify Gag polymers as such (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5, E-H</xref>); this complements ESCRT-III immunodecoration around the same type of structures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6D</xref>). As we used a Gag-MA specific antibody, labeling on native membranes was mostly limited to the perimeter of the Gag assembly under native conditions while it appeared around the entire assembly after detergent extraction.</p><p>B) Gag deletion. We have added images of GagΔp6 budding (new <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">Figure 7</xref>), and as expected see no recruitment of struts or encircling ESCRT-III filaments.</p><p><italic>2) The images in</italic> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6s1"><italic>Figure 6–figure supplement 1</italic></xref> <italic>need to be improved (and/or supplemented with thin sectioned-EM images). As it stands, it is difficult to say with confidence that the image shows “many nascent VLPs” attached to the cell or to understand the homogeneity of the nascent viral particles in the absence of Vps4. Most of the membrane blebs don't look like HIV and this could instead simply be a dying cell</italic>.</p><p>The original image was chosen because it showed what we thought was a particularly nice example of a cell in which the central area was unroofed to expose the plasma membrane while areas at the periphery remained intact to show nascent VLPs. We however agree with the reviewer that the attached VLPs were not as homogeneous as typically seen, and we have therefore replaced it with an image of a whole cell expressing Gag (and depleted of Vps4) that clearly shows the “many nascent VLPs” we referred to. In addition we have also included fluorescence microscopy images of GagGFP in cells with blocked (Vps4EQ) or reduced (siRNA) Vps4 function.</p><p><italic>Additional issues (for the authors</italic>' <italic>consideration):</italic></p><p><italic>1) The observed filaments are repeatedly referred to as “functional”. However, many different filamentous and tubular structures have been visualized by different workers, and it is difficult to know whether the filaments visualized here are more functionally relevant than any of the tubes or other types of structures seen previously. An alternative explanation is that the structures seen here represent overgrowths due to unchecked ESCRT-III polymerization in the absence of Vps4 activity. We therefore recommend discussing this issue and removing the term “functional” throughout and replacing it with a more nuanced discussion placing these structures in context with others. A related issue is that the authors should consider whether Vps4 functions might include: A) detaching ESCRT components from “cargo” (as suggested, although strictly speaking, is “cargo” is the right term for Gag?), and B) preventing the formation of the overgrown structures that are being imaged here</italic>.</p><p>We agree that a considered discussion of what we can and cannot learn from looking at polymers trapped by depleting Vps4 is important, and have added relevant sentences to the manuscript. We specifically consider possible roles for pre-scission remodeling by Vps4 (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">Figure 8</xref>). We have also removed the term “functional” throughout (except in the last sentence of the paper where it is used in a speculative context). We want to emphasize that our original use of the term functional was motivated by the desire to distinguish the polymers studied here (that contain only endogenous proteins) from those in earlier studies of either overexpressed or purified proteins.</p><p><italic>2) It is frequently hard to relate the statements made in the text to features in the images. For example,</italic> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6"><italic>Figure 6</italic></xref> <italic>is at the heart of the paper, but it is difficult to follow. We recommend adding scale bars in</italic> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6"><italic>Figures 6B-D</italic></xref><italic>, arrows to highlight which densities are attributed to ESCRT-III filaments, which correspond to ALIX/ESCRT-I “struts”, and which to Gag, together with clearer explanations for the basis of the assignments, the reproducibility of the observed structures, and the stage of budding to which the authors believe image corresponds. Perhaps this would all best be clarified with accompanying diagrams and/or three-dimensional re-renderings of the structures with the ESCRTs and Gag colored differently. These illustrations could replace</italic> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8"><italic>Figure 8</italic></xref><italic>, which is a generic model that is similar to what has appeared in many review articles. Other features that should be clarified better include: A)</italic> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4"><italic>Figure 4</italic></xref><italic>, the transverse breaks in the platinum every 4 nm (and the reliability of this measurement?), and precisely where split filaments can be seen in this or other images, B) In Figure 3–figure supplement 1, the evidence for the statement “immunodecoration inside broken but not fully unroofed Vps4-depleted cells showed that ESCRT-III containing eversions were also present along the cell's top surface”, and C) Consider adding additional annotations on at least some of the figures, e.g., marking gold beads, caveolae, clathrin assemblies, etc., to help orient viewers</italic>.</p><p>We appreciate the suggestions, and have enhanced and clarified connections between text and figures throughout. We have added color to draw attention to particular features and some additional scale bars. We are keeping the model in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">Figure 8</xref> because it represents what we see and plays a critical role in conveying why and how we think the different structures may be interconnected. It is indeed consistent with some previous models, but this is not a weak point. It also will play an important role in motivating future experimental tests of these ideas (for example, a clear prediction of this model is that ESCRT-III filaments should grow after Vps4 acts on an encircling filament; this is something that can be tested in future live cell or <italic>in vitro</italic> imaging studies).</p><p>Addressing other features in need of clarification:</p><p>A) While transverse breaks in the platinum along ESCRT-III filaments at ∼4 nm intervals are reproducible (and distinct from the 5.5 nm breaks seen along actin), they are a result of platinum decoration and may or may not directly correlate to a structural feature of the underlying filament. They are also subtle (and require high-magnification viewing of optimal replicas). We therefore decided to remove this sentence.</p><p>B) We have added an inset to the figure in question to highlight the gold particles present under the surface of the plasma membrane (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2s1">Figure 2–figure supplement 1</xref>, formerly Figure 3–figure supplement 1).</p><p>C) We have added some color to help orient viewers without detracting from how data is presented in 3D anaglyphs.</p><p><italic>3) There is significant redundancy with the 2008 JCB paper from the same authors. For example, the flat spirals formed by CHMP4 overexpression shown in</italic> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7"><italic>Figure 7A and B</italic></xref> <italic>are similar to those shown in</italic> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4"><italic>Figure 4</italic></xref> <italic>of the 2008 paper, as are the eversions. Figure. 7 could therefore be condensed. Similarly,</italic> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3"><italic>Figure 3</italic></xref> <italic>is a useful control showing that the filaments are CHMPs, but the immunolabeling data in</italic> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6"><italic>Figure 6D</italic></xref> <italic>are more relevant (and actually quite impressive), and in the light of these data (and also in light of the relatedness of</italic> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2"><italic>Figure 2</italic></xref> <italic>to similar observations in the 2008 JBC paper), the authors should also consider contracting/combining</italic> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2"><italic>Figure 2</italic></xref> <italic>and</italic> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3"><italic>Figure 3</italic></xref>.</p><p>We have reorganized the manuscript and added explanations for the transfected cell experiments shown: (former <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">Figure 7</xref>, now <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4</xref>), to clarify how these differ from what was shown in the 2008 paper. These results are important in understanding the contributions of different ESCRT-III proteins to ESCRT-III filament morphology and build on but are not redundant with our earlier paper.</p><p>The immunolabeling of the spirals (former <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref>, now <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2B</xref>) is important in its own right and also establishes that the antibodies used in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6</xref> work. We agree that combining the former <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref> into one makes sense, and have done this.</p><p><italic>4) As the authors point out, it is surprising that there would not be a preferred directionality to the ESCRT-III spirals, and the directionality assignments in</italic> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4"><italic>Figure 4</italic></xref> <italic>are not particularly convincing.</italic> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4"><italic>Figure 4</italic></xref> <italic>is a minor part of the paper and could be removed without affecting the main conclusions. Alternatively, the assigned filament paths should be explicitly overlaid on the EM images (and please clarify whether the handedness assignments are relative to the “in” or “out” direction)</italic>.</p><p>We think this figure (now <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref>) provides important characterization of the endogenous ESCRT-III filaments and the spirals they form. The lack of directionality is an important feature even if we do not yet understand its implications. We now define arrow direction in the legend.</p><p><italic>5) Filament diameters may be exaggerated due to the Pt stain. This complicates comparison to filaments imaged by other methods and this issue should be noted in the discussion</italic>.</p><p>We have added a sentence describing the limitations of platinum shadowing. Filament diameters may or may not be exaggerated depending on the degree of decoration vs. shadowing.</p><p><italic>6) The rationale for using Gag-GFP in some of the experiments is unclear</italic>.</p><p>We originally used Gag-GFP to enable tracking of VLPs by fluorescence and include the EM-derived images of encircled Gag-GFP as additional support for our identification of encircled Gag assemblies. As expected based on previous work, Gag-GFP assemblies are less regular than those formed by Gag alone (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5s1">Figure 5–figure supplement 1</xref>).</p></body></sub-article></article> |