Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property 'ctor' of undefined

[TheSeamau5]

Seems like I got a runtime error.

Chrome is pointing at the stepperHelp function in Native.Graphics.Collage. Somehow, something weird got through there and the compiler was silent.

[TheSeamau5]

Here is the full code of the little project that's causing this:

Model.elm

module Shooter.Model where

import Array (..)

----------
-- MATH --
----------

type alias Point =
  { x : Float
  , y : Float
  }

add : Point -> Point -> Point
add p q =
  Point (p.x + q.x) (p.y + q.y)

square : Float -> Float
square x = x * x

distanceSquared : Point -> Point -> Float
distanceSquared p q =
  square (p.x - q.x) + square (p.y - q.y)

distance : Point -> Point -> Float
distance p q =
  sqrt (distanceSquared p q)


------------
-- ENTITY --
------------

type alias Entity a =
  { a | position : Point
      , velocity : Point
      , radius : Float
  }


collide : Entity a -> Entity b -> Bool
collide entity1 entity2 =
  square (entity1.radius + entity2.radius) <=
  distanceSquared entity1.position entity2.position


move : Entity a -> Entity a
move entity =
  { entity | position <- entity.position `add` entity.velocity }

setVelocity : Point -> Entity a -> Entity a
setVelocity velocity entity =
  { entity | velocity <- velocity }

-------------------
-- GAME ENTITIES --
-------------------

type alias Bullet = Entity { attack : Int }

type alias Ship a =
  Entity { a | health : Int
             , maxHealth : Int }


type alias Hero = Ship {}

hero : Hero
hero =
  { position = Point 200 10
  , velocity = Point 0 0
  , radius = 20
  , health = 10
  , maxHealth = 10
  }

type alias Enemy = Ship {}

enemy : Enemy
enemy =
  { position = Point 200 300
  , velocity = Point 0 0
  , radius = 20
  , health = 1
  , maxHealth = 1
  }

type alias GameState =
  { hero : Hero
  , enemies : Array Enemy
  , bullets : Array Bullet
  }

gameState : GameState
gameState =
  { hero = hero
  , enemies = push enemy empty
  , bullets = empty
  }




isAlive : Ship a -> Bool
isAlive ship =
  ship.health > 0


hit : Bullet -> Ship a -> Ship a
hit bullet ship =
  { ship | health <- ship.health - bullet.attack }


createHeroBullet : Hero -> Int -> Bullet
createHeroBullet hero attack =
  let bulletStartingPosition =
        hero.position `add` Point 0 ((hero.radius / 2) + 2)

      bulletVelocity =
        Point 0 2

      bulletRadius =
        5 * attack

  in
    { position = bulletStartingPosition
    , velocity = bulletVelocity
    , radius = bulletRadius
    , attack = attack
    }

createEnemyBullet : Enemy -> Int -> Bullet
createEnemyBullet enemy attack =
  let bulletStartingPosition =
        enemy.position `add` Point 0 -((enemy.radius / 2) + 2)

      bulletVelocity =
        Point 0 -2

      bulletRadius =
        5 * attack

  in
    { position = bulletStartingPosition
    , velocity = bulletVelocity
    , radius = bulletRadius
    , attack = attack
    }

Input.elm

module Shooter.Input where

import Shooter.Model (..)

import Keyboard
import Signal (..)
import Time (..)


type alias Input =
  { arrows : Point
  , space : Bool
  }


toInput : { x : Int, y : Int} -> Bool -> Input
toInput arrows space =
  { arrows =
    { x = toFloat arrows.x
    , y = toFloat arrows.y
    }
  , space = space
  }


userInput : Signal Input
userInput =
  map2 toInput Keyboard.arrows Keyboard.space

timeDelta : Signal Time
timeDelta =
  fps 60

Render.elm

module Shooter.Render where

import Graphics.Element (..)
import Graphics.Collage (..)
import Color (..)
import Shooter.Model as Model
import Array (..)


renderHero : Model.Hero -> Form
renderHero hero =
  move (hero.position.x, hero.position.y) <|
    filled blue <|
      circle hero.radius

renderEnemy : Model.Enemy -> Form
renderEnemy enemy =
  move (enemy.position.x, enemy.position.y) <|
    filled red <|
      circle enemy.radius


renderBullet : Model.Bullet -> Form
renderBullet bullet =
  move (bullet.position.x, bullet.position.y) <|
    filled green <|
      circle bullet.radius

render : Model.GameState -> Element
render game =
  let enemyForms =
        map renderEnemy game.enemies
      bulletForms =
        map renderBullet game.bullets
      heroForm =
        renderHero game.hero
  in
    collage 400 400
      (toList
        (push heroForm (enemyForms `append` bulletForms)))

Update.elm

module Shooter.Update where

import Shooter.Input (..)
import Shooter.Model (..)

import Array (..)


pipe : (a -> b -> b) -> Array a -> b -> b
pipe f array b =
  case get 0 array of
    Nothing -> b
    Just a ->
      pipe f (slice 1 (length array) array) (f a b)

update : Input -> GameState -> GameState
update input game =
  let bullets =
        if input.space == True
        then
          push (createHeroBullet game.hero 1) game.bullets
        else
          game.bullets
      heroVelocity =
        input.arrows
      applyBullets entity =
        pipe hit
             (filter (collide entity) game.bullets)
             entity
      hero =
        setVelocity heroVelocity
                    (move
                      (applyBullets game.hero))
      enemies =
        map move
            (filter isAlive
                    (map applyBullets game.enemies))


  in
    { game | hero <- hero
           , enemies <- enemies
           , bullets <- bullets
    }

Shooter.elm (the main file)

import Shooter.Model (..)
import Shooter.Input (..)
import Shooter.Update (..)
import Shooter.Render (..)

import Signal (..)

main =
  map render
      (foldp update gameState userInput)

[TheSeamau5]

Here is the full code of the little project that's causing this:

Model.elm

module Shooter.Model where

import Array (..)

----------
-- MATH --
----------

type alias Point =
  { x : Float
  , y : Float
  }

add : Point -> Point -> Point
add p q =
  Point (p.x + q.x) (p.y + q.y)

square : Float -> Float
square x = x * x

distanceSquared : Point -> Point -> Float
distanceSquared p q =
  square (p.x - q.x) + square (p.y - q.y)

distance : Point -> Point -> Float
distance p q =
  sqrt (distanceSquared p q)


------------
-- ENTITY --
------------

type alias Entity a =
  { a | position : Point
      , velocity : Point
      , radius : Float
  }


collide : Entity a -> Entity b -> Bool
collide entity1 entity2 =
  square (entity1.radius + entity2.radius) <=
  distanceSquared entity1.position entity2.position


move : Entity a -> Entity a
move entity =
  { entity | position <- entity.position `add` entity.velocity }

setVelocity : Point -> Entity a -> Entity a
setVelocity velocity entity =
  { entity | velocity <- velocity }

-------------------
-- GAME ENTITIES --
-------------------

type alias Bullet = Entity { attack : Int }

type alias Ship a =
  Entity { a | health : Int
             , maxHealth : Int }


type alias Hero = Ship {}

hero : Hero
hero =
  { position = Point 200 10
  , velocity = Point 0 0
  , radius = 20
  , health = 10
  , maxHealth = 10
  }

type alias Enemy = Ship {}

enemy : Enemy
enemy =
  { position = Point 200 300
  , velocity = Point 0 0
  , radius = 20
  , health = 1
  , maxHealth = 1
  }

type alias GameState =
  { hero : Hero
  , enemies : Array Enemy
  , bullets : Array Bullet
  }

gameState : GameState
gameState =
  { hero = hero
  , enemies = push enemy empty
  , bullets = empty
  }




isAlive : Ship a -> Bool
isAlive ship =
  ship.health > 0


hit : Bullet -> Ship a -> Ship a
hit bullet ship =
  { ship | health <- ship.health - bullet.attack }


createHeroBullet : Hero -> Int -> Bullet
createHeroBullet hero attack =
  let bulletStartingPosition =
        hero.position `add` Point 0 ((hero.radius / 2) + 2)

      bulletVelocity =
        Point 0 2

      bulletRadius =
        5 * attack

  in
    { position = bulletStartingPosition
    , velocity = bulletVelocity
    , radius = bulletRadius
    , attack = attack
    }

createEnemyBullet : Enemy -> Int -> Bullet
createEnemyBullet enemy attack =
  let bulletStartingPosition =
        enemy.position `add` Point 0 -((enemy.radius / 2) + 2)

      bulletVelocity =
        Point 0 -2

      bulletRadius =
        5 * attack

  in
    { position = bulletStartingPosition
    , velocity = bulletVelocity
    , radius = bulletRadius
    , attack = attack
    }

Input.elm

module Shooter.Input where

import Shooter.Model (..)

import Keyboard
import Signal (..)
import Time (..)


type alias Input =
  { arrows : Point
  , space : Bool
  }


toInput : { x : Int, y : Int} -> Bool -> Input
toInput arrows space =
  { arrows =
    { x = toFloat arrows.x
    , y = toFloat arrows.y
    }
  , space = space
  }


userInput : Signal Input
userInput =
  map2 toInput Keyboard.arrows Keyboard.space

timeDelta : Signal Time
timeDelta =
  fps 60

Render.elm

module Shooter.Render where

import Graphics.Element (..)
import Graphics.Collage (..)
import Color (..)
import Shooter.Model as Model
import Array (..)


renderHero : Model.Hero -> Form
renderHero hero =
  move (hero.position.x, hero.position.y) <|
    filled blue <|
      circle hero.radius

renderEnemy : Model.Enemy -> Form
renderEnemy enemy =
  move (enemy.position.x, enemy.position.y) <|
    filled red <|
      circle enemy.radius


renderBullet : Model.Bullet -> Form
renderBullet bullet =
  move (bullet.position.x, bullet.position.y) <|
    filled green <|
      circle bullet.radius

render : Model.GameState -> Element
render game =
  let enemyForms =
        map renderEnemy game.enemies
      bulletForms =
        map renderBullet game.bullets
      heroForm =
        renderHero game.hero
  in
    collage 400 400
      (toList
        (push heroForm (enemyForms `append` bulletForms)))

Update.elm

module Shooter.Update where

import Shooter.Input (..)
import Shooter.Model (..)

import Array (..)


pipe : (a -> b -> b) -> Array a -> b -> b
pipe f array b =
  case get 0 array of
    Nothing -> b
    Just a ->
      pipe f (slice 1 (length array) array) (f a b)

update : Input -> GameState -> GameState
update input game =
  let bullets =
        if input.space == True
        then
          push (createHeroBullet game.hero 1) game.bullets
        else
          game.bullets
      heroVelocity =
        input.arrows
      applyBullets entity =
        pipe hit
             (filter (collide entity) game.bullets)
             entity
      hero =
        setVelocity heroVelocity
                    (move
                      (applyBullets game.hero))
      enemies =
        map move
            (filter isAlive
                    (map applyBullets game.enemies))


  in
    { game | hero <- hero
           , enemies <- enemies
           , bullets <- bullets
    }

Shooter.elm (the main file)

import Shooter.Model (..)
import Shooter.Input (..)
import Shooter.Update (..)
import Shooter.Render (..)

import Signal (..)

main =
  map render
      (foldp update gameState userInput)

[TheSeamau5]

I have a sneaking suspicion that it has to do with me using Arrays alongside all this collage stuff... I'm not sure... I have to further investigate

[TheSeamau5]

I have a sneaking suspicion that it has to do with me using Arrays alongside all this collage stuff... I'm not sure... I have to further investigate

[TheSeamau5]

Same bug, smaller code:

Model.elm

module Platformer.Model where

import Array (..)

type alias Point =
  { x : Float
  , y : Float
  }

type alias Entity a =
  { a | position : Point
      , velocity : Point
      , dimensions : Point
  }

type alias Hero =
  Entity { isGrounded : Bool }

hero : Hero
hero =
  { position = Point 0 0
  , velocity = Point 0 0
  , dimensions = Point 10 10
  , isGrounded = True
  }

type alias Platform =
  Entity {}

type alias Game =
  { hero : Hero
  , platforms : Array Platform
  }

game : Game
game =
  { hero = hero
  , platforms = empty
  }

Render.elm

module Platformer.Render where

import Platformer.Model (Game, Hero, Platform)

import Graphics.Collage (..)
import Graphics.Element (..)
import Color (..)
import Array (..)


renderHero : Hero -> Form
renderHero hero =
  move (hero.position.x, hero.position.y) <|
    filled green <|
      rect hero.dimensions.x hero.dimensions.y

renderPlatform : Platform -> Form
renderPlatform platform =
  move (platform.position.x, platform.position.y) <|
    filled blue <|
      rect platform.dimensions.x platform.dimensions.y


render : Game -> Element
render game =
  collage 400 400
    (toList
      (push (renderHero game.hero)
            (map renderPlatform game.platforms)))

Platformer.elm

import Platformer.Model (..)
import Platformer.Render (..)

main = render game

[TheSeamau5]

Same bug, smaller code:

Model.elm

module Platformer.Model where

import Array (..)

type alias Point =
  { x : Float
  , y : Float
  }

type alias Entity a =
  { a | position : Point
      , velocity : Point
      , dimensions : Point
  }

type alias Hero =
  Entity { isGrounded : Bool }

hero : Hero
hero =
  { position = Point 0 0
  , velocity = Point 0 0
  , dimensions = Point 10 10
  , isGrounded = True
  }

type alias Platform =
  Entity {}

type alias Game =
  { hero : Hero
  , platforms : Array Platform
  }

game : Game
game =
  { hero = hero
  , platforms = empty
  }

Render.elm

module Platformer.Render where

import Platformer.Model (Game, Hero, Platform)

import Graphics.Collage (..)
import Graphics.Element (..)
import Color (..)
import Array (..)


renderHero : Hero -> Form
renderHero hero =
  move (hero.position.x, hero.position.y) <|
    filled green <|
      rect hero.dimensions.x hero.dimensions.y

renderPlatform : Platform -> Form
renderPlatform platform =
  move (platform.position.x, platform.position.y) <|
    filled blue <|
      rect platform.dimensions.x platform.dimensions.y


render : Game -> Element
render game =
  collage 400 400
    (toList
      (push (renderHero game.hero)
            (map renderPlatform game.platforms)))

Platformer.elm

import Platformer.Model (..)
import Platformer.Render (..)

main = render game

[evancz]

Is it possible to get it down to one file? To properly debug, it's best if we can get it down to as small as possible. Have we gotten there?

[evancz]

Is it possible to get it down to one file? To properly debug, it's best if we can get it down to as small as possible. Have we gotten there?

[TheSeamau5]

Interesting, when you switch to lists, everything works. So my suspicion seems warranted.

Model.elm

module Platformer.Model where

import List (..)

type alias Point =
  { x : Float
  , y : Float
  }

type alias Entity a =
  { a | position : Point
      , velocity : Point
      , dimensions : Point
  }

type alias Hero =
  Entity { isGrounded : Bool }

hero : Hero
hero =
  { position = Point 0 0
  , velocity = Point 0 0
  , dimensions = Point 10 10
  , isGrounded = True
  }


type alias Platform =
  Entity {}

type alias Game =
  { hero : Hero
  , platforms : List Platform
  }

game : Game
game =
  { hero = hero
  , platforms = []
  }

Render.elm

module Platformer.Render where

import Platformer.Model (Game, Hero, Platform)

import Graphics.Collage (..)
import Graphics.Element (..)
import Color (..)
import List (..)


renderHero : Hero -> Form
renderHero hero =
  move (hero.position.x, hero.position.y) <|
    filled green <|
      rect hero.dimensions.x hero.dimensions.y

renderPlatform : Platform -> Form
renderPlatform platform =
  move (platform.position.x, platform.position.y) <|
    filled blue <|
      rect platform.dimensions.x platform.dimensions.y


render : Game -> Element
render game =
  collage 400 400
    ((::) (renderHero game.hero)
          (map renderPlatform game.platforms))

Platformer.elm

import Platformer.Model (..)
import Platformer.Render (..)

main = render game

[TheSeamau5]

Interesting, when you switch to lists, everything works. So my suspicion seems warranted.

Model.elm

module Platformer.Model where

import List (..)

type alias Point =
  { x : Float
  , y : Float
  }

type alias Entity a =
  { a | position : Point
      , velocity : Point
      , dimensions : Point
  }

type alias Hero =
  Entity { isGrounded : Bool }

hero : Hero
hero =
  { position = Point 0 0
  , velocity = Point 0 0
  , dimensions = Point 10 10
  , isGrounded = True
  }


type alias Platform =
  Entity {}

type alias Game =
  { hero : Hero
  , platforms : List Platform
  }

game : Game
game =
  { hero = hero
  , platforms = []
  }

Render.elm

module Platformer.Render where

import Platformer.Model (Game, Hero, Platform)

import Graphics.Collage (..)
import Graphics.Element (..)
import Color (..)
import List (..)


renderHero : Hero -> Form
renderHero hero =
  move (hero.position.x, hero.position.y) <|
    filled green <|
      rect hero.dimensions.x hero.dimensions.y

renderPlatform : Platform -> Form
renderPlatform platform =
  move (platform.position.x, platform.position.y) <|
    filled blue <|
      rect platform.dimensions.x platform.dimensions.y


render : Game -> Element
render game =
  collage 400 400
    ((::) (renderHero game.hero)
          (map renderPlatform game.platforms))

Platformer.elm

import Platformer.Model (..)
import Platformer.Render (..)

main = render game

[TheSeamau5]

Nope, I haven't gotten there, but I feel like I'm almost there.

[TheSeamau5]

Nope, I haven't gotten there, but I feel like I'm almost there.

[TheSeamau5]

AHA!

import Graphics.Collage (filled, square, Form, collage)
import Graphics.Element (Element)
import Array (..)
import Color (green)

renderBox : (Float, Float) -> Form
renderBox (x,y) =
  filled green <|
    square 10

scene : Element
scene =
  collage 400 400
    (toList
      (map renderBox empty))

main : Element
main = scene

There seems to be an issue with mapping renderBox on empty

[TheSeamau5]

AHA!

import Graphics.Collage (filled, square, Form, collage)
import Graphics.Element (Element)
import Array (..)
import Color (green)

renderBox : (Float, Float) -> Form
renderBox (x,y) =
  filled green <|
    square 10

scene : Element
scene =
  collage 400 400
    (toList
      (map renderBox empty))

main : Element
main = scene

There seems to be an issue with mapping renderBox on empty

[TheSeamau5]

Could it be related to this:

When I asText an empty list

import Text (asText)

main =
  asText []

I get this:

which is expected.

But if I toList an empty array and asText it

import Text (asText)
import Array (..)

main =
  asText
    (toList
      (map (\x -> x * x) empty))

I get this:

which is cryptic. I'd expect to just get the empty list with nothing inside.

In all those cases I was mapping a function over an empty array that was getting converted back to a list. Maybe that could be the problem?

[TheSeamau5]

Could it be related to this:

When I asText an empty list

import Text (asText)

main =
  asText []

I get this:

which is expected.

But if I toList an empty array and asText it

import Text (asText)
import Array (..)

main =
  asText
    (toList
      (map (\x -> x * x) empty))

I get this:

which is cryptic. I'd expect to just get the empty list with nothing inside.

In all those cases I was mapping a function over an empty array that was getting converted back to a list. Maybe that could be the problem?

[evancz]

Quite sketchy. I am not very familiar with the Array implementation, so I would not be terribly surprised if there was some bug there.

[evancz]

Quite sketchy. I am not very familiar with the Array implementation, so I would not be terribly surprised if there was some bug there.

[TheSeamau5]

Yeah it is.

I think I've found it, the bug is with the Array.map function.

If I convert an empty array to a list and ask for its length:

import Text (asText)
import Array (..)
import List


main =
  asText
    (List.length
      (toList empty))

I get:

But, if I first map a function on an empty array and then call toList and ask for its length:

import Text (asText)
import Array (..)
import List


main =
  asText
    (List.length
      (toList
        (map (\x -> x * x) empty)))

I get:

[TheSeamau5]

Yeah it is.

I think I've found it, the bug is with the Array.map function.

If I convert an empty array to a list and ask for its length:

import Text (asText)
import Array (..)
import List


main =
  asText
    (List.length
      (toList empty))

I get:

But, if I first map a function on an empty array and then call toList and ask for its length:

import Text (asText)
import Array (..)
import List


main =
  asText
    (List.length
      (toList
        (map (\x -> x * x) empty)))

I get:

[TheSeamau5]

I'm not familiar with the Array implementation either, but at least now you know where to look :D

[TheSeamau5]

I'm not familiar with the Array implementation either, but at least now you know where to look :D

[TheSeamau5]

So, I totally just found a quickfix to it and everything works! Yay!

The commit: fbea1ba

[TheSeamau5]

So, I totally just found a quickfix to it and everything works! Yay!

The commit: fbea1ba

[TheSeamau5]

Solved in: https://github.com/elm-lang/core/pull/171

[TheSeamau5]

Solved in: https://github.com/elm-lang/core/pull/171