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The bias inherent in such selection is further magnified by today''s information curation services that maximize user engagement (and thus service revenue) by filtering new content in accordance with observed consumer preferences. "text": "To appreciate the fundamental nature of the paradox, it is useful to explain it as an emergent behavior that arises (in the age of information overload) from interactions among three constituencies, driven by their own self-interest; namely, content producers, curators, and consumers. "text": "Recent work has shown that it is possible to design algorithms that automatically separate different stances in a conflict based on the corresponding information propagation patterns [20] . "text": "Technological advances suggest that information distillation tools, powered by security, machine intelligence algorithms, and an understanding of human biases and morality, may be developed to export reliable provenance, distill opposing opinions, de-bias content, detect underlying moral underpinnings, and eventually summarize the arguments used according to different moral perspectives.Abdelzaher, Tarekcord-113511-l1ff0qkh2020-04-04780036
text: "The delivery of the aerosols contents depends on the integral function provided by the valve assembly, propellant, product concentrate, container, and actuator. In order to design a convenient, effective, and safe aerosol device, it is necessary to consider many factors that have a considerable role in determining the quantity of drug that gets transported and deposited within the lungs; the factors include (1) aerosol properties as the shape, density, and size of inhaled particles; (2) mode of inhalation along with the inhalation pattern (volume inhaled and the flow rate) along with breath-holding time;", "text": "A pharmaceutical aerosol must satisfy certain standards to claim it to be a quality therapeutic perform drug, so it is mandatory to maintain their quality by variegated numbers evaluation, based on the series of tests carried out during the formulation development and finished product testing stages based on pharmacopeias standards and specifications.Abdo, Ruwaida W.cord-03526-t8xl9u5w2020-12-311912743
title: "The effect of therapeutic drug monitoring of beta-lactam and fluoroquinolones on clinical outcome in critically ill patients: the DOLPHIN trial protocol of a multi-centre randomised controlled trial", The DOLPHIN trial was designed to demonstrate the added value of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of beta-lactam and fluoroquinolones in critically ill patients in the ICU. "text": "Discussion: No trial has investigated the effect of early TDM of beta-lactam and fluoroquinolones on clinical outcome in critically ill patients. "text": "To the best of our knowledge, no RCT has investigated the effect of TDM of beta-lactam and fluoroquinolones on clinical outcomes in critically ill patients.", "text": "The primary objective of the trial is to determine the effect of early model-based TDM of beta-lactam and fluoroquinolones on clinical outcome in critically ill patients.", "text": "The DOLPHIN trial is a prospective, multi-centre, RCT investigating whether early model-based therapeutic drug monitoring of beta-lactam and fluoroquinolones is superior to standard drug dosing on the intensive care.Abdulla, A.cord-75858-fe87u8t82020-01-17640450
text: "Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of the associations between infection and mortality rate of COVID-19 and demographic, socioeconomic and mobility variables from 369 counties (total population: 102,178,117 [median: 73,447, IQR: 30,098]) from the seven most affected states (Michigan, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, California, Louisiana, Massachusetts).", Our analysis shows that counties with more diverse demographics, higher population, education, income levels, and lower disability rates were at a higher risk of COVID-19 infection. "text": "In this study, we conducted a population-based analysis to explore racial and economic inequality associated with the infection rate and risk of mortality due to COVID-19 in the US. "text": "Data source: Data sources in this study include, 1) publicly available data from USAfacts and the US Census Bureau for COVID-19 cases and county-level demographic data, 9, 10 2) COVID-19 data reported by each state on their department of health websites, 9 3) State Population by Race/Ethnicity data, 11, 12 and 4) mobility data extracted from Google.Abedi, V.cord-85118-alrf67ep2020-05-01596548
Furthermore, the risk factors of higher levels of IL-35 in mycetoma patients revealed a negative significant association with IL-12, PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007098 April 4, 2019 1 / 18 OPEN ACCESS Citation: Abushouk A, Nasr A, Masuadi E, Allam G, Siddig EE, Fahal AH (2019) The Role of Interleukin-1 cytokine family (IL-1\u03b2, IL-37) and interleukin-12 cytokine family (IL-12, IL-35) in eumycetoma infection pathogenesis. Similarly, serum levels of IL-35 were also significantly increased ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 209, "end": 217, "text": "(Table 5", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 428, "end": 437, "text": "(Table 5)", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 438, "end": 447, "text": "(Table 5)", "ref_id": null}], "section": "Analysis of the serum levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-37, IL-12 and IL-35 among mycetoma patients stratified by different durations of mycetoma infection compared to the control group"}, {"text": "The analysis of the risk factors of higher levels of IL-37 in patients of mycetoma showed a significant negative association with IL-1\u03b2, where a unit increment in IL-1\u03b2 decreases the levels of IL-37 by 9.1 pg/ml, p value = 0.008 (Table 6 ).Abushouk, Amircord-69457-r2ytccof2019-04-041204645
title: "Moving beyond the mousetrap: current and emerging humanized mouse and rat models for investigating prevention and cure strategies against HIV infection and associated pathologies", constructed an immunodeficient mouse model that incorporated a lymphoid tissue-stromal cytokine transgene (i.e. thymic-stromal-cell-derived lymphopoietin) and demonstrated improved lymph node development in HSC-humanized mice [27] . The BLT-humanized mouse model is a robust platform for evaluating HIV prevention and cure strategies, including antiretroviral therapy, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), latency reversing agents (LRA), vaccination, proviral excision, and T cell engineering (Table 1) .", "title": "Parameters for establishing humanized mouse models to study human immunity: analysis of human hematopoietic stem cell engraftment in three immunodeficient strains of mice bearing the IL2rgamma(null) mutation", "title": "Immunodeficient mouse model for human hematopoietic stem cell engraftment and immune system development", "title": "BLT-humanized C57BL/6 Rag2-/-gammac-/-CD47-/-mice are resistant to GVHD and develop B-and T-cell immunity to HIV infection", "title": "Stem-cell based engineered immunity against HIV infection in the humanized mouse model",Agarwal, Yashcord-21998-k3exf8a42020-04-101564962
text: "Defensins demonstrate antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), mediated by direct virus-peptide interaction and/or inhibition of viral genome replication. Furthermore, treatment of infected cells with defensins post-infection results in substantial reduction in viral replication, indicating that these peptides can exhibit post entry antiviral effects [33] . However, a recent study demonstrated that treatment of dengue virus 2 (DENV-2) with LL-37 inhibits viral infection in green monkey kidney (Vero) cells. Incubation of virus with LL-37 (10-15 \u00b5M) prior to infection inhibits production of viral particles, whereas pre-treatment of cells with LL-37 demonstrates no effect on viral replication [43] . "title": "Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides in Human Monocytic Cells and Neutrophils in Response to Dengue Virus Type 2", "title": "Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by human alpha-defensin-5, a natural antimicrobial peptide expressed in the genital and intestinal mucosae", "title": "Inhibition with lactoferrin of in vitro infection with human herpes virus",Ahmed, Aslaacord-29584-ylyof9hb2019-08-012541357
title: "A Prospective Cohort Study of Factors Associated with Empiric Antibiotic De-escalation in Neonates Suspected with Early Onset Sepsis (EOS)", "text": "Background Prolonged empiric antibiotic use, resulting from diagnostic uncertainties, in suspected early onset sepsis (EOS) cases constitutes a significant problem. "text": "According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, group B Streptococcus (GBS) prevention guidelines, late preterm and term deliveries accounted for nearly 80% of early onset sepsis (EOS) cases [1, 2] . The data included patients'' demographic profiles, risk factors (prolonged rupture of membrane > 18 h, maternal pyrexia > 38 \u00b0C, maternal high vaginal swab/urine culture positive, history of being a GBS carrier, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, chorioamnionitis, and perinatal asphyxia), clinical manifestations, prescribed antibiotics, types of organisms, de-escalation practices, and treatment outcomes up to 7 days and 28 days of life. "text": "The authors, Nazedah Ain Ibrahim, Mohd Makmor Bakry, Nurul Ain Mohd Tahir, Nur Rashidah Mohd Zaini, and Noraida Mohamed Shah, declare that they have no conflicts of interest.",Ain Ibrahim, Nazedahcord-33148-ciobvzyi2020-03-18751850
While males had higher rates of HRVs (11.9%), enteroviruses (1.1%) and MERS CoV (0.2%), females had higher proportions of influenza (26.3%), HPIVs (3.2%) and RSV (3.6%) infections.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "This report provides a comprehensive insight about the epidemiology of ILIs among adults in the Qatar, as a representative of Gulf States. HRVs infections had a significant increase in 2017 compared to former years, accounting for 12.4% of tested samples.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 487, "end": 502, "text": "(Fig 1, Table 3", "ref_id": "FIGREF0"}], "section": "Circulating viruses"}, {"text": "Qatar is characterized by subtropical dry, hot desert climate with low annual rainfall, very high temperatures in summer and a big difference between maximum and minimum temperatures.Al-Romaihi, Hamad Eidcord-117776-5ezvdy5f2019-06-13945150
The most important zoonotic viral diseases of which eight were diagnosed (in dead or diseased animals or through antibody detection) on the Arabian Peninsula over the last years include rabies, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), influenza virus (IFV), Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Rift Valley fever (RVF), West Nile fever (WNV), and dengue fever virus. "text": "Since its emergence in 2012 in Saudi Arabia, when an elderly patient (60 years old) with respiratory illness died after admission to a hospital in Jeddah [34] , the disease was subsequently reported to have been transmitted to several countries worldwide, and has affected more than 1000 patients with over 35% fatality [46, [49] [50] [51] .", The same WHO epidemiological data suggest that in these 22 countries including Saudi Arabia, in recent years, there has been report of steadily increasing number of sporadic human cases, incidence, and outbreaks of the virus [122] .Al-Tayib, Omar A.cord-04472-oudj079q2019-02-223052762
Sci. World", "volume": "10", "issn": "", "pages": "89--90", "other_ids": {"DOI": ["10.3126/sw.v10i10.6870"]}}, "BIBREF108": {"ref_id": "b108", "title": "The antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli", "authors": [{"first": "M", "middle": [], "last": "Jouki", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "N", "middle": [], "last": "Khazaei", "suffix": ""}], "year": 2010, "venue": "J. Res", "volume": "67", "issn": "", "pages": "107--119", "other_ids": {"DOI": ["10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.05.002"]}}, "BIBREF115": {"ref_id": "b115", "title": "Chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity of leaves Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils from four syrian samples", "authors": [{"first": "M", "middle": ["J"], "last": "Khubeiz", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "G", "middle": [], "last": "Mansour", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "B", "middle": [], "last": "Zahraa", "suffix": ""}], "year": 2016, "venue": "Int. J. Sci. J", "volume": "8", "issn": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {"DOI": ["10.4172/2150-3494.1000148"]}}, "BIBREF146": {"ref_id": "b146", "title": "Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil against the growth of drug-resistant bacteria", "authors": [{"first": "E", "middle": [], "last": "Ostad Asiaei", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "E", "middle": [], "last": "Moghimipour", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "M", "middle": ["H"], "last": "Fakoor", "suffix": ""}], "year": 2018, "venue": "Jundishapur J.Aleksic Sabo, Vericacord-20160-gm6w590s2019-06-302491450
We decided to use the analogy of a play and speculate about the possible impact in this tragedy of 1) air pollution via the interference of nitrogen dioxide on ACE2 expression; 2) the dual role of nicotine; 3) the hypothetical involvement of ACE2 polymorphisms, the relationships of which with ethnic factors and susceptibility to cardiovascular disease seems intriguing; 4) the impact on the severity of infection of hypertension and related medications acting on the renin/angiotensin system, and, finally, 5) the possible helpful role of chloroquine, thanks to its capacity of modifying ACE2 affinity to the viral spike protein by altering glycosylation. "text": "\u2022 Significant aspects of COVID-19 pandemic remain obscure \u2022 Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the human cell receptor of SARS-CoV-2", "section": "By Marco ALIFANO, Pietro ALIFANO, Patricia FORGEZ , and Antonio IANNELLI"Alifano, Marcocord-30173-7fq9culd2020-04-16425844
title: "a section of the journal Frontiers in Neurology Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Models and Acute Injury Mechanisms", High resolution MRI assessments identified that SCI-induced neuroanatomical changes such as spinal cord atrophy and size of the lesion were significantly correlated with the electrophysiological and functional outcomes in both rat and human contusive injuries (42) . "title": "Cell death in models of spinal cord injury", "title": "Apoptosis as a mechanism of neuronal cell death following acute experimental spinal cord injury", "title": "Alterations in immune cell phenotype and function after experimental spinal cord injury", "title": "Inflammation and its role in neuroprotection, axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury", "title": "Differences in the phagocytic response of microglia and peripheral macrophages after spinal cord injury and its effects on cell death", "title": "Function of microglia and macrophages in secondary damage after spinal cord injury",Alizadeh, Arsalancord-68813-xwjqvgic2019-03-223855060
This growth in international travel has occurred alongside the rise of biologic drugs and other therapies for autoimmune diseases such as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, as well as other forms of immunosuppression used for solid organ transplantation and treatment for malignancies. "text": "The type of immunosuppression a patient is given will affect whether they are at an increased risk of certain infections, if they can safely receive live attenuated vaccinations and whether they will mount an immune response to inactivated vaccines. "text": "Live vaccinations are contraindicated in travelers on significantly immunosuppressive treatment for autoimmune diseases (as defined above). "text": "Although an effective live attenuated vaccine is available against yellow fever, it is contraindicated in significantly immunosuppressed patients due to the risk of vaccine-associated neurotropic and viscerotropic disease [9] . "text": "Immunosuppression is a well-described risk factor for developing disease following Leishmania infection.Allen, Victoriacord-25533-1irbbc1l2020-12-311678648
The virulence and pathogenicity (including acute respiratory distress syndrome) associated with SARS corona viruses develops as the result of viral activation of cytoplasmic NLRP3 inflammasome. This inflammasome within activated (upregulated NFkB) macrophages and Th1 immune cells releases proinflammatory cytokines, namely IL-1B and IL-18, which dictate the pathogenic inflammation responsible for the virulence and symptoms of COVID-19. "title": "Curcumin suppresses IL-1b secretion and prevents inflammation through inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome", "title": "Vitamin d 3 protects against diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting high-glucose-induced activation of the ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway", "title": "Quercetin and ascorbic acid suppress fructose-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation by blocking intracellular shuttling of txnip in human macrophage cell lines", "title": "Quercetin and ascorbic acid suppress fructose-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation by blocking intracellular shuttling of txnip in human macrophage cell lines", "title": "Quercetin and ascorbic acid suppress fructose-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation by blocking intracellular shuttling of txnip in human macrophage cell lines",Alschuler, Lisecord-14799-kqlcsx0j2020-03-26403545
This time, we are facing a new challenge in the form of a virus that has just emerged in humans, and the response will be more complex because there are no existing vaccines or production processes for coronavirus vaccines.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 367, "end": 393, "text": "(Krammer and Palese, 2015)", "ref_id": "BIBREF25"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "What Do We Know about Betacoronavirus Vaccine Design?"}, {"text": "Vaccine technology has significantly evolved in the last decade, including the development of several RNA and DNA vaccine candidates, licensed vectored vaccines (e.g., Ervebo, a vesicular stomatitis virus [VSV]-vectored ebolavirus vaccine, licensed in the European Union), recombinant protein vaccines (e.g., Flublok, an influenza virus vaccine made in insect cells, licensed in the United States), and cell-culture-based vaccines (e.g., Flucelvax, an influenza virus vaccine made in mammalian cells).Amanat, Fatimacord-08083-m5ho8jqp2020-04-061074350
Study Design The 2016 Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) database was queried to identify patients aged \u2265 18 and body mass index \u2265 35 who underwent primary laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) or laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) with known information on race. "text": "This study included patients with age \u2265 18 years and BMI \u2265 35 who underwent either laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) or laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), the two most commonly performed bariatric procedures. "text": "Five different races (White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander) were compared for basic characteristics and comorbidities, perioperative factors, and postoperative outcomes using chi-square or Fisher''s exact tests for categorical variables and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables. This study is one of the first to include other racial groups besides African American and White and report racial disparity in short-term postoperative outcomes of metabolic and bariatric procedures using 2016 MBSAQIP database.Amirian, Halehcord-33166-4oyhpthj2019-11-19450847
title: "Semi-quantitative cultures of throat and rectal swabs are efficient tests to predict ESBL-Enterobacterales ventilator-associated pneumonia in mechanically ventilated ESBL carriers", "text": "Purpose: In ICU patients with carriage of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) and suspected Gram-negative bacilli ventilator-associated pneumonia (GNB-VAP), the quantification of the rectal and throat ESBL-E carriage might predict the ESBL-E involvement in GNB-VAP. "text": "Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most frequent causes of intensive care unit (ICU)acquired infections [1] . "text": "The purpose of our study was therefore to decipher the link between oropharyngeal and rectal colonization and to assess the predictive value of a semi-quantitative assessment of the ESBL-E carriage on the prediction of the involvement of ESBL-E in newly diagnosed VAP.", We selected all patients mechanically ventilated for more than 48 h who were identified as ESBL-E carriers in throat and rectal samples at ICU admission, or weekly thereafter, before their VAP onset.Andremont, Oliviercord-33189-wohqimmq2020-04-20960053
In addition, changes in the antigenic features of FLUAV or FLUBV, mainly in HA, explain the occurrence of seasonal influenza epidemics and are the reason for the annual vaccine composition update needed for a more effective prevention of disease and the related complications in high-risk patients [10] . "text": "The aim of this study is to describe the genetic features of detected viruses and the clinical outcome of influenza cases attended at Vall d''Hebron University Hospital (Barcelona, Spain) from the 2012-2013 to the 2015-2016 seasons.", "text": "According to the Catalan Public Health Agency, a severe hospitalised patient is described as that case with pneumonia due to influenza virus or to bacterial infection, septic shock, multiorganic failure, acute respiratory distress or admission to Intensive Care Unit (ICU). "text": "The complete coding region of HA1-domain of a representative number of influenza laboratory-confirmed specimens from hospitalised patients was sequenced for phylogenetic analysis and molecular characterisation.Andrés, Cristinacord-122968-zqz3zdoa2019-04-24693650
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are largely preventable, and yet with their profound impact and increasing prevalence, they remain a threat to global health, which must be addressed.", However, as of 2018, 37.9 million people were infected globally with HIV/AIDS, with Africa having the highest proportion of HIV/AIDS cases, a trend which like the general trend of emerging and reemerging infectious disease prevalence is not declining quickly or equitably enough.", The SDGs posit that through increased surveillance and allocating more resources and funding to this health issue, diagnostic and treatment programs will be improved, and the epidemic of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases will once again begin to decline.", "title": "Emerging infectious diseases: public health issues for the 21st century", "title": "Global trends in emerging infectious diseases", "title": "Emerging infectious diseases: threats to human health and global stability",Antabe, Rogercord-02054-dde4nlhh2020-12-31282240
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ribavirin and recombinant interferon (RBV/rIFN) therapy on the outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), accounting for time-varying confounders.", After adjusting for baseline and time-varying confounders using a marginal structural model, RBV/rIFN was not associated with changes in 90-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 1.03 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .73-1.44]; P = .87) or with more rapid MERS-CoV RNA clearance (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.65 [95% CI, .30-1.44]; P = .29).", "text": "The objective of this study was to examine the effect of RBV/ rIFN therapy in a large cohort of critically ill patients with MERS on the 90-day mortality and MERS-CoV RNA clearance by accounting for baseline and time-varying confounders. "text": "We also created 2 models to assess the association of RBV/ rIFN therapy with MERS-CoV RNA clearance adjusting for baseline characteristics and time-varying confounders.Arabi, Yaseen Mcord-30400-x2b0ao3q2019-06-25641344
Therefore, the myocardial tissue is not lacking in its own immune defenses, but it does not have a structured RE system like other organs that are much more commonly the target of infections.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 426, "end": 429, "text": "[3,", "ref_id": "BIBREF2"}, {"start": 430, "end": 432, "text": "4]", "ref_id": "BIBREF3"}, {"start": 570, "end": 573, "text": "[3]", "ref_id": "BIBREF2"}, {"start": 609, "end": 612, "text": "[4]", "ref_id": "BIBREF3"}, {"start": 832, "end": 835, "text": "[5]", "ref_id": "BIBREF4"}, {"start": 945, "end": 948, "text": "[6]", "ref_id": "BIBREF5"}, {"start": 1066, "end": 1069, "text": "[6]", "ref_id": "BIBREF5"}, {"start": 1410, "end": 1413, "text": "[7]", "ref_id": "BIBREF6"}, {"start": 1614, "end": 1617, "text": "[8]", "ref_id": "BIBREF7"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Immunocompetent Cells in Myocardial Tissue"}, {"text": "Myocardial tissue becomes a target of inflammation when it has to repair tissue damage (e.g., acute myocardial infarction or toxic necrosis), if the myocytes are infected by cardiotropic pathogens (infective myocarditis) or in an allogeneic condition (e.g., transplant), if other cardiac structures (valves or pericardium) become targets of inflammation due to self/pathogen mimicry mechanisms (e.g., rheumatic The figure shows the typical features of acute lymphocytic myocarditis in an endomyocardial biopsy of a young male patient presenting with acute heart failure and elevated troponin levels fever), or become self-reactive as in immune-mediated myocarditis, or if genetic defects induce deficiency of the immunologic system (e.g., primary immunodeficiency and auto-inflammatory diseases).Arbustini, Eloisacord-36971-su8juj1n2020-03-072876742
Severity of illness was determined by length of hospitalization and duration of oxygen therapy.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "Results: Children with overnutrition showed a greater frequency of viral coinfection than those with normal weight (71% obese vs. When studying all of the patients, we found that only an overweight condition proved to be associated with a greater severity of infection both in length of stay ( Also, we analyzed whether assisted ventilation is related to nutritional status and our results suggest that assisted ventilation, as a proxy of severity, was not statistically associated with overnutrition (Fisher''s exact, p = 0.862).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Obese and Overweight Children Less than 6 Months Show a Greater Severity of Respiratory Infection"}, {"text": "No significant differences were seen between leptin level and nutritional status in both plasma and NPA samples (Figure 3) .Arias-Bravo, Guissellecord-13509-bazcczdj2020-02-18819645
text: "The critical role of interferons (IFNs) in mediating the innate immune response to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is well established. Many of these IFN-independent, IRF3-dependent ISGs are among the most potently induced by CMV infection and examining the roles these genes play in the innate response to CMV is essential to understanding the ramifications of this non-canonical regulation.", It has also been shown that HCMV virus particles pretreated with HCMV-specific antibodies that do not replicate, nor express IE antigens, can enter human macrophages and induce an antiviral state that renders these cells less susceptible to subsequent HCMV infection independently of IFN production (167) .", "title": "Interferon regulatory factor 3 is necessary for induction of antiviral genes during human cytomegalovirus infection", "title": "Activation of interferon response factor-3 in human cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 or human cytomegalovirus", "title": "Interferonindependent upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes during human cytomegalovirus infection is dependent on IRF3 expression",Ashley, Caroline L.cord-06179-9p26isft2019-12-111768260
Hence, we searched for possible genetic components of the peculiar severity of COVID-19 among Italians, by looking at expression levels and variants in ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes, which are crucial for viral infection.", "text": "Exome and SNP array data from a large Italian cohort representative of the country''s population were used to compare the burden of rare variants and the frequency of polymorphisms with European and East Asian populations.", "text": "Focusing specifically on common exonic variants, 4 SNPs showed significantly (P<2.2*10-16) different frequencies when comparing the Italian population with East Asians (and with Europeans) ( Table 2B) Concerning eQTLs, a number of variants significantly impacting on TMPRSS2 expression in the lung (GTex data) are reported in the 3'' region of the gene ( Figure 1B ).Asselta, R.cord-81487-hrottr012020-04-02595052
text: "Dental care providers need to be aware and prepared for tackling any impending infectious disease challenge as might be the case in the current outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and its associated coronavirus disease, which can be lifethreatening to susceptible patients.", "text": "Based on the experience gained from the previous outbreak of SARS-CoV and the data available on SARS-CoV-2 and its associated disease , certain specific measures are discussed for dental patient management in this epidemic period of COVID-19 (summarized in Fig. 3 ). "text": "In suspected or confirmed cases of COVID-19 infections requiring urgent dental care for conditions such as tooth pain and/or swelling, pharmacologic management in the form of antibiotics and/or analgesics is an alternative. "text": "Recommendations for dental emergency management during COVID-19 outbreak.", "text": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations for putting on and removing personal protective equipment for treating COVID-19 patients.Ather, Ambercord-05240-u6y2lqq02020-04-06540952
However, in adjusted models, COVID-19 patients were more likely than other participants to have pre-existing dementia (OR=3.07 95% CI 1.71 to 5.50), COPD (OR= 1.82 CI 1.33 to 2.49), depression (OR=1.81 CI 1.36 to 2.40), type 2 diabetes (OR=1.70 CI 1.30 to 2.21), chronic kidney disease and atrial fibrillation. Given the scarcity of cohort data on risk factors for severe COVID in older groups, we undertook an initial analysis of baseline (2006 to 2010) demographic characteristics and preexisting diagnoses during UK Biobank (UKB) follow-up. "text": "There were 274,356 older adults (aged 65 to 86 years, mean 73.2 years) eligible for the analysis, of whom 448 (0.16%) were laboratory test positive COVID-19 patients, with rates of infection varying widely across UK Biobank baseline assessment centers (0.38% to 0.07%, see Supplementary Table 2 ). "text": "In older adults, several specific pre-existing co-morbidities are disproportionally common in severe COVID-19 patients, notably including dementia, depression, atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease.Atkins, J. L.cord-85863-bzax1u332020-05-08498347
From the host standpoint, acute respiratory infections are more frequent in childhood, particularly in infants and children under 2 years old, who represent the group with the biggest serious risk.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 166, "end": 177, "text": "(Fig. 28.1)", "ref_id": null}], "section": "Viral Respiratory Infections"}, {"text": "Specific diagnosis of respiratory viruses is quite attainable nowadays because there are several immunodiagnostic techniques (immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunochromatography) available at public and private centers. \u2022 Ensuring the availability of cubicles for isolation of individual patients (for admissions and for cases of suspected or confirmed adenovirus).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Epidemiological Management: The Winter Plan"}, {"text": "In Chile, these measures have been applied every year since 1990, with great success in reducing deaths, though morbidity has not decreased, because that depends on the development of vaccines of high effectiveness (Fig. 28.2) .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 215, "end": 226, "text": "(Fig. 28.2)", "ref_id": null}], "section": "Epidemiological Management: The Winter Plan"}, {"text": "Unlike respiratory infections with a viral cause, infections of bacterial origin, while frequent, affect a smaller group of the population, given their characteristics in terms of pathogenicity, transmissibility, and preventive measures such as use of specific vaccines.Avendaño Carvajal, Luiscord-35454-cpdd7neh2020-02-01515828
Finally, hydrolysis through an inverting attack of water molecule on the anomeric centre releases Glu540 to form b-D-glucuronic acid (4) and a concurrent overall retention of substrate configuration [14,15,19e21 ].", "cite_spans": [{"start": 487, "end": 490, "text": "(2)", "ref_id": "BIBREF1"}, {"start": 689, "end": 692, "text": "(3)", "ref_id": "BIBREF2"}, {"start": 924, "end": 936, "text": "[14,15,19e21", "ref_id": null}], "ref_spans": [{"start": 203, "end": 210, "text": "Fig. 2)", "ref_id": null}], "section": "Introduction"}, {"text": "Due to the increased expression of bGLU in necrotic areas and other body fluids of patients with different forms of cancer such as breast [22] , cervical [23] , colon [24] , lung [25] , renal carcinoma and leukaemia [26] , compared to healthy controls, the enzyme is proffered as a reliable biomarker for tumour diagnosis and clinical therapy assessment [27] .Awolade, Paulcord-00519-adjjkqt22020-02-014068046
This review showed fewer adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with COVID-19 in comparison with previous coronavirus outbreak infection in pregnancy. Studies showed that pregnant mothers were vulnerable group in viral outbreaks of influenza-A, H1N1, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Ebola, and Zika virus and had higher risk of mortality and worse maternal and neonatal outcomes such as abortion, still birth, preterm delivery, and birth defects [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .", This characteristic could raise critical concern as regards widespread transmission in the community and increase infected pregnant women numbers and the possibility of vertical transmission of COVID-19 from mother to the fetus, and adverse outcome on maternal, fetal and neonatal health.", "text": "This review literature showed fewer adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with COVID-19 in comparison with SARS and MERS infection in pregnancy.Azarkish, F.cord-86260-zaaj1jw22020-05-15694162
text: "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) infection, which is a global pandemic declared on March 11, 2020, by World Health Organization (WHO), was reported to have infected 168,000 cases worldwide in about 148 countries and territories and killed more than 6,610 people around the world as of March 16, 2020 [1]. According to the study by Xu et al, 60% of people diagnosed with COVID-19 had traveled to Wuhan or nearby regions (60%), 36% had close contact with novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) patients and 4% had no definite exposure [12] . "text": "Luo et al analyzed 83 patients confirmed with COVID-19 infection in Anqing, China; of these, eight patients were asymptomatic at confirmation, one of whom did not develop any signs or symptoms during the entire 17-day hospitalization. "text": "An outbreak of a novel coronavirus (COVID-19 or 2019-CoV) infection causes significant morbidity and mortality. "title": "Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan",Balla, Mamthacord-10827-y4a1g6km2020-03-301252458
A WHO-China joint report on COVID-19 described a series of 147 cases in pregnant women (62 confirmed, 82 suspected and one asymptomatic) and noted that 8% suffered severe respiratory disease (defined as tachypnoea >30 breaths per min or oxygen saturation of <93% or PaO2/FiO2 <300 mmHg. One per cent had critical disease, defined as requiring mechanical ventilation. "text": "Current evidence suggests that vertical, transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is rare, 22 with several case studies all reporting negative testing of infants and amniotic fluid from COVID-19 infected mothers. "text": "The major concern about general anaesthesia for caesarean section is the risk of healthcare worker infection and the impact of tracheal intubation on a patient with acute respiratory compromise. "text": "Although pregnant women do not appear to exhibit greater susceptibility to COVID-19 than the general population, the direct and indirect risks of managing infected maternity patients mandate a change in approach to team-working, anaesthesia practice, information dissemination and decision-making on the labour ward.Bampoe, S.cord-43956-dhrtpo562020-04-23827150
Through Google Trends analysis, we found a COVID-19-related surge in interest surrounding \"loneliness.\" We assessed if social isolation and loneliness increase the risk for all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality (ICD-10: I00-I99) and used the data to create a conceptual framework. Using the 10-year overall and cardiovascular mortality follow-up data (n = 12,019) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008), we conducted survival analyses and found that individuals who experience social isolation or loneliness have a significantly higher likelihood of overall and CVD mortality than those without support. "text": "When considering social isolation, the adjusted HR for all-cause mortality [1.20 (CI 1.04-1.38, p = 0.01)] was significant, after additional adjustment for demographic (age, gender, and ethnicity) and health risk factors (cardiovascular disease and obesity), as seen in . "text": "The findings from this study help demonstrate a clear link between loneliness and social isolation, as experienced due to COVID-19 related policy, and mortality even aside from the presence of other important determinants of mortality.Banerjee, Sricord-84668-wkt1bgts2020-04-18880747
text: "TMPRSS2 and AR transcript expression in human lung are not higher in males than in females Considering the poorer clinical outcome of COVID-19 in men, underlying androgen-related causes are suspected but not presently known. "text": "To further explore sex differences in TMPRSS2 expression in animal models, we harvested lungs from female and male mice treated with control diet or Enz for > 10 days and analyzed them for protein and mRNA expression. "text": "Although AR protein is clearly expressed in the male mouse lung at levels higher than in females, we find no evidence for androgen regulation of TMPRSS2. "text": "Limitations of our study include the fact that we cannot rule out cell type-specific differences in sex-associated or androgen-dependent TMPRSS2 regulation in pulmonary tissues. "text": "TMPRSS2 and AR transcript expression in human lung are not higher in males than in females.Baratchian, Mehdicord-83064-awb1stsr2020-04-21577357
text: "Several patterns of intensive care have markedly evolved in this patient population over the late cART era, including a steady decline in AIDS-related admissions, an opposite trend in admissions for exacerbated comorbidities, the emergence of new mechanisms of immunosuppression not directly resulting from AIDS [e.g., anti-neoplastic chemotherapy or solid organ transplantation (SOT)], the management of cART at the acute phase of critical illness, and a considerable enhancement in short-term survival that mainly results from general advances in ICU practices.", "text": "In the late cART era, most of HIV-infected patients requiring ICU admission present with bacterial sepsis or exacerbated chronic diseases though severe AIDS-related opportunistic infections continue to occur in those with previously unknown seropositivity or limited access to antiretroviral drugs. "title": "Short-and long-term outcomes of HIV-infected patients admitted to the intensive care unit: impact of antiretroviral therapy and immunovirological status",Barbier, Françoiscord-99913-g9j53fl02020-02-031448752
The model was constructed on a baseline predictor to rank patients according to their risk for severe respiratory infection or sepsis (trained using over one-million patient records) and was then post-processed to calibrate the predictions to reported COVID-19 case fatality rates. "text": "Unlike the binary classification to low and high risk groups that results from decision rules such as the ones put forth by the CDC, the medical community is long accustomed to use more granular and individualized evaluation of patients'' risk, which are usually quantified using multivariable prediction models 5 . "text": "In addition, plots of the positive predictive value (PPV) against the sensitivity (precisionrecall curve), and of the sensitivity against the percent of patients identified as high risk were drawn across different thresholds.Barda, Noamcord-82555-puurw9ri2020-04-28905948
In a recent meta-analysis on 10 cross-sectional studies inclusive of 3403 hospitalised COVID-19 patients from China, the pooled prevalence of cardiovascular disease, smoking history, hypertension and diabetes was 12.11%, 7.63%, 16.37% and 7.87%, respectively. 14 Similarly, a systematic review on 3470 COVID-19 patients from 72 studies (including case reports, case series, case-control and cross-sectional studies) from different countries (mostly China) reported a pooled prevalence of cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes of 8.3%, 13.3%, and 7.3%, respectively. "text": "It has been hypothesised that patients with cardiovascular risk factors or cardiovascular disease are disproportionately affected by COVID-19 because widely used medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) increase the susceptibility to infection by SARS-CoV-2 and viral replication. "title": "Prevalence of underlying diseases in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "title": "Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",Barison, Andreacord-12281-7cw75bp22020-05-11690844
Based on its activity against SARS-CoV-1 and/or MERS-CoV observed in in vitro and animal studies [20] [21] [22] , lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/RTV) was compared to supportive care alone for the treatment of COVID-19 patients in an open-label RCT in China [23] . Although some important considerations preclude a definite judgement on the possible efficacy of LPV/RTV (for example, some major limitations are the open-label nature of the trial and the fact that LPV/RTV was initiated late with respect to the onset of symptoms, see question 7), especially in the case of early initiation, the results of this RCT provide evidence currently discouraging the use of LPV/RTV (or of other protease inhibitors such as darunavir) in COVID-19 patients (also considering the potential side effects, see table 3), unless favorable results from other ongoing RCT in specific subgroups of patients are available (see table 2 ). "text": "Recently, Cortegiani and colleagues reviewed the available information on ongoing case series, comparative observational studies, and RCT evaluating the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19 and registered in Chinese or U.S. registries [41] .Bassetti, Matteocord-21820-p5cz7t522020-04-291655444
We then tested RTD-1 for efficacy in a therapeutic mouse model of systemic candidiasis and analyzed the effects of peptide treatment on survival, fungal clearance, and on inflammatory biomarkers in infections mediated by drug-sensitive and MDR isolates of C. albicans.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Discussion"}, {"text": "While the pharmacologic basis of RTD-1 efficacy in candidemia is yet to be determined, data presented here suggest that peptide administration may promote the mobilization of neutrophils, as blood levels of these cells were significantly elevated in RTD-1 treated candidemic mice (Fig. 5) , and we speculate that this early phase neutrophilia contributes to the reduction in systemic fungal burden detected as early as 3 days after a single treatment with RTD-1.Basso, Virginiacord-117841-z9kzugci2019-11-151174550
The supernatant containing infectious virus particles was incubated for 1 h at different concentrations of each compound (berberine: 20-160 \u00b5M and emodin: 0.04-40 \u00b5M) and subsequently used to infect Vero E6 cells. The supernatant containing infectious virus particles was incubated for 1 h at different concentrations of each compound (berberine: 20-160 \u00b5M and emodin: 0.04-40 \u00b5M) and subsequently used to infect Vero E6 cells. "section": "Berberine and Emodin Reduced the Infectivity of ZIKV in Vero Cells" "section": "Berberine and Emodin Reduced the Infectivity of ZIKV in Vero Cells" Different concentrations of berberine (A) and emodin (B) were incubated with Zika virus (ZIKV) (10 6 PFU/mL) for 1 h. Different concentrations of berberine (A) and emodin (B) were incubated with Zika virus (ZIKV) (10 6 PFU/mL) for 1 h. Different concentrations of berberine (A) and emodin (B) were incubated with Zika virus (ZIKV) (10 6 PFU/mL) for 1 h.Batista, Mariana N.cord-67669-p2buyrcj2019-01-11964062
Recent work identified DNA-damage binding protein 1 (DDB1) and the family of the cellular cullin (Cul) RING ubiquitin (Ub) ligases (CRLs) as host-derived factors that are relevant for the replication of human and mouse cytomegaloviruses. Cytomegaloviruses exploit CRLs to regulate the abundance of viral proteins, and to induce the proteasomal degradation of host restriction factors involved in innate and intrinsic immunity. Through these DCAFs, target proteins are recruited and subjected to CRL-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the proteasome, including the cell cycle regulators CTD1 and p21-CIP1 [85, 86] .", "title": "HIV-1 Vpr Protein Enhances Proteasomal Degradation of MCM10 DNA Replication Factor through the Cul4-DDB1[VprBP] E3 Ubiquitin Ligase to Induce G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest", "title": "The human cytomegalovirus UL35 gene encodes two proteins with different functions", "title": "Proteasome inhibitor MG132 blocks viral DNA replication and assembly of human cytomegalovirus",Becker, Tanjacord-09441-4fef7smf2019-04-022060362
text: "A separate retrospective analysis of 215 patients hospitalized with influenza compared clinical outcomes by day and by duration of illness prior to treatment (\u226448 h after onset of symptoms vs \u2265 96 h). "text": "Considering that hospitalized patients are given NAIs as SOC, along with the recent approval of baloxavir for acute influenza, the impact of using small molecular antivirals in combination with VIS410 was assessed. "text": "CAPSTONE-1 was a phase 3 trial in otherwise healthy patients (\u226512 years old) with uncomplicated influenza that demonstrated baloxavir significantly reduced viral titers and time to alleviation of symptoms (TTAS) when compared to placebo. The human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir plus interferon \u03b1 treatment have been shown to be effective in SARS-CoV infected patients and also reduced weight loss, clinical scores, viral titers and disease progression in MERS-CoV infected marmosets (Chan et al., 2015; Chu et al., 2004; de Wilde et al., 2013) . "text": "Baloxavir marboxil, a PA endonuclease inhibitor, was recently approved in Japan and the U.S. for the treatment of influenza virus infection.Beigel, John H.cord-23613-h97dui9n2019-04-083968751
Given its prolific regulation of cellular transmembrane proteins, it is thus not surprising that MARCH8 also targets viral envelope proteins and downregulates them from the cell surface [55] .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 98, "text": "[33]", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 319, "end": 323, "text": "[48]", "ref_id": "BIBREF47"}, {"start": 535, "end": 539, "text": "[33,", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 540, "end": 543, "text": "49]", "ref_id": "BIBREF48"}, {"start": 1189, "end": 1193, "text": "[50,", "ref_id": "BIBREF49"}, {"start": 1194, "end": 1197, "text": "51]", "ref_id": "BIBREF50"}, {"start": 1306, "end": 1310, "text": "[52]", "ref_id": "BIBREF51"}, {"start": 1356, "end": 1360, "text": "[53]", "ref_id": "BIBREF52"}, {"start": 1665, "end": 1669, "text": "[54]", "ref_id": "BIBREF53"}, {"start": 1858, "end": 1862, "text": "[55]", "ref_id": "BIBREF54"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "ER-Associated Degradation: Traps at Its Place of Birth"}, {"text": "When ectopically expressed, MARCH8 antagonizes not only HIV-1 Env but also glycoproteins of HIV-2, SIV, MLV, xenotropic MLV-related virus (XMRV), and VSV, suggesting a broad antiviral function.Beitari, Sainacord-69824-gkzt2qcd2019-03-301579647
title: "Intrapulmonary concentrations of meropenem administered by continuous infusion in critically ill patients with nosocomial pneumonia: a randomized pharmacokinetic trial", The aim of this study was to evaluate the PK of two dosages of meropenem (3 g vs 6 g/day by CI) in the plasma and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) in critically ill patients with nosocomial pneumonia.", Plasma and ELF meropenem concentrations were modeled using a population methodology, and Monte Carlo simulations were performed to estimate the probability of attaining (PTA) a free ELF concentration of 50% of time above MIC (50% fT>MIC), which results in logarithmic killing and the suppression of resistance in experimental models of pneumonia. "text": "The inclusion criteria were as follows: age \u2265 18 years, diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia and risk factors for multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens [Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., and extended-spectrum \u03b2lactamases (ESBL)-producing Gram-negative Bacilli] [15] , and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) \u2265 50 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (estimated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula [16] ).Benítez-Cano, Adelacord-77824-64dsoxvd2020-02-171217053
text: "The precise diagnosis of Bartonella species in human blood and lesions has provided us with the names of infectious organism associated with a number of diseases, but this new knowledge has not shed much light on why Bartonella can circulate in the blood without causing any reaction, for indefinite periods of time, or why any given Bartonella species may be associated with any of several diverse clinical manifestations. "text": "Johanna Craig [38] Diagnosis of infectious disease isn''t easy; the chief problem being that patients with early signs of infection will often present with nonspecific symptoms that could accompany the common cold, or the so-called \"intestinal\" flu, or as any other common condition producing generalized malaise and mild fever. "text": "Diseases containing the term \"bacillary\" are not caused by members of Class Bacilli.Berman, Jules J.cord-03103-yk4pamnr2019-12-312365550
This may be due to weak public health infrastructure, economic problems, changing health policies, poverty, uncontrolled population displacement and urbanization, ineffective disease control programs, resistant microbial strains, and few new diseases or cases identified as a result of increased knowledge or new, improved methods of identification and diagnosis (NRC, 1998) .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 118, "end": 138, "text": "(Tauxe et al., 2010)", "ref_id": "BIBREF162"}, {"start": 504, "end": 515, "text": "(NRC, 1998)", "ref_id": null}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "INTRODUCTION"}, {"text": "The common consumers are usually not much aware that there is a possible problem with the food, and if contaminated food is ingested, they become ill. Humans and animals are the main reservoir of this notorious pathogen, and therefore complete eradication is not possible (Quinn et al., 2001) .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 349, "end": 369, "text": "(Quinn et al., 2001)", "ref_id": "BIBREF138"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "EPIDEMIOLOGY:"}, {"text": "Symptoms of salmonellosis (enteritis and systemic disease caused by Salmonella) start between 6 to 48 hours after consuming contaminated food.Bhalla, Tek Chandcord-09564-bue29t5a2019-12-313070649
text: "A second report from China has retrospectively analysed the clinical features, treatment and outcome of three COVID-19 positive women with gynaecological cancers. According to a study in Taiwan, the survival of women with cervical cancer (all stages) at 1 and 5 years was significantly worse for those who did not receive treatment within 4 months of diagnosis in comparison with those who received timely therapy after adjusting for other known risk factors. It is speculated that channelling diagnostic, therapeutic (surgical, medical or radiation oncology) and ICU resources for care of cancer cases will be in direct conflict with COVID-19 services as this pandemic progress, but this has ethical concerns as well. The decision to perform or postpone surgery should be made based on the type and stage of the disease, medical condition of the patient, area census of COVID-19 cases, COVID-associated risks, and available logistic support including adjuvant treatment services [6] . "title": "Risk of COVID-19 for patients with cancer",Bhatla, Neerjacord-13120-q8d5twlv2020-04-24622647
text: "The panel expressed the overarching goal that patients be recruited into ongoing trials, which would provide much needed evidence on the efficacy and safety of various therapies for COVID-19, given that we could not make a determination whether the benefits outweigh harms for most treatments.", "text": "Two RCTs of patients with confirmed COVID-19 with mild pneumonia (e.g., positive CT scan without oxygen requirement) or non-severe infection admitted to the hospital treated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) reported on mortality at 14 days, clinical progression (radiological progression on CT scan), clinical improvement, failure of virologic clearance (PCR), and adverse events (both) [11, 12] (Table 1 ).", "text": "In addition, we identified four publications describing three trials of combination treatment with HCQ plus azithromycin (AZ) among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 reporting on the outcomes of mortality, failure of virologic clearance (assessed with PCR test), and adverse events (i.e., significant QT prolongation leading to treatment discontinuation) [13] [14] [15] [16] (Table 2) .",Bhimraj, Adarshcord-24941-hwemigk72020-04-271349345
Because clinical severity of COVID-19 is higher among adults aged \u226565 years than in younger age groups (8) , clinical features including symptoms and hospitalizations were assessed among adults aged 18-64 years and compared with those among the pediatric cases. Data on signs and symptoms of COVID-19 were available for 291 of 2,572 (11%) pediatric cases and 10,944 of 113,985 (9.6%) cases among adults aged 18-64 years (Table) . "text": "Among 149,082 U.S. cases of COVID-19 reported as of April 2, 2020, for which age was known, 2,572 (1.7%) occurred in patients aged <18 years. "text": "Data from China suggest that pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases might be less severe than cases in adults and that children (persons aged <18 years) might experience different symptoms than adults.", "text": "COVID-19 cases in children* aged <18 years, by date reported to CDC (N = 2,549) \u2020 -United States, February 24-April 2",Bialek, Stephaniecord-12645-7ru6tapp2020-04-10288051
The authors found that increased likelihood of exposure to the virus, increased susceptibility to severe consequences of the infection, and lack of health care access were all important contributors, and they concluded with pointed, domainspecific recommendations to mitigate these disparities. "text": "It is time to learn from the lessons of past epidemics and their disproportionate effect on minority communities. Establishing and nurturing trust and partnerships within affected communities will be critical because diminished trust in health care borne from a legacy of unethical experimentation, including the Tuskegee study, has been identified as an important contributor to vaccine hesitancy among African Americans (8, 9) .", "title": "Racial disparities in exposure, susceptibility, and access to health care in the US H1N1 influenza pandemic", "title": "Elimination of measles and of disparities in measles childhood vaccine coverage among racial and ethnic minority populations in the United States",Bibbins-Domingo, Kirstencord-25031-fsid4a392020-04-28173640
Specifically, we sample natural language (NL) questions spanning diverse themes from the StackExchange platform, and conduct a largescale conversion experiment where crowdworkers submit search queries they would use when looking for equivalent information. We make the following contributions: (1) We conduct a large-scale user study where crowdworkers convert questions to queries, controlling for several biases; (2) We provide insights from the collected data that could drive strategies for automatic conversion at scale and be used to derive synthetic search collections for privacy studies; (3) We release 7, 000 question-query pairs collected from the study 3 .", "text": "The annotated dataset (with fields: study type, anonymous crowdworker ID, StackExchange user and post IDs, subforum name, post title, post body, and query) and an extended version of this paper with more analyses and details are available online 7 . The dataset contains 7, 000 (question, query) pairs in total: 5, 000 from the main study, 500 from the control experiment on title position bias, and 1, 500 from the control on user agreement.",Biega, Asia J.cord-40464-a13zmu4b2020-03-24404354
text: "Among the harmful contextual conditions that have been verified by previous large-scale studies are family poverty, homelessness, contacts with the criminal justice system, discrimination, and the marketing of health-compromising behaviors in youth (e.g., unhealthful food and substances).", "text": "Given the extent of discrimination in the USA, its impact on public health, and the size of the workforce, it is imperative that foundations and the NIH fund research to identify more effective ways to reduce prejudice in schools, work settings, and neighborhoods and communities.", "text": "Over five decades, clinical and prevention professionals have developed a broad array of parenting and family support programs to foster social, emotional, and behavioral well-being of children. Similarly, Sheridan, Smith, Moorman Kim, Beretvas, and Park (2019) conducted a meta-analysis of 117 studies on the impact of various types of family-school collaboration on students'' social-emotional functioning and found significantly better social-behavioral competence and mental health among students of all ages; effects were strongest for African American children.Biglan, Anthonycord-32617-zgdvo29n2020-04-282297150
text: "Two biomarkers have been widely studied in the diagnosis of infectious inflammation-C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT). "text": "CRP has been widely studied as a marker of bacterial infection in the ICU patient population. 29 Thus, high CRP levels favor bacterial over fungal causes of infection, but further work is required to clarify appropriate cutoffs as well as to determine sensitivity and specificity.", "text": "Numerous studies have examined the utility of PCT as a marker of infection in ICU patients. "text": "Both CRP and PCT are helpful biomarkers to distinguish infection from noninfectious systemic inflammation in ICU patients. "title": "Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "title": "Substantially elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), together with low levels of procalcitonin (PCT), contributes to diagnosis of fungal infection in immunocompromised patients", "title": "C-reactive protein as a marker of infection in critically ill patients",Binnie, Alexandracord-26863-5tm45r5p2020-12-31834154
. https://doi.org/10.1101 We estimated the prevalence of COVID-19 as identified through tests in the penitentiary and 139 provincial populations by dividing the total number of positive tests (confirmed cases) by the 140 population of each facility, the total prison population by province, and the total provincial 141 population, respectively. "text": "Further, though institutions all recorded a gradual increase in the number of tests performed over 211 time, the high proportion of positive tests throughout the study period suggests that these prisons 212 likely did not implement more intensive, wide-spread testing throughout the prison populations 213 once a case was observed. "text": "The primary strength of this study is its use of the best available data on COVID-19 testing and 292 case incidence in Canadian Federal penitentiaries and the general Canadian population to give an 293 .Blair, A.cord-81829-qrywrn7m2020-05-08560751
text: "Objective: Early reports indicate that pregnant women are not at increased risk for COVID-19 19 infection or for a worse disease course if infection occurs. 1-3 The objective of this study was to 20 review our experiences with intensive care unit (ICU) admissions for women of reproductive age 21 infected with COVID-19, and to determine whether pregnant women are more likely to be 22 admitted to the ICU than non-pregnant women. Data analyzed in this study included 32 age (five age groups between 15 and 49 years), pregnancy status, and admission to an ICU. The incidence of ICU admission was compared between 34 pregnant and non-pregnant women with COVID-19 in each age group. "text": "Conclusion: Among hospitalized women who are infected with COVID-19, those who are 51 pregnant are not at increased risk for ICU admission compared to those who are not pregnant.Blitz, Matthew J.cord-19364-5ovpi7pl2020-05-0787054
text: "Given the complex challenges we are facing in the twenty-first century, we can learn a lot about our collective future from the advice from Feldman and Kravetz and the experiences of those who live through personal trauma such as the West Gate Bridge collapse. "text": "Patterns are at the heart of Turner''s incubating accident model as they are for the modern game-changing disciplines of IT, quantum physics, complexity theory and systems engineering. "text": "The stories of previous chapters illustrate graphically how physical systems such as ploughs, bicycles, engines and heart pacemakers have successfully evolved in complex patterns of ingenuities entirely embedded in society and culture-notwithstanding some ''dead ends'' and failures too. "text": "One engineering challenge is to improve syntactical encryption to make data secure, robust, reliable and efficient whilst recognising the ways in which it is changing.Blockley, Davidcord-36416-o35ff4zc2020-03-011657051
text: "In the early 1970s, a case study was conducted with 50 cancer patients who were taken a high dose of ascorbic acid [41] . "text": "A phase I study investigated the safety and efficiency of dual drug therapy by combining IV ascorbate with gemcitabine and erlotinib in stage IV pancreatic cancer patients. "text": "A 2013 phase I clinical investigation studied the effects of combining ascorbate with gemcitabine in the treatment of stage IV pancreatic cancer. "title": "Large Doses of Ascorbic Acid in Treatment of Vitamin C Deficiencies", "title": "Failure of high-dose vitamin C (ascorbic acid) therapy to benefit patients with advanced cancer. "title": "High-dose intravenous vitamin C combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy in patients with advanced cancer: a phase I-II clinical trial", "title": "Phase I study of high-dose ascorbic acid with mFOLFOX6 or FOLFIRI in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer or gastric cancer",Boretti, Albertocord-06517-v1pjv93r2020-04-211271362
title: "Marked Up-Regulation of ACE2 in Hearts of Patients with Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Implications for SARS-CoV-2-Mediated COVID-19", "text": "Patients and Methods: RNA was extracted from cardiac tissue flash frozen at therapeutic surgical septal myectomy for 106 patients with HCM and from 39 healthy donor hearts.", "text": "Notably, the ACE2-encoded angiotensin I/angiotensin II converting enzyme subtype 2, an important counter-regulator of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) involved in hypertrophy, fibrosis, and vasoconstriction, was the most up-regulated gene in HCM tissues (3.5fold increase vs. "text": "Beyond the potential relevance of ACE2 expression in HCM hearts and its disease pathogenesis, in its membrane-bound state, ACE2 plays an important role as a functional receptor required for viral entry and subsequent viral replication for the SARS-CoV family of viruses 24, 25 , and thereby may in fact contribute to the increased morbidity and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 in adult patients with a variety of heart diseases.Bos, J. Martijncord-15274-xy8sm6ma2020-04-28734750
Furthermore, our goal is to break the paradigm that vaccines against NTDs have no measurable business case or insufficient value proposition.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Introduction"}, {"text": "This review provides our assessment of the framework and translational processes used to establish a full public health value proposition and business case for technologies addressing global health gaps for NTDs. To provide examples, we purposely will focus on two vaccines, the human hookworm and schistosomiasis vaccine, providing a perspective, a probable road map and a forward-looking opinion of how academic institutions, medical research organizations and PDPs. Such consortiums continue to be the source of biomedical innovation and discoveries and have progressed from mostly being spectators to actively engaging in accelerating and advancing essential vaccine candidates urgently needed in low-and middle-income countries.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Introduction"}, {"text": "The term neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) is used to refer to approximately 20 or more infections with a common set of features.Bottazzi, Maria Elenacord-11506-i0gp9ehw2019-07-10862439
text: "In 2011, an analysis of the international pharmacovigilance database VigiBase indicated higher reporting of infections associated with DPP-4 inhibitors with a higher signal for upper respiratory infections [33] but a case-control study nested in a cohort of nearly 50,000 diabetic patients in the UK found no association between DDP-4 inhibitors use and hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia [34] , and the most recent meta-analysis including 74 clinical trials of more than 12 weeks of duration also did not suggest an increase in the overall risk of infection with iDDP-4 inhibitors [35] .", "title": "Diabetic patients with COVID-19 infection are at higher risk of ICU admission and poor short-term outcome", "title": "Risk factors associated with clinical outcomes in 323 COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Wuhan, China", "title": "Association of blood glucose control and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and pre-existing type 2 diabetes", "title": "COVID-19 in patients with diabetes: risk factors that increase morbidity",Bouhanick, Béatricecord-85846-o99mtt0v2020-05-15733356
{"paper_id": "9af9e63e42be08fabae3491e5abe76d50425fa09", "metadata": {"title": "Clinical Medicine Editorial Smoking Upregulates Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 Receptor: A Potential Adhesion Site for Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19)", "authors": [{"first": "Samuel", "middle": ["James"], "last": "Brake", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {"laboratory": "Respiratory Translational Research Group", "institution": "University of Tasmania", "location": {"postCode": "7248", "settlement": "Launceston", "region": "Tasmania", "country": "Australia"}}, "email": "sjbrake@utas.edu.aus.j.b."}, {"first": "Kathryn", "middle": [], "last": "Barnsley", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {"laboratory": "", "institution": "University of Tasmania", "location": {"postCode": "7001", "settlement": "Hobart", "region": "Tasmania", "country": "Australia"}}, "email": "kathryn.barnsley@utas.edu.au*correspondence:sssohal@utas.edu.au"}, {"first": "Wenying", "middle": [], "last": "Lu", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {"laboratory": "Respiratory Translational Research Group", "institution": "University of Tasmania", "location": {"postCode": "7248", "settlement": "Launceston", "region": "Tasmania", "country": "Australia"}}, "email": "wenying.lu@utas.edu.auw.l."}, {"first": "Kielan", "middle": [], "last": "Darcy Mcalinden", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {"laboratory": "Respiratory Translational Research Group", "institution": "University of Tasmania", "location": {"postCode": "7248", "settlement": "Launceston", "region": "Tasmania", "country": "Australia"}}, "email": "kielan.mcalinden@utas.edu.auk.d.m."}, {"first": "Mathew", "middle": ["Suji"], "last": "Eapen", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {"laboratory": "Respiratory Translational Research Group", "institution": "University of Tasmania", "location": {"postCode": "7248", "settlement": "Launceston", "region": "Tasmania", "country": "Australia"}}, "email": "mathew.eapen@utas.edu.aum.s.e."}, {"first": "Sukhwinder", "middle": ["Singh"], "last": "Sohal", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {"laboratory": "Respiratory Translational Research Group", "institution": "University of Tasmania", "location": {"postCode": "7248", "settlement": "Launceston", "region": "Tasmania", "country": "Australia"}}, "email": ""}]}, "abstract": [{"text": "The epicenter of the original outbreak in China has high male smoking rates of around 50%, and early reported death rates have an emphasis on older males, therefore the likelihood of smokers being overrepresented in fatalities is high.Brake, Samuel Jamescord-09817-1gnoo0us2020-03-20560447
This report highlights the recent accomplishments of GVN researchers in several important areas of medical virology, including strategies for the eradication of smallpox, measles, polio, SARS and vector-borne or zoonotic infections, emergence and intervention strategies for retroviruses and arboviruses, preparedness for outbreaks of Filo-and other hemophilic viruses, pathogenesis, impact and prevention of respiratory viruses, as well as, viruses affecting the central and peripheral nervous system. "text": "Part of the GVN''s research programs includes an international scientific meeting to present and discuss current findings in medical and veterinary virology, and their application to existing and emerging viruses of global importance, explore new approaches to the prevention, treatment and cure of infectious disease, engage and inspire early career scientists to advance virology research and to promote collaborations among world expert virologists.",Brechot, Christiancord-06415-fmtexzhq2019-03-311242343
Virol", "volume": "87", "issn": "", "pages": "611--620", "other_ids": {"DOI": ["10.1128/JVI.02226-12"]}}, "BIBREF49": {"ref_id": "b49", "title": "Differential binding efficiency between the envelope protein of Japanese encephalitis virus variants and heparan sulfate on the cell surface", "authors": [{"first": "H", "middle": [], "last": "Liu", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "S", "middle": ["S"], "last": "Chiou", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "W", "middle": ["J"], "last": "Chen", "suffix": ""}], "year": 2004, "venue": "J. Virol", "volume": "78", "issn": "", "pages": "378--388", "other_ids": {"DOI": ["10.1128/JVI.78.1.378-388.2004"]}}, "BIBREF118": {"ref_id": "b118", "title": "Productive dengue virus infection of human endothelial cells is directed by heparan sulfate-containing proteoglycan receptors", "authors": [{"first": "N", "middle": [], "last": "Dalrymple", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "E", "middle": ["R"], "last": "Mackow", "suffix": ""}], "year": 2011, "venue": "J. Virol", "volume": "81", "issn": "", "pages": "261--271", "other_ids": {"DOI": ["10.1128/JVI.01226-06"]}}, "BIBREF162": {"ref_id": "b162", "title": "The fusion glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus facilitates virus attachment and infectivity via an interaction with cellular heparan sulfate", "authors": [{"first": "S", "middle": ["A"], "last": "Feldman", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "S", "middle": [], "last": "Audet", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "J", "middle": ["A"], "last": "Beeler", "suffix": ""}], "year": 2000, "venue": "J.Cagno, Valeriacord-71657-6obx49pr2019-07-012287652
title: "Bulk and single-cell transcriptomics identify tobacco-use disparity in lung gene expression of ACE2, the receptor of 2019-nCov", In this study, we analyzed five large-scale bulk transcriptomic datasets of normal lung tissue and two single-cell transcriptomic datasets to investigate the disparities related to race, age, gender and smoking status in ACE2 gene expression and its distribution among cell types.", Here, we analyzed four large-scale bulk transcriptomic datasets of normal lung tissue to investigate the disparities related to race, age, gender and smoking status in ACE2 gene expression. "text": "We found a significant higher ACE2 gene expression in smoker (including current smoker and former smoker) samples compared to non-smoker samples in the TCGA (p-value=0.05) and GSE40419 RNA-seq datasets (p-value=0.01, Fig. 2A ). "text": "In this study, we investigated the disparities related to race, age, gender and smoking status in ACE2 gene expression by analyzing bulk and single-cell transcriptome data.Cai, Guoshuaicord-85945-uqkcbs2s2020-02-11513255
text: "SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV) Spike proteins share very high phylogenetic similarities (99%), and, indeed, both viruses exploit the same human cell receptor namely angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a transmembrane enzyme whose expression dominates on lung alveolar epithelial cells 6, 15, 16 . Supplementary Table 1 illustrates amino acid glycosylation sites, and structure of the glycosidic chains as inferred from different ACE2/Spike complex PDB models. "text": "FireDock 34 was used to estimate the effects of removal of glycosidic residues or chains on ACE2 interaction with SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD by calculating \u0394G values. Results indicate that some residues of the ACE2 interface, which are involved in the interaction with SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein can actually fluctuate (Fig. 5cd ).", "text": "models of SARS-CoV-2 Spike/ACE2 complex, and effects of ACE2 glysosylation on binding interfaces.Calcagnile, Matteocord-85211-iguhy1z82020-04-241041854
9 These guidelines may change as the outbreak evolves, including the case definition, which could extend to a larger geographical area, and the recommendations for prevention, isolation, protection or treatment, based On February 11, 2020 the WHO changed the interim name of 2019-nCoV to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19).", "text": "Infection by SARS-CoV-2 may present as mild, moderate or severe disease, including severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis and septic shock.", In case of deterioration of respiratory function, use of invasive mechanical ventilation should be considered, following the lung-protective strategies recommended at the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC) 24, 26 for management of ARDS in the paediatric population (low tidal volumes (4\u22128 mL/kg), optimised positive endexpiratory pressure, inspiratory plateau pressure of up to 28---32 cmH 2 O, driving pressure of less than 15 cmH 2 O, permissive hypercapnia, etc.), prone positioning and, if necessary, neuromuscular blockade.", "title": "Home care for patients with suspected novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection presenting with mild symptoms and management of contacts",Calvo, Cristinacord-02810-et6wjhpf2020-04-25738247
title: "Journal Pre-proof Las estad\u00edsticas sanitarias y la invisibilidad por sexo y de g\u00e9nero durante la epidemia de COVID-19", "text": "Sex Gender Disease outbreaks analysis Disease outbreaks statistics and numerical data Tras las epidemias del sida, el \u00c9bola, y el Zika 1,2 , con el fin de fortalecer los sistemas nacionales e internacionales de prevenci\u00f3n y respuesta eficaz a futuras crisis de salud, Naciones Unidas elabor\u00f3 un informe que incluye la recomendaci\u00f3n de \u00abcentrar la atenci\u00f3n en las dimensiones de g\u00e9nero de las crisis de salud globales\u00bb 3 . Efectivamente, en la tendencia de los casos a lo largo de la epidemia se observa que el patr\u00f3n por sexo de la COVID-19 en Espa\u00f1a ha sido desigual. "text": "Mar\u00eda Teresa Ruiz Cantero ha ideado el trabajo, analizado la informaci\u00f3n y elaborado las figuras casos de Covid-1 y ha redactado el manuscrito.", Tendencia de los casos confirmados de COVID-19 seg\u00fan sexo en Espa\u00f1a",Cantero, María Teresa Ruizcord-12790-7plpn6sn2020-05-04168150
text: "The 2019 novel coronavirus is the coronavirus identified as the cause of an outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) first detected in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, at the end of 2019. "text": "All of the data of COVID-19 cases were collected from daily notifications given to the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China and Tianjin Health Committee. "text": "COVID-19 Incidence, Mortality, Case Fatality Rates, and Severity in Tianjin, 2020", Patients with familial clustering accounted for 74.81% of cases, and there was no difference in clustering between urban and suburban areas. "text": "Although 19.26% of COVID-19 cases in Tianjin were reported in people who had been in contact with the epidemic area before the onset of symptoms, cases with a history of visiting Hubei Province accounted for the majority of new cases for each of the first 10 days of the outbreak.Cao, Chunxiacord-119395-8bamjtu62020-04-01245953
As a consequence, corticosteroids are widely used as drugs to treat many different inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatic diseases [e.g., rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)], inflammatory diseases of the upper airways (rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis), pulmonary inflammatory diseases [bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis, interstitial lung diseases (such as sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonias, idiopathic eosinophilic pneumonias, idiopathic fibrosing interstitial pneumonias)], inflammatory bowel disease (IBD, Crohn''s disease and ulcerative colitis), infections (including tuberculosis), inflammatory skin diseases (e.g., psoriasis, atopic dermatitis) and kidney diseases (e.g., glomerulonephritis). "text": "The inflammation in COPD, in severe asthma and in a high number of patients with IBD is scarcely suppressed by topical or oral corticosteroids, even at very high doses. "text": "Pharmacological control of inflammation may be obtained in most patients with varying doses of oral or TOPICAL corticosteroids, depending upon the disease severity [9, 15] . "text": "Corticosteroids are the most effective therapy for chronic immune and inflammatory diseases in current use.Caramori, Gaetanocord-38044-zcvk1paf2019-02-232380350
This study shows that the addition of age and a minimal set of common blood tests taken in patients on admission to hospital significantly improves the National Early Warning Score (NEWS2) for risk-stratification of severe COVID disease.", "text": "Currently available risk scores for deterioration of acutely ill patients include (1) widely-used generic ward-based risk indices such as the National Early Warning Score (NEWS2) 3 or modified sequential organ failure assessment (mSOFA) 4 ; and (2) the pneumonia-specific risk index, CURB-65 5 which usefully capture a combination of physiological observations with limited blood markers and comorbidities. "text": "Our aim is to understand the performance of NEWS2 and identify a supplemental combination of simple clinical and blood biomarkers routinely measured in hospitals to supplement the NEWS2 score to improve prediction of a severe disease outcome at 14 days from symptom onset.Carr, E.cord-82533-vyzuxupg2020-04-29782147
text: "The comparisons of sleep quality, generalized anxiety symptoms, and psychological distress during the COVID-19 epidemic in the Italian population are presented in Table 2 .", "text": "The prevalence of poor sleep quality, generalized anxiety symptoms, and psychological distress stratified by gender, age, territorial areas, knowledge of people affected by COVID-19, and loneliness in social isolation experience are shown in Figure 1 .", "text": "The results revealed that 57.1% of the respondents experienced poor sleep quality, 32.1% had high levels of generalized anxiety symptoms, 41.8% experienced psychological distress, and 7.6% reported relevant PTSD symptomatology linked to the COVID-19 diffusion. "text": "Additionally, studies have reported an association between poor sleep quality and high risk of falls, infections, or the cold virus as a consequence of a reduction of the immune response Considering other psychological variables, one out of three Italians showed higher generalized anxiety symptoms, and two out of five Italians perceived psychological distress and lower well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.Casagrande, Mariacord-15352-a1cjp6d22020-05-12741844
text: "A non-anticoagulant oxy-heparin fragment carrying a hydrophobic polystyrene chain (NAC-HCPS) exhibited in vitro and in vivo antiangiogenic and antimetastatic activities in murine B16 melanoma and Lewis lung cancer (3LL) models. "text": "To dissect structural determinants for effective heparanase inhibition, a library of non-anticoagulant heparins was prepared by graded or fully O-desulfation, N-acetylation of N-desulfated of UFH. "text": "The increase of heparanase inhibitory activity produced by glycol splitting of UFH, LMWH and ultra LMWH [76, 87] was confirmed by assessing the effect of the heparin-related synthetic trisaccharide 4-OMeGlcNS6S-GlcA-\u03b11,6 anhydro GlcNS. For the preparation of new heparanase inhibitors, periodate oxidation of N-desulfated heparins was performed in aqueous neutral media to split C2-C3 linkages of both N-desulfo GlcN units and of non-sulfated uronic acid residues. "title": "Heparanase: Structure, biological functions, and inhibition by heparin-derived mimetics of heparan sulfate", "title": "Modulation of the heparanase-inhibiting activity of heparin through selective desulfation, graded N-acetylation, and glycol-splitting", "title": "P-selectin-and heparanase-dependent antimetastatic activity of non-anticoagulant heparins",Cassinelli, Giuseppecord-20799-6pvmynzq2020-02-291755550
More importantly the presence of MetS imposes further limitation on exercise capacity which could in turn hamper lung function and general wellbeing of COPD patients, predisposing them to more severe comorbidities and/or clinical complications such as lung cancer (Hartman, Boezen, de Greef, Bossenbroek, & ten Hacken, 2010) .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 121, "end": 142, "text": "Lipovec et al., 2016)", "ref_id": "BIBREF79"}, {"start": 360, "end": 379, "text": "(Leone et al., 2009", "ref_id": "BIBREF286"}, {"start": 647, "end": 707, "text": "(Hartman, Boezen, de Greef, Bossenbroek, & ten Hacken, 2010)", "ref_id": "BIBREF209"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Comorbidities of COPD"}, {"text": "MetS is a complex disorder that is recognised clinically by the presence of a cluster of risk factors including excess abdominal obesity or body mass index (BMI) N30 kg/m 2 , elevated blood pressure, proatherogenic blood lipid profile, impaired fasting blood glucose with or without insulin resistance (Alberti et al., 2005; Saltiel & Olefsky, 2017) .Chan, Stanley M.H.cord-15130-reo85q5j2019-02-265987840
22 Thus, we recommend that HRCT scans are best performed in a nonacute state and bronchiectasis be diagnosed if symptoms of CSLD are present when HRCT findings meet the pediatric 13 rather than adult radiological criteria.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 506, "end": 508, "text": "21", "ref_id": "BIBREF50"}, {"start": 1061, "end": 1063, "text": "22", "ref_id": "BIBREF51"}, {"start": 1240, "end": 1242, "text": "13", "ref_id": "BIBREF42"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "BRONCHIECTASIS, CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE LUNG DISEASE, PROTRACTED BACTERIAL BRONCHITIS"}, {"text": "PBB is a condition that is likely a prebronchiectasis state.Chang, Anne B.cord-21582-2q880b4m2019-12-313451045
text: "Siglecs are sialic acid (Sia) recognizing immunoglobulin-like receptors expressed on the surface of all the major leukocyte lineages in mammals. "text": "Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) are cell surface receptors belonging to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. The interplay between a particular sialylated human pathogen, group B Streptococcus (GBS), and host immune responses serves as a good first example to illustrate the role of Siglecs and bacterial expression of Sia in the pathogenesis of infection.", "text": "The role of GBS CPS Sia engagement of inhibitory Siglecs in the context of in vivo infection was first addressed in Siglec-E deficient mice due to the similarity of function and cellular distribution between human Siglec-9 and murine Siglec-E. "text": "Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) exploits a Sia-Siglec axis to facilitate its entry into myeloid cells and trans-infection into CD4 + T cells. "text": "Finally, Siglec-1 modulates T cell-mediated anti-viral responses during human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, with key differences between newborns and adults.Chang, Yung-Chicord-17518-e0nsol3y2020-03-101492359
text: "In the post-genomic era with the sequencing of approximately whole human genome, terms such as \"foodomics\", \"personalized nutrition\", \"nutrigenomics\" came into consideration as novel domains which incorporate advanced omics techniques for absolute improvement in public health, well-being and knowledge (Cifuentes, 2009; Zeevi et al., 2015) . "text": "In addition to above, the knowledge of various nutrition based diseases such as Celiac disease (caused due to allergy of wheat protein glutan), Kwashiorkar (Protein deficiency), Anemia (Iron deficiency), Stunting (Zinc deficiency) and osteoporosis (Calcium deficiency in bones) with many others are also major factors in determining consumer concerns toward healthy and targeted food products.", "text": "With rapid advances and diversity in promising analytical platforms and computer based analysis, research in food science and nutrition is likely to be revolutionized by the use of \"omics\" applications in the near future (Alfaro and Young, 2018) .Chaudhary, Nishacord-23358-gsdvrtai2020-05-111684952
Conclusions: Differences in immune function may be the main factors affecting the prognosis of patients with fever and thrombocytopenia, while treatment based on precise etiological diagnosis is important for therapeutic efficacy.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}], "body_text": [{"text": "Fever and thrombocytopenia are frequent symptoms in patients with viral infection. The median PAF concentration was 2.5 times higher in HP-positive patients than that in the negative group.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 174, "end": 180, "text": "(8/20)", "ref_id": null}], "ref_spans": [{"start": 3, "end": 10, "text": "Table 2", "ref_id": "TABREF1"}, {"start": 1215, "end": 1222, "text": "Table 2", "ref_id": "TABREF1"}], "section": "The basic clinical characteristics of the patients"}, {"text": "Among the six cytokines measured in this study, there were no significant differences for serum IL-12/23P40 and IL-17A among five groups (P > .05) (Fig. 1) . Therefore, to patients with fever and thrombocytopenia, the disease status evaluation would be more accurate if we combined the platelet parameters and inflammatory biomarkers.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Principal component analysis (PCA)"}, {"text": "The factors that significantly influenced the prognosis of patients were also analyzed, these were age, PLT quantities, PCT, and IL-17A.Chen, Huanzhucord-20297-figz7ac02019-07-31890747
. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033068 doi: medRxiv preprint and surrounding areas, been exposed to other infections, communicated with patients with fever or respiratory symptoms from Wuhan and surrounding areas or from case-reporting communities, or clustering onset. "text": "We compared the differences in epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory measures between patients who had died due to infection by COVID-19 at onset to admission, admission to ICU and 48h before death.We present continuous measurements as mean (SD) if they are normally distributed or median (IQR) if they are not, and categorical All rights reserved. "text": "We collected Laboratory examination results of patients at admission, at the time of transfer to the ICU, and at 48h before death and found that 71(70.30%) of patients had an elevated level of IL-6 when they were admitted to hospital, and it gradually increased as disease progressed and was as high as 26.21pg/mL(IQR11.68-205.92) 48h before death, which is significantly higher than results reported by Chen et al [9] \uff0c Considering that these patients have severe inflammatory reaction.We found that 23(22.78%) of patients had abnormal coagulation function at admission, which is mainly manifested as increased genus, and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been confirmed as a common All rights reserved.Chen, JIancord-84323-9ynljm2r2020-03-12600446
17 (17%) patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and, among them, 11 (11%) patients worsened in a short period of time and died of multiple organ failure.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection was of clustering onset, is more likely to affect older males with comorbidities, and can result in severe and even fatal respiratory diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. Additionally, all patients were given chest xrays or chest CT.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 467, "end": 468, "text": "3", "ref_id": "BIBREF2"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Procedures"}, {"text": "We describe epidemi ological data (ie, shortterm [occasional visits] and longterm [worked at or lived near] exposure to Huanan seafood market); demographics; signs and symptoms on admission; comorbidity; labora tory results; coinfection with other respiratory pathogens; chest radiography and CT findings; treatment received for 2019nCoV; and clinical outcomes.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Outcomes"}, {"text": "We present continuous measurements as mean (SD) if they are normally distributed or median (IQR) if they are not, and categorical variables as count (%).Chen, Nanshancord-124475-m40kwgcg2020-01-30629347
In this review we synthesize the recent advances in definition, incidence, causative agents, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis and treatment of neonatal sepsis. "text": "Pediatric \u00b7 Neonate \u00b7 Sepsis \u00b7 Septic shock \u00b7 Definition \u00b7 Surviving sepsis campaign Antibiotics \u00b7 Burden \u00b7 Causative agent \u00b7 Risk factor \u00b7 Diagnosis \u00b7 Management life-threatening organ dysfunction, which emphasizes the consequences of sepsis. "title": "1:4 matched case-control study on influential factor of early onset neonatal sepsis", "title": "Risk assessment in neonatal early onset sepsis", "title": "Risk factors and opportunities for prevention of early-onset neonatal sepsis: a multicenter casecontrol study", "title": "Very low birth weight preterm infants with early onset neonatal sepsis: the predominance of gram-negative infections continues in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network", "title": "Utility of cord blood culture in early onset neonatal sepsis", "title": "Use of leukocyte counts in evaluation of early-onset neonatal sepsis",Chen, Shengcord-34938-eytb94c22019-05-281585149
text: "A total of 91 patients(mean age 56\u00b11.321 years; 73.63% male) diagnosed with IgG4-RD in Hubei province were enrolled in the study(Suppl ", "text": "The clinical manifestations of the primary disease and disease condition on the last on-site visit of the two IgG4-RD patients infected with COVID-19 were as follows: concentration, and the ratio of IgG4/IgG decreased dramatically, especially after the third visit (Figure 1 ). "section": "Clinical characteristics of IgG4-RD patients infected with COVID-19" "text": "Hubei province, the epicenter of COVID-19 outbreak in China, and found two case of IgG4-RD patients had infected with COVID-19. "text": "In summary, we describe the infection status and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 among IgG4-RD patients under the pandemic situation in this study.", "text": "IgG4-RD patients may belong to the susceptible population of COVID-19 infection, and thus need more careful personal protection. "text": "IgG4-RD patients may belong to the susceptible population of COVID-19 infection, and thus need more careful personal protection.Chen, Yucord-82892-kxebc12r2020-05-16465852
CD45+ blood-borne leukocytes were seen in the brain of P2Y12 \u2212/\u2212 mice after infection, and mononuclear cell infiltration was not impaired, which indicates that microglia recruit monocytes through a P2Y12 independent mechanism [9] .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 701, "end": 705, "text": "[12]", "ref_id": "BIBREF11"}, {"start": 1373, "end": 1376, "text": "[9]", "ref_id": "BIBREF8"}, {"start": 1809, "end": 1812, "text": "[9]", "ref_id": "BIBREF8"}], "ref_spans": [{"start": 110, "end": 116, "text": "Fig. 1", "ref_id": null}], "section": "Microglia play an anti-inflammatory role in viral encephalitis"}, {"text": "Analysis of temporal lobe specimens in patients with herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis shows that P2Y12-positive microglia processes extend to HSV-1 positive cells, and there are about 1-3 activated microglia around each infected neuron.Chen, Zhuangzhuangcord-117895-hugenn142019-04-091448547
As such, to better inform TB contact tracing policy, we evaluated the TB acquisition rate and demographic and occupational factors associated with baseline LTBI and QFT-GIT conversion among HCWs exposed to index TB patients at a tertiary hospital in Singapore.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": ""}, {"text": "The study was carried out in a single institution in Singapore, which is a large 1,725-bedded tertiary hospital with over 70,000 patients admitted each year. QFT-GIT is performed twice: first within 2 weeks after exposure to an index TB patient (T0), and the second test at 8-10 weeks postexposure (T1) on all exposed HCWs who had a negative QFT-GIT result at T0.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Current TB contact tracing protocol"}, {"text": "Demographic information such as age, sex, ethnicity, nationality, and occupation were obtained from all HCWs exposed to index TB cases.Chia, Shi Zhe Gabrielcord-22029-y6686ug12019-12-02627439
text: "Even if most of the studies on cancer-associated EVs are mainly focused on the proprieties of exosomes and microvesicles, at least in the case of HR-HPV, it has been reported that also apoptotic bodies (ABs) are able to transfer their tumor-associated cargo to acceptor cells. "text": "Besides the development of anogenital squamous cell carcinoma, HR-HPVs genotypes were also associated to a different degree to oropharyngeal cancer, especially in the tonsillar region and at the base of tongue [38, 39] . "title": "Silencing of human papillomavirus (HPV) E6/E7 oncogene expression affects both the contents and the amounts of extracellular microvesicles released from HPV-positive cancer cells", "title": "Dependence of intracellular and exosomal microRNAs on viral E6/E7 oncogene expression in HPV-positive tumor cells", "title": "Human papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncoproteins affect the expression of cancer-related microRNAs: additional evidence in HPV-induced tumorigenesis",Chiantore, Maria Vincenzacord-29758-eu89bjtb2020-01-181147753
The CF patients have decreased secretion of chloride and bicarbonate across the CFTR channel and increased absorption of sodium through the epithelial sodium channel, \u2022 Cystic fibrosis [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] \u2022 ABPA [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] \u2022 Impaired mucociliary clearance [74] [75] [76] [77] b) Genetic defects \u2022 Genetic defects in genes related with immune response, CFTR, cilia, and connective tissue [74, [78] [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] c) Immunodeficiencies Primary immunodeficiency \u2022 Gene mutations Secondary immunodeficiencies \u2022 HIV [110] [111] [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] [117] [118] [119] \u2022 Autoimmune diseases [120] \u2022 Cancer [121] [122] [123] \u2022 Immunosuppressive drugs [124] [125] [126] [127] [128] [129] \u2022 Surgery [130] [131] [132] [133] o Transplantation [134] [135] [136] [137] [138] \u2022 Age over 60 years old/Immunosenescence [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] [145] [146] [147] [148] [149] [150] [151] \u2022 Malnutrition [152] [153] [154] [155] [156] [157] [158] [159] [160] [161] \u2022 Vitamin and trace elements deficiencies [162] [163] [164] [165] [166] [167] [168] [169] [170] [171] [172] [173] [174] [175] \u2022 Addictions: smoking, alcoholism, and drug abuse \u2022 [315] [316] [317] [318] [319] [320] [321] [322] [323] [324] [325] [326] resulting in increased mucus viscosity, compromised mucociliary clearance and airway obstruction, among other defects [62] , predisposing to PNTM (mainly MAC and M.Chin, Kai Lingcord-33130-yh4pe5t32019-12-183420456
While the East and West coast cities are particularly vulnerable owing to their densities (and travel routes), a large number of counties in the Southeastern states have a high proportion of at-risk populations, with high levels of poverty, comorbidities, and premature death at baseline, and low levels of health insurance coverage.", "text": "Using publicly available county-specific data from the Area Health Resources Files (19) , American Community Survey (20) , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlas file (21) , National Center for Health Statistics (22), and RWJF Community Health Rankings (23), we identified key biological, demographic, and socioeconomic characteristics influencing susceptibility to COVID-19, guided by international experiences, and consideration of epidemiological parameters of importance. We created five bivariate county-level maps to illustrate examples of key relationships across these categories grouping age and poverty; comorbidities and lack of health insurance; proximity, density and bed capacity; and race and ethnicity, and premature mortality.Chin, Taylorcord-85928-0z8x6v042020-04-11956855
because the infection is mediated by the viral receptor on human cell membranes Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE2), which is a key component in RAS signalling. "text": "Public data from documented computed tomography (CT) and radiography imaging from COVID19 infected patients [https://www.sirm.org/category/senza-categoria/covid-19/] highlight that a cytokine storm-syndrome rather than the virus itself could be the cause of severe lung injuries and death. The molecular model that emerged represents the RAS signalling system components and the possible links with SARS-CoV19 infection, mediated by the transmembrane protein ACE2 1 (ACE2m) (Figure 1 ). "text": "-The presence of ACE2 and associated proteins favouring the viral entry in oral tissues suggests that the initial infection could arise preferentially in the mouth and, if favoured by clinical conditions and not arrested by an efficient immune response, would spread to the lung through the vascular system, provoking a cytokine storm that can be fatal.",Chiusano, Maria Luisacord-106423-bayj4dtg2020-03-251018852
gondii effects of ursolic acid, and analyzed the production of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cytokines through co-cultured immune cells, as well as the expression of intracellular organelles of T. Furthermore, ursolic acid effectively increased the production of NO, ROS, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interferon-\u03b2, while reducing the expression of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-\u03b21) in T. gondii-infected cells were treated with different concentrations (12.5-200 \u00b5g/mL) of ursolic acid (UA) and sulfadiazine (SF) at 37 \u2022 C for 24 h, respectively; their survival rates were inhibited a dose-dependent manner. We evaluated the effect of ROS and NO production induced by ursolic acid in immune cells infected with T. We evaluated the effect of ROS and NO production induced by ursolic acid in immune cells infected with T.Choi, Won Hyungcord-12542-26d8o1xk2019-05-091430256
text: "Infections with some pathogens, including influenza virus, varicella zoster, hepatitis E, listeria, and malaria, cause more severe diseases in pregnant as compared to non-pregnant women. "text": "Studies from low and high income countries reported decreased transfer of maternal IgG in children born to HIV-infected mothers across multiple vaccine and pathogen-specific antigens [119, 126, 127] . This notion is supported by a recent study conducted in Belgium, showing an association between reduced transfer of maternal antibodies, as well as immune activation in the newborn, and risk of hospitalization for infection during the first months of life in HIV-exposed uninfected infants [127] . Few studies have examined the impact of maternal HIV infection on the transfer of antibodies induced by vaccination during pregnancy. Immunization of HIV-infected pregnant women is an important strategy to protect their vulnerable newborn infants but its efficacy can be limited by reduced vaccine immunogenicity and reduced transfer of maternal antibodies. "title": "Maternal HIV infection and antibody responses against vaccine-preventable diseases in uninfected infants",Chu, Helen Y.cord-07396-alm3p31f2020-12-311621154
Some demographic factors (pregnancy, obesity, and advanced age) appear to confer a more specific susceptibility to severe illness following infection with influenza viruses. Susceptible hosts may have impaired intracellular controls of viral replication (e.g. IFITM3, TMPRS22 variants), defective interferon responses (e.g. GLDC, IRF7/9 variants), or defects in cell-mediated immunity with increased baseline levels of systemic inflammation (obesity, pregnancy, advanced age). Factors predicted to confer more specific susceptibility to influenza are placed higher in the diagram independently associated with severe disease from either seasonal or pandemic IAV [24] .", "title": "Influenza pathogenesis: the effect of host factors on severity of disease", "last": "Nguyen-Van-Tam", "last": "Nguyen-Van-Tam", "title": "A functional variation in CD55 increases the severity of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza a virus infection", "title": "Surfactant protein b gene polymorphism is associated with severe influenza", "title": "Surfactant protein A genetic variants associate with severe respiratory insufficiency in pandemic influenza A virus infection",Clohisey, Saracord-72391-hr99dwi72019-09-051510160
text: "To explore this possibility, in the present study, we analysed single-cell RNA-Seq datasets of human embryos (Yan et al., 2013; Stirparo et al., 2018) to determine the expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptors ACE2 and BSG as well as S protein primers TMPRSS2 and CTSL in zygote to late-blastocyststage human embryos. "text": "mRNA levels of coronavirus-associated genes ACE2, TMPRSS2, BSG, CTSL, DPP4, and ANPEP in early stages of human embryonic development Table. "text": "Co-expression of transcripts of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2, BSG, and CTSL in early stages of human embryonic development Table 1 ", To address this question, we analysed single-cell RNA-Seq datasets of developing human embryos for SARS-CoV-2 receptors ACE2 and BSG along with the spike protein processing enzymes TMPRSS2 and CTSL in zygotes to hatched blastocysts. "text": "Differentially expressed genes and the biological processes enriched in ACE2-and TMPRSS2-positive cells in epiblast of developing human blastocysts.Colaco, Stacycord-107663-p8xkooce2020-04-10745447
More recently, there has been a growing academic and policy interest in connecting challenges of a majority urbanised world to questions of health and disease, including Ali and Keil''s (2008) edited collection, Networked Disease: Emerging Infections in the Global City, as a ground-breaking publication (see also Elsey et al., 2019; Moore et al., 2003; Wu et al., 2017) . "text": "In examining these relationships between extended urbanisation and infectious disease we suggest how a landscape political ecology (LPE) framework can be useful for integrating the key themes of spatiality, socionatural metabolism and power relations central to undertaking such an analysis. "text": "Spatialised political ecology of health approaches -paying specific heed to interactions between urban, suburban and rural landscapes -are important for their focus on the interaction between political interests, social institutions and the human-nonhuman environment, which can bring about a greater systemic understanding of health and disease (see Connolly et al., 2017; Jackson and Neely, 2015; King, 2010) .Connolly, Creightoncord-44473-v7i5gwn62020-03-311338750
title: "Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements", "text": "The close to one billion people that are estimated to live in urban slums or informal settlements are highly susceptible to COVID-19 infection since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent [4] [5] [6] [7] . "text": "An equitable approach to arresting the COVID-19 pandemic must change standard ways of treating the urban poor, create more participatory governance, improve the delivery of essential services including health care, and invest new resources to ensure urban informal settlements benefit in the long term [13] . "title": "Slum Health: COVID-19 and Urban Well-Being",Corburn, Jasoncord-21450-v29bxq8t2020-04-24894455
In autoimmune diseases such as MS, characterized by uncontrolled inflammatory states and increased immune cell infiltration into tissue parenchyma, upregulated expression of chemokines is associated with elevated infiltration of macrophages, monocytes, and lymphocytes in lesions and plaques [62] . "text": "Chemokines are critical mediators of inflammation, development and cell migration during routine immune surveillance [3] , which can be secreted by activated T lymphocytes and regulate the accumulated and migration of monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes to damaged CNS districts and promote the differentiation, therefore maintain the immune response process [126] . CCL18 is one specific marker of M2 macrophages and is the highest chemokines expression level in several human chronic inflammatory diseases and are synthesized by dendritic cells and monocytes during infection or inflammation [116] . "title": "Role of chemokine CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 in neurodegenerative diseases", "title": "Tomas Olsson, Anders Ericsson-Dahlstrand, Effector stage CC chemokine receptor-1 selective antagonism reduces multiple sclerosis-like rat disease", "title": "The C-C Chemokines CCL17 and CCL22 and Their Receptor CCR4 in CNS Autoimmunity",Cui, Li-Yuancord-07662-yy5acqpv2020-03-182017059
Niranthin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), and terameprocol (TMP), are the representative compounds with antiviral activity in this subclass, and Figure 3 shows their structures. Niranthin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), and terameprocol (TMP), are the representative compounds with antiviral activity in this subclass, and Figure 3 shows their structures. As the derivative of NDGA, it was tested the antiviral effects against WNV and ZIKV simultaneously with NDGA; the results showed both compounds inhibited the infection of WNV and ZIKA, with good and similar IC 50 values, and MOA was likely by impairing viral replication [24] . "text": "The root of Isatis indigotica Fort is a very famous antiviral traditional medicine in China and is Diphyllin is a natural component of plants with a naphthalene and one hydroxyl lignans [48] . "title": "Antiviral Activity of Lignans", "title": "In Vitro and in vivo anti-hepatitis B virus activities of the lignan niranthin isolated from Phyllanthus niruri L", "title": "Differential in vitro anti-HIV activity of natural lignans", "text": "The antiviral activities of lignans and their derivatives from plants.Cui, Qinghuacord-22319-y85mr6fc2020-01-011568958
text: "Cyclic guanosine monophosphateeadenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) d stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway plays the critical role in the immune response to DNA. "text": "Studies have identified STING (also known as TMEM173, MPYS, MITA and ERIS), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) IFNs stimulator, as a critical signaling molecule in the innate response to cytosolic nucleic-acid ligands [4] . "title": "The cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway of cytosolic DNA sensing and signaling", "title": "Cyclic di-GMP sensing via the innate immune signaling protein STING", "title": "The ER-associated protein ZDHHC1 is a positive regulator of DNA virus-triggered, MITA/STING-dependent innate immune signaling", "title": "Regulation and function of the cGAS-STING pathway of cytosolic DNA sensing", "title": "STING-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing mediates innate immune recognition of immunogenic tumors", "title": "The innate immune DNA sensor cGAS produces a noncanonical cyclic dinucleotide that activates human STING",Cui, Xianglingcord-00815-3n890yha2019-11-152193762
Stage II: more extensive 173 lesions, involved bilateral multiple lobes predominantly in the sub-pleural areas, in irregular, 174 round-like, patchy and \"anti-butterfly\" shapes, scattered or diffused patches even fusing into large 175 patches with density increased, often with vascular enlargement, reticular sign and bronchial wall 176 thickening, occasionally with less fibrosis and sub-segment atelectasis. "text": "There were significant correlations among the ABG analysis indices -PaO2, SpO2 and OI, as 265 well as among the CT scores of GGO, consolidation, fibrosis and air trapping. Most cases in Jiangsu were with mild 283 clinical symptoms and approximately 90% patients had epidemiologic linkage to Hubei Province 284 or closely contacted with other confirmed cases in present study, suggesting that the virus may 285 mutate to produce the first generation, the second generation and so on, with the longer the 286 mutation time, the lower the toxicity, as the MERS-CoV [11] [12] .Dai, Huicord-31342-l8udzv9f2020-04-06496552
text: "As there is currently insufficient data available for confirmed COVID-19 patients correlating their genomic profile, disease severity and outcome, co-morbidities and treatments as well as epidemiological risk factors (such as ethnicity, blood group, smoking, BMI etc.), a direct study of the impact of host genomics on disease severity and outcomes is not yet possible. It would be highly desirable to understand the differential in host response between patients in terms of their underlying genetic, epidemiological and clinical factors to be able to predict which individuals are more at risk of developing severe COVID-19, and to identify potential therapies for the later stages of the disease, which are driven by the host''s immune response rather than the coronavirus 4 .", "text": "Our results indicate that whilst these apoptosis-related pathways are most commonly associated with oncogenesis, these cellular processes are also highly important in the regulation of the immune system and variants in these genes may also predispose patients to inflammatory diseases such as sepsis as well as cancer.",Das, S.cord-85071-b8ce35l42020-05-09911245
text: "The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia pandemic, caused by the 68 severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, is spreading globally at an 69 accelerated rate, with a basic reproduction number (R0) of 2 -2.5, indicating that 2 -3 70 persons will be infected from an index patient. The outcomes of coronavirus infections in pregnancy are summarized in Table 1 The safety of healthcare providers is of utmost importance in any pandemic and the type of 465 PPE necessary depends on the degree of perceived risk ( Neonatal death (%) 2 0^ 9* * Patients whose data was not reported were excluded from the calculations.Dashraath, Pradipcord-123417-jslfu3qt2020-03-23722147
text: "Background: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first identified in humans in 2012. "text": "S eptember 2012 saw the identification of a novel human coronavirus, now known as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (ProMED-mail 2012, Zaki et al. "title": "Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: Chest CT findings", "title": "Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Current situation 3 years after the virus was first identified", "title": "Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in two returning travellers in the Netherlands", "title": "First cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission", "title": "Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels", "title": "Laboratory-confirmed case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Malaysia: Preparedness and response", "title": "Investigation of an imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in",Dawson, Patrickcord-14919-yb54i1ne2019-03-012626759
title: "Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases Letter to the Editor Delivery in Asymptomatic Italian Woman with SARS-CoV-2 Infection", "text": "After childbirth, the neonate was held in the negative pressure isolation room of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), placed in an incubator, until SARS-CoV-2 test results were available. "text": "Clinical follow-up after 7 and 15 days indicated the good clinical condition of the mother and newborn, with no signs of neonatal infection, oropharyngeal and rectal swab tests were negative for SARS-CoV-2 at 7 and 15 days.", "text": "This case describes uncomplicated labor and regular vaginal delivery in a woman with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. "text": "First, choice of childbirth modality, as there is no evidence of vertical transmission, vaginal delivery in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected is not contraindicated 6 as in this case.", "title": "Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Settings",De Socio, Giuseppe Vittoriocord-12913-jnq52q6v2020-05-01134349
title: "The Group B Streptococcal surface antigen I/II protein, BspC, interacts with host vimentin to promote adherence to brain endothelium and inflammation during the pathogenesis of meningitis Author summary", We determined that BspC interacts with the C-terminal domain of cellsurface vimentin to promote bacterial attachment to brain endothelial cells and that purified BspC protein can induce immune signaling pathways. "text": "The GBS adhesin BspC interacts with vimentin to promote meningitis PLOS Pathogens | https://doi.org/10.A Streptococcus surface protein) is absent in many GAS M serotypes and is found predominantly among M serotypes implicated in puerperal sepsis and neonatal infections, including M2, M4, and M28. The V-and C-domains were modeled on the V-and C-domains of BspA (PDB entries 5DZ8 and The GBS adhesin BspC interacts with vimentin to promote meningitis PLOS Pathogens | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007848 June 10, 2019 3 / 30",Deng, Liwencord-70601-jjqrfeqi2019-06-101831457
The CITES/GRASP (16) , reported that in Indonesia orangutans could be purchased for $100 and that some restaurants prepare dishes containing orangutan meat if specifically requested by customers.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 126, "end": 129, "text": "(4)", "ref_id": "BIBREF3"}, {"start": 130, "end": 133, "text": "(5)", "ref_id": "BIBREF4"}, {"start": 134, "end": 137, "text": "(6)", "ref_id": "BIBREF5"}, {"start": 512, "end": 515, "text": "(7)", "ref_id": "BIBREF6"}, {"start": 711, "end": 714, "text": "(8)", "ref_id": "BIBREF7"}, {"start": 1147, "end": 1150, "text": "(9)", "ref_id": "BIBREF8"}, {"start": 1808, "end": 1812, "text": "(14)", "ref_id": "BIBREF13"}, {"start": 2001, "end": 2005, "text": "(15)", "ref_id": "BIBREF14"}, {"start": 2850, "end": 2854, "text": "(16)", "ref_id": null}], "ref_spans": [{"start": 1312, "end": 1322, "text": "(Figure 1)", "ref_id": null}], "section": "NHP MEAT CONSUMPTION"}, {"text": "Illegal NHP meat importation into the United States was documented in a pilot study project intended to monitor the presence of pathogens in samples of wild meat confiscated in several US international airports that included specimens from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), mangabeys (Cercocebus), guenons (Cercopithecus), baboons (Papio), and green monkeys (Chlorocebus).Devaux, Christian A.cord-14417-f2zpapwe2019-11-052790149
However, challenges continue: to find a less expensive and more reliable point-of-care test for use in developing countries, to produce more efficacious antiviral drugs, to explore ways to combat emerging antiviral resistance and to develop vaccines that can either be produced in a shorter production time or can overcome the need for annual matching with the circulating influenza strains. Despite the advances in diagnostics, antiviral drugs and vaccines the threat of a severe pandemic like 1918 looms large as the novel Influenza Aviruses of avian or swine origin continue to infect the humans.", It consists of the antigenic type (A, B or C); host of origin (in case the virus has not been isolated from humans); geographical region of origin; number of lineage; year of isolation and, for Influenza A viruses only, HA and NA subtype, described by letter and number, H1 to H16 known to date, and N1 to N9 [8] . "text": "Annual influenza vaccination of health care workers is critical for protection and infection control.Dharmapalan, Dhanyacord-95880-ews6n5qc2020-02-11495344
text: "This process is also associated with the activation of self-reactive memory B cells, producing increased levels of autoantibodies ( Fig. 14.1) , which are frequent in aged individuals as a result of tissue damage and apoptosis [58] . "text": "It has been suggested that aging is associated with chronic innate immune activation and significant changes in the functions of monocytes and macrophages, which may have implications for increased low-grade chronic inflammation and for the development of age-related diseases [61] . In the next section, we consider the modulatory potential of nutrition in its ability, in combination with physical activity, to mediate anti-inflammatory effects and thus positively influence immunity and the aging brain.", "text": "Evidence that long-term behavioral changes, including nutritional intervention and reduced energy intake together with physical activity, may prevent, improve, or even reverse age-related impairments in immune function continues to accumulate [2] .Di Benedetto, Svetlanacord-37730-ci5wx26t2019-07-311995452
At 24 hpi, supernatants were collected and titers were determined.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "DFMO and DENSpm Sensitivity Assays"}, {"text": "To measure the stability of the mutations, Vero cells were infected at an MOI of 0.1 with all of the viral mutants for 24 h. We also observed that 3C 52R exhibited higher protease activity than 3C WT , though this was not observed for 2A.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 732, "end": 744, "text": "Figure 5A,B)", "ref_id": "FIGREF12"}], "section": "CVB3 Protease Mutations Enhance Proteolytic Activity in Polyamine-Depleted Cells"}, {"text": "We further hypothesized that mutant proteases may enhance proteolytic cleavage of a cellular target during viral infection to enhance virus replication.Dial, Courtney N.cord-70424-sch7zhx72019-04-301205550
This study characterised the incidence and mortality patterns of malaria from 1950 to 2016 and carried out the epidemic trends, the results of which are valuable for disease surveillance and prevention. "text": "Data on malaria included in this study was extracted from the CISDCP system, which was established by the China CDC with open access from the Chinese Public Health Science Data Center [12] . "text": "Between 1950 and 2016, there were 227 668 374 cases of malaria reported in China, with an annualised average incidence of 337.024 (336.980\u2212337.068) per 100 000 population (Supplementary Table S1 ). A previous study reported that the number of malaria cases in Anhui, Yunnan and Hainan provinces accounted for 77.48% of the total cases from 2006 to 2010 and concluded that provinces with high incidence rates were concentrated in central and southwestern China and Hainan [15] . "text": "Reported and predicted malaria cases and deaths in China from 2011 to 2020",Ding, Chengcord-119986-k9wlfrmx2020-02-24570851
title: "A Multi-hospital Study in Wuhan, China\uff1aProtective Effects of Non-menopause and Female Hormones on SARS-CoV-2 infection", Our results demonstrate that the better clinical outcomes of female COVID-19 patients are well correlated with menstruation status and female hormone levels. "text": "To explore the sex difference in severity and outcomes, a cohort of patients (n=1902) infected with SARS-CoV-2 were recruited from the three branches of Tongji Hospital.", "text": "The correlation between cytokines related to immunity and inflammation and disease severity or composite end point were analyzed and shown in eTable 4. "text": "In summary, our data revealed that sex-bias does exist in COVID-19 patients, and females are less severe and have better outcomes than do males, which is probably in some extent due to the protective role of non-menopause and sex hormones, especially E2, by regulation of cytokines related to immunity and inflammation. "text": "Correlation between Immunity/Inflammation related Cytokines and Disease Severity, Composite Endpoint and E2 in different phase.Ding, Tingcord-82641-lplodn602020-03-30665848
text: "In response to the emergence and pandemic potential of SARS-CoV-2, the CCP-UK was activated on 17 th January 2020, in time to recruit the early patients of COVID-19 admitted to hospitals in England and Wales. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.23.20076042 doi: medRxiv preprint now present the first account of the clinical characteristics of patients from the ISARIC CCP-UK up to 18 th April 2020, and outcomes based on admissions on or before 6th April 2020.", "text": "Clinical information from the routine health records of people admitted to 166 hospitals in England Wales and Scotland with proven SARS-CoV-2 infection were extracted into deidentified case report forms on a REDCap database (Research Electronic Data Capture, Vanderbilt University (USA) hosted by University of Oxford (UK), by 2,468 research nurses, administrators and volunteer medical students. "text": "Status and outcomes for patients admitted at least 14 days before data extraction, were stratified by level of care (figure 4).Docherty, Annemarie Bcord-82649-kupt3km82020-04-28553346
Besides natural selection, other evolutionary mechanisms, such as genetic drift, greatly influence the frequencies of the genetic variants found within diverse populations throughout the world [5] (Box 1 and Figure 1 ).", "cite_spans": [{"start": 88, "end": 91, "text": "[2]", "ref_id": "BIBREF1"}, {"start": 297, "end": 300, "text": "[3,", "ref_id": "BIBREF2"}, {"start": 301, "end": 303, "text": "4]", "ref_id": "BIBREF3"}, {"start": 499, "end": 502, "text": "[5]", "ref_id": "BIBREF4"}], "ref_spans": [{"start": 514, "end": 522, "text": "Figure 1", "ref_id": "FIGREF0"}], "section": "Pathogen Influence on the Evolution of Immunity"}, {"text": "With the burst of next-generation sequencing and the development of cutting-edge technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and systems biology, we are starting to witness the great impact of evolutionary processes on human immunity and how the interactions between microorganisms and humans that took place millennia ago might play a fundamental role not only in the response against modern pathogenic threats, but also in the emergence of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases observed in modern populations worldwide.Domínguez-Andrés, Jorgecord-15417-71syce4n2019-11-271274739
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV2 (also referred to as COVID-19) coronavirus pandemic highlights the importance of understanding shared disease pathophysiology potentially informing therapeutic choices in individuals with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Data reported for laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections in the United States from February 12-March 28 2020 and tabulated by the Centers for Disease Control for 7,162 subjects with completed case information revealed a prevalence rates for diabetes of 6%, 24% and 32%, for non-hospitalized, hospitalized but not requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission vs. The potential biological importance, clinical relevance and use of drugs such HMG CoA-reductase inhibitors, or medications blocking components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), such as ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, in the context of hypertension, cardiovascular and renal disease, diabetes and active SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reviewed (44-47).", "text": "The available evidence implicates diabetes and obesity as important risk factors impacting the clinical severity of coronavirus infections, including SARS-CoV-2.Drucker, Daniel Jcord-21518-jmzz8wxu2020-04-151717756
Compared with control group, expression of gD, VP16, ICP5, and ICP4 were significantly increased in HSV-2 infection 24 h group (P < 0.001).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 12, "end": 19, "text": "Fig. 3C", "ref_id": "FIGREF4"}], "section": "HSV-2 adhesion and penetration into VK2/E6E7"}, {"text": "As shown in Fig. 3D , the ultrastructure of cells were observed by SEM. Virions remained at the adhesion and penetration stages and did not enter nuclei to begin replication under temperature control technology, and virus adhesion can result in changes in cell morphology.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "HSV-2 adhesion and penetration into VK2/E6E7"}, {"text": "As shown in Fig. 4A and Fig. 4B , MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of JZ-1 on VK2/E6E7. The results indicate that JZ-1 may play an antiviral role during the early stages of viral infection.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Effect of JZ-1 on HSV-2 infection of VK2/E6E7"}, {"text": "As shown in Fig. 5A and B, viability of VK2/E6E7 in HSV-2 adhesion and penetration groups was significantly reduced compared with control group.Duan, Qiannicord-22924-nthch22d2020-03-011652356
We can also make inferences about changes in B cell development with age by looking at the repertoire of different B cell populations to see how age affects the selection events that would normally occur to avoid autoreactivity, or increase specificity, to antigen.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": ""}, {"text": "Tolerance \u00b7 B cell repertoire \u00b7 Autoantibodies \u00b7 Immunoglobulin genes \u00b7 Agerelated B cells \u00b7 Aging \u00b7 Antibody class switching \u00b7 Affinity maturation \u00b7 Regulatory B cells \u00b7 Humoral immunity ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Keywords"}, {"text": "It has been well established that the efficiency of the immune system declines with increasing age. 2006", "ref_id": "BIBREF92"}], "ref_spans": [{"start": 694, "end": 700, "text": "Fig. 1", "ref_id": null}], "section": "Role of B Cells in Age-Associated Susceptibility to Infection"}, {"text": "In the primary B cell response, antibodies that recognize pathogen, although not necessarily with high affinity, are rapidly produced.Dunn-Walters, Deborah K.cord-35928-fgwxguoj2019-04-112603653
text: "This scientific report is the result of a contract awarded by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, under the contract title: \"Literature review of baseline information on non-coding RNA (ncRNA) that could support the food/feed risk assessment of ncRNA-based GM plants\" (contract number NP/EFSA/GMO/2016/01).", "text": "Finally, the publications reporting the outcome of two EFSA procurements aiming respectively at investigating and summarising the state of knowledge on the mode-of-action of dsRNA and miRNA pathways, the potential for non-target gene regulation by dsRNA-derived siRNAs or miRNAs, the determination of siRNA pools in plant tissues and the importance of individual siRNAs for silencing 6 ; and reviewing relevant scientific information on RNA interference that could serve as baseline information for the environmental risk assessment of RNAi-based GM plants ) 7 were also used.",Dávalos, Albertocord-42764-lv6fy6e62019-08-0715628752
The major proposed mechanisms of actions of CQ analogs which are suggested to influence the anti-viral activity are, among the others: the inhibition of cytokine production and release by T cells: IL-1, 2, 6, or 18, tumor necrosis factor TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3, reduced levels of chemokines CCL2 and CXCL10, inhibition of micro-RNA expression, decreased TH17-related cytokines, decreased DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in thymocytes (reviewed in [135] ).", "cite_spans": [{"start": 1268, "end": 1273, "text": "[135]", "ref_id": "BIBREF134"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine and Emerging Viruses"}, {"text": "The in vitro antiviral effect of CQ was first reported approximately 40 years ago [136, 137] , and since that time, its use as an antiviral drug has been extensively discussed.D’Alessandro, Sarahcord-120876-k4tghibp2020-01-082514051
Potential targets and postulated mechanism of action for antiviral interventions are shown: blocking virus/host cell interaction through the use of antibodies/nanobodies (and convalescent plasma therapy) or recombinant ACE2 protein; use of hydroxychloroquine (based on in vitro data) to inhibit endosome maturation; use of protease inhibitors to inhibit viral/endosome membrane fusion or viral polypeptide maturation; nucleoside/nucleotide analogues to inhibit viral genome replication. These include a recent in vitro study of remdesivir assessing antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 (previously known as 2019-nCov, strain nCoV-2019BetaCoV/ Wuhan/WIV04/2019) using qRT-PCR quantification of viral copy number in infected Vero E6 cells. "text": "http://pubs.acs.org/journal/acscii Outlook Remdesivir''s antiviral activity, sterically interacting with the viral RdRp to induce delayed chain termination, has been demonstrated in vitro against multiple coronaviruses (SARS, MERS, contemporary human CoV and bat-CoVs). "venue": "Study to Evaluate the Safety and Antiviral Activity of Remdesivir (GS-5734) in Participants With Moderate Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Compared to Standard of Care Treatment (NCT04292730)",Eastman, Richard T.cord-44489-zdfx3zo32020-05-041091454
We deliberately focused our study on pre-existing characteristics for two main reasons: first, we recognize that patients with Covid-19 illness can present early or late in the disease course, causing many clinical features to vary at the time of initial clinical encounter; and, second, we anticipate that ongoing public health efforts can be informed and augmented by understanding which predisposing factors may render certain segments of the population at higher risk for the most morbid sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. "text": "For all patients considered to have Covid-19, based on direct or documented laboratory test result and suggestive signs and/or symptoms, we obtained data from the electronic health record (EHR) on the following demographic and clinical characteristics: age at the time of 6 diagnosis, sex, race, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, comorbidities (as coded by ICD-10), and vital signs and laboratory diagnostics assessed within 1 week prior to presentation. "text": "Characteristics Associated with Covid-19 Illness Severity Among All Hospitalized Patients",Ebinger, J. E.cord-84435-zzfjnhgo2020-05-05789046
More recently, human experimental infection models of RV-A in asthmatics 36\u00c038 and mouse models of allergen exposure with RV infection 39\u00c041 have also been established that thus definitively show the ability of RV infection to contribute to lower airway inflammation, and induce changes in lung function consistent with the symptomology observed in naturally occurring AEs.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Johnston 1 AE/Wheeze"}, {"text": "COPD is progressive respiratory condition caused by exposure to cigarette smoke and in some parts of the world, biomass fuel burning. Furthermore, other factors that contribute to the predominance of RV in exacerbation of chronic respiratory diseases can be broadly described as follows: the ability of RV to (1) induce inflammation, nervous provocation, airway remodeling or repair processes, and airway mucus production; (2) synergize or add to ongoing, established inflammation (e.g., allergic or type-2 mediated immune pathways in asthma); (3) promote or contribute to secondary bacterial infections by degrading antimicrobial defenses (epithelial junctional proteins and airway barrier integrity and antimicrobial peptides); and (4) expose impaired or aberrant host antiviral innate immunity that is either intrinsic or caused by treatment regimes.Edwards, Michael R.cord-14934-lxtq87q32019-12-312011240
text: "As the COVID-19 pandemic rages across the world, the scientific community continues to study the pathophysiology of SARS-Cov-2 virus to guide transmission, susceptibility, and treatment. While cardiac, ocular, and neurologic symptoms of the COVID-19 have been reported, the reproductive implications of coronavirus infection remain unknown. "text": "Given the known mechanisms of SARS-Cov-2 entry into cells and the requirement for dual expression of ACE and TMPRSS2 proteins, the authors used their existing single cell RNA seq cellular data to show that only 4 of 6490 (<0.1%) testicular cells contain RNA for both proteins. But given the current impact of the pandemic on the world, the likelihood the virus will remain for some time, and that over 100 million babies are born every year, the reproductive implications of SARS-Cov-2 should be further studied.", "title": "SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor",Eisenberg, Michael L.cord-02025-l8xl4g2a2020-04-2288939
\u2022 High fever (>39.5 \u00b0C) is often associated with influenza A virus infections, occurring in more than 50% of children. "text": "The knowledge that viruses can cause high and/or prolonged fever allows the physician to withhold antibiotic treatment and extensive investigations in children with prolonged fever who appear generally well, and common serious infections (e.g. UTI) have been excluded.", "text": "EPEC infection was in the past a common cause of outbreaks of infantile diarrhoea in industrialized countries, usually occurring in neonates and young children <2 years of age. "text": "In HBV infection in older children, prodromal symptoms may include urticaria and arthralgia, which precedes a spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from acute viral hepatitis, severe or fulminant hepatitis, chronic persistent hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis to the asymptomatic chronic carrier state.", "text": "Fever is the most common presenting symptom of bone infection, occurring in 90% on admission with a mean temperature of 39.1 \u00b0C [24] .El-Radhi, A. Sahibcord-37247-afhnaqje2019-01-022376344
text: "According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the \"climate change and global warming\" are the greatest challenges of humanity in the twenty-first century. "text": "The WHO listed the health hazards on human health due to climatic changes into the following item ( Fig. 2) : (1) direct and indirect effects of global warming, (2) stratospheric ozone depletion, (3) disturbance in terrestrial and marine ecosystems, (4) loss of biodiversity, (5) changes in the hydrological systems and freshwater supply, (6) Land degradation and loss of river deltas and coastal cities, (7) urbanization, deforestation and population dislocation/immigration, and finally (8) limited food production (WHO 2017). "text": "Global warming influences both vector host dimensions in a way which controls their spatiotemporal expansion and the emergence of the diseases in a complex but balanced way (Morgan et al. "text": "The association between global warming and the emergence of tick-borne diseases is well documented in Europe and (Andreassen et al. "title": "Evidence that climate change has caused ''emergence''of tick-borne diseases in Europe?", "text": "Effect of climatic changes on emerging of infectious diseases",El-Sayed, Amrcord-24431-kcvtvki12020-04-282126064
title: "Why are women better protected from COVID-19: Clues for men?", "text": "J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f affects both women and men, men appear to have disproportionately higher rates of mortality (1, 2) . SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for entry into cells. It may also be possible that higher ACE2 activity provides a more efficient \"sink\" in eliminating the virus or preventing its attachment for target cell entry. "ref_id": null "ref_id": "BIBREF2" "ref_spans": [], "title": "Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region", "title": "Do men have a higher case fatality rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome than women do?", "title": "Sexbased differences in susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection", "venue": "J Immunol", "ref_entries": {},Elgendy, Islam Y.cord-44807-yfvqcg3k2020-05-1169360
text: "To identify risk factors for severe disease, and hence to determine the optimal case management and prevention, more clinical and treatment data of influenza A (H1N1) virus are needed.", "text": "We aimed to detect the relationship between polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor-308 (TNF-308), interleukin 6 (IL6), and interleukin 8 (IL8) and severity of patients infected with influenza A (H1N1) virus.The nasopharyngeal swab and blood specimens used in this study were received from the Clinics of Medicine, Surgery and Gynecology Departments, Ain Shams University Hospitals, from November 2014 to May 2017.The study was reviewed and approved by the Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University Ethical Committee. Interestingly, the T>A polymorphism has recently been reported to be a risk factor of other lung diseases, including bronchial asthma (Heinzmann, Ahlert, Kurtz, Berner, & Deichmann, 2004) and bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus (Hacking et al., 2004; Hull, Thomson, & Kwiatkowski, 2000) .Elsayed, Shaimaa Moustafacord-97713-23mxohid2019-11-21491854
text: "Since the outbreak of the pandemic, concerns have been raised on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and related complications among patients affected by systemic autoimmune diseases [5] . "text": "Data on the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases, and on the risks and benefits of maintaining immunosuppression in this population, are scarce [11] . Starting from April 1 th 2020, two weeks after the beginning of the epidemiologic peak recorded in Tuscany, we systematically contacted by telephone our patients with planned follow-up visits in April or May 2020, to investigate their health status, with particular reference to their disease manifestations, the presence of symptoms suggesting SARS-CoV-2 infection (either current or in the past month), the results of nasopharyngeal swabs where available, and the ongoing pharmacological treatments. "text": "Flow chart of SARS-CoV-2 cases in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases and in the general population of Tuscany.",Emmi, Giacomocord-25491-g0erpc8l2020-05-05269653
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is the human cell receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19. "text": "ACE2 gene expression may increase susceptibility to infection by SARS-CoV-2, and COVID-19 disease severity (Brake et al., 2020) . "text": "In addition to ACE2 receptors, two different coronavirus receptor proteins, Toll Like Receptor (TLR) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) have vital roles in the pathways regulating the transduction on metabolic signals across metabolic processes, ranging from fundamental ones such as glucose homeostasis through to organ function modulation in the kidney, heart and the immune system and its inflammatory activity (Drucker, 2020) . "text": "Tobacco smoke promotes exposure to environmental NO2, benzene, and 1,3-butadiene (Hagenbj\u00f6rkGustafsson et al., 2014) , and ambient air pollution associated with NO2 causes an increase in Ang IIbinding to its receptor by upregulating ACE activity by up to 100-fold.Engin, Ayse Basakcord-84923-60rzbotx2020-05-151412565
An analysis performed in Taiwan from 2001 to 2006 found an incidence rate of 4 out of 1,000 live births in all those diagnosed with neonatal sepsis either clinically or by positive culture [8] .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 138, "end": 142, "text": "[15,", "ref_id": "BIBREF14"}, {"start": 143, "end": 146, "text": "16]", "ref_id": "BIBREF15"}, {"start": 415, "end": 418, "text": "[7]", "ref_id": "BIBREF6"}, {"start": 546, "end": 549, "text": "[7]", "ref_id": "BIBREF6"}, {"start": 741, "end": 744, "text": "[8]", "ref_id": "BIBREF7"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Epidemiology"}, {"text": "A retrospective study from the Netherlands showed a decrease in the incidence of EONS from 4% between 1978 to 1982 to 1.2% from 2003 to 2006 [17] .Ershad, Muhammedcord-123828-1h46doah2019-06-19840543
We performed a systematic literature review to identify all treatments reported to be administered to COVID19 patients and assess time to clinically meaningful response for treatments with sufficient data. "text": "We performed a systematic review to inventory all treatments that have been given to COVID19 patients and to investigate response when possible.", Data on all patients with drug treatment information available was included to avoid selective reporting bias within studies, but publication bias is likely present in this study.", "text": "On a per drug basis, response data were sparse and were largely only available on the individual patient-level (e.g. case study). "text": "For the two most frequently used drugs, we restricted to the studies reporting patientlevel observations and plotted a Kaplan-Meier curve for time to clinically meaningful response (N=37 observations for interferon-\u03b1/\u03b2, and N=34 observations for lopinavir/ritonavir).Fajgenbaum, D. C.cord-85755-atjuumty2020-05-11890054
text: "Methods: A static 1-year model incorporating herd effect was used to assess the cost-effectiveness of expanding the current national influenza vaccination schedule of Mexico to include the school-aged population. "text": "In this study we analysed epidemiologic and disease burden data to assess the clinical effects and economic benefits of expanding the current national influenza vaccination schedule of Mexico to include school-aged population (5 to 11 years). "text": "To account for herd effect, we followed the methodology of Van Vlaenderen et al., who fitted a linear function to point estimates from previous published studies that incorporated herd effect due to vaccinating children against seasonal influenza for both school-aged population and the rest of the population [30] .Falcón-Lezama, Jorge Abelardocord-81768-1x1db9pv2020-03-201124147
text: "The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is an important immune-regulating system mediated by nAChRs that can control inflammation, and function as an immunomodulator through bidirectional communication between the immune and nervous systems. The clinical manifestations of cytokine storm observed in COVID-19 patients could be linked to a dysfunction of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. "text": "linked to impairment of the nAChRs, we make the hypothesis that COVID-19 may be a disease of the nicotinic cholinergic system. "text": "As of 20 April, almost 1.7 million people globally have been diagnosed with Corona Virus Disease 2019 , a pandemic that has evolved from the emergence of a new coronavirus strain, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in China. "title": "Systematic review of the prevalence of current smoking among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China: could nicotine be a therapeutic option",Farsalinos, Konstantinoscord-25414-tg3od3iw2020-04-30951654
title: "CE-SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSIS Systematic review of the prevalence of current smoking among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China: could nicotine be a therapeutic option?", Thirteen studies examining the clinical characteristics of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China and presenting data on the smoking status were found. "text": "Only three studies reported the prevalence of former smoking among hospitalized COVID-19 patients [13, 16, 19] . "text": "This study calculated for the first time the prevalence of current smoking among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in China. "text": "This preliminary analysis, assuming that the reported data are accurate, suggests that current smoking does not appear to be a predisposing factor for hospitalization for COVID-19. It is also possible Fig. 1 Random effects pooled prevalence of current smoking observed from 13 studies of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China. "text": "The study may also have implications when examining the effect of smoking status on disease progression, complications and death among hospitalized COVID-19 patients.Farsalinos, Konstantinoscord-30391-d2pzezq82020-05-09976663
(19, 20) Is HIV infection a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 and is it associated with more severe disease?", "text": "\u2022 It is not currently known whether patients living with HIV and/or TB have a higher, lower or similar risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection.", As the pandemic unfolds in South Africa and as the southern hemisphere moves into winter, with the potential increased risk of viral infections, and despite the lack of adequate data at the current time, all people, but particularly those living with HIV, need to be vigilant and follow strictly the guidelines and recommendations of how to keep themselves safe from SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "title": "Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV in a patient in Wuhan city",Feldman, Charlescord-44100-l5k5uvgu2020-04-19408752
text: "Based on current knowledge, clinical pictures, disease pathology and progression of SARS-CoV2 infections are similar causing significant morbidity and mortality that may be associated with hyperinflammatory responses in a subset of patients.", Indeed, adaptive immune cells, namely T lymphocytes, which are observed in lung tissue sections of COVID-19 patients with ARDS and/or cytokine storm, may drive inflammation at later disease stages. "title": "The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): The Perspectives of clinical immunologists from China", "title": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of human ciliated airway epithelia: role of ciliated cells in viral spread in the conducting airways of the lungs", "title": "MERS-CoV infection in humans is associated with a pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cytokine profile", "title": "Clinical findings, treatment and prognosis in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)", "title": "Antibody responses against SARS coronavirus are correlated with disease outcome of infected individuals",Felsenstein, Susannacord-05259-r7ahl9gd2020-04-272457656
These infectious agents include Plasmodium spp., human parvovirus B19 [B19V], DENV, Brucella spp., severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus [SFTSV], Leishmania spp., HTLV, and Coxiella burnetii [Q fever] [12] .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 258, "end": 262, "text": "[10]", "ref_id": "BIBREF9"}, {"start": 743, "end": 747, "text": "[11]", "ref_id": "BIBREF10"}, {"start": 780, "end": 785, "text": "[NAT]", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 1338, "end": 1342, "text": "[12]", "ref_id": "BIBREF11"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "China"}, {"text": "Despite malaria being endemic in some regions of China and previous reports of at least 87 cases transmitted by transfusion from 1992 to 2015 [12] , the prevalence of malarial parasites in blood donors is unknown and screening of blood is not [13] .Fong, I. W.cord-35248-d9v9vbb12020-03-071633047
One of the most important concerns the controversies and public policies that have developed over recent years with regard to the issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which has directly challenged the economic and professional model of farm animal veterinary practices that were setting drugs (mostly antibiotics) up as a cornerstone of veterinary activity, as a source of both income and professional expertise.", Using recent debates on the AMR problem, it proposes to examine the relationship between the development of professional veterinary expertise and of the drug market, based on the case of a specific segment of the profession, namely veterinarians specializing in industrial poultry and pig production in western France. Indeed, it is common to hear professional organizations or public authorities state that in order to reduce their economic dependence on antibiotic sales, vets must rethink their activity by favouring preventive approaches to animal health which would involve a diversified range of services and would contribute to placing vets in an advisory role with a holistic vision of livestock farming or even of the food supply chain (VetFuturs France 2018) .Fortané, Nicolascord-40840-075vh5jg2020-01-061466052
Although there are no published studies on RSV infection in obese individuals, we can hypothesize that the clinical effects are similar to those observed in older adults.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 465, "end": 469, "text": "(57,", "ref_id": "BIBREF57"}, {"start": 470, "end": 473, "text": "58)", "ref_id": "BIBREF58"}, {"start": 872, "end": 876, "text": "(57,", "ref_id": "BIBREF57"}, {"start": 877, "end": 880, "text": "59)", "ref_id": "BIBREF59"}, {"start": 990, "end": 994, "text": "(60)", "ref_id": "BIBREF60"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Viral RTI"}, {"text": "Infection with the gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae (\"pneumococcus\"), a common pathogen in the nasopharynx most commonly associated with pneumonia, represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality.Frasca, Danielacord-121742-d9sy1vby2019-02-131031737
text: "Our primary aim was to determine the risk factors for infections, both pre-admission and nosocomial, among patients with cirrhosis admitted to urban safety-net hospitals. We determined the association between infections in patients with cirrhosis and a number of clinical outcomes including: in-hospital mortality, LOS, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, presence of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), 30-day re-admission, and 30-day mortality. We also created a multivariable logistic regression model to assess the association between nosocomial infection and in-hospital mortality with adjustment for age, sex, MELD-Na, ICU admission, and ACLF. "text": "The acquisition of a nosocomial infection was strongly associated with negative outcomes, including longer length of stay, and increased incidence of ICU admission, ACLF, and in-hospital mortality in univariable analyses ( Table 2) . Consistent with this observation, we did not find differences in the presence of infection on admission based on demographic or socioeconomic factors that help to define the safety-net hospital patient population, including race/ethnicity, estimated household income, or insurance provider.Fricker, Zachary P.cord-33156-lgrxvpo02020-02-25717235
We assessed the eligibility of 214 full-text papers, of which 99 did not report original data, 47 did not report clinical features of COVID-19 (e.g., epidemiological characteristics, mathematical models, virus structure), six did not include clear diagnostic criteria, 17 had a sample size smaller than four, two were conducted outside mainland China, and one focused on patients aged less than one year. "text": "[10] This is consistent with previous studies that patients from Wuhan had significantly higher prevalence of death, fever, elevated leucocyte count, and elevated aspartate aminotransferase compared with patients from other cities in China (all p<0.05).[1, 14, 19 Our study did not find significant differences between men and women in terms of CFR and proportion of severe cases. "text": "review and meta-analysis of 43 studies involving 3600 patients provides the most comprehensive overview of clinical features, laboratory findings, chest imaging findings, disease severity, and CFR of COVID-19 patients.Fu, Leiwencord-16341-8mnfx8wo2020-04-10507942
median 27.5; range, 26.3-33.1, respectively; P = 0.89).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 334, "end": 341, "text": "Table 1", "ref_id": "TABREF1"}], "section": ""}, {"text": "All specimens tested negative by direct examination for PJ, whereas 27 were positive by real-time PCR (BAL, n = 18; sputa, n = 7, and TA, n = 2); Following stringent clinical, microbiological and imaging criteria ( Table 1 ) , PJP was deemed to be the most probable diagnosis in 12 episodes occurring in unique patients. The results would provide us further insight for better clinical management of patients with febrile illnesses in LF-endemic areas.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 196, "end": 205, "text": "6 , 8 , 9", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 615, "end": 620, "text": "6 , 8", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 805, "end": 807, "text": "10", "ref_id": null}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Epidemiology and case-control study of Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria from 2018 to 2019"}, {"text": "In addition to the standard precautions for infection prevention and control including appropriate personal protective equipment pointed out by Poller et al., 1 it is important to know epidemiological and clinical characteristics of high consequence infectious diseases such as LF.Fu, Xinmiaocord-20052-plwyjhl82020-02-262450746
text: "In the context of our work on the camelid immunogenome, the objective of this study was to characterize the genomic content of NKC and LRC with special focus on genes encoding natural killer cell receptors for MHC class I ligands in the two domestic camel species, C. dromedarius NCBI reference genome by tblastn algorithm of NCBI''s BLAST \u00ae1 for orthologous protein sequences to killer-cell lectin-like receptors recently identified in cattle as KLR genes (Schwartz et al., 2017) . "text": "The natural cytotoxicity receptor genes NCR1, NCR2, and NCR3 were BLAST \u00ae searched in the full assembly CamDro2 based on annotation of the dromedary NCBI reference genome. "text": "The general organization of the two genomic regions, the natural killer complex (NKC) and the leukocyte receptor complex (LRC), containing genes and gene families encoding the NK cell receptors annotated based on the dromedary genome assembly CamDro2, was established and is represented in Figure 1 .Futas, Jancord-120059-b6aqwubh2019-07-021467455
{"paper_id": "f1017af86e750831ac2f1a6e2e03623f82304b5b", "metadata": {"title": "Coronavirus: Update Related to the Current Outbreak of COVID-19", "authors": [{"first": "Giovanni", "middle": ["Gabutti"], "last": "Erica D'", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": ""}, {"first": "Anchera", "middle": [], "last": "Federica", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": ""}, {"first": "Sandri", "middle": [], "last": "Marta", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": ""}, {"first": "Savio", "middle": ["Armando"], "last": "Stefanati", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": ""}]}, "abstract": [{"text": "In December 2019, some cases of viral pneumonia were epidemiologically related to a new coronavirus in the province of Hubei, China.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}], "body_text": [{"text": "BACKGROUND Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large family of respiratory viruses that can cause mild to moderate diseases, ranging from the common cold to severe respiratory syndromes [1] .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 177, "end": 180, "text": "[1]", "ref_id": "BIBREF0"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": ""}, {"text": "These viruses are common in many animal species, and, in some cases, albeit rarely, they can evolve and infect humans and then spread to the population [2] .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 152, "end": 155, "text": "[2]", "ref_id": "BIBREF1"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": ""}, {"text": "Most of the numerous human pathogenic coronaviruses are associated with mild clinical symptoms, with two notable exceptions: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS).Gabutti, Giovannicord-10778-4ncgdam42020-04-08755343
Antiviral therapies should focus on increasing virion size, for example through binding of zinc oxide nanoparticles to herpes simplex virus, hence making \u0394S a_immob more negative, and thus reducing binding affinity at 37\u00b0C.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "Abbreviations: AIV, Avian influenza virus; BBF, Brush border fragments from midgut; BTV, Bluetongue virus; Cp, Heat capacity at constant pressure; \u0394Cp, Change in heat capacity; Cr, Host cell receptor; CD4, Host cell receptor for HIV; Ctotal, Number of host cells which can bind virus in a given volume of host fluid (midgut or blood); C.V T , Number of host cells with bound virus at temperature t; DENV, Dengue virus; E A , Activation energy; EBOV, Zaire ebolavirus; EM, Electron microscopy; Env, HIV GP120 trimer envelope protein which binds to a single CD4 molecule; FCT, Fraction of arthropod midgut cells with bound virus at temperature T; \u0394GA_virus_T, Change in Gibbs free energy on association of virus and host cell at temperature t; GP, Viral (glyco)protein on virus surface that binds to Cr; HA, Haemagglutinin; \u0394HA_receptor_T, Change in enthalpy for binding of virus GP to host Cr receptor at a temperature t; HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus E-mail address: paul@galleryofbirds.com.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "Microbial Risk Analysis xxx (xxxx) xxxx 2352-3522/", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}], "body_text": [{"text": "Some viruses infect hosts over a range of temperatures depending on the host species.Gale, Paulcord-123672-pp6bl9412020-03-122222466
text: "Ibrutinib, already effective in high risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) [34] , in addition to the Bruton Kinase, also inhibits another kinase, the interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK), that is involved in the selective activation of T-cells that drive immune reactivity toward healthy tissues [38], and a SRC kinase, HCK, whose over-expression, in a murine model, has been reported to be responsible for extensive pulmonary inflammation and enhanced immune response, particularly in older mice [39] . "text": "J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Interferons (IFNs) are old, but at the same time \"evergreen\" drugs, for many years used for treating different hematological diseases, from CML and Philadelphia-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) to lymphomas and myeloma, due to their potent immune enhancing capacity that allows recognition and elimination of neoplastic cells by the patient''s immune system.Galimberti, Saracord-08760-uu57hsns2020-05-061685057
email: "francesco.visioli@unipd.it" "text": "It is clear that the scientific knowledge accumulated during these years has not been useful in avoiding the current SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, either by not providing the necessary solutions or because the rulers, whose responsibility is to protect health and well-being of their people, have not been aware of some useful information likely disseminated among the aforementioned 3,500 publications. "text": "Obviously, this strategy must be combined with healthy lifestyles, a balanced diet, regular physical activity and a reduction in exposure to other environmental factors with a negative effect on immunity and, more generally, on human health (described above). "title": "Optimal Nutritional Status for a Well-Functioning Immune System Is an Important Factor to Protect against Viral Infections",Galli, Francescocord-123243-81l656pq2020-05-06371246
Among the virus-contracted hosts, their different metabolic status, as determined by their diet, nutrition, age, sex, medical conditions, lifestyle, and environmental factors, govern the personal fate toward different clinical severity of COVID-19, from asymptomatic, mild, moderate, to death. Apart from the age-related micronutrient insufficiency, as previously mentioned, the nutritional status of an individual affects the risk of SARS-CoV-II infection, the clinical course, and the outcomes of COVID-19. However, vitamin A deficiency people are prone to the increased risk, the high severity, and the impaired immune responses to viral infections, including the respiratory syncytial virus, measle virus, and the influenza virus [77, 78]. "title": "Probiotics in respiratory virus infections, European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the", "title": "Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data", "title": "Review of the clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",Gasmi, Amincord-117868-9igk3ke12020-04-071441255
The results of studies focused on this issue could yield valuable information for nursing homes, allowing them to adapt their infection control strategies, in particular for improved assessment of infection risk.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 254, "end": 257, "text": "[6]", "ref_id": "BIBREF5"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": ""}, {"text": "Our objective was to describe GE and RTI infection and all-cause lethality rates according to the individual characteristics of nursing home residents (sex, age, length of stay, autonomy status), and to identify specific susceptibility patterns related to these types of viral outbreaks in these facilities.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": ""}, {"text": "The present study explored outbreaks in 14 sites (28 units with geriatric nursing home activities for a total of 1121 beds) caring for dependent people in southern Alsace (an area in northeastern France). However, all the results are available in the tables about the virus investigations along with NoV and influenza identifications.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Data analysis"}, {"text": "For the different categories, infection rate (EI/Exposed Residents (ER), in percentage) was calculated according to sex, age group, LOS and autonomy status.Gaspard, Philippecord-26201-nvwnbp2j2019-09-24890940
text: "Findings from eight studies, each with at least 100 cases, that examined causes of fever after tropical travel are shown in Table 56 .1. More than a third of malaria-infected travelers in a study from Israel and the United States had illness that developed >2 months after return from endemic areas. 28 In the GeoSentinel database, confirmed or probable dengue fever was the most common specific diagnosis in patients with febrile systemic illness who had traveled to tropical and subtropical areas in the Caribbean, South America, South Central and Southeast Asia. 5 Most infections are acquired in sub-Saharan Africa, where spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsioses are second only to malaria as the most commonly diagnosed diseases in returnees with systemic febrile illness. "title": "Prospective observational study of fever in hospitalized returning travelers and migrants from tropical areas", "title": "Fever in travelers returning from tropical areas: prospective observational study of 613 cases hospitalised in Marseilles",Gautret, Philippecord-20768-h178zpb32019-12-311034251
This resulted into several epidemic outbreaks all over Italy, which most likely might have been prevented by earlier more stringent nationwide restriction rules (Figures 2-5 ).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 1080, "end": 1092, "text": "(Figures 2-5", "ref_id": "FIGREF1"}], "section": ""}, {"text": "The news concerning Wuhan province opening to new life again evokes emotions and respect, as well as, stronger commitment to adopted restriction measures, despite the risk to be re-infected by new entries into China being still pending and requiring strict health monitoring procedures to fight the pandemic.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": ""}, {"text": "Despite realizing that our individual freedom has been and will be for long sacrificed to essential national needs, we now have to look at the good reverse of the medal represented by government interventions in favor of families, industry and overall economy, by the collaborative attitude shown by almost all political parties, by the large health infra-structure and personnel resources provided by military forces and by the tight adherence of civilians to movement restriction rules.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": ""}, {"text": "As a result, 78 hospitals were transformed into COVID-19 oriented structures and the number of ICUs increased from 5343 to 8370 in just a few days mostly, yet not only, in worst affected Northern Italy regions.Gentile, Sandrocord-02599-h4s9xg6v2020-04-04610844
title: "Evaluating DREAMS HIV prevention interventions targeting adolescent girls and young women in high HIV prevalence districts in South Africa: protocol for a cross-sectional study", This study will assess the change in HIV incidence and reduction in risk associated behaviours that can be attributed to the DREAMS initiative in South Africa, using a population-based cross-sectional survey.", "text": "Methods: Data will be collected from a household-based representative sample of AGYW (between the ages 12-24 years) in four high prevalence districts (more than 10% of the population have HIV in these districts) in South Africa in which DREAMS has been implemented. "text": "The aim of this study is to determine the impact of the DREAMS initiative on HIV incidence amongst a household-based representative sample of AGYW (12-24 years) in four of the five districts in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) and Gauteng (GP), South Africa.George, Gavincord-75791-icw7zyce2020-01-161060549
email: "gisli.jenkins@nottingham.ac.uk" 8, 9 A large proportion of patients with IPF are treated with one of the two available antifibrotic drugs, pirfenidone and nintedanib, that have been shown Key messages \u2022 COVID-19 leads to a wide spectrum of respiratory diseases with an extremely high incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome. We also consider the potential novel role of antifibrotic therapy in the management of patients without IPF who develop COVID-19 pneumonia, acute lung injury, and ARDS. "text": "The rationale for using antifibrotic therapy is based on the spectrum of pulmonary fibrotic disease observed in COVID-19, ranging from fibrosis associated with organising pneumonia to severe acute lung injury, in which there is evolution to widespread fibrotic change. The use of antifibrotic therapy in COVID-19 might be contingent on the identification of biomarkers early in the disease course to identify patients with a poor prognosis who are likely to progress to pulmonary fibrosis and acute lung injury.",George, Peter Mcord-82089-dmh2j6n32020-05-151242853
Secondary endpoints were (1) the Mean Cold Symptom Score per RG-RV-A16 dose, (2) Infection rate per RG-RV-A16 dose (percentage of individuals in the dosing group with detectable RV-A16 RNA in nasal secretions), and (3) Mean Cold Symptom Scores for each RG-RV-A16 dose versus placebo.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Study Outcomes"}, {"text": "Safety laboratory tests, to include complete blood count with differential and platelets, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgG serum Igs, were drawn at screening to determine eligibility and 21-28 days after inoculation to monitor for any inoculum-induced laboratory changes.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Safety Assessments"}, {"text": "Close contacts of research subjects (see online Supplement for details) were invited to join in a surveillance study to obtain information about the frequency of natural transmission of RG-RV-A16 colds and their clinical characteristics.Gern, James Ecord-70524-6zisnixa2019-07-15697341
text: "J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof Disease Expression/Activity Clinical samples Function Reference ACE ACE2 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof Susceptibility to SARS coronavirus S protein-driven infection correlates with expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and infection can be blocked by soluble receptor. Koka V, Huang XR, Chung AC, Wang W, Truong LD, Lan HY. "text": "In the current review, we discuss the expression pattern and function of the both ACE proteins in relation with the underlying disorders, administration of certain medications and the existence of common genomic variants within ACE genes to explain the differences in the response of affected individuals to SARS-COV-2.", "title": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target",Ghafouri-Fard, Soudehcord-02190-rd8gpo102020-05-11922854
text: "To identify candidate drugs capable of modulating ACE2 protein levels, we took advantage of our previously established methods to generate cardiac cells from human embryonic stem cells at large scale [10] [11] [12] and performed a high content screen with a library of 1443 FDA-approved drugs and a subsequent in silico screen with the ZINC15 library of over 9 million drug-like compounds. "text": "Our analysis of previously published single cell RNA sequencing datasets [13] [14] [15] showed abundant expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor, ACE2, and co-receptors, TMPRSS2 and FURIN in adult cardiac, esophageal, lung and colon tissues (Supplementary 1A). "text": "To identify biological pathways associated with changes in ACE2 expression, we used the combined zscores across all proteins using iPAGE gene ontology (GO) analysis (Supplementary 5).Ghazizadeh, Zaniarcord-84596-ye15hb3y2020-05-121273843
text: "The public and veterinary health reports indicate that Nepal is vulnerable to increased rate of morbidity and mortality of MS by various underlying causes such as ms, natural calamities, climate change, plant and pesticide poisoning, noncommunicable diseases, antibiotic resistivity, road accidents, and intra-and interspecific competition (DoAH 2015 (DoAH , 2016a DoHS 2012 DoHS , 2016 DoHS , 2017 (Fig. 40 .2). "text": "AIB is an acute and highly contagious disease of a wide range of birds including chicken caused by an enveloped, pleiomorphic, positive-sense, and non-segmented single-stranded (ss) RNA AIB virus called a coronavirus that falls in the genus Gammacoronavirus within family Coronaviridae (Cavanagh 2007; Zanaty et al. "text": "Rinderpest disease, caused by a negative sense ssRNA virus called Morbillivirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family affecting ungulates including wild and domestic animals, has been associated with the movement of warriors with the large cattle herds to carry foods and baggage (Roeder et al.Ghimire, Tirth Rajcord-44364-n7m7ym1z2019-11-252729363
Towards this general aim, we 1) estimate the diversity of HIV-1 in Washington, DC, 2) determine the circulating drug resistant mutations, 3) identify and evaluate potential transmission clusters with consensus sequences and their association with epidemiologic and clinical factors, and 4) predict HIV-1 haplotypes for each sample and assess their potential for detecting transmission clusters. Likewise, the majority of the transmission clusters predicted by past DC HIV studies 28, 29 were comprised of two or three participants, regardless of the gene region, clustering estimation method, or haplotype/consensus construction approach.", Phylogenetic studies suggest that transmission clusters greatly contribute to the spread of HIV-1 within the population 47 ; therefore, identifying Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:1989 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58410-y www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ high-risk groups, whether that is based on risk behavior or geographical location 48 , can help public health officials to better target prevention efforts and treatment options.Gibson, Keylie M.cord-77113-m6yj1p922020-02-061323153
In high-income countries, new risk factors such as obesity and food insecurity cluster in the poorest communities [3, 4] , while on a global level, we see the greatest burden of new diseases such as HIV falling on the poorest countries [5] , and continuing challenges of health access and financing for the poorest people [6] . In high-income countries, new risk factors such as obesity and food insecurity cluster in the poorest communities [3, 4] , while on a global level, we see the greatest burden of new diseases such as HIV falling on the poorest countries [5] , and continuing challenges of health access and financing for the poorest people [6] . "text": "Many of the studies in this special issue identified strategies to improve the health of marginalized groups.Gilmour, Stuartcord-01639-a17ddpg72020-03-05421751
190 In the same elastase-induced model, fluticasone proprionate treatment reduced IFN responses, increased viral load, suppressed airway immune cell numbers (lymphocytes and neutrophils), suppressed inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF\u03b1), and increased mucus production, following RV-A1 exacerbation. Human experimental RV challenge studies have shed light on the biology of RV infection and the mechanisms associated with RV-induced exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases. "title": "An experimental model of rhinovirus induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: a pilot study", "title": "Experimental rhinovirus infection as a human model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation", "title": "Rhinovirus-induced airway inflammation in asthma: effect of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids before and during experimental infection", "title": "Mouse models of rhinovirus infection and airways disease", "title": "Mouse models of rhinovirus infection and airways disease", "title": "Mouse models of rhinovirus-induced disease and exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation",Girkin, Jasoncord-09689-cfjrwt442019-12-312427052
Promising in vitro data 3, 4 as well as anecdotal in vivo evidence of therapeutic benefit 5 have led many institutions, including Mayo Clinic, to consider the use of hydroxychloroquine as a first-line COVID-19 pharmacotherapy for the time being and spurred an array of clinical trials designed to assess the efficacy of repurposed hydroxychloroquine in both the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 179, "end": 180, "text": "7", "ref_id": "BIBREF10"}, {"start": 677, "end": 678, "text": "7", "ref_id": "BIBREF10"}, {"start": 766, "end": 768, "text": "3,", "ref_id": "BIBREF4"}, {"start": 769, "end": 771, "text": "4,", "ref_id": "BIBREF5"}, {"start": 772, "end": 774, "text": "7,", "ref_id": "BIBREF10"}, {"start": 775, "end": 776, "text": "8", "ref_id": "BIBREF11"}, {"start": 1098, "end": 1100, "text": "3,", "ref_id": "BIBREF4"}, {"start": 1101, "end": 1103, "text": "4,", "ref_id": "BIBREF5"}, {"start": 1104, "end": 1105, "text": "8", "ref_id": "BIBREF11"}, {"start": 1613, "end": 1615, "text": "3,", "ref_id": "BIBREF4"}, {"start": 1616, "end": 1617, "text": "4", "ref_id": "BIBREF5"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "PHARMACODYNAMICS AND QTC-PROLONGING/TORSADOGENIC POTENTIAL OF THE ANTIMALARIAL MEDICATIONS CHLOROQUINE AND HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE"}, {"text": "Although the collective safety profiles of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are relatively favorable, both drugs block the KCNH2-encoded HERG/K v 11.1 potassium channel and potentially can prolong the QTc. In at-risk individuals, these so-called HERG blockers can precipitate DI-TdP or, worse, DI-SCD, especially with long-term use ( Table 1) .Giudicessi, John R.cord-21192-9jnixy2b2020-04-07617153
text: "Since emerging from Wuhan, China in late 2019, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , has infected over 3.2 million individuals worldwide and nearly 1 million in the United States (as of 04/29/2020). "text": "hydroxychloroquine + azithromycin and lopinavir/ritonavir) unless careful, and preferably personal protective equipment (PPE)-sparing, cardiac monitoring can be implemented (Figure 2 ) 8, 31 , ii) explore the association between p.Ser1103Tyr-SCN5A and rates of sudden death and COVID-19-related mortality in areas with medical record-linked DNA biobanks (e.g. United Kingdom Biobank and the Jackson Heart Study), iii) investigate further the feasibility of pointof-care p.Ser1103Tyr-SCN5A genetic testing, and iv) determine the clinical utility of QTcshortening agents such as late sodium current blockers (e.g. mexiletine and lidocaine) and anti-IL-6 targeted therapies (e.g. tocilizumab and sarilumab) 27, 32 to better protect at-risk individuals, especially African Americans in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.",Giudicessi, John R.cord-22030-jni56jzf2020-05-05491754
Serotype, sequence type, clonality, antibiotic resistance genes and surface protein profiles of GBS are scarce in Ethiopia, a reason that this study was planned to investigate. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the serotypes, antibiotic resistance genes, sequence types and surface protein profiles of GBS recovered from pregnant women and newborns in Northwest Ethiopia.", "text": "Whole genome sequencing ''The WGS of GBS was performed at the CDC streptococcus laboratory in the Atlanta, Georgia (USA), and drug resistant genes, serotypes, sequence types, clonal complexity and surface protein profiles were predicted from the WGS data. "text": "The MLST data reveals that the study isolates showed five sequence types (STs), and four clonal complexes (CCs) which are of different phylogeny and is suggestive of different clones circulating in Northwest Ethiopia. Further studies on serotype and molecular epidemiology will provide a comprehensive data of the GBS capsular serotypes, sequence types, clones, surface proteins and drug resistance determinant genes available in Ethiopia.",Gizachew, Mucheyecord-75447-51tkew792020-01-13795358
This novel mask comprises a valved, disposable respirator which has the option of being paired with a reusable lithium battery powered MF.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": ""}, {"text": "This study was designed to evaluate the safety, fit and comfort of the novel disposable N95-class particulate respirator with and without MF, in healthy children aged 7 to 14 years without any underlying medical condition. Finally, the MF was attached to the valve of the mask and the participant read for a final 5 minutes to complete the rest phase of the study.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Mask fit test."}, {"text": "The above procedure was repeated for the physical activity of mild exertion when the subjects performed brisk walking on the treadmill instead of reading.Goh, Daniel Yam Thiamcord-74314-2r62jqsx2019-12-12798245
text: "Most of epidemiological models applied for COVID-19 do not consider heterogeneity in infectiousness and impact of superspreaders, despite the broad viral loading distributions amongst COVID-19 positive people (1 -10 6 per mL). "text": "I used stochastic social-epidemiological SEIAR model, where S-suspected, E-exposed, I-infectious, Aadmitted (confirmed COVID-19 positive, who are admitted to hospital or completely isolated), Rrecovered. "text": "Thus, the aim of the present article is to describe possible group pool testing strategy, which can detect superspreaders on early stages within reasonable amount of RT-PCR tests, and demonstrate the efficiency of the strategy by means of SEIR derivative model Monte Carlo simulations applied for London, Moscow and New York City as examples.", Simulated COVID-19 pandemic curves for London, Moscow and New York City without mass testing (blue), and with mass testing with different superspreaders threshold, St, 100 (green), 300 (yellow) and 1000 (orange).Gongalsky, Maxim Bcord-85059-h7vqmlq92020-04-27543057
When Panel 6: Policy options that involve the use of law and regulation, from WHO''s menu of policy options on non-communicable diseases 160 Tobacco use \u2022 Increase excise taxes and prices on tobacco products \u2022 Implement plain or standardised packaging and large graphic health warnings on all tobacco packages \u2022 Enact and enforce comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship, including cross-border advertising and using modern means of communication \u2022 Eliminate exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke in all indoor workplaces, public places, public transport, and in all outdoor mass-gathering areas \u2022 Provide cost-covered, effective, and population-wide support (including brief advice, national toll-free quit line services, and treatment for addiction) for tobacco cessation to all those who want to quit smoking \u2022 Implement measures to minimise illicit trade in tobacco products Harmful use of alcohol \u2022 Increase excise taxes on alcoholic beverages \u2022 Enact and enforce bans or comprehensive restrictions on exposure to alcohol advertising (across multiple types of media) \u2022 Enact and enforce restrictions on the physical availability of retailed alcohol (via reduced density of retail outlets and reduced hours of sale) \u2022 Enact and enforce drink-driving laws and blood alcohol concentration limits via sobriety checkpoints \u2022 Establish minimum prices for alcohol if applicable \u2022 Enact and enforce an appropriate minimum age for purchase or consumption of alcoholic beverages \u2022 Restrict or ban promotions of alcoholic beverages in connection with sponsorships and activities targeting young people",Gostin, Lawrence Ocord-18084-9t73wadp2019-04-305604944
In this study, we used a large screen of mice from CC F1 crosses (CC-RIX, CC recombinant intercross) infected with 3 distinct viruses-H1N1 influenza (flu), severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and West Nile virus (WNV)-to reveal novel baseline immune correlates associated with protection from mortality after infection.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 1021, "end": 1024, "text": "[1]", "ref_id": "BIBREF0"}, {"start": 1025, "end": 1028, "text": "[2]", "ref_id": "BIBREF1"}, {"start": 1029, "end": 1032, "text": "[3]", "ref_id": "BIBREF2"}, {"start": 1033, "end": 1036, "text": "[4]", "ref_id": "BIBREF3"}, {"start": 1228, "end": 1231, "text": "[5]", "ref_id": "BIBREF4"}, {"start": 1232, "end": 1235, "text": "[6]", "ref_id": "BIBREF5"}, {"start": 1236, "end": 1239, "text": "[7]", "ref_id": "BIBREF6"}, {"start": 1240, "end": 1243, "text": "[8]", "ref_id": "BIBREF7"}, {"start": 1244, "end": 1247, "text": "[9]", "ref_id": "BIBREF8"}, {"start": 1248, "end": 1252, "text": "[10]", "ref_id": "BIBREF9"}, {"start": 1253, "end": 1257, "text": "[11]", "ref_id": "BIBREF10"}, {"start": 1258, "end": 1262, "text": "[12]", "ref_id": "BIBREF11"}, {"start": 1263, "end": 1267, "text": "[13]", "ref_id": "BIBREF12"}, {"start": 1268, "end": 1272, "text": "[14]", "ref_id": "BIBREF13"}, {"start": 1421, "end": 1425, "text": "[15]", "ref_id": "BIBREF14"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": ""}, {"text": "The CC-RI mice were obtained from the Systems Genetics Core Facility at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill (UNC) [16] .Graham, Jessica Bcord-123929-bxz9278z2020-03-15818338
In this regard, a therapeutic trial of asthma medication (bronchodilators with oral corticosteroids [OCS] , in case of a moderate or severe exacerbation) would be indicated in children aged 12 months and older to document reversibility.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 535, "end": 538, "text": "13,", "ref_id": "BIBREF38"}, {"start": 539, "end": 541, "text": "14", "ref_id": "BIBREF39"}, {"start": 1024, "end": 1026, "text": "15", "ref_id": "BIBREF40"}, {"start": 1756, "end": 1761, "text": "[OCS]", "ref_id": null}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Asthma in the Preschool Age Child"}, {"text": "The diagnosis of preschool asthma (defined previously) is best made on the observation of a trained health care professional (or alternatively a convincing parental history) of two or more episodes with signs of airflow obstruction and reversibility.Grigg, Jonathancord-30634-2dil8xf02019-12-311159739
text: "\u2022 For COVID-19-positive cases: -Consider prophylaxis or treatment doses of anticoagulation as COVID-19 infections may produce a hypercoagulable state Failed empiric antibiotics or complicating symptoms such as fever or concern for pyelonephritis Postoperative concerns or complications Examples: persistent nausea/vomiting, concern for urinary retention, heavy vaginal bleeding, severe abdominal pain, concern for infection or cuff dehiscence Acute retention See voiding dysfunction and retention section Pessary complications Pessary patient with persistent or significant vaginal bleeding or pain New onset of genitourinary or rectovaginal fistula", "text": "For studies on urinary tract infection, we extracted data elements on study design, study population, main antibiotic advocated for use as empiric therapy, treatment outcomes (% not treated appropriately, % susceptible to given antibiotic, worsening of symptoms), symptoms predictive of UTI, correspondence between urine cultures in bacterial strain and/or resistance profile, and cost of care calculations.",Grimes, Cara L.cord-12939-9n9qyxo52020-04-272561553
The initial reports have revealed the possible origins and the tissue tropism of SARS-CoV-2 [16, 17] , the clinical characteristics of patients admitted in Wuhan city [1, 2, [18] [19] [20] , the transmission dynamics of outbreak [7] and the modeling of outbreak [21] . "title": "Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia", "title": "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study", "title": "Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Novel Coronavirus Infections Involving 13 Patients Outside Wuhan, China", "title": "Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China", "title": "Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series", "title": "The clinical dynamics of 18 cases of COVID-19 outside of Wuhan, China",Guan, Wei-jiecord-11983-uzjnzll72020-03-26376153
Last two centuries have witnessed changes in global environmental factors such as rise in temperature leading to global warming, depletion of stratospheric ozone layer, loss of biodiversity and marked degradation in air and water quality due to atmospheric pollution, thereby causing upsurge in infectious and noninfectious diseases. "text": "In a developing country like India, the burden of various diseases is increasing due to environmental factors and the changes in our environment. "text": "Air pollution and occupational exposure may cause a variety of negative health outcomes, including reduced lung function in children as well as increased susceptibility to infections, airway inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. "text": "Indoor air pollution and its effect on human health are important as individuals spend more than 50% of their time indoors. "text": "There should be general awareness of how changes in climate and environment lead to significant acute and chronic effects on human health. "title": "Human health effects of air pollution",Guleria, Randeepcord-38143-blwguyl42019-03-22807354
32 Evidence of myocardial injury, such as an increase in high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels (>28 pg/mL) was detected in 5 of the first 41 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in to enter the host cells including type 2 pneumocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, pericytes, and cardiac myocytes, leading to inflammation and multiorgan failure. "title": "Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China", "title": "Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China", "title": "Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China", "title": "Hypokalemia and clinical implications in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "title": "Cardiac troponin I in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): evidence from a meta-analysis", "title": "The ACE2 expression in human heart indicates new potential mechanism of heart injury among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2",Guzik, Tomasz Jcord-25910-1aal6njl2020-04-302928256
text: "In this study, we aimed to characterize all reports of cardiac adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with HCQ, CQ, AZI or LOPI prescribed for COVID-19, as notified in France between March 27 th and April 27 th to any of the 31 RCPV. Data on clinical symptoms, patient'' characteristics such as sex, age and comorbidities were gathered, as well as drug titrations, prescription dates, ADR time to onset and outcomes, concomitant drugs (and especially those known to induce potential QTc prolongation), kalemia, magnesemia, renal function and any other reported risk factors. "text": "Since March 27th, 2020, 120 cardiac ADR reports of patients mentioning a total of 131 adverse events were notified to the French pharmacovigilance system pertaining to possible unwanted cardiac effects of drugs tested against COVID-19 (Fig. 1A) . "text": "We provide the first comprehensive survey of the cardiac ADRs associated with HCQ, CQ, AZI or LOPI prescribed for COVID-19 that have been gathered by the French Pharmacovigilance network over one month.Gérard, Alexandrecord-04416-0oxo2awm2020-05-07686753
Now with the emergence of a novel coronavirus (CoV) from Wuhan, China (tentatively named as 2019-nCoV by The World Health Organization -WHO), 3 , 4 similar clinical, diagnostic and management guidance are required.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 108, "end": 109, "text": "1", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 155, "end": 156, "text": "2", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 382, "end": 387, "text": "3 , 4", "ref_id": null}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Dear Editor,"}, {"text": "Available information at the time of writing indicates that the virus has now spread beyond China and infection has been confirmed in individuals without direct contact with the index Wuhan wet market (Huanan South China Seafood Market), where the sale of game meat from live animals was also available.Haixu, Liangcord-28254-sxvgue362019-11-251714850
2 A sexual and reproductive health and justice framework-one that centres human rights, acknowledges intersecting injustices, recognises power structures, and unites across identities-is essential for monitoring and addressing the inequitable gender, health, and social effects of COVID19. 10 Disruption of services and diversion of resources away from essential sexual and reproductive health care because of prioritising the COVID19 response are expected to increase risks of maternal and child morbidity and mortality. 6 Past humanitarian crises have shown that reduced access to family planning, abortion, antenatal, HIV, genderbased violence, and mental health care services results in increased rates and sequelae from unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortions, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), pregnancy complications, miscarriage, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, suicide, intimate partner violence, and maternal and infant mortality. "text": "A sexual and reproductive health and justice policy agenda must be at the heart of the COVID19 response. "title": "What are the risks of COVID19 infection in pregnant women?",Hall, Kelli Stidhamcord-16818-z8arh6yd2020-04-09211246
title: "Molecular Detection and Epidemiological Features of Selected Bacterial, Viral, and Parasitic Enteropathogens in Stool Specimens from Children with Acute Diarrhea in Thi-Qar Governorate, Iraq", and Giardia spp.) agents in stool samples from 155 child diarrheal cases enrolled between March and August 2017, in a hospital-based cross-sectional study in Thi-Qar, southeastern Iraq. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first report on detection and identification of floR, bla CARB-2 , and mphA antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella isolated from children in the Middle East region. "text": "The study population consisted of children below five years of age presenting with acute diarrhea to the Enteric Diseases Clinic of two referral children hospitals in Thi-Qar, a regional governorate situated in southeastern Iraq, between March and August 2017. In the present study, we report the first molecular epidemiological investigation describing the occurrence and co-existence of several enteropathogens in stool samples from diarrheal children <5 years of age in one of the least developed governorates in Iraq.Harb, Alicord-70113-peut8rky2019-05-061123357
Due to similarities with related viruses, a bat reservoir is suspected [25] .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 227, "end": 231, "text": "[25]", "ref_id": "BIBREF24"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "What are the risk factors for infection in the patient population?"}, {"text": "Currently, there are no data on the psychosocial impacts of infection, hospitalization, or quarantine among affected patients and health care workers.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "What are the psychosocial consequences of infection with the virus?"}, {"text": "We summarise the available clinical information on COVID-19, using results from a systematic review on SARS and MERS as a framework.Harris, Carlyncord-05527-i6pv90s92020-03-31868641
text: "Reviewing published literature, Jiehao et al., in their case series of 10 children with the 2019 novel coronavirus, reported that the age group of patients affected was between three and 131 months with a mean age of 74 months with a male to female ratio of 1:1.5 [5] .", characterized , in looking at their data of 2143 pediatric patients with laboratory diagnosed and/or clinically suspicious cases of COVID-19 infection, the severity of illness as asymptomatic, mild (predominantly upper respiratory tract infectious symptoms with no frank respiratory distress), moderate (presence of pneumonia, frequent fever and cough but with no obvious hypoxemia), severe (presence of dyspnea with central cyanosis, oxygen saturation <92% with other hypoxia manifestations) and critical (acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), respiratory failure, shock, encephalopathy, myocardial injury, heart failure, coagulation dysfunction, and organ dysfunction) [7] .Hasan, Alicord-15703-1nijgf3k2020-03-31306155
email: "jill.pell@glasgow.ac.uk" "text": "\u2022 We explored whether blood 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was associated with COVID-19 risk among UK Biobank participants, and whether this explained wholly, or in part, the higher incidence of COVID-19 infection in ethnic minority participants.", "text": "\u2022 Our analyses of UK Biobank data provided no evidence to support a potential role for (25(OH)D) concentration to explain susceptibility to COVID-19 infection either overall or in explaining differences between ethnic groups.", 11 In this study, we hypothesised that blood 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was associated with COVID-19 risk among UK Biobank participants, and explained wholly, or in part, the higher incidence of COVID-19 infection in ethnic minority participants.", "text": "in demonstrating a higher risk of confirmed COVID-19 infection in ethnic minority groups. "text": "Association between ethnicity and confirmed COVID-19 infection",Hastie, Claire E.cord-11075-0oxy9b1p2020-05-07491243
A congestive terrain with insufficient peripheral cortico-thyrotropic adaptation of immunity favors infections in this region of the body.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Rhinopharyngitis"}, {"text": "The nasal cavity consists of folds of mucosal tissue situated inferior to the sinus cavities and superior to the oral cavity ( Fig. 9.1 ). When alpha activity is quantitatively elevated in the ENT region, it can congest lymphatics and lymph nodes, compromising local immune defense mechanisms.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 396, "end": 404, "text": "Table 10", "ref_id": null}], "section": "Response: Critical terrain"}, {"text": "The majority of pathogenic organisms implicated in rhinopharyngitis are viruses.Hedayat, Kamyar M.cord-06874-1nb174qy2019-12-31709348
In 2018, subsequently, ethics approval was obtained to recall participants to obtain an additional blood sample for measurement of specific IgE and IgG 4 levels, 3 to 7 years after participants completed active trial therapy.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 397, "end": 403, "text": "Fig 1)", "ref_id": "FIGREF0"}], "section": "Study design"}, {"text": "Twenty-seven adult subjects aged between 18 and 65 years with a history of a rapid-onset systemic allergic reactions to a bee sting and positive specific IgE levels (>0.35 KU/L Thermo Fisher CAP test) were enrolled. Both groups showed further reduction of their specific IgE levels from levels measured at the end of the study, with the increased specific IgG 4 seen during active VIT in the AHBVIT group having largely attenuated by this time (Fig 2) , suggesting that ongoing inclusion of Advax in maintenance VIT may be necessary to maintain high specific IgG 4 levels longterm.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 802, "end": 809, "text": "(Fig 2)", "ref_id": "FIGREF1"}], "section": "Secondary end points"}, {"text": "Local adverse reactions.Heddle, Robertcord-07123-mez3hi6s2019-08-311355340
Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection of cells, ferrets and a person strikingly dysregulates the NAD gene set by inducing a set of PARP family members that includes enzymes required for the innate immune response to", "text": "Specific disturbances in the NAD gene set, NAD metabolome and PARP activity were discovered as a defining feature of coronavirus infection that may lead to methods to boost innate immunity.", "text": "Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 infected tissue culture cells, ferrets and a lung biopsy from a deceased human victim of COVID-19 indicate that viral infection induces high level expression of multiple PARP isozymes including many of the same PARPs induced by MHV infection of BMDMs. SARS-CoV-2 infection of ferrets and the human also appears to down-regulate synthesis of NAD from tryptophan and nicotinic acid (NA) while upregulating synthesis capacity from nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinamide riboside (NR).Heer, Collin D.cord-83005-033phqmd2020-04-30997959
METHODS: Relative telomere length (RTL) was measured by qPCR in this longitudinal cohort study with blood samples taken at birth and at 2 years of age from 60 children (16 preterm and 44 term). Therefore, the objective of this cohort study was to longitudinally investigate leukocyte cellular aging measured by telomere length and attrition rate and estimate epigenetic biological DNAm age during the first 2 years of life in relation to preterm birth, perinatal factors, and postnatal viral infections.", "text": "Telomere length Preterm infants had significantly longer RTL compared to term infants both at birth (1.76 \u00b1 0.1 versus 1.64 \u00b1 0.2, p < 0.05) and at 2 years of age (1.73 \u00b1 0.2 versus 1.50 \u00b1 0.3, p < 0.01), Table 2 and Fig. 2a .Henckel, Ewacord-21485-5zwma7ug2020-03-13804756
{"paper_id": "f8360b0e64d444215d21a61e056b070f12417e53", "metadata": {"title": "Preliminary epidemiological analysis on children and adolescents with novel coronavirus disease 2019 outside Hubei Province, China: an observational study utilizing crowdsourced data", "authors": [{"first": "Brandon", "middle": ["Michael"], "last": "Henry", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {"laboratory": "Cardiac Intensive Care Unit", "institution": "Cincinnati Children''s Hospital Medical Center", "location": {"region": "Ohio", "country": "USA"}}, "email": "brandon.henry@cchmc.org"}, {"first": "Maria", "middle": ["Helena"], "last": "Santos De Oliveira", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {"laboratory": "", "institution": "Federal University of Parana", "location": {"settlement": "Curitiba", "country": "Brazil"}}, "email": ""}]}, "abstract": [{"text": "The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 continues to expand across the world.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "Though both the number of cases and mortality rate in children and adolescents is reported to be low in comparison to adults, limited data has been reported on the outbreak with respect to pediatric patients.Henry, Brandon Michaelcord-81207-j58f1lwa2020-03-06837454
text: "Rates of community-acquired bacterial infection have been reported to be between 5% and 10% in patients admitted to intensive care units with imported cases of malaria [33, 34] . "title": "The changing risk of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in Africa: 2000-10: a spatial and temporal analysis of transmission intensity", "title": "Severe imported falciparum malaria among adults requiring intensive care: a retrospective study at the hospital for tropical diseases", "title": "Severe imported falciparum malaria: a cohort study in 400 critically ill adults", "title": "Artesunate versus quinine for treatment of severe falciparum malaria: a randomised trial", "title": "Erythrocyte sequestration and anemia in severe falciparum malaria. "title": "Severe imported malaria in an intensive care unit: a review of 59 cases", "title": "A case of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria co-infected with HIV improved with exchange transfusion", "title": "Severe falciparum malaria: an important cause of multiple organ failure in Indian intensive care unit patients",Hidalgo, Jorgecord-35289-7i3pnvtf2020-01-031338757
2 Therefore, PAPR users represent an important group whose comparative preferences should also be examined to understand acceptance of these devices in health care.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": ""}, {"text": "One hospital setting, with more than 5,000 employees enrolled in its respiratory protection program (RPP), has used EHFRs as 1 form of respiratory protection since the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, when they were incorporated into the RPP for several reasons, including (1) N95-FFR shortages that ensued subsequent to requirements by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for use during care for patients with pandemic influenza-like illness, 22 and (2) professional expertise by the occupational safety staff, who were familiar with the respirators from previous employment outside of health care.Hines, Stella E.cord-06430-edspdu5x2019-01-10849538
None of these may be excluded for the assessment of the immunological level as a whole.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Introduction"}, {"text": "Another important aspect is to determine which immune cells or parameters play a key role in the age-related decline of immune function. The critical zone indicates that the susceptibility to infection is so high that the individual needs to be admitted to an aseptic isolator.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 206, "end": 213, "text": "Table 2", "ref_id": null}], "section": "Introduction"}, {"text": "We have defined a new parameter, T cell proliferation index (TCPI) which is calculated by using the number and proliferation activity of T cells.Hirokawa, Katsuikucord-36107-hjdzbdai2019-04-111241349
CV is classified as essential or idiopathic when there is no apparent underlying disease process [29] .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 1275, "end": 1279, "text": "[29]", "ref_id": null}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis"}, {"text": "\u2022 Purpura or petechiae with lower limb predominance is a mandatory criterion plus at least one of the following: abdominal pain, leukocytoclastic vasculitis or proliferative glomerulonephritis on histopathology with IgA deposits, arthritis or arthralgia, and proteinuria or hematuria.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Clinical Presentation"}, {"text": "\u2022 Leukocytoclastic vasculitis.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Histologic Features"}, {"text": "\u2022 Vascular IgA and C3 deposition on direct immunofluorescence studies would be identified in 81% of cases.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Histologic Features"}, {"text": "\u2022 Hypersensitivity vasculitis \u2022 Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener) and microscopic polyangiitis", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Differential Diagnosis"}, {"text": "Clinical Relevant Pearls \u2022 A tetrad of symptoms: cutaneous palpable purpura, abdominal pain, joint pain, and renal involvement.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Takeaway Essentials"}, {"text": "\u2022 Although IgA vasculitis is more common in children, it has a more severe course in adults.Hoang, Mai P.cord-35088-vqeeaagp2020-02-292370137
Res", "volume": "17", "issn": "", "pages": "97--108", "other_ids": {"DOI": ["10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-18-0619"]}}, "BIBREF5": {"ref_id": "b5", "title": "Comprehensive genomic analysis identifies novel subtypes and targets of triple-negative breast cancer", "authors": [{"first": "M", "middle": ["D"], "last": "Burstein", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "A", "middle": [], "last": "Tsimelzon", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "G", "middle": ["M"], "last": "Poage", "suffix": ""}], "year": 2015, "venue": "Clin. Exp. Med", "volume": "8", "issn": "", "pages": "1247--1252", "other_ids": {}}, "BIBREF30": {"ref_id": "b30", "title": "Young age at diagnosis correlates with worse prognosis and defines a subset of breast cancers with shared patterns of gene expression", "authors": [{"first": "C", "middle": ["K"], "last": "Anders", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "D", "middle": ["S"], "last": "Hsu", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "G", "middle": [], "last": "Broadwater", "suffix": ""}], "year": 2008, "venue": "J.Hu, Aimincord-69435-106tex7s2019-04-23569653
text: "Eligibility criteria consisted of the following: 1) Laboratory-confirmed cases with according to the Protocol for Diagnosis and Treatment of Novel Coronarvirus Pneumonia (4 th edition) which was issued by the National Health Commission (General Office Of The National Health And Health Commission, 2020) (Panel 1); 2) Being symptomatic (either having fever, coughing, or fatigue) plus radiologic abnormalities consistent with pneumonia; 3) Patients aged 18 years or greater of either sex.", "text": "The rate of symptom recovery at day 14 was significantly higher in treatment group as compared with control group (FAS: 91.5% vs. Ke Hu,Ying Bi, Wei Zhang, Lanjuan Li, Qingquan Liu, Yuanlin Song, Xingwang Li, Zhongping Duan, Qingshan Zheng, Zifeng Yang, Jingyi Liang, Mingfeng Han, Lianguo Ruan, Chaomin Wu and Yunting Zhang contributed to acquisition and the accuracy of the data. "text": "Lanjuan Li, Qingquan Liu, Yuanlin Song, Xingwang Li, Zhongping Duan, Qingshan Zheng, Zifeng Yang, Jingyi Liang, Mingfeng Han, Lianguo Ruan, Chaomin Wu and Yunting Zhang contributed to",Hu, Kecord-82640-eb4z3u662020-05-16687053
The inclusion criteria were the following: randomized controlled trial, clinical trials, and series cases; patients who were of either sex and had been diagnosed with COVID-19; all patients with laboratory-identified SARS-CoV-2 infection who had had both real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerasechain-reaction detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid positive in throat swabs or lower respiratory tract, and CT scanning of the lung; inclusion of the epidemiological, clinical characteristics, laboratory and radiological characteristics, and treatment and outcome; clear description of the clinical characteristics such as comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and malignancy and the signs and symptoms such as fever, cough, fatigue, and dyspnea; clear description of the outcomes including the major complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute cardiac injury(ACI), acute kidney injury(AKI), shock, and incidence of severity and mortality.", To evaluate the proportion of comorbidity such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and malignancy, the proportion of symptoms such as fever, cough, fatigue, and dyspnea, the proportion of clinical complications including ARDS, ACI, AKI, and shock, and the severity and mortality.",Hu, Yongcord-10681-r4e4tg7r2020-06-30642653
text: "Results: Based on the multi-level transcriptomic data, we examined differentially expressed genes [mRNAs, microRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)] in the study cohort. "text": "In this study, we collected the left ventricular tissue from 21 HF patients and 9 healthy donors for whole transcriptome sequencing (mRNA and lncRNA) and small RNA sequencing (miRNA). c Construction of regulatory networks in heart failure using differentially expressed mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs. d Lasso regression analysis of the association between gene expression and fibrosis percentage in heart failure tissue. "text": "To validate whether the COL1A1 content in plasma would be used as a biomarker for HF progression, we recruited 139 samples from an independent heart failure cohort in Fuwai Hospital. We further performed a systematic investigation of the gene expression changes at multitranscriptional levels and regulatory networks including mRNAs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs for HF patients. "text": "Functional enrichment and network analysis of differentially expressed mRNA genes (DEGs) in heart failure (HF).Hua, Xiumengcord-74880-ld5ijwq82020-01-061376355
text: "We included 36 patients who died from COVID19 author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.", In this single-centered study, we retrospectively analysed specific clinical information of 36 non-survivors infected with SARS-CoV-2.", "text": "For this retrospective, single-center study, we included 36 non-survivors with COVID-19 in the Fifth Hospital of Wuhan. "text": "For this retrospective, single-center study, we included 36 non-survivors with COVID-19 in the Fifth Hospital of Wuhan. "text": "We included 36 patients who died from COVID-19 in the Fifth Hospital of Wuhan. "text": "We reported on 36 patients who died from SARS-CoV-2 infection in a single hospital of Wuhan.", "text": "As reported in previous studies, patients who are male, elder or have a history of cerebrovascular disease are at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection 2,14,15 . "title": "Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study",Huang, Yingcord-83572-9hh17k862020-02-29439153
text: "The Australian Governor-General declared a ''human biosecurity emergency period'' on 18 March 2020 190 in response to the risks posed by This empowered the Australian Government to make 191 a series of decisions including prohibition of cruise ships, travel bans (domestic and international), 192 limiting gatherings to two persons (with exceptions for people of the same household and other select 193 groups), and closing a range of indoor and outdoor public facilities. If sporting organisations are seeking specific exemptions in order to recommence activity, particularly with regard to competitions, they are required to engage with, and where necessary seek approvals from, the respective State/Territory and/or Local Public Health Authorities regarding additional measures to reduce the risk of COVID-19 spread. "text": "Proposed criteria for resumption of sporting activity 435 Initial resumption of community and individual sport will be governed by public health policy and 436 Relaxing/increasing restrictions may be required in response to fluctuating numbers of COVID-19 443",Hughes, Davidcord-122540-uecdbanf2020-05-061825850
text: "Respiratory tract infections (RTI), such as communityacquired pneumonia (CAP) and tuberculosis (TB), are important causes of morbidity and mortality. The ongoing outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection and epidemic waves of avian influenza A(H7N9) since their emergence in 2012 and 2013, respectively, have raised global concern in recent years. 20 The therapeutic role of baloxavir in older or immunocompromised patients with severe seasonal or avian A(H7N9) influenza especially with some time delay in administration of the drug later in the clinical course of the infection or in combination with an NAI requires investigation. "title": "Drug-resistant tuberculosis: An update on disease burden, diagnosis and treatment", "title": "Treatment correlates of successful outcomes in pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an individual patient data meta-analysis", "title": "Metformin is associated with a lower risk of active tuberculosis in patients with type 2 diabetes",Hui, David S.cord-124906-ajd7ofc82019-03-30740954
Dis", "volume": "84", "issn": "", "pages": "80--86", "other_ids": {}}, "BIBREF20": {"ref_id": "b20", "title": "A multiplex real-time PCR assay for identification of Pneumocystis jirovecii, Histoplasma capsulatum,and Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii in samples from AIDS patients with opportunistic pneumonia", "authors": [{"first": "S", "middle": [], "last": "Gago", "suffix": ""}], "year": 2014, "venue": "J. Dis", "volume": "58", "issn": "", "pages": "736--745", "other_ids": {}}, "BIBREF35": {"ref_id": "b35", "title": "Cryptococcus gattii infection: characteristics and epidemiology of cases identified in a South African province with high HIV seroprevalence", "authors": [{"first": "J", "middle": [], "last": "Morgan", "suffix": ""}], "year": 2002, "venue": "Clin. Dis", "volume": "192", "issn": "", "pages": "888--892", "other_ids": {}}, "BIBREF38": {"ref_id": "b38", "title": "Multilocus sequence typing of serially collected isolates of cryptococcus from HIV-infected patients in South Africa", "authors": [{"first": "M", "middle": [], "last": "Van Wyk", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "N", "middle": ["P"], "last": "Govender", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "T", "middle": ["G"], "last": "Mitchell", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "A", "middle": ["P"], "last": "Litvintseva", "suffix": ""}], "year": 2014, "venue": "J.Hurtado, Juan Carloscord-117646-34oh1tm52019-05-16662738
The following keywords were used: \"SARS-CoV-2\", \"COVID-19\", \"infection\", \"pathogenesis\", \"incubation period\", \"transmission\", \"clinical features\", \"diagnosis\", \"treatment\", \"diabetes\", with interposition of the Boolean operator \"AND\". "text": "Although the pathophysiological mechanisms are still not understood, it has been observed that most severe and fatal cases with COVID-19 have occurred in the elderly or in patients with underlying comorbidities, particularly CVDs, diabetes mellitus, chronic lung and renal disease, hypertension, and cancer (7, 20, 26, 27) .", "text": "Diabetes and uncontrolled glycaemia were reported as significant predictors of severity and deaths in patients infected with different viruses, including the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) (35) , SARS-CoV (36) and MERS-CoV (37) . "section": "Aspects of SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Potential Implications for Clinical Management of Patients with COVID-19 and Diabetes" "text": "Although diabetes has been associated with worse outcomes in COVID-19 patients, the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection may not be higher in people with diabetes.Hussain, Akhtarcord-28947-4cx6fe5v2020-04-09990752
title: "COVID-19 in people living with human immunodeficiency virus: a case series of 33 patients", "text": "In this study, we describe our early experiences with COVID-19 and clinical characteristics in patients with documented HIV infection.", "text": "This retrospective analysis included all cases of PLWH with SARS-CoV-2 infection, which were confirmed between March 11 and April 17, 2020 in 12 participating German HIV centers. For SARS and COVID-19, a few case reports have indicated no severe courses even in AIDS patients [13, 14] . As the majority of our patients (22/33) was treated with tenofovir alafenamide or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, including those developing severe or critical disease, our cohort data indicate no or only minimal clinical effect of tenofovir against SARS-CoV-2.", "title": "Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China", COVID-19 in patients with HIV: clinical case series", "title": "Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV in a patient in Wuhan city",Härter, Georgcord-15472-1q1x71xb2020-05-11446854
The present aim was to propose an hypothesis that there is a potential association between mean levels of vitamin D in various countries with cases and mortality caused by COVID-19. "text": "The primary aims of this study are to assess if there is any association between the mean levels of vitamin D in various countries and the mortality caused by COVID-19. "text": "We have identified a potential crude association between the mean vitamin D levels in various European countries with COVID-19 cases/1M and COVID-19 mortality.", "text": "The crude association observed in the present study may be explained by the role of vitamin D in the prevention of COVID-19 infection or more probably by a potential protection of vitamin D from the more negative consequences of the infection.", "text": "In conclusion, we found significant crude relationships between vitamin D levels and the number COVID-19 cases and especially the mortality caused by this infection. "text": "Mean level of vitamin D, cases of COVID-19/1 M and deaths caused by COVID-19 (8th April 2020)",Ilie, Petre Cristiancord-11852-l4zku2e92020-05-06286354
In addition, the levels of interferon-stimulated genes with anti-viral functions, including myxovirus resistance protein, protein kinase R, and 2 0 -5 0 oligoadenylate synthetase, are significantly elevated at the clinical stage of prion disease in animal models (Riemer et al., 2000; Baker et al., 2004; Xiang et al., 2004; Stobart et al., 2007) , suggesting that innate immunity protects the host, at least partially, against prion infection. The reduction in expression of these genes significantly recovered when PrP Sc levels were decreased by treatment with PPS (Caughey and Raymond, 1993) or anti-PrP monoclonal antibody (3S9) (Miyamoto et al., 2005 ) (see ''Materials and methods'' section) ( Fig. 1D and Supplementary Fig. 1D ), suggesting that prion infection might suppress several innate immune-related genes in cultured cells.", When lentivirus carrying the mouse Ifnb gene (LV-IFN) was injected intracerebrally, PrP Sc levels were significantly reduced at the terminal stage in the brain of Tga20 mice after prion inoculation (Fig. 2F) .Ishibashi, Daisukecord-03189-zopwlaq42019-02-071378557
title: "Higher mortality in men from COVID19 infection-understanding the factors that drive the differences between the biological sexes. "text": "The emergent global pandemic caused by the rapid spread of Severe Acute Respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to increased mortality and negatively impacted day to day activities of humankind within a short period of time. The data shows that even though the infection rates are similar, the odds ratio of male mortality remains high, indicating a divergence in the crosstalk between the three pathogenic human Coronavirus (hCoVs)-the SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and the SARS-CoV-2 and immune effectors in the two sexes. "text": "Biological sex differences between males and females in Incidence and mortality:", We have shown empiric data that the mortality rate for males is higher and statistically significant compared to females from the three hCoV outbreaks of MERS, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV2 4-10 . "text": "Death Rate by biological sex for SARS and MERS",Iyer, Swaminathan Pcord-84471-gpql06um2020-04-24512456
text: "Wine and food 947 Moderate wine consumption 951 Alcohol 953 Metabolism 953 Physiological actions 954 Potential health benefits and influences 954 Food value 954 Effects on digestion 955 Phenolic bioavailability 956 Antimicrobial action 958 Antioxidant effects 958 Cardiovascular disease 959 Vision", "text": "Despite the general beneficial effects of moderate amounts of alcohol on digestion, the phenolic content of red wine may counter some of these influences. "text": "Consuming wine with food slows the rate of alcohol uptake in the blood ( Fig. 12.1) .", "text": "Most investigations on the health benefits of moderate wine consumption have involved population (epidemiologic) and tissue-culture studies. "text": "The most clearly established benefit of moderate alcohol consumption, notably wine, relates to a nearly 30%e35% reduction in death rate due to cardiovascular disease (Klatsky et al., 1974 (Klatsky et al., , 2003 Renaud and de Lorgeril, 1992, Fig. 12.6) .Jackson, Ronald S.cord-18481-a5ni1s9e2020-12-313823758
text: "We present the first patient of a 51-year-old man with fever, dyspnea and deterioration of his chronic coughs, who was referred to the Mounier-Kuhn syndrome (MKS). "text": "We report a case of a 51-year-old man, known to be affected by Mounier-Kuhn Syndrome (MKS), admitted to our accident & emergency (A&E) service of the Baqiyatallah hospital in Tehran (Iran), with a new onset of fever, dyspnea and deterioration of his chronic coughs. "text": "A severe form of COVID-19 could occur even in the early stages, in the presence of an underlying condition as MKS, increasing the susceptibility of the patient to more recurrent and severe respiratory infections.", "title": "Mounier-Kuhn syndrome: A rare cause of severe bronchial dilatation with normal pulmonary function test: A case report", "title": "Mounier-Kuhn syndrome: A rare cause of bronchial dilatation: A case report", "title": "A case report of Mounier-Kuhn syndrome", "title": "Mounier-Kuhn syndrome: a rare cause of a common disease",Jafari, Ramezancord-83993-vsk86kn32020-05-16216751
Exclusion criteria included: [1] studies of exclusively paediatric or pregnant patients, due to the varying presentation of COVID-19 in these groups, [2] insufficient data on symptoms/comorbidities on admission in either severe or non-severe disease groups (or ICU and non-ICU All rights reserved. preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in Table 1 shows details of all included studies including reported findings pertaining to symptoms and comorbidities related to disease severity or ICU admission. "text": "preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in Tables 3 and 4 show the odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals and p-values for the individual symptoms and comorbidities that were investigated in at least three of the included studies, for both severe disease and ICU admission, respectively.Jain, Vageeshcord-85213-vof63qat2020-03-16665748
title: "The Utility of rRT-PCR in Diagnosis and Assessment of Case-fatality rates of COVID-19 In the Iranian Population -Positive Test Results are a Marker for Illness Severity", "text": "COVID-19 positive patients showed higher incidence of cough, fever, respiratory distress, and myalgia (Table 2, Fig. 1 ). "text": "T2D and cardiovascular diseases were the two major comorbidities more prevalent among COVID-19 positive compared to COVID-19 negative patients with acute respiratory disease (Table 2. "text": "Those positive for COVID-19 in our study were more likely to have cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and had higher rates of intubation and death compared to COVID-19 test-negative patients. "text": "Table1: Total number and percent of COVID-19 positive patients in different age groups All rights reserved. "text": "Frequency of presenting symptoms and signs, comorbidities, intubation, and death in COVID-19 positive vs negative patients All rights reserved.Janbabaei, G.cord-83958-r0qntwbc2020-05-05526554
title: "The challenging management of Rift Valley Fever in humans: literature review of the clinical disease and algorithm proposal", "text": "Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus, mainly transmitted by mosquitoes, responsible for a zoonosis disease that affects cattle, sheep, camels and goats. "title": "Epidemic Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: a clinical study of severe illness in humans", "title": "Pathologic studies on suspect animal and human cases of Rift Valley fever from an outbreak in Eastern Africa", "title": "Severe human illness caused by Rift Valley Fever Virus in Mauritania", "title": "Clinical studies on Rift Valley fever, Part I: acute febrile and hemorrhagic-like diseases", "title": "Risk factors for severe Rift Valley fever infection in Kenya", "title": "Severe hemorrhagic forms of Rift Valley fever: about 5 cases", "title": "Ocular complications of Rift Valley fever outbreak in Saudi Arabia", "title": "Association of Rift Valley fever virus infection with miscarriage in Sudanese women: a cross-sectional study",Javelle, Emiliecord-76281-58x3nnsc2020-01-221487959
At present, coaches and sports medicine staff should ensure adequate recovery is built into training programs, monitor for early signs of overload/overtraining such as fatigue and decreased performance, educate athletes on and encourage healthy habits/hygiene, and provide adequate time for administration of influenza vaccines and other needed immunizations related to travel (Fig. 3) .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 844, "end": 852, "text": "(Fig. 3)", "ref_id": "FIGREF2"}], "section": "Prophylaxis"}, {"text": "Acute bronchitis refers to a cough of infectious origin that lasts for more than 10 days but less than 3 weeks. In addition, vaccines should generally be scheduled in the off season, or as far away from important competitions as is possible.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 151, "end": 153, "text": "34", "ref_id": "BIBREF32"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Prophylaxis"}, {"text": "Athletes with mild viral URTI can often continue to train and compete as tolerated provided that the severity and symptoms of the illness do not worsen with exercise.Jaworski, Carrie A.cord-10794-xfrvh5im2019-10-31876246
text: "Fever and cough seem to be the most common initial symptoms in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients, followed by dyspnea and fatigue in cases with severe pneumonia. 11 In one report of childhood cases, 94/731 (12.9%) SARS-CoV-2-positive children had no symptoms according to nucleic acid tests, and more than 70% of them were between the ages of 6 and 15 years. "text": "Dong et al 12 reported 2143 suspected COVID-19 children younger than 18 years of age by analyzing data from the China CDC by February 8, 2020. Zeng et al 35 reported three SARS-CoV-2-positive neonates born to mothers with confirmed COVID-19 (Table 4 ). Although current published reports reveal that children develop Table 3 SARS-CoV-2-positive children and teenagers younger than 20 years old in Taiwan from January 10 to April 7, 2020 10 less severe cases of COVID-19 than adults, critical deterioration or death did occur. "title": "Taiwan Centers for Disease Control COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Infection)",Jeng, Mei-Jycord-29225-ov841v5b2020-05-04806264
There are a large number of bacteria in wastewater, and various bacteria and even human pathogenic bacteria can spread by water pollution caused by wastewater discharge, which poses risks to human health and ecological security.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 271, "end": 284, "text": "(Todar, 2013)", "ref_id": "BIBREF154"}, {"start": 337, "end": 352, "text": "(Gerardi, 2006)", "ref_id": "BIBREF57"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Classification of bacteria in wastewater"}, {"text": "Bacteria are an exceedingly diverse group of organisms that differ in shape, size, habitat, metabolism, and other features. The incomplete removal of enterovirus by the wastewater treatment also highlights the resistance and potential health risk for the public after discharging into the natural environment (Battistone et al., 2014) .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 495, "end": 520, "text": "(Battistone et al., 2014)", "ref_id": "BIBREF9"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Enterovirus"}, {"text": "Hepatitis virus is the pathogen causing viral hepatitis, which has been considered as a major public health problem affecting human beings in the world and has considerable morbidity and mortality in the human.Jia, Shuyucord-01640-8v4nabi32020-12-312309645
title: "Efficacy and safety of aerosol inhalation of recombinant human interferon \u03b11b (IFN\u03b11b) injection for noninfluenza viral pneumonia, a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "text": "Therefore, we performed a multicenter, randomized controlled study to investigate the efficacy and safety of aerosol inhalation of recombinant human IFN\u03b11b for noninfluenza viral pneumonia and to provide a basis for its rational use and dose in clinical practice.", "text": "The current study investigated the efficacy and safety of aerosol inhalation of recombinant human interferon \u03b11b This study found that the ORRs of primary efficacy measures, including coughing, expectoration, pulmonary rales, respiratory rate, and chest pain were higher in the IFN\u03b11b group than that in the control group, which received routine symptomatic treatment alone, suggesting that aerosol inhalation of recombinant human INF\u03b11b effectively improves the overall response rate of the disease.Jiang, Rongmengcord-11867-9j8a4nkc2020-05-14595653
text: "Study Design and Setting: We extracted the data from: (1) a case series of 43 hospitalized patients we treated, (2) a public data set of the first 37 cases of patients who died of COVID-19 and 1,019 patients who survived in China, and (3) data of 524 patients with SARS, including 139 deaths, from Beijing in early 2003.", "text": "Results: Older age and a high number of comorbidities were associated with higher severity and mortality in patients with both COVID-19 and SARS. "text": "Here, we report the clinical characteristics of a recent case series of 43 patients we treated and a public data set of the first 37 cases of those who died from COVID-19 and the 1,019 patients who survived COVID-19. "text": "Characteristics of a Public data set of COVID-19 and a Cases series of SARS, in 2003.Jin, Jian-Mincord-03863-u28q4c4n2020-04-29403953
In the public data set, the percentage of men were higher in the deceased group than in the survived group, although age was comparable between men and women.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "Meaning: Male gender is a risk factor for worse outcome in patients with COVID independent of age and susceptibility.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "Importance: The recent outbreak of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Disease has put the world on alert, that is reminiscent of the SARS outbreak seventeen years ago.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "Objective: We aim to compare the severity and mortality between male and female patients with both COVID-19 and SARS, to explore the most useful prognostic factors for individualized assessment.Jin, Jian-Mincord-86554-oeqf7uk92020-02-25420450
text: "It is generally accepted that moderate amounts of exercise improve immune system functions and hence reduce the risk of infection. "text": "Further support for an adverse effect of prolonged/ strenuous exercise on susceptibility to URTI has come from animal studies (Davis et al., 1997; Gross et al., 1998; Folsom et al., 2001; Lowder et al., 2005; Murphy et al., 2008) . "text": "The \"open window\" hypothesis suggests that prolonged/heavy exercise causes depression of the immune system which leaves the body less resistant to viruses and bacteria and thus increases the risk of subclinical and clinical infection for between 3 and 72 h (Pedersen and Ullum, 1994; Nieman, 2001) , which reflects that the increased risk of URI with heavy exertion was due to a decrease in immunosurveillance (and vice versa, the decreased risk with moderate exercise was due to an increase in immunosurveillance). "title": "In vivo cell-mediated immunity and vaccination response following prolonged, intense exercise",Jones, Arwel Wyncord-28102-uceukiie2019-12-314181860
PMNs have been suggested to exert their pathogenic effects in TRALI through direct activation, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), or the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) [1, 10] . "text": "As TRALI is frequently triggered by antibodies present in the transfusion product [1, 6] and CRP also plays an important pathogenic role in TRALI [37] and is increased in TRALI patients [38] , the involvement of complement, and specifically the CP, in TRALI appears to be plausible.", "title": "Platelets induce neutrophil extracellular traps in transfusion-related acute lung injury", "title": "Choline transporter-like protein-2: new von Willebrand Factor-binding partner involved in antibody-mediated neutrophil activation and transfusion-related acute lung injury", "title": "C-reactive protein enhances murine antibody-mediated transfusion-related acute lung injury", "title": "Complement activation in transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI)", "title": "MHC class I-specific antibody binding to nonhematopoietic cells drives complement activation to induce transfusion-related acute lung injury in mice", "title": "Antibody-induced neutrophil activation as a trigger for transfusion-related acute lung injury in an ex vivo rat lung model",Jongerius, Ilsecord-28883-6iqcxgl02019-10-181095558
We included any report describing pneumonia in Bhutanese children with regards to the burden of the disease, aetiology, related risk factors, clinical and prognostic characteristics, surveillance systems and national preventive strategies. Despite these efforts, acute respiratory infections (ARI) seem to remain a major public health challenge in Bhutan, whereby they were estimated to represent the fifth cause of mortality for the whole population, and to cause 15% of deaths in under-five children [12, 17] . "text": "Summarizing the available data on the epidemiology, aetiology and clinical characteristics of pneumonia among Bhutanese children would help to better understand and characterize the impact of this major killer and would allow the identification of knowledge gaps to improve local tailored programmes to reduce the burden and mortality associated with childhood pneumonia in Bhutan.", "text": "burden of the disease such as incidence, prevalence, morbidity, mortality, or number of visits in health facilities; aetiology; related risk factors; clinical and prognostic characteristics; management; existing surveillance systems; national preventive strategies related to ARI or pneumonia.",Jullien, Sophiecord-76447-5x8ohqvs2020-01-25790946
text: "A multicenter retrospective study of demographic, clinical, laboratory and immunological features of 574 Spanish COVID-19 inpatients (59.4% males) and their outcomes was performed.", "text": "The aim of this study was therefore to obtain, within the shortest possible time, a reliable snapshot of the demographic and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients admitted to Spanish hospitals along the first month of the pandemic and to reveal risk factors regarding outcome severity. The collection form included demographic, epidemiological and clinical data: age, sex, history of diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, hypertension (HTA), RASB intake, COVID-19 severity, time from onset to diagnosis, laboratory data on admission and discharge, treatment, and outcome. "text": "Both moderate and severe courses were found to be significantly associated with older age (p= 0.014), male gender (p<0.001), dyslipidemia (p=0.006), hypertension (p=0.04) and diabetes (p=0.007).Jurado, A.cord-82774-c59bmn5f2020-05-16814149
text: "As a result of advancements in transplantation and the concomitant use of immunosuppressive drugs, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic, the high prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, the incidence of invasive fungal infections, and central nervous system (CNS)-involvement have increased during the last decades (Raman-Sharma 2010; Brumble et al. "text": "Fungal infections of the CNS could be caused by a large group of organisms; in addition, they are not including in a mandatory report disease by the public health authorities, and therefore, robust epidemiological information on their global burden is not available (Schwartz et al. (2010) reported a series of 393 patients with evidence of fungal infection on histologic examination (a total of 231 (58.8%) were rhinocerebral infections); they analyzed the culture-histology concordance of filamentous fungi in 122 specimens; they showed concordance in 83% on cases with septated, acute-anglebranching hyphae and the presence of Aspergillus spp.Jurado, Leonardo F.cord-37863-36rpg6ww2019-01-241521755
text: "The primary mechanism of influenza pathophysiology is a result of lung inflammation and compromise caused by direct viral infection of the respiratory epithelium, combined with the effects of lung inflammation caused by immune responses recruited to handle the spreading virus (Table 1) . Of note, growing evidence suggests that 20-30% of pediatric and adult patients presenting with suspected bacterial sepsis may have a viral co-infection (e.g. influenza, metapneumovirus, coronavirus, and respiratory syncytial virus) and about two thirds of these cases are commonly missed by clinicians [38, 71, 72] . "text": "Influenza virus affects the respiratory tract by direct viral infection or by damage from the immune system response. "title": "Pneumonia among adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza virus infection-United States", "title": "Viral infection is not uncommon in adult patients with severe hospital-acquired pneumonia", "title": "Cardiovascular manifestations associated with influenza virus infection",Kalil, Andre C.cord-22804-8nrchd122019-07-191023653
We examined stakeholder perceptions about the acceptability and ethics of HIS in Malawi, to inform decisions about planned pneumococcal challenge research and wider understanding of HIS ethics in LMICs. Methods: We conducted 6 deliberative focus groups and 15 follow-up interviews with research staff, medical students, and community representatives from rural and urban Blantyre. "text": "Interviews and focus groups used a semi-structured topic guide (Additional file 1) with open-ended questions about views on HIS, including perceived benefits and concerns, particular procedures (such as inclusion criteria, compensation, and safety measures), the types of HIS that would be acceptable in Malawi and the overall ethics of HIS.Kapumba, Blessings M.cord-77080-0dffcoi52020-02-051331944
Sensitization (and subsequent allergen exposure) should, however, be viewed as a prognostic marker, Fig. 2.2 The airways and lungs of preterm babies are vulnerable to outside exposures, and preterm birth is associated with later manifestations of respiratory tract diseases since early wheezing disorders combined with current allergy are an important risk factor for asthma later in life [80] .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 357, "end": 361, "text": "[79]", "ref_id": "BIBREF78"}, {"start": 753, "end": 757, "text": "[80]", "ref_id": "BIBREF79"}], "ref_spans": [{"start": 464, "end": 472, "text": "Fig. 2.2", "ref_id": "FIGREF2"}], "section": "Allergen Exposure"}, {"text": "Studies in inner-city children in the USA report that 3-year-old children with the highest exposures to allergens and bacteria during their first year of life had a decreased risk of periodic wheezing compared to children the same age with less exposure.Kere, Mauracord-34899-ycy3h40i2019-07-241988740
Due to the immunosuppression required to prevent allograft rejection, patients with orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) represent a population who may have an atypical presentation or be at higher risk for adverse outcomes from Covid-19. "text": "We included adult (\u226518 years) patients with OHT with laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 admitted to one of two hospitals in Southeastern Michigan from March 21 to April 22, 2020. "text": "Elevated laboratory markers of inflammation were common, with higher median values observed in patients requiring intensive care. "text": "To our knowledge, this is the first case series of a cohort of patients with OHT hospitalized with Covid-19. "text": "Due to the small sample size of this case series, no definitive conclusions can be drawn regarding Covid-19 susceptibility in black males with OHT. "text": "In this case series of patients with OHT hospitalized at two centers in Southeastern Michigan, all patients were black males, most of whom had comorbid conditions.Ketcham, Scott W.cord-19446-0uiikhpy2020-05-14259846
email: "anthony.khawaja@ucl.ac.uk" "text": "To identify the sociodemographic, lifestyle, comorbidity and antihypertensive medication associations with the development of hospitalisation with covid-19 in an English population.", "text": "As with the reports from case series, 17 we observed that a history of hypertension was a strong risk factor for severe covid-19. Though in univariable analyses all classes of antihypertensive medication were associated with increased risk, in detailed multivariable analyses none of these were independently associated with severe covid-19 infection after adjusting for hypertension history, age, sex and ethnicity; rather it was the number of antihypertensive medications in use that was significantly related, which is probably a surrogate for severity of hypertension. "text": "The major strengths of this study are the large UK population-based cohort, with the ability to quantify and assess risks of severe covid-19 infection in cases and controls in relation to characteristics measured years prior to infection in 2020.Khawaja, A. P.cord-83647-0l10n9n72020-05-11553843
email: "daniel.todt@rub.ded.t.*correspondence:eike.steinmann@rub.de" "title": "Ribavirin for chronic hepatitis E virus infection in transplant recipients", "title": "Sofosbuvir Inhibits Hepatitis E Virus Replication In Vitro and Results in an Additive Effect When Combined With Ribavirin", "title": "Antiviral candidates for treating hepatitis E virus infection", "title": "Screening of novel drugs for inhibiting hepatitis E virus replication", "title": "Sofosbuvir shows antiviral activity in a patient with chronic hepatitis E virus infection", "title": "Zinc Salts Block Hepatitis E Virus Replication by Inhibiting the Activity of Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase", "title": "A screen for novel hepatitis C virus RdRp inhibitor identifies a broad-spectrum antiviral compound", "title": "Targeted cleavage of hepatitis E virus 3'' end RNA mediated by hammerhead ribozymes inhibits viral RNA replication", "title": "The natural compound silvestrol inhibits hepatitis E virus (HEV) replication in vitro and in vivo",Kinast, Volkercord-07552-5rsk6g7l2019-05-281490461
The available options include: (1) adapting from the current relevant regulatory guidelines; (2) convening a panel of experts to review the evidence from a systematic literature search to narrow down a list of likely potential or known AEFI and establish the optimal risk window(s); and (3) conducting ''''near real-time'''' prospective monitoring for unknown clustering''s of AEFI in validated large linked vaccine safety databases using Rapid Cycle Analysis for pre-specified adverse events of special interest (AESI) and Treescan to identify previously unsuspected outcomes. The available options include: (1) adapting from the current relevant regulatory guidelines; (2) convening a panel of experts to review the evidence from a systematic literature search to narrow down a list of likely potential or known AEFI and establish the optimal risk window(s); and (3) conducting ''''near real-time'''' prospective monitoring for unknown clustering''s of AEFI in validated large linked vaccine safety databases using Rapid Cycle Analysis for pre-specified adverse events of special interest (AESI) and Treescan to identify previously unsuspected outcomes.Kochhar, Sonalicord-20952-bs8vqa402019-09-10962648
title: "Associations of measures of lung function with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: findings from the British Women''s heart and health study", "title": "Patients diagnosed with diabetes are at increased risk for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and pneumonia but not lung cancer", "title": "Diabetes mellitus as an independent risk factor for lung cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies", "title": "Prolonged survival in patients with lung cancer with diabetes mellitus", "title": "Patient outcomes from lung cancer and diabetes mellitus: a matched case-control study", "title": "The use of metformin and the incidence of lung cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes", "title": "Increased prevalence of asthma in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus", "title": "The pulmonary function and histopathological studies of the lung in diabetes mellitus", "title": "Diabetes mellitus may increase risk for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis", "title": "Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for pulmonary fibrosis",Kolahian, Saeedcord-112724-vs32no7a2019-10-212582859
text: "Hospitalization or emergency care visits for asthma in the past year Currently using or having recently stopped using oral steroids Not currently using inhaled steroids SABA over-use (more than one canister of salbutamol/month (or equivalent)) History of psychiatric disease or psychosocial problems Obesity per se has also been correlated with worse asthma control, as well as more frequent and severe exacerbations. "text": "In a trial of 30 patients who presented to the emergency department with a severe asthma exacerbation that was not responding to inhaled bronchodilator therapy, NIMV was associated with reduction in the rate of hospitalization and increased lung function. "title": "Use of antibiotics among patients hospitalized for exacerbations of asthma", "title": "Risk Factors for Morbidity in Mechanically Ventilated Patients with Acute Severe Asthma 1, 2", "text": "Initial ventilator settings in intubated patients with acute severe asthma exacerbation.", "text": "Initial ventilator settings in intubated patients with acute severe asthma exacerbation.",Kostakou, Eirinicord-00439-9nda2o342019-08-223949257
Tao and Gill also immobilized the matrix protein 2 extracellular domain (M2e) that resulted in increased induction of M2e-specific antibodies affording protection of mice challenged with virulent strain of an influenza virus [63, 64] . "title": "Variability in infectivity of cold-adapted recombinant influenza virus vaccines in humans", "title": "Safety and antigenicity of whole virus and subunit influenza A/Hong Kong/1073/99 (H9N2) vaccine in healthy adults: Phase I randomised trial", "title": "Vaccination with virus-like particles containing H5 antigens from three H5N1 clades protects chickens from H5N1 and H5N8 influenza viruses", "title": "Nonreplicating influenza A virus vaccines confer broad protection against lethal challenge", "title": "A universal influenza virus vaccine candidate confers protection against pandemic H1N1 infection in preclinical ferret studies", "title": "Immunogenicity of influenza virus vaccine is increased by anti-gal-mediated targeting to antigen-presenting cells", "title": "An Adenovirus-Vectored Influenza Vaccine Induces Durable Cross-Protective Hemagglutinin Stalk Antibody Responses in Mice", "title": "Is it possible to develop a \"universal\" influenza virus vaccine?Kotey, Erasmuscord-71180-pp8kmpz72019-06-181959360
Immunol", "volume": "187", "issn": "", "pages": "1475--1485", "other_ids": {"DOI": ["10.4049/jimmunol.1003545"]}}, "BIBREF72": {"ref_id": "b72", "title": "F2L, a peptide derived from heme-binding protein, chemoattracts mouse neutrophils by specifically activating Fpr2, the low-affinity N-formylpeptide receptor", "authors": [{"first": "J", "middle": [], "last": "Gao", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "A", "middle": [], "last": "Guillabert", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "J", "middle": [], "last": "Hu", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "Y", "middle": [], "last": "Le", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "E", "middle": [], "last": "Urizar", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "E", "middle": [], "last": "Seligman", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "K", "middle": [], "last": "Fang", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "X", "middle": [], "last": "Yuan", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "V", "middle": [], "last": "Imbault", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "D", "middle": [], "last": "Communi", "suffix": ""}], "year": 2007, "venue": "J.Krepel, Stacey Acord-25792-rrzvlktb2019-07-121680756
To better understand the what impact these genetic variants in immune response genes may have in the differences observed in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2, a quantitative analysis of a dynamical systems model that considers both, the magnitude of viral growth, and the subsequent innate and adaptive response required to achieve control of infection is considered. "title": "Association between human leucocyte antigen-DO polymorphisms and interferon/ribavirin treatment response in hepatitis C virus type 1 infection in Chinese population: a prospective study", "title": "Polymorphisms of HLA-DM on Treatment Response to Interferon/Ribavirin in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Type 1 Infection", "title": "Genetic Polymorphisms of Toll-like Receptor 4 are Associated with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in a Chinese Infant Population", "title": "The associations between Toll-like receptor 4 gene polymorphisms and hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "title": "Association of Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphism with hepatitis E virus-infected Indian patients",Krieger, Elizabethcord-106687-zc7u3g342020-05-131462055
title: "Journal Pre-proof Age, inflammation and disease location are critical determinants of intestinal expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in inflammatory bowel disease. Age, inflammation and disease location are critical determinants of intestinal expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in inflammatory bowel disease", "email": "jan.nowak@ump.edu.pl" "email": "jack.satsangi@ndm.ox.ac.uk" "text": "We compared RNA expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in blood (paired-end sequencing), ileal and colonic mucosal biopsies (microarray) from 138 treatmentna\u00efve IBD patients (cases) and 154 controls, predominantly with functional gastrointestinal disorders. "text": "ACE2 expression in the terminal ileum in controls was 25-fold higher than in the colon (p=7.0\u00d710 -14 ; Supplementary Table 2) , consistent with previous reports.", "text": "In CD, colonic ACE2 expression was increased by 30% relative to control (p=0.006; Fig 1C) . "text": "Among IBD patients, colonic ACE2 expression correlated weakly with hsCRP (rho=0.23, p=0.0043), age (rho=0.19, p=0.014, Fig 1H) and serum albumin (rho=-0.17, p=0.037).Krzysztof, Nowak Jancord-45011-ixz6t7gb2020-05-12184242
text: "Initially, the role of antibody in enhancing viral infection was believed to be limited to facilitation of virus entry into host cells, resulting in increase in the number of infected cells and, consequently, higher virus production, in a process termed as \"extrinsic ADE.\" However, studies on Ross River Virus suggested that internalized immune complexes further serve to enhance viral replication by suppression of the cellular innate antiviral immune responses (Lidbury and Mahalingam 2000; Suhrbier and La Linn 2003) . "text": "Studies using monoclonal antibodies obtained from primary/secondary dengue patients have identified DENV surface proteins E and prM as major targets of host immune response (Serafin and Aaskov 2001; Crill and Chang 2004; Beltramello et al. "text": "Contradictory to the well-accepted mechanism of ADE-mediated immune suppression, a recent study observed that entry of DENV immune complexes in primary human macrophages did not trigger immunosuppressive signaling, but resulted in enhanced fusion of viral envelope with the host cell membrane ).Kulkarni, Rutacord-34929-a4qqfguo2019-11-052626259
Many case-control studies have shown that patients of COVID-19, who have underlying diabetes mellitus, develop a severe clinical course, and also have increased mortality. "text": "To study the association of diabetes mellitus with the composite endpoint (severe clinical course), pooled odds ratio (with 95% CI) was taken as the effect size. "text": "For the main outcome of this meta-analysis, i.e. association of diabetes mellitus with severe clinical course of COVID-19, publication bias was evaluated through the visual inspection of funnel plot and Begg and Egger tests [18, 19] . "text": "To summarise the results of this meta-analysis of 33 studies (16,003 patients), we found diabetes mellitus to be significantly associated with mortality risk of COVID-19 with a pooled odds ratio of 1.90 (95% CI: 1.37-2.64; p<0.01) with low heterogeneity (I 2 =32%). "text": "The primary and the more important outcome of our meta-analysis was to study the association of diabetes with mortality and severity of COVID-19 disease.Kumar, Ashishcord-01970-ja9qu3p82020-05-061119656
text: "Recently Gaspar (2019) reported a novel and promising in silico approach for drug repurposing based on the 44 risk variants published by genome-wide association study (GWAS) for major depressive disorder (MDD). "text": "Kuenzi (2019) analysed the drug repurposing opportunities for tivantinib, a c-MET inhibitor used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) through a target based approach. "title": "The repurposing of old drugs or unsuccessful lead compounds by in silico approaches: new advances and perspectives", "title": "Drug repurposing in the development of anticancer agents", "title": "A review of network-based approaches to drug repositioning", "title": "An integrated data driven approach to drug repositioning using gene-disease associations", "title": "Drug target prediction and repositioning using an integrated network-based approach", "title": "Drug target prediction and repositioning using an integrated network-based approach", "title": "RepTB: a gene ontology based drug repurposing approach for tuberculosis", "text": "Various approaches to drug repurposing. "text": "Recently repurposed drugs in various diseases.Kumar, Rajeshcord-01412-1b3x7p6u2019-11-151953556
Twenty years on from the first ISPPD, there remain many challenges and unanswered questions such as the continued disparity in disease incidence in Indigenous populations, the slow roll-out of PCV in some regions such as Asia, the persisting burden of disease in adults, serotype replacement and diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. Despite the high effectiveness of PCVs in Indigenous populations, particularly in reducing the burden of vaccine-type IPD, data presented from Australia and the United States of America (USA) highlight the ongoing pneumococcal disease disparity between Indigenous populations and the general population.", "text": "Despite having a large share of the global burden of pneumococcal disease, the Asia-Pacific region has lagged behind the rest of the world in the introduction of PCVs. Currently, countries that have introduced PCVs are evaluating impact, especially for pneumonia where vaccine type pneumococcal carriage among pneumonia admissions and/or among children in the community is being assessed.", "title": "Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on serotype-specific carriage and invasive disease in England: a cross-sectional study",Kwambana-Adams, Brenda Annacord-77013-gtbkrrsr2020-02-051625244
Such participations of emergency nurses in the management of EIDs are considered of vital importance for minimizing the risk of disease transmission among patients, staff, visitors, and communities (Lam, Kwong, Hung, Pang, & Chien, 2019b) .", Indeed, previous research has established that nurses'' compliance with precautionary measures is primarily related to their personal anticipation of the level of risk for acquiring an infectious disease (Grady, Shortridge, Davis, & Klinger, 1993; Osborne, 2003; Williams, Campbell, Henry, & Collier, 1994) . "text": "A qualitative descriptive approach was adopted in the present study to explore the characteristics of an EID situation that would be influential to emergency nurses'' risk perception. "text": "The findings of the present study illustrate five overarching themes that describe emergency nurses'' perception of risk appraisal regarding the EID situations in the emergency care context. "text": "The findings of the present study have explored emergency nurses'' perceptions regarding the risks appraisal of the threat of the EID situation in the emergency department context.Lam, Stanley Kam Kicord-24651-vrfnfhun2020-01-24866544
title: "Oral vitamin A supplementation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infected gilts enhances IgA and lactogenic immune protection of nursing piglets", We hypothesized that oral VA supplementation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)infected pregnant gilts would enhance the gut-mammary gland-secretory IgA axis to boost lactogenic immunity and passive protection of nursing piglets against PEDV challenge. Therefore, we hypothesized that oral VA supplementation of PEDV-infected pregnant gilts would enhance trafficking of IgA ASCs from the gut to the MG leading to increased accumulation of sIgA Abs in milk and passive lactogenic protection of PEDV-challenged nursing piglets.", We demonstrated that daily oral VA supplementation in PEDVinfected gilts decreased diarrhea, increased the numbers of PEDV IgA ASCs and PEDV IgA Abs in serum prepartum and IgA immunoglobulin secreting cells (IgSCs) and IgA + \u03b27 + cells in milk post piglet challenge, providing greater lactogenic immune protection to neonatal nursing piglets.",Langel, Stephanie N.cord-00338-s7r8on6d2019-11-291410561
text: "To illustrate the use of these calculations in practice, we first simulated serological data from populations with seroprevalence rates ranging from 1% to 50% using the reported sensitivity (93%) and specificity (97.5%) of a test approved for sale in the EU (Supplementary Table S1 ), and with the number of samples ranging from 100 to 5000. As a natural extension to use of serological data to estimate core epidemiological quantities (11-13) or to map out patterns of outbreak risk (14), the posterior distribution of seroprevalence can be used as an input to any epidemiological model, including a typical SEIR model (3), where the proportion seropositive may correspond to the recovered/immune compartment, or a more complex framework such as an age-structured SEIR model incorporating interventions like closing schools and social distancing (10,15) ( Fig. 1 ; blue annotations).Larremore, Daniel Bcord-82985-c4cs14ja2020-04-201192644
Neither the degree of sickness symptoms nor body temperature were significantly associated with any of the objective sleep measurements (Table 3) , although a trend was observed for people to spend more time in bed when sickness symptoms where higher (p = 0.07).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 199, "text": "(Table 2", "ref_id": "TABREF1"}, {"start": 204, "end": 225, "text": "Fig. 3, right panels)", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 499, "end": 508, "text": "(Table 3)", "ref_id": "TABREF2"}], "section": "Respiratory infections and objective sleep"}, {"text": "The effects across days with a RI (compared to across the corresponding weekdays when healthy) are presented in Table 4 and revealed that all subjective sleep variables changed significantly across the period with sickness.Lasselin, Juliecord-24067-unr4o8ra2019-02-08828748
text: "Evolution in paediatric HIV management has changed the incidence and prevalence of opportunistic infections and a major reduction has been shown for most opportunistic infections with antiretroviral therapy use in lower and middleincome countries, especially in the first year of treatment. "text": "This chapter reviews common opportunistic infections that may infect HIV positive children and adolescents, particularly in sub Saharan Africa.", "text": "This chapter reviews common opportunistic infections that may infect HIV positive children and adolescents, concentrating on developing countries.", "section": "Clinical Disease in Children with HIV Infection" "section": "Clinical Disease in Children with HIV Infection" "section": "Clinical Disease in Children with HIV Infection" "section": "Clinical Disease in Children with HIV Infection" "text": "Severe disease manifestations are more common in HIV infected patients, especially those who are ART naive and may include neurological abnormalities, hepatitis, pneumonia, and multi-organ dysfunction with disseminated intravascular coagulation [28] [29] [30] .Lawler, Melissacord-35728-kgjv2ji92020-02-28850051
text: "To the Editor: With daily media warnings of a looming pandemic, physicians are understandably concerned about immunosuppressive or immunomodulating effects that might render patients receiving biologic therapies more susceptible to COVID-19 infection. "text": "In Table I , we compare overall infection rates as well as rates of upper respiratory infections and nasopharyngitis for each drug versus its placebo control based on published data from pivotal trials.", "text": "For tumor necrosis factor blockers, during the placebo-controlled periods, overall infections and upper respiratory infections were increased by up to 7% compared with placebo, except for etanercept, which showed no increase. We do not know if biologic therapies render patients more susceptible to coronavirus, but we know that in the pre-coronavirus era, respiratory infection rates were comparable to those with placebo. "text": "The high response rates demonstrated by our study match other studies, suggesting that isotretinoin is useful for treating acne vulgaris in both the adolescent and adult populations (91%-97.4%).Lebwohl, Markcord-123844-l2wtxc3k2020-03-19150350
text: "Most influenza virus-neutralizing antibodies, elicited via vaccination or infection, bind to the globular head of HA and block the interaction between the viral sialic acid receptors and the host cells. As described in the experimental section (see below) and as summarized in Fig. 1a , a human monoclonal antibody neutralizing the influenza A virus was obtained from the peripheral blood of vaccinated healthy volunteers using an EBV-based strategy. Judging by the nature of the divalent antibody and the trimeric HA, and because the HA variations of different strains occur mainly in the HA1 domain, which binds to the host receptor, to investigate the kinetic profile of 32D6 binding to HA, the His-tagged Fab of 32D6 (with the C H 1 domain) and HA1 of A/California/07/2009 (residues 63-290) were each expressed in human Expi293F cells and were purified. "text": "As a major surface protein of the influenza virus, HA is involved in receptor binding and facilitates viral entry into the host cell.Lee, Cheng-Chungcord-68457-c2qdkz3o2019-03-14916555
In particular, a red algae-derived griffithsin (GRFT) protein has demonstrated superior in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity with minimum host toxicity against a variety of clinically relevant, enveloped viruses. "text": "Several studies have described the in vitro anti-HIV activities and cytotoxicity of GRFT (Table 2) . "text": "Four studies have described the combination effects of GRFT with either current anti-HIV drugs or potential therapeutics under development (Table 3) [26, 28, 29, 32] . Combinations of GRFT and other carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) including Hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin, Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, a mannose-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) (2G12), microvirin, and banana lectin also showed synergistic activity against HIV-1, HIV-2, and even against certain CBA-resistant HIV-1 strains [28] . In this regard, GRFT''s ability to partially block gp120 from binding to human DC-SIGN [34] and its potent inhibition of DC-SIGN-dependent transfer of HIV-1 [38] could synergize with its antiviral action by blocking viral entry. "text": "Anti-HIV-1 activity and cytotoxicity of GRFT in vitro.Lee, Choonghocord-12624-gxbrgy6g2019-10-061393561
In this Review, we focus on ZIKV, a member of the Flaviviridae family, and highlight the viral pathogenesis at the level of cellular mechanisms and interactions.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 98, "text": "[12]", "ref_id": "BIBREF11"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Introduction"}, {"text": "ZIKV is a single stranded, positive sense RNA virus whose genome encodes a single polyprotein that is cleaved into three structural proteins, such as capsid (C), membrane precursor (prM), envelope (E) proteins, and seven nonstructural (NS) proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5), as shown in Figure 1 [5] . It will be interesting to further study the antiviral role of differentially regulated small RNAs during ZIKV infection.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 219, "end": 223, "text": "[94]", "ref_id": "BIBREF93"}, {"start": 395, "end": 399, "text": "[95,", "ref_id": "BIBREF94"}, {"start": 400, "end": 403, "text": "96]", "ref_id": "BIBREF95"}, {"start": 726, "end": 730, "text": "[94]", "ref_id": "BIBREF93"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Host Cell Restriction Factors that Limit ZIKV Replication"}, {"text": "The efficient replication of flaviviruses is associated with the ability of the virus to inhibit the induction of IFNs and downstream signaling pathways.Lee, Jae Kyungcord-68647-uwez578q2019-03-041720249
Conclusions Abdominal obesity was the key component of MetS associated with mechanical effect on lung function impairment in a prime-age adult population. On the other hand, recent studies showed that impaired pulmonary function is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality [4] , correlated with smoking and the components of MetS including obesity [5] , type 2 diabetes [6] , and insulin resistance [7] .", "text": "On the basis of the FEV 1 /FVC ratio, the findings of this study indicated that WC, after adjusting smoking status and BMI, was the most significant predictor among the MetS components associated with lung function decline in both males and females aged \u2264 45 years. "text": "In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that abdominal obesity was the key MetS component associated with mechanical effects on lung function impairment in a prime-age adult population. "title": "Impaired lung function is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome in adults",Lee, Yi-Yencord-33049-igowqdz22019-08-19610754
On these grounds, there is an aspiration to generate new diagnostic tests that combine speed (incorporating the potential for POCT [18, 19] ), sensitivity, detection of coinfection (20, 21) , and generation of quantitative or semiquantitative data that can be used to identify drug resistance and reconstruct phylogeny to inform surveillance, public health strategy, and vaccine design.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 175, "end": 179, "text": "(14)", "ref_id": "BIBREF13"}, {"start": 290, "end": 296, "text": "[POCT]", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 344, "end": 348, "text": "(15)", "ref_id": "BIBREF14"}, {"start": 349, "end": 353, "text": "(16)", "ref_id": "BIBREF15"}, {"start": 354, "end": 358, "text": "(17)", "ref_id": "BIBREF16"}, {"start": 413, "end": 416, "text": "(9)", "ref_id": "BIBREF8"}, {"start": 845, "end": 849, "text": "[18,", "ref_id": "BIBREF17"}, {"start": 850, "end": 853, "text": "19]", "ref_id": "BIBREF18"}, {"start": 895, "end": 899, "text": "(20,", "ref_id": "BIBREF19"}, {"start": 900, "end": 903, "text": "21)", "ref_id": "BIBREF20"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": ""}, {"text": "The application of Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing to generate full-length influenza virus sequences from clinical respiratory samples can address these challenges.Lewandowski, Kuiamacord-12595-1wmp43ti2019-12-231397040
text: "A study has revealed that the spikes of COVID-19 could bind to the surface receptors of sensitive cells after contacting the airway surface, which may mediate virus entry into target cells and viral replication, and ACE2 might be a mediator of infection [3] . "text": "In normal human lung tissues, ACE2 is expressed in type I and II alveolar epithelial cells [11, 12] . "text": "A recent study revealed that SARS-CoV was not isolated from patients with high expression of ACE2, which suggested that the viral infection process may require other receptors or cofactors [13] . In addition, further studies are needed to clarify whether hypertensive drugs alter the gene expression and activity of ACE2 in human lung tissues, thus affecting the disease outcome of novel coronavirus pneumonia.", "title": "Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus.Li, Gangcord-07952-45tsla3k2020-03-30272350
Case analysis indicated that the nervous system can be invaded by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and that 36.4% of COVID-19 patients had neurological symptoms. Then, Chinese scientists responded quickly and performed next-generation sequencing for clinical samples from patients with this unknown pneumonia; they found a new coronavirus, later named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of 2020), and published the virus RNA sequence in the public database (Wu et al. "text": "An increasing number of cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported; in addition to the main symptoms of the respiratory system, such as fever, cough, and breathing difficulty, other systemic symptoms have been described. "text": "In this review, we summarized the available data on nervous system symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients. "title": "Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan",Li, Haocord-18054-q9za0pj22020-05-13774461
Analysis of the first 99 confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection revealed that cytokine storm syndromes occurred in patients with severe COVID-19; 17 patients (17%) had ARDS, among whom 11 (11%) deteriorated within a short period of time and died of multiple organ failure [30] . A recent study showed that the enteric symptoms of COVID-19 pneumonia are associated with invaded ACE2-expressing enterocytes [42] , suggesting that the digestive tract is a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 infection besides the respiratory tract. Taken together, understanding the pathological characteristics of this severe case of COVID-19 could help to provide new insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2-infected pneumonia, which may help physicians to formulate a timely strategy for the treatment of similar severe patients and to decrease mortality. "title": "Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series", "text": "Structure and genome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).Li, Hengcord-25880-jbtrdvhe2020-03-291320460
text: "Conclusion: Collectively, our results indicated that sinensetin has potential capacity to attenuate IAV-triggered pro-inflammatory response via inactivation of NF-\u03baB, ERK1/2 MAPK and p38 MAPK signalings, which implied that sinensetin may be a promising candidate drug for influenza H1N1 virus infection therapeutics.", At 24 h post-infection (p.i.), influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) infection dramatically increased mRNA levels for pro-inflammatory mediators including IL-6, IP-10, TNF-\u03b1, IL-8 and MCP-1, while sinensetin treatment significantly reduced the expression of these cytokines and chemokines (Fig. 2b) . "section": "Effects of sinensetin on influenza a virus-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators" "section": "Effects of sinensetin on the activation of NF-\u03baB and MAPK signalings in influenza a virus-infected A549 cells" "text": "Sinensetin inhibited influenza A virus-induced expression of cytokines and chemokines in A549 cells. "text": "Sinensetin inhibited influenza A virus-induced expression of COX-2 and PGE 2 in A549 cells.Li, Jiashuncord-32910-yhzf13bm2020-05-05920958
Methods: We compared ACE2 expression levels across 31 normal human tissues between males and females and between younger (ages \u2264 49 years) and older (ages > 49 years) persons using two-sided Student''s t test. We used a Student''s t test (two-sided) to compare ACE2 expression levels between males and females, between younger (ages \u2264 49 years) and older (ages > 49 years) persons, and between Asian and non-Asian races in individual tissues. In the skin, digestive system (esophagus, stomach, colon, and pancreas), brain, and blood vessels, we observed significant positive correlations between ACE2 expression levels and CD8+ T cell enrichment levels in both males and females Fig. 2 Association of ACE2 expression with immune signatures in various human tissues. a Correlation between ACE2 expression levels and immune signature enrichment levels in various human tissues in males and females. "text": "Abbreviations SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; ACE2: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; GTEx: Genotype-tissue expression; TCGA: The cancer genome atlas; HPA: Human protein atlas; NK: Natural killer",Li, Meng-Yuancord-22934-edd1tvze2020-04-28499954
Results: COVID-19 patients with CVD showed: (1) more severe pathological changes in the lung, (2) elevated injury-related enzymes including \u03b1-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HDBH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), \u03b3-glutamyltransferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), (3) significantly increased uncontrolled inflammation related markers, such as c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, serum ferritin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and serum amyloid A (SAA), (4) serious hypercoagulable status reflected by increased D-dimer and serum fibrinogen (FIB), and (5) higher mortality, compared to COVID-19 patients without CVD.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "Conclusions: Our data indicated that CVD is a strong risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19. In this study, all six death cases occurred in the CVD group and caused by respiratory failure and circulatory failure, which is consistent with the prediction of the laboratory tests.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "After infection, the levels of inflammation indicators like CRP, serum ferritin, ESR"}, {"text": "To sum up, our data indicate that the COVID-19 patients with CVD showed more severe clinical symptoms, lung injury, tissue injury-related enzymes release, excessive uncontrolled cytokine storm and hypercoagulable state compared with the non-CVD patients.Li, Mingyuecord-19331-3rdbdnpg2020-04-18537040
We set out to examine genetic differences in the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) gene, as its receptor serves as a cellular entry for SARS-CoV-2. "text": "To explore the variability in genetic polymorphisms and expression in human ACE2 (hACE2), we set out to determine if there were any differences between the Asian and Caucasian populations for ACE2 polymorphisms and compare the variability of hACE2 expression in peripheral blood among eight different populations.", "text": "In order to investigate whether differences in genetic variations exist between Caucasians and Asians and if these variants can influence the efficiency of cell entry of SARS-CoV-2, we retrieved the variants in the hACE2 from gnomAD v2.1 exomes13. "title": "Asians and Other Races Express Similar Levels of and Share the Same Genetic Polymorphisms of the SARS-CoV-2 Cell-Entry Receptor", "text": "Human ACE2 structure and four missense mutations that differ between Caucasians andAsians.Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation which is a canonical method for investigating the influences of mutant on protein structure, was then applied.Li, Quancord-83456-bbn1tfq52020-04-14340750
Understanding the expression and activity of ACE2 under different physiological and pathological conditions may help to predict the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 in different cohorts of people and the clinical outcomes and prognosis of COVID-19 patients. In the present review, we will summarize the regulation and function of ACE2 in different physiological and pathological states and discuss the potential implication in SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced COVID-19.", "text": "Since SARS-CoV-2 mainly transmits via respiratory droplets and that ACE2 is mostly distributed on the AT2 cells, the lung is the most preliminary target organ for SARS-CoV-2 infection, and pneumonia was the most common complication seen in COVID-19 patients with the occurrence of 91.1 % [8] . Since ACE2 was protective of tissue injuries in the lungs [48] and heart [60] , these results suggested that COVID-19 patients with hypertension may be more likely to develop complications and progress into severe cases.Li, Yanweicord-19674-r4jcgnco2020-04-141262264
title: "An exploratory randomized, controlled study on the efficacy and safety of lopinavir/ritonavir or arbidol treating adult patients hospitalized with mild/moderate COVID-19 (ELACOI)", "text": "Our study (NCT04252885), designated as ELACOI, was an exploratory randomized (2:2:1) and controlled one, exploring the efficacy and safety of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) or arbidol monotherapy treating mild/moderate COVID-19 patients.", "text": "Meanwhile, the combination of LPV/r had been associated with significantly fewer adverse clinical outcomes (acute respiratory distress syndrome or death) in 41 patients with SARS compared with ribavirin alone in 111 historical controls (2.4% versus 28.8%, P= 0.001) within the 21 days after the onset of symptoms, despite lacking valid estimate of efficacy [9] . Here, we report an exploratory randomized and controlled study ELACOI at this hospital, aiming to provide preliminary evaluation of the efficacy and safety of monotherapy with LPV/r or arbidol in the treatment of mild/moderate COVID-19 patients.", Xiaoneng Mo, Jian Wang, Yaping Wang, Ping Peng, Xudan Chen, Wenxin",Li, Yuepingcord-86523-9hknw4ws2020-03-23773847
text: "Lonicera japonica Thunberg (Caprifoliaceae), the medicine food homology herb (Hou and Jiang 2013) which has long been applied in treating inflammation and infectious diseases, is pervasively cultivated in eastern Asia, such as China, Japan and Korea (http:// www.efloras.org/) and was initially introduced to America as a horticultural plant with wind breaker and sand-fixation properties (He et al. "text": "Since JYH and SYH were listed as two herbs, controversies on their quality standards and interchangeability are ceaselessly due to their close proximity on plant species and appearances, together with traditional applications and great homogeneity regarding their medicinal uses. "text": "Previous phytochemical studies have indicated JYH and SYH multiplicate composition, predominantly phenolic acids, flavonoids, iridoids and saponins. "text": "CGA (1) and caffeic acid (62, CA) are the two most studied compounds in JYH and SYH, which have already been confirmed to possess potent activities against inflammation and oxidation via removing harmful free radicals from body in vitro and in vivo (Feng et al.Li, Yukecord-00574-vbhlki5n2019-11-222924064
Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval for LTD (O 2 saturation \u2264 87% on admission, requirement for mechanical ventilation, and/or admission to the intensive care unit) in infants and children 0-24 months of age hospitalized for human metapneumovirus single virus or coinfection (hMPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (hRV), influenza A single infections, and with no virus detected (no virus) lower respiratory tract illness.", "latex": null, "type": "figure"}, "FIGREF3": {"text": "Multivariable analysis of risk for life-threatening disease (LTD) according to infecting virus and maternal asthma status. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval for LTD (O 2 saturation \u2264 87% on admission, requirement for mechanical ventilation, and/or admission to the intensive care unit) in infants and children 0-24 months of age hospitalized for human metapneumovirus single virus or coinfection (hMPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (hRV), influenza A single infections, and with no virus detected (no virus) lower respiratory tract illness, with maternal asthma.", "latex": null, "type": "figure"}, "TABREF1": {"text": "OR, 4.72; 95% CI, 1.39-16.01).Libster, Rominacord-02959-rowpq5sl2020-01-22671640
Pediatric rheumatologists are expected to play a supporting role in this new front of COVID-19 pandemic, both as general pediatricians treating infected children, and as rheumatologists taking care of their rheumatic patients, as well as offering their experience in the possible alternative use of immunomodulatory drugs.", "title": "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan", "title": "Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China", "title": "Chest CT findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): relationship to duration of infection", "title": "Epidemiological characteristics of 2143 pediatric patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in China", "title": "Clinical and CT features in pediatric patients with COVID-19 infection: different points from adults", "title": "Risk of serious infection in juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients associated with TNF-inhibitors and disease activity in the German BIKER registry", "title": "Effective treatment of Severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab",Licciardi, Francescocord-118826-16rgt4ca2020-04-22840854
median 27.5; range, 26.3-33.1, respectively; P = 0.89).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 334, "end": 341, "text": "Table 1", "ref_id": "TABREF1"}], "section": ""}, {"text": "All specimens tested negative by direct examination for PJ, whereas 27 were positive by real-time PCR (BAL, n = 18; sputa, n = 7, and TA, n = 2); Following stringent clinical, microbiological and imaging criteria ( Table 1 ) , PJP was deemed to be the most probable diagnosis in 12 episodes occurring in unique patients. The results would provide us further insight for better clinical management of patients with febrile illnesses in LF-endemic areas.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 196, "end": 205, "text": "6 , 8 , 9", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 615, "end": 620, "text": "6 , 8", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 805, "end": 807, "text": "10", "ref_id": null}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Epidemiology and case-control study of Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria from 2018 to 2019"}, {"text": "In addition to the standard precautions for infection prevention and control including appropriate personal protective equipment pointed out by Poller et al., 1 it is important to know epidemiological and clinical characteristics of high consequence infectious diseases such as LF.Lillie, Patrick J.cord-04492-p92y5er22020-05-312450746
The World Health Organisation (WHO) declared COVID-19 \"a public health emergency of international concern.\" Taking into consideration the lockdown and quarantine situation, a research team of doctors from the Hospital of Salamanca, decided to do an evaluation of the current emotional state on the general population with a webbased survey in English and in Spanish, which was considered a useful and fast method that could help us determine how people perceived stress and worry due to the COVID-19. Methods: The survey included a 22 items, gathering information in 3 sections: Sociodemographic data, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) by Cohen and additional queries that assessed the current worry and change of behaviours due to this pandemic. Taking into consideration the lockdown and quarantine situation, the researchers decided to do evaluate the current state on the general population with a web-based survey that was considered at this moment a useful and fast method that can help determine how people perceived stress and worry due to the COVID-19.Limcaoco, R. S. G.cord-81414-83p3sjja2020-04-06503452
text: "The first case of HIV infection in Guangdong province, an Argentinian national who was diagnosed with AIDS, was reported in 1986. "text": "In Guangdong province, specifically, sentinel surveillance began a few years later in 1995 and by 1996 three sites were operating, one for PWID, one for female sex workers (FSW), and one for attendees of sexually-transmitted infection (STI) clinics. "text": "The first HIV sentinel surveillance site among drug users in Guangdong province was launched at a detoxification center in 1995. "text": "Sentinel surveillance data from sites targeting drug users in Guangdong province from 2000 to 2017 indicate that peak HIV prevalence occurred between 2003 and 2005. "text": "Median HIV prevalence at sentinel surveillance sites targeting drug users in Guangdong province from 2000 to 2017. "text": "Annual sentinel surveillance estimates of HIV prevalence among male and female STI clinic attendees in Guangdong province from 1997 to 2017",Lin, Pengcord-35627-rofvngd42019-05-20839861
We examine the contribution of drug resistance mutations for low viral suppression in HIV-positive participants in a population-based sero-prevalence survey in rural South Africa.", "text": "Methods: We conducted HIV drug resistance genotyping and ART analyte testing on dried blood spots (DBS) from HIV-positive adults participating in a 2014 survey in North West Province. "text": "Results: Overall 170 DBS samples were assayed for viral load and ART analytes; 78.4% of men and 50.0% of women had evidence of virologic failure and were assessed for drug resistance, with successful sequencing of 76/107 samples. In this manuscript we examine the potential contribution of drug resistance mutations for low viral suppression in this HIV-positive, rural South African, population-based sample, discussing implications for future programming.", "text": "Participant viral suppression, medication history, and resistance status, North West Province, South Africa positive analyte results and 8.0% (95% CI 3.1-18.9%) among those sequenced who were ART-na\u00efve.",Lippman, Sheri A.cord-107769-qo22coqb2020-03-26886652
4 The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical features of elderly and non-elderly (young and middle-aged) patients with COVID-19.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 46, "text": "2", "ref_id": "BIBREF1"}, {"start": 244, "end": 245, "text": "3", "ref_id": "BIBREF2"}, {"start": 523, "end": 524, "text": "4", "ref_id": "BIBREF4"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": ""}, {"text": "A total of 56 confirmed cases of neo-pneumococcal pneumonia treated in Hainan General Hospital from January 1, 2020 to February 15, 2020 were collected. The proportion of patients with PSI grade IV and V was significantly higher in the elderly group than in the young and middle-aged group ( P < 0.05).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Comparison of basic clinical characteristics between the two groups"}, {"text": "During the hospitalization period, 128 lung CT scans of 56 patients were performed.Liu, Kaicord-124316-7y1uoj8l2020-03-27300345
title: "Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter", "text": "Post-traumatic Stress symptoms (PTSS) follows traumatic occurrences outside the range of common human experience such as violent physical assaults, torture, accidents, rape or natural disasters and is characterized by a typical symptom pattern of intrusions, persistence of trauma, relevant stimuli avoidance, emotional numbing and physiological hyper-arousal (Deja et al., 2006) . "text": "The comparison between groups of demographic information, exposure history, and sleep quality in PCL-5 scores is shown in Table 1 . "text": "This study firstly found that the prevalence of PTSS a month after the COVID-19 epidemic for hardest-hit areas in China was 7%. "text": "In addition, the study analyzed the difference of PTSS prevalence in gender. "text": "Prevalence differences of PTSS on four Criterion between male and female. "text": "Demographic information, exposure history, sleep quality and group differences of PCL-5 scores.",Liu, Nianqicord-08353-ji6cdunz2020-03-16537055
Due to the logical nature 375 of the processes studied, so long as errors in the parameters used are consistent across 376 scenarios, they will not impact the understanding that results from our projections 377 about which courses of action achieve the best outcomes, even if those errors would alter 378 our understanding of the precise amount of effect achieved by each intervention.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 335, "end": 339, "text": "[33]", "ref_id": null}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "371"}, {"text": "Conditions within jails must be immediately improved to decrease the probabilities of 381 disease transmission and support better health for incarcerated people to protect not 382 only themselves, but also jail staff and the community at large.Lofgren, Ericcord-81412-5lauop7l2020-04-14891747
text: "So far amongst all E1, E2 and E3 enzymes, only E3 ubiquitin ligases have been linked to the regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation, by targeting either the NLRP3 itself or the other components of the inflammasome such as ASC and caspase-1 (Fig. 3) .", "text": "wound progression, leads to TRAF6-mediated ASC polyubiquitination and its degradation by autophagy in macrophages [42] , implying that TRAF6 plays different roles on inflammasome activation depending on the activating stimuli and cell type. "text": "In addition to the canonical NLRP3 pathway, the ubiquitin system controls the activation of other inflammasomes although how this occurs is less understood.", "title": "ARIH2 ubiquitinates NLRP3 and negatively regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages", "title": "The deubiquitinating enzyme, ubiquitin-specific peptidase 50, regulates inflammasome activation by targeting the ASC adaptor protein", "title": "SUMO-mediated regulation of NLRP3 modulates inflammasome activity",Lopez‐Castejon, Gloriacord-123725-hkflbc7c2019-11-201465850
text: "Having negative self-perceptions of aging and a lower chronological age, together with other measured family and personal resources, are associated with loneliness and psychological distress. "text": "Drawing upon the stress and coping model (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) , which highlights the relevance of personal or social resources for understanding the differences in distress between individuals, the objective of this study is to analyze the capacity of variables related to the outbreak of COVID-19 to explain loneliness and distress in people exposed to COVID-19 lock-down scenario, controlling for sociodemographic variables (including age and selfperceptions of aging), and personal and family resources.", "text": "The data from this study suggest that it is not chronological age itself but having negative self-perceptions of aging that is related to loneliness and psychological distress in people during a lock-down at home during the COVID-19 crisis.Losada-Baltar, Andréscord-29960-lsbny5to2020-04-13510848
text: "An unbiased haploid genetic screening in \u03b1-DG-deficient cells pinpointed the lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) as a late endosomal co-receptor specifically required for efficient LASV entry [79] . Evidence has been provided that DHX9 interacts with the viral genomic RNA and non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) within active replication complexes in Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)-infected cells, displaying an inhibitory effect on viral RNA synthesis and an enhancing effect on viral genome translation, which may imply a regulatory role in CHIKV life cycle [118] . "title": "Utilization of human DC-SIGN and L-SIGN for entry and infection of host cells by the New World arenavirus, Junin virus", "title": "Role of DC-SIGN in Lassa virus entry into human dendritic cells", "title": "A proteomic survey of Junin virus interactions with human proteins reveals host factors required for arenavirus replication", "title": "Analysis of the interaction of influenza virus polymerase complex with human cell factors",Loureiro, María Eugeniacord-25461-pyfbzyxp2019-01-291820061
However, erenumab is the only one of the three antibodies to target the extracellular domains of human G protein-coupled receptors CALCRL and RAMP1,interfering with the CGRP binding pocket [62] .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 244, "end": 248, "text": "[50]", "ref_id": "BIBREF49"}, {"start": 699, "end": 703, "text": "[51,", "ref_id": "BIBREF50"}, {"start": 704, "end": 707, "text": "52]", "ref_id": "BIBREF51"}, {"start": 870, "end": 874, "text": "[53]", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 875, "end": 879, "text": "[54]", "ref_id": "BIBREF54"}, {"start": 880, "end": 884, "text": "[55]", "ref_id": "BIBREF55"}, {"start": 1035, "end": 1039, "text": "[56,", "ref_id": "BIBREF56"}, {"start": 1040, "end": 1043, "text": "57]", "ref_id": "BIBREF57"}, {"start": 1282, "end": 1286, "text": "[58]", "ref_id": "BIBREF58"}, {"start": 1912, "end": 1916, "text": "[59]", "ref_id": "BIBREF59"}, {"start": 2103, "end": 2107, "text": "[60,", "ref_id": "BIBREF60"}, {"start": 2108, "end": 2111, "text": "61]", "ref_id": "BIBREF61"}, {"start": 2389, "end": 2393, "text": "[62]", "ref_id": "BIBREF62"}], "ref_spans": [{"start": 384, "end": 393, "text": "(Table 2)", "ref_id": "TABREF5"}], "section": "Clinical applications and market for therapeutic antibodies"}, {"text": "Many mAbs are under development for treatment of infectious diseases, currently only four have been approved by the US FDA: raxibacumab and obiltoxaximab for treatment of inhalational anthrax [63] , palivizumab for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus in high-risk infants [64] , and ibalizumab for treatment of HIV infection patients [65] .Lu, Ruei-Mincord-07054-gthsy86t2020-01-023327140
nanLuk, Andrea O. Y.cord-06929-bs8p50ig2020-02-20913148
5 We believe that a wide variety of current and future protein targets can be down-modulated by a mechanism that previously has not been recognized by most medicinal chemists: inhibition of co-translational translocation across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).", 14, 17 Drugs targeting the nascent protein chain during co-translational translocation can potentially reduce expression of many cell-surface and secretory proteins that are important therapeutic targets, such as type I and type II transmembrane receptors, G-protein coupled receptors (GCPRs), inflammatory cytokines, etc. "title": "Co-translational targeting and translocation of proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum", "title": "Signal peptide-binding drug as a selective inhibitor of co-translational protein translocation", "title": "Ipomoeassin F binds Sec61 \u03b1 to inhibit protein translocation", "title": "Ipomoeassin F binds Sec61 \u03b1 to inhibit protein translocation", "title": "Selective inhibition of CD4 protein translocation and cell surface expression as a novel Tool for preventing HIV infection",Lumangtad, Liezel A.cord-28343-oh85yi492020-05-151138257
Several core ATG proteins form multi-subunit complexes, including i) the ATG1/Unc-51 like Kinase (ULK) complex, ii) the Vps34/class III phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase complex (PIK3C3) generating phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) at early autophagic structures, iii) the transmembrane protein ATG9 that shuttles to and from the sites of autophagosome formation and its trafficking machinery (ATG2 and ATG18/WD-repeat protein interacting with phosphoinositides 4 (WIPI4)) required for lipid transfer, and iv) the ubiquitin-like mammalian ATG8 (mATG8) homologues of the microtubule-associated protein (MAP1) light chain 3 (LC3) and \u03b3-aminobutyric acid receptor associated proteins (GABARAP) subfamilies and their conjugation machinery. "text": "In addition to the interaction with ATG16L1 and the essential E3-like function in membrane conjugation of LC3/GABARAP proteins, the ATG12-ATG5 conjugate has been found to interact with the lysosomal located tectonic \u03b2-propeller repeat containing 1 (TECPR1), which regulate autophagosome-lysosome fusion and is important for targeting bacterial pathogens for autophagy [74, 75] . Gammoh, N.; Florey, O.; Overholtzer, M.; Jiang, X. Fujita, N.; Morita, E.; Itoh, T.; Tanaka, A.; Nakaoka, M.; Osada, Y.; Umemoto, T.; Saitoh, T.; Nakatogawa, H.; Kobayashi, S.; et al.Lystad, Alf Håkoncord-09296-9zbp0rb22019-08-253031659
braz j infect dis 2 0 2 0;2 4(1):73-80 Outpatient Children Vaccine Lineages Phylogeny Cohort a b s t r a c t Introduction: Influenza is an important cause of morbimortality worldwide. "text": "Influenza (INF) A and B viruses are a frequent cause of respiratory tract infection in humans, affecting people of all ages with varied morbidity, sometimes leading to fatal outcomes. "text": "During a prospective cohort study of dengue in children and adolescents living in the city of Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil the investigators observed that patients with fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough, coryza and sore throat were more likely to test negative for dengue. "text": "Sequencing was proposed to evaluate the match between circulating influenza B viruses and the lineages included in the trivalent (TIV) and quadrivalent (QIV) influenza vaccines recommended during the study. "text": "In conclusion, our study showed that influenza viruses are often detected in children and adolescents during ILI episodes.Machado, Clarisse M.cord-23883-x9azxi9m2020-02-29593052
text: "The earliest scientific data on Covid-19 from China shows those most vulnerable to infection have pre-existing illness that includes diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and chronic inflammation (1, 5, 6) . However, the metabolic dysregulation of an overfat body can compromise the immune system to increase the risk of infections, and chronic respiratory diseases (38, 39) . "text": "Food consumption is a major factor influencing body fat content, the immune system, overall health and the risk of developing diseases (32) . "title": "Underweight, overweight, and obesity as independent risk factors for hospitalization in adults and children from influenza and other respiratory viruses. "title": "Associations of obesity and lifestyle with the risk and mortality of bloodstream infection in a general population: a 15-year follow-up of 64 027 individuals in the HUNT Study",Maffetone, Philip B.cord-13390-kwwaf2bo2020-04-23626458
title: "Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript prepropeptide gene (CARTPT) polymorphism interacts with Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) to affect hypothalamic hormones and cardio-metabolic risk factors among obese individuals Open Access Journal of Translational Medicine", The current study was aimed to evaluate the interaction between major dietary indices including Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) and Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 and CARTPT gene rs2239670 variants among apparently healthy obese Iranians.", Among priori-defined dietary pattern approaches, as known as ''diet quality indices'' , including diet quality index International (DQI-I) and healthy eating index (HEI) [19, 20] have been known as Conclusion: Current study showed the effects of interaction between CARTPT genotype with adherence to HEI and DQI-I scores on obesity-related anthropometric and metabolic risk-factors.",Mahmoudi-Nezhad, Mahsacord-75236-n5kliexp2020-01-09744352
The scaling up of the influenza surveillance system across the Region was spurred by this event in Egypt due to the pandemic threat associated with this new highly pathogenic zoonotic influenza.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 301, "end": 304, "text": "[3]", "ref_id": "BIBREF2"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Introduction"}, {"text": "In 2006, the WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean entered a 5-year cooperative agreement with the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to strengthen the capacity of countries of the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region for surveillance and laboratory detection of influenza viruses.Malik, Mamunur R.cord-03517-h0bvprat2019-09-13743542
title: "Experimental Zika virus infection of Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis) and possible entry of virus into brain via activated microglial cells", "text": "Quantitative probe-based reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed on seruminoculated Vero cell supernatants, serum, brain, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, urinary bladder, prostate and testes from bats from both studies. "text": "Brain and testicular tissues stained with both goat polyclonal goat anti-Iba1 (green) and monoclonal 4G-2 flavivirus E specific antibodies (red) showed co-localization (yellow) of ZIKV antigen in cytoplasm of activated microglial cells with their characteristic morphology in the cerebral cortex of infected bats 10 dpi in the time course study and 28 day dpi in the pilot study (Fig 9) . "text": "Two bat infection experiments were conducted in this investigation; 1) a pilot study to determine susceptibility of Jamaican fruit bats to ZIKV infection, and 2) a time course study to better understand pathophysiology and chronology of events pertaining to the dynamics of viremia, viral tropism, replication and shedding of the virus in a New World bat species.Malmlov, Ashleycord-67991-f1uvohf02019-02-041211955
text: "In this Review, we discuss the development of peptide-based vaccine approaches in three specific contexts: infectious disease, Alzheimer''s disease, and cancer. To this end, monomeric peptides are often poorly immunogenic relative to those corresponding sequences on viral, bacterial, or parasitic external proteins because, when presented in those contexts, multiple copies of the epitope on the pathogen surface permit efficiently cross-link BCRs and thus stimulate antibody affinity maturation. "title": "Structure-Based Design of Hepatitis C Virus Vaccines that Elicit Neutralizing Antibody Responses To A Conserved Epitope", "title": "Folate Receptor Alpha Peptide Vaccine Generates Immunity in Breast and Ovarian Cancer Patients", "title": "Inhibition of Tumor Cell Growth by Antibodies Induced After Vaccination with Peptides Derived From the Extracellular Domain of Her-2/neu", "title": "Prevention of Mammary Tumors with a Chimeric HER-2 B-cell Epitope Peptide Vaccine", "text": "Alzheimer''s Disease Peptide Vaccines in Clinical Development",Malonis, Ryan J.cord-98836-brb8gpgm2019-12-052804959
text: "There have been several feasibility and validation studies which have suggested that self-or parent-collected nasal swabs are both acceptable and result in quality specimens for identification of respiratory viruses [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . "text": "We collected respiratory specimens at two time points during ARI to examine the feasibility and reliability of home-collected specimens in three seasons (2014-2015 through 2016-2017) of the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study. "text": "For influenza B viruses we found no significant differences in Ct value after stratifying on time between home-and staff-collected specimens (Figure 2 ). "text": "We also compared Ct values between home-and staff-collected specimens by vaccination status for each influenza type/subtype. "text": "In conclusion, in a large community-based study, we have demonstrated that collection of nasal swab specimens at home is both feasible and reliable for identification of respiratory virus infections.",Malosh, Ryan Ecord-81972-y80mighh2020-03-26577849
text: "Background: The reported national case fatality rates (CFRs) for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) shows a sex bias with males > females. "text": "Here we consider the relationship between COVID-19 case fatality rates (CFR; a measure of the national severity of the disease) and digit ratio (2D:4D), a proxy for prenatal sex-steroid levels that correlates negatively with prenatal testosterone and positively with prenatal estrogen [8, 9] . "text": "Another possibility is that testosterone facilitates cell entry by SARS-CoV2 and is one of the driving factors of the epidemic (\"androgen-driven COVID-19 pandemic theory\") [15, 16] . "text": "We examined the association between mean national values of 2D:4D and the CFRs, and percent of male mortality across 41 nations, thus assessing the two competing views of the relationship between testosterone and prognosis in cases of COVID-19. "text": "In conclusion, we have found that mean male 2D:4D per nation correlates positively with CFR and percent of male deaths due to COVID-19.Manning, John T.cord-29850-qgt93xw42020-05-14480267
title: "Comparison of culturable antibiotic-resistant bacteria in polluted and nonpolluted air in Beijing, China", "text": "Objectives: This study aimed to compare the compositions and antibiotic resistance patterns of culturable bacteria in polluted and non-polluted weather conditions in Beijing. "text": "The aim of this study was to compare the compositions and antibiotic-resistant patterns of bacterial communities in ambient air samples collected under polluted and non-polluted weather conditions in a typical site of Beijing. "text": "Penicillins were resisted by most of the culturable bacterial isolates in polluted (72.4%, 42/58) and non-polluted (83.3%, 15/18) weather. "text": "Here, the quantity and composition of culturable airborne bacteria in the ambient air along with their antibiotic resistance patterns in polluted and non-polluted weathers were surveyed in Beijing. Yet this is the first observation of the existence and composition analysis of culturable antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the ambient air from polluted and non-polluted weather conditions in Beijing using bacterial culture Fig. 3 .Mao, Yixincord-14669-h5ufxzv92019-07-05876654
text: "Recent studies utilizing CC mice have documented significant variability in immune subset composition in individual strains at steady state, and QTL analysis was able to link chromosomal regions driving the diverse phenotypes observed (Graham et al., 2017; Collin et al., 2019) . "text": "Previous studies have demonstrated the translational value of the collaborative cross due to its ability to model variation in immune cell composition and function at steady state and reveal disease outcomes observed in humans, but not in traditionally used inbred mouse strains (Graham et al., 2015 (Graham et al., , 2016 (Graham et al., , 2017 Collin et al., 2019; Elbahesh and Schughart, 2016; Ferris et al., 2013; Gralinski et al., 2015; Leist et al., 2016; Lor\u00e8 et al., 2015; Rasmussen et al., 2014) .Martin, Matthew D.cord-33043-kvmjkknp2020-04-141752662
title: "Journal Pre-proof COVID-19 during pregnancy: Potential risk for neurodevelopmental disorders in neonates?", "text": "Paulo Ricardo Martins-Filho, PhD 1 Diego Moura Tanajura, PhD 1 Hudson P. "text": "Although the role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders is not fully understood, a longitudinal study showed alterations in brain architecture, executive function, and working memory abilities in neonates at 2 years of age exposed to increased levels of IL-6 during pregnancy [5] . Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that cytokine storm and hyperinflammation found in pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection may increase the risk for neurodevelopmental disorders in the neonates. "section": "COVID-19 during pregnancy: Potential risk for neurodevelopmental disorders in neonates?" "section": "COVID-19 during pregnancy: Potential risk for neurodevelopmental disorders in neonates?" "text": "Authors affiliations: 1 Investigative Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil. Paulo Ricardo Martins-Filho Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio, Laborat\u00f3rio de Patologia Investigativa.Martins-Filho, Paulo Ricardocord-44806-gnuly2ho2020-05-11114844
text: "Therapeutic potential of melatonin at the respiratory system level is mediated, among other mechanisms, by blockade of nuclear factor-\u03baappa beta (NF-\u03ba\u03b2), overexpress of c-Fos, and downregulate of matrix metalloproteinases-3 (MMP-3), which modulates pro-fibrotic and pro-Journal Pre-proof expression, which mediates the mentioned anti-inflammatory effect and other additional protective mechanisms, such as the attenuation of apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress [73, 74] .", "text": "All this evidence supports the beneficial effects of vitamin D and melatonin as being helpful against lung pathologies in pulmonary infection by COVID-19, where there is also exacerbated inflammation, oxidation, and other similar pathophysiologic mechanisms. The administration of vitamin D to neonatal rats with lung injury induced by hyperoxia (as a model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia) caused attenuation of this lesion via several protective actions, such as preserving pulmonary structure integrity, decreasing inflammation by downregulating TLR4 activation, reducing the deposition of the extracellular matrix, and inhibiting lung cell apoptosis [41] .Martín Giménez, Virna Margaritacord-83371-hrey5o6l2020-05-151347053
text: "Methods: We performed a systematic review of studies that explored pre-existing CVD and its traditional risk factors as risk factors of severe COVID-19 (defined as death, acute respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation, or intensive care unit admission). "text": "To date, several studies have reported that a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and traditional CVD risk factors, e.g., age, male sex, current smoking, hypertension, and diabetes, are associated with severe COVID-19. 5, 6 In this context, we conducted a systematic review of studies reporting cardiovascular risk factors and their relation to severe manifestation of COVID-19 (i.e., death, acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS] , the need of mechanical ventilator support, and admission to an intensive care unit [ICU]), with a particular interest on studies that adjusted for key confounders such as age and sex.", "text": "In conclusion, our systematic review and meta-analysis found robust associations of older age and male sex as risk factors of severe COVID-19.Matsushita, Kunihirocord-83727-4mnmaky62020-04-07684051
The intentional use of smallpox as a weapon of war against Native Americans was historically attested during the French and Indian War. Organized biowarfare programs, with full knowledge of Koch''s postulates and the germ theory of disease, began on a small scale during the First World War but expanded dramatically during the interwar years and into the Second World War. The Japanese imperial government is known to have released pathogens directly over regions of China, while Nazi Germany performed human experimentation into biowarfare but did not appear to have utilized them in combat [2] .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 945, "end": 948, "text": "[2]", "ref_id": "BIBREF1"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Introduction"}, {"text": "Following the war, both the United States and Soviet Union had large-scale biowarfare programs until the signing in 1972 of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (or BWC).Maves, Ryan C.cord-36724-1um3iohy2020-01-031157640
title: "MINI REVIEW Vaccine Development for Nipah Virus Infection in Pigs", On the other hand, pigs have been used successfully as models to study many human infectious diseases (57) (58) (59) (60) (61) (62) (63) , including NiV infection (64) . There is also a growing appreciation that pigs provide a superior animal model for influenza A virus infection and immunity and should play a more prominent role as a model for human influenza vaccine development (65) . "title": "Case-control study of risk factors for human infection with a new zoonotic paramyxovirus, Nipah virus, during a 1998-1999 outbreak of severe encephalitis in Malaysia", "title": "Nipah virus infection of pigs in peninsular Malaysia", "title": "Experimental Nipah virus infection in pigs and cats", "title": "Recombinant nipah virus vaccines protect pigs against challenge", "title": "The pig: a model for human infectious diseases",McLean, Rebecca K.cord-18711-hksmt48i2019-02-04802058
In this Review, we summarize research relating to common forms of spontaneous dog OA, focusing on the presentation and genetics of analogous diseases of the hip and knee, within a framework of human OA phenotypes. In the following sections, we outline some common forms of naturally occurring dog OA and review their suitability as models for analogous human disease (Fig. 2) .", "text": "We are not arguing that human and dog cruciate ligament ruptures have identical causes nor identical management strategies (Box 3) but instead aim to highlight that both involve mechanical instability and intractable progression to knee OA, thereby making simultaneous research in both species potentially beneficial.", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in articular cartilage after experimental section of the anterior cruciate ligament of the dog knee", "title": "Distraction index as a risk factor for osteoarthritis associated with hip dysplasia in four large dog breeds", "text": "Cruciate ligament rupture and knee osteoarthritis in dogs and humans.Meeson, Richard L.cord-04213-atrj8oua2019-04-052291455
text: "Data on patients'' demographic characteristics, coexisting conditions (based on codes from the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification), and cardiovascular drug therapy were included in this analysis. Coexisting conditions included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an immunosuppressed condition (glucocorticoid use, a preexisting immunologic condition, or ongoing chemotherapy in patients with cancer), current or remote history of smoking, and a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, or underlying cardiovascular disease (including coronary artery disease, heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmia). "text": "A multivariable logistic-regression analysis was performed to ascertain the effects of age, race, coexisting conditions (coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, diabetes mellitus, COPD, current smoking, former smoking, hypertension, immunocompromised state, and hyperlipidemia), hospital location (according to country), and medications (ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, antiplatelet agents, statins, insulin, and oral hypoglycemic agents) on the likelihood of in-hospital death.Mehra, Mandeep R.cord-120251-h1mo3bs82020-05-01455545
title: "Journal Pre-proof Novel coronavirus-related acute respiratory distress syndrome in a patient with twin pregnancy: A case report", "text": "Since its first reported case in China, more than 4 Coronaviruses are known pathogens and have previously been responsible for epidemics caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV1) and", We report a case of a high-risk pregnant woman who developed respiratory failure associated with COVID-19, and had a favorable outcome postdelivery. "text": "Of note, on the seventh day of hospitalization, our patient''s condition rapidly J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof deteriorated, and she required increasing ventilatory and vasopressor support. "text": "In the data available in pregnant patients from the previous coronavirus outbreaks, no vertical transmission was reported [4] . "text": "Harsh Mehta contributed to project conceptualization, and writing and editing of the manuscript. Fariborz Rezai contributed to editing and critical review of the manuscript.",Mehta, Harshcord-82155-pcp3qgn02020-05-16290150
title: "Sex-specific clinical characteristics and prognosis of coronavirus disease-19 infection in Wuhan, China: A retrospective study of 168 severe patients Author summary", Therefore, to confirm and further explore the possible mechanisms of the sex differences in clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients, we conducted a single-center retrospective analysis in Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China. "text": "In this study, we performed a retrospective analysis on 168 severe or critically ill patients with pathogen-confirmed COVID-19. In this study, we conducted a single-center retrospective analysis of 168 critically ill patients, explicitly evaluating the sex differences in clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients and confirming the positive correlation between fatality and age. "text": "The sex-specific laboratory parameters of 168 severe patients infected with COVID-19.", "text": "Data curation: Kui Liu, Ke Ma, Liang Huang, Jiaojiao Cai, Hong Zhang, Yu Qin, Haiying Sun, Wencheng Ding. Resources: Kui Liu, Ke Ma, Liang Huang, Jiaojiao Cai, Hong Zhang, Yu Qin, Haiying Sun, Wencheng Ding.",Meng, Yifancord-19622-vgn2urwq2020-04-28647051
text: "We plan to carry out a trial on the preventive effect of recombinant human IFN-\u03b1 nasal drops against SARS-CoV-2 infections in medical personnel. "text": "This study preliminarily explores the preventive effect of the use of recombinant human IFN-\u03b1 nasal drops by medical staff to prevent coronavirus infections over a period of 28 days. The study shows that if standard first-and second-level protections are strictly implemented, the use of IFN-\u03b1 nasal drops, 2-3 drops per nostril, four times a day can effectively prevent medical staff with low exposure levels (i.e., those not directly exposed to COVID-19) from developing the disease. In addition, the study also shows that IFN nasal drops combined with weekly thymosin alpha subcutaneous injections may help prevent medical staff with high exposure levels (i.e., those who are in direct contact with COVID-19 patients) from developing the disease.",Meng, Zhongjicord-85178-z68tl88x2020-04-17546144
Using single cell RNA profiling (scRNAseq) to assess ACE2 and associated SARS-CoV-2 proteases in healthy living donors (LD) kidneys, diabetic kidney disease (DKD), and in kidney injury during viral infection, ACE2 expression was primarily associated with proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC). Similar cellular programs were activated in ACE2-positive PTEC isolated in a urine sample from a COVID19 patient with acute kidney injury, suggesting a consistent ACE2-coregulated expression program that may interact with SARS-Cov-2 infection processes. "text": "Direct access to SARS-CoV-2 target tissues combined with the granularity of single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) technology can locate specific cell types with enhanced ACE2 expression to determine whether these cells also possess additional molecular machinery that facilitate initial viral entry and subsequent cellular cytotoxicity. "text": "In this study, we explored the expression and associated biological processes of ACE2 and other viral co-receptors in kidney cells from healthy living donors (LD), and from patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD), BK virus nephropathy (BKVN) and COVID-19 associated AKI (COV-AKI).Menon, R.cord-86559-gnudzunk2020-05-131221346
Given incomplete reporting of contextual disaggregation in cumulative case data reported by health departments in the U.S., this research links county-and state-level characteristics to the COVID-19 outbreak.", Because information about many other individual variables is lacking as well, we deploy an ecological analysis using data at both the county-and state-level to determine the risks associated with several contextual factors in contracting the COVID-19 disease. "text": "While the majority of research on individualism and collectivism involves comparing countries, 15 we use a collectivism index developed at the level of states solely within the U.S. 6 Previous studies have shown that the regional prevalence of pathogens and international differences in the COVID-19 outbreak are positively associated with collectivism. "text": "To simultaneously test county-and state-level effects of contextual factors on the outbreak rate with cross-level interactions, we estimate a two-level linear model using full maximum likelihood in HLM 7.03 ( Figure 3 ).Messner, W.cord-83264-ctg6waey2020-05-16703252
title: "A systematic review and meta-analysis of published research data on COVID-19 infection-fatality rates", "text": "After exclusions, there were 13 estimates of IFR included in the final meta-analysis, from a wide range of countries, published between February and April 2020.", "text": "-Published in English -Regarding COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 (i.e. not SARS-CoV-1 extrapolations) -Presented an estimated infection-fatality rate Titles and abstracts were screened for eligibility and discarded if they did not meet the inclusion criteria. "text": "Based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of published evidence on COVID-19 until the end of April, 2020, the IFR of the disease across populations is 0.75% (0.49-1.01%). "text": "Based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of published evidence on COVID-19 until the end of April, 2020, the IFR of the disease across populations is 0.75% (0.49-1.01%). "title": "Case fatality rate in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis",Meyerowitz-Katz, G.cord-83567-bk3ss63e2020-05-06518755
In addition, the detection of respiratory pathogens was similar for HIV-positive and HIVnegative TB patients (Tables S2 and S3 ).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 130, "end": 137, "text": "Table 3", "ref_id": "TABREF2"}, {"start": 414, "end": 421, "text": "Table 3", "ref_id": "TABREF2"}, {"start": 536, "end": 544, "text": "(Table 4", "ref_id": "TABREF3"}, {"start": 657, "end": 674, "text": "(Tables S2 and S3", "ref_id": "TABREF1"}], "section": "Associations between respiratory pathogens and clinical presentation"}, {"text": "Both respiratory viruses and respiratory bacteria are commonly detected in a high-TB-incidence setting, and the prevalence of respiratory bacteria was lower in TB patients than in household contact controls. tuberculosis [26] and respiratory viruses [22] .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 209, "end": 213, "text": "[16]", "ref_id": "BIBREF15"}, {"start": 430, "end": 433, "text": "[9]", "ref_id": "BIBREF8"}, {"start": 596, "end": 599, "text": "[9]", "ref_id": "BIBREF8"}, {"start": 654, "end": 658, "text": "[23]", "ref_id": "BIBREF22"}, {"start": 1003, "end": 1007, "text": "[24]", "ref_id": "BIBREF23"}, {"start": 1099, "end": 1103, "text": "[25]", "ref_id": "BIBREF24"}, {"start": 1265, "end": 1269, "text": "[26]", "ref_id": "BIBREF25"}, {"start": 1294, "end": 1298, "text": "[22]", "ref_id": "BIBREF21"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Discussion"}, {"text": "The prevalence of bacterial respiratory pathogens in our study was lower in TB patients than in household contact controls, suggesting interactions between M.Mhimbira, F.cord-23575-s3rgxtg62019-01-31621644
However, this approach risks confounding of the relationship between proportion of black Americans and disease and death rates in a county and other social determinants of health potentially associated with risk for COVID-19 infection and death, such as sociodemographic, comorbidities, and socioeconomic determinants.", Finally, we calculated the population attributable fraction of COVID-19 diagnoses and deaths in disproportionately black counties that was associated with demographics (unemployment, uninsurance), comorbidities, social or environmental factors.", "text": "To evaluate the possibility of structural confounding 25, 26 (i.e., that higher rates of COVID-19 disease and death in disproportionately black counties might be driven by urban counties, which were impacted earlier by the epidemic and were more likely to be disproportionately black), we evaluated stratum-specific risk ratios associated with disproportionately black counties by level of urbanicity.", "text": "Collectively, these data demonstrate significantly higher rates of COVID testing and surveillance reporting to include race/ethnicity, sex/gender, age, and educational level at the national, state, county, and zip code levels.Millett, Gregorio A.cord-06464-kr86wlax2020-05-14579346
title: "Adult-onset still disease: manifestations, treatment, outcome, and prognostic factors in 57 patients", "title": "Adult-onset Still''s disease; clinical and laboratory features, treatment and progress of 45 cases", "title": "Anakinra in patients with treatment-resistant adult-onset Still''s disease: four case reports with serial cytokine measurements and a review of the literature", "title": "Pulmonary arterial hypertension in adult onset Still''s disease: a case report of a severe complication", "title": "Clinical manifestations of adult-onset Still''s disease presenting with erosive arthritis: association with low levels of ferritin and interleukin-18", "title": "Methotrexate treatment in patients with adult onset Still''s disease-retrospective study of 13 Japanese cases", "title": "Canakinumab in a case of adult onset Still''s disease: efficacy only on systemic manifestations", "title": "Successful treatment of refractory adult-onset still disease with canakinumab: a case report", "title": "Tocilizumab for the treatment of adult-onset Still''s disease: results from a case series", "title": "Treatment of refractory adult-onset Still''s disease with tocilizumab: report of two cases and review of the literature",Mitrovic, Stéphanecord-37804-sy21cpff2019-10-302107857
text: "In the case of other chronic age-related diseases, it was hypothesized that the expression of MT, continuously stimulated by the persistence of inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-6), could lead to a detrimental sequestration of zinc ions with potential functional consequences on the immunity of frail aged individuals (Mocchegiani et al. "text": "However, it has been more recently documented that MT expression declines with \"in vitro\" aging of PBMCs, thus suggesting that the low levels of MT observed in PBMCs of centenarians could simply be the consequence of the increasing accumulation of senescent cells in blood or other phenomena related to epigenetic changes. "text": "Old literature documented that zinc supplementation performed throughout the whole life span of rodents is able to delay some age-related cell-mediated immune modifications, such as the decreased circulating thymic hormone levels (Iwata et al. "text": "Dietary zinc and selenium are important nutritional factors for the immune response in protecting against the appearance of age-related diseases.Mocchegiani, Eugeniocord-36353-o9qg2qta2019-04-112654855
21 Workplaces with high density of staff, such as hospitals, increase risk of exposure; in these settings, all persons should be assumed to be infected with COVID-19 unless proven otherwise, in order to protect vulnerable individuals such as older patients with cancer and their caregivers. "text": "Effective, timely, and collaborative discussions and documentation among different health care providers will be the cornerstone of providing patient-centered care as we deal with the burden of COVID-19 on older adults with cancer and their families.", The pandemic requires that the underlying philosophical principles of American medicine--prioritizing patient autonomy, are shifting in a way that more closely models European practice--a more utilitarian consideration of the reality of limited resources that must be used in a consistent, transparent, and responsible way to do the most Given the data indicating the increased risks for severe illness and mortality in older adults with COVID19, 15, 23 it is important to consider whether and how a health system will make unbiased decisions about allocating resources in situations where there are potential shortages.Mohile, Supriyacord-03563-timdk5qw2020-04-211063149
text: "The current outbreak of the novel 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China in December 2019 and subsequently spread to many other countries. "text": "SARS-CoV-2 shows rapid community transmission, and nosocomial infections are common (Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology, 2020). "text": "Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses known to cause symptoms ranging from a common cold to more severe diseases, such as the severe acute respiratory syn A review of initial data on pregnancy during the COVID-19 outbreak: implications for assisted reproductive treatments Pedro AA Monteleone 1,2 , Mayra Nakano 1,2 , Victor Lazar 1 , Alecsandra P Gomes 1 , (Drosten et al., 2003; Ksiazek et al., 2003) , and MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was the pathogen responsible for severe respiratory disease outbreaks in the Middle East in 2012 (Zaki et al., 2012) .Monteleone, Pedro AAcord-118734-c27qh5y72020847857
email: "andrea.alimonti@ior.iosi.ch" "text": "We extracted data regarding 9280 patients (4532 males) with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from 68 hospitals in Veneto, one of the Italian regions that was most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. "text": "We extracted data regarding 9280 patients (4532 males) with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from 68 hospitals in Veneto, one of the Italian regions that was most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. "text": "Given that TMPRSS2 levels are under the control of androgens not only in the prostate but also in the lung, we put forward the hypothesis that Androgen Deprivation Therapies (ADTs) may protect patients affected by prostate cancer from SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "section": "Details of patients with a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Italian region of Veneto," "text": "We extracted data regarding 9280patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from 68 hospitals in the Veneto. "text": "Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in the male population of the Veneto Region, concerning cancer patients.Montopoli, M.cord-21812-titvzo312020-05-06479648
Within this space, prisoners and correctional staff share an environment known to amplify, accelerate, and act as a reservoir for outbreaks of respiratory disease.", "text": "Correctional administrators have extraordinary power over an institution''s disease response, and guidance and collaboration from the wider health system will be essential. "text": "Inadequate information technology and information sharing between facilities, chronically underfunded health systems, and medical copays that demand a substantial portion of a prisoner''s income may prevent the timely identification, isolation, treatment, and referral of cases. 1, 2 Finally, about 870,000 prisoners perform some type of work while incarcerated, earning an average of $0.93 per hour, and are effectively uncovered by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration oversight or any other federal workplace protections. They share all of the risks of the physical environment as listed above, but are additionally exposed through uncontrolled physical contact as correctional officers move prisoners or engage in altercations, and as medical staff perform physical examinations and medical procedures.Montoya-Barthelemy, Andrecord-28293-gwxu6dz22020-04-17312640
text: "Some key considerations and targets of research include: (1) feature engineering, transforming raw data into features (i.e. variables) that ML can better utilize to represent the problem/target outcome, (2) feature selection, applying expert domain knowledge, statistical methods, and/or ML methods to remove ''irrelevant'' features from consideration and improve downstream modeling, (3) data harmonization, allowing for the integration of data collected at different sites/institutions, (4) handling different outcomes and related challenges, e.g. binary classification, multi-class, quantitative phenotypes, class imbalance, temporal data, multi-labeled data, censored data, and the use of appropriate evaluation metrics, (5) ML algorithm selection for a given problem can be a challenge in itself, thus strategies to integrate the predictions of multiple machine learners as an ensemble are likely to be important, (6) ML modeling pipeline assembly, including critical considerations such as hyper-parameter optimization, accounting for overfitting, and clinical interpretability of trained models, and (7) considering and accounting for covariates as well as sources of bias in data collection, study design, and application of ML tools in order to avoid drawing conclusions based on spurious correlations.",Moore, Jason H.cord-120285-zzkqb0u22020-05-121073836
Recently, however, attention has returned to social determinants of ARI, reflected in an increasing number of studies of disparities by race/ethnicity and SES in infection risk, severity and mortality for influenza [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] , RSV 13 and all-cause ARI 14-18 . The health disparities query identifies articles evaluating disparities in health outcomes and healthcare access with inequities in dimensions of race/ethnicity, SES, gender identity and sexual orientation, insurance status, and other populations described as \"vulnerable.\" We then screened studies using title and abstract review to identify articles with a specific focus on all-cause ARI, ILI, RSV, and influenza. The evidence turned up by our review, as well as the issues of racially and socioeconomic disparate exposure risks, coupled with unequal access to testing and treatment made clear by the COVID-19 pandemic, demonstrate that the principles underlying Link & Phelan''s theory of SES and race as fundamental causes of health and illness apply to ARIs as much as many non-communicable diseases as well as infections more classically understood has having social antecedents, such as tuberculosis and diarrheal disease.Moran, Elizabethcord-82055-ch6prsf32020-04-261223652
The main conference consisted of 11 sessions of oral presentations given by invited and selected presenters covering a broad scope of topics applicable to the wider genetics community including: (1) Development, Epigenetics, and Stem cells; (2) Comparative, Evolutionary, and Computational Genomics; (3) Animal Models of Human Disease; (4) Translational and Systems Genetics; (5) Resources and Technical Advances. Sam Widmayer (North Carolina State University, USA) presented his work using a panel of hybrid male mice that carried identical genotypes at these known HMS loci in order to uncover genetic background effects on HMS phenotypes. "text": "Several investigators demonstrated that highly genetically diverse inbred strains such as the Collaborative Cross vastly improve our mapping capabilities, allowing for increased resolution when identifying loci associated with phenotypes of interest in a systems genetics approach. "text": "Other investigators utilized diversity among classical inbred mouse strains to gain novel genetic insights into disease-relevant phenotypes.Moskowitz, Jacobcord-17316-y98iw32z2019-04-01801927
The disease was named as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by WHO on 11 February 2020, the same day the Coronavirus Study Group renamed the virus to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [3] . Fever, cough, fatigue, sputum expectoration and shortness of breath have been noted to be the most common symptoms, and the disease can present as mild or severe based on the underlying condition of the host [1, 2, 5] . Here we present a 49-year-old male patient with comorbid conditions and presenting with multifocal COVID-19 pneumonia who we successfully treated 1 2 3 Open Access Case ", "text": "A 49-year-old gentleman with past medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia and prediabetes presented with fever, cough, myalgia and shortness of breath for five days. "title": "coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)",Mukherjee, Aveekcord-03647-0dav52vr2020-03-30250056
The present study aimed to conduct a contact survey in Japan, offering estimates of contact by age and location and validating a social contact matrix using a seroepidemiological dataset of influenza.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "Methods: An internet-based questionnaire survey was conducted, covering all 47 prefectures in Japan and including a total of 1476 households. Accounting for the age-dependent heterogeneity with the known social contact matrix, the minimum value of the Akaike information criterion was obtained and R 0 was estimated at 1.45 (95% confidence interval: 1.42, 1.49).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "Conclusions: Survey datasets will be useful for parameterizing the heterogeneous transmission model of various directly transmitted infectious diseases in Japan. These datasets will be useful for parameterizing the heterogeneous transmission model of infectious diseases in Japan in the future.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Discussion"}, {"text": "In the present study, we conducted a social contact survey in Japan, validating an age-dependent contact matrix according to age group and investigating the characteristics according to location of contact.Munasinghe, Lankeshwaracord-68591-zovatjw02019-03-201000041
15 We know that the COVID-19 virus uses its spike protein to gain entry to cells, via the 16 Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) protein, a receptor for the virus which is 17 expressed on a number of tissues in humans, including the mucosal linings of the heart, 18 kidneys lungs, oral cavity and eyes. "ref_id": "BIBREF0" "ref_id": null "ref_id": null "ref_id": null "ref_id": null "ref_id": null "title": "Sex differences in clinical findings among patients 63 with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and severe condition 64 medRxiv", "title": "Quantitative mRNA expression 69 profiling of ACE 2, a novel homologue of angiotensin converting enzyme", "title": "Sex differences in metabolic effects of the renin 72 angiotensin system", "venue": "Biology of Sex Differences", "title": "Gender differences in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and inhibition by 76 enalaprilat in healthy volunteers", "text": "taking ACE inhibitors or ARBs for hypertension, consider switching to another 56 agent during the pandemic.",Murrell, Dedee F.cord-31147-j7htt1062020-04-30113060
Furthermore, the neck region is involved in aligning the collagen chains.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 112, "text": "Fig. 4.1)", "ref_id": "FIGREF0"}], "section": "Structure of Collectins"}, {"text": "A broad carbohydrate specificity is required by collectins in order to recognise and bind a large repertoire of (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) PAMPs. Such broad specificity is achieved by an open and flexible trough -like binding pocket found within the CRDs. The selection of ligands by this site depends on the positioning of vicinal hydroxyl groups of sugars, which form coordination bonds with a ligated calcium ion, hydrogen bonds and a polar Van der Waals contact (Ng et al. 2013", "ref_id": "BIBREF204"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "SP-A and SP-D"}, {"text": "MBL is able to interact with a number of viral pathogens and its effect is generally protective, although there are examples of negative as well as positive outcomes for infection as a result of MBL-mediated binding (Fig. 4.4) .Murugaiah, Valarmathycord-117971-5xnxjqm52020-03-104523960
In this chapter we will discuss the evolution of virus and its vector, epidemiology of dengue, molecular and genomic structure of DENV, their pathogenesis, immune response of the host to the infection, laboratory diagnosis, management, and recent developments in dengue drug and vaccine development.", "text": "The economic burden of dengue has three main components: (1) illness costs are costs directly related to the disease; (2) surveillance and control costs are costs related to dengue surveillance, vector control, and other preventive activities; and (3) other costs, which are harder to measure, encompass the effects of seasonal clustering of dengue on health systems, decreases in tourism during dengue outbreaks (Shepard et al., 2014) or comorbidities and complications associated with dengue infection (Davis and Bourke, 2004; Laoprasopwattana et al., 2010; Seet et al., 2007a; Wills et al., 2009) The economic cost of dengue can be estimated as the total number of dengue episodes times the unit costs per episode.",Murugesan, Amudhancord-17534-o1i7t6o32020-12-314911561
3 As well known, obesity represents a state of low grade chronic inflammation that can contribute to the onset of metabolic diseases (dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]) and can modify innate and adaptive immune responses, making the immune system more vulnerable to infections and less responsive to vaccinations, antivirals and antimicrobial drugs. "text": "Obesity-driven chronic inflammation and impaired fibrinolysis contribute to increase the risk of developing thrombosis, which currently seems to be one of the mechanisms potentially involved in worsening lung damage and in death, this justifies the use of heparin for both prophylactic and therapeutic purposes in different protocols used in patients with In fact, using pulmonary and cutaneous biopsy and autopsy samples from individuals with severe COVID-19 it has been documented that some SARS-CoV-2-infected patients who became critically ill suffered a generalized thrombotic microvascular injury. "title": "Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection?", "title": "Obesity as a risk factor for greater severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease",Muscogiuri, Giovannacord-24160-cd8vq2vg2020-04-27391746
title: "Integrated analyses of single-cell atlases reveal age, gender, and smoking status associations with cell type-specific expression of mediators of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and highlights inflammatory programs in putative target cells", Performing the first metaanalyses of scRNA-seq studies, we analyzed 1,176,683 cells from 282 nasal, airway, and lung parenchyma samples from 164 donors spanning fetal, childhood, adult, and elderly age groups, associate increased levels of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CTSL in specific cell types with increasing age, male gender, and smoking, all of which are epidemiologically linked to COVID-19 susceptibility and outcomes. "text": "Previous analyses of Human Cell Atlas datasets established that ACE2, the viral receptor, and one of its entry-associated proteases, TMPRSS2, are expressed in nasal, lung, and gut epithelial cells 45 . "text": "To assess the association of age, sex, and smoking status with the expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CTSL, we aggregated 22 scRNA-seq datasets of healthy human nasal and lung cells, as well as fetal samples.Muus, Christophcord-82385-nkql7h9x2020-04-203104155
text: "MM patients are at high risk for cardiac complications secondary multiple factors including an older age group of patients with underlying comorbidities, concurrent kidney involvement, MM-associated deposition disease, and/or anti-MM drug-related side effects.", Cardiac amyloidosis can be clinically silent initially, and a MM patient presenting with progressive dyspnea, worsening edema with evidence of heart failure, or dysrhythmia presenting as syncope or hypotensive event requires a thorough work-up to rule out coexisting amyloid disease. "title": "Multiple myeloma and light chain-associated nephropathy at end-stage renal disease in the United States: patient characteristics and survival", "title": "Tumor lysis syndrome in patients with light chain multiple myeloma: report of two cases", "title": "Tumour lysis syndrome complicating high-dose treatment in patients with multiple myeloma", "title": "Risk factors for early death in patients undergoing treatment for multiple myeloma", "title": "Infections in patients with multiple myeloma in the era of high-dose therapy and novel agents", "title": "Management of tumor lysis syndrome in patients with multiple myeloma during bortezomib treatment",Nair, Ranjitcord-36346-vx3rgs4r2019-07-091523448
Therefore, this study aims to delineate the structure and biological roles of glycoproteins in diabetes mellitus emphasizing their involvement in the regulation of this disorder.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 163, "end": 166, "text": "[6]", "ref_id": "BIBREF5"}, {"start": 350, "end": 353, "text": "[5,", "ref_id": "BIBREF4"}, {"start": 354, "end": 357, "text": "[7]", "ref_id": "BIBREF6"}, {"start": 358, "end": 361, "text": "[8]", "ref_id": "BIBREF7"}, {"start": 362, "end": 365, "text": "[9]", "ref_id": "BIBREF8"}, {"start": 512, "end": 516, "text": "[10,", "ref_id": "BIBREF9"}, {"start": 517, "end": 520, "text": "11]", "ref_id": "BIBREF10"}, {"start": 700, "end": 704, "text": "[12,", "ref_id": "BIBREF12"}, {"start": 705, "end": 708, "text": "13]", "ref_id": "BIBREF13"}, {"start": 888, "end": 892, "text": "[14]", "ref_id": "BIBREF14"}, {"start": 893, "end": 897, "text": "[15]", "ref_id": "BIBREF15"}, {"start": 898, "end": 902, "text": "[16]", "ref_id": "BIBREF16"}, {"start": 903, "end": 907, "text": "[17]", "ref_id": "BIBREF17"}, {"start": 908, "end": 912, "text": "[18]", "ref_id": "BIBREF18"}, {"start": 1030, "end": 1034, "text": "[19]", "ref_id": "BIBREF19"}, {"start": 1035, "end": 1039, "text": "[20]", "ref_id": "BIBREF20"}, {"start": 1040, "end": 1044, "text": "[21]", "ref_id": "BIBREF21"}, {"start": 1253, "end": 1257, "text": "[22,", "ref_id": "BIBREF22"}, {"start": 1258, "end": 1261, "text": "23]", "ref_id": "BIBREF23"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Introduction"}, {"text": "Type 1 diabetes Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is influenced by genetic and environmental factors [24] , resulting in the autoimmune destruction of \u03b2-cells responsible for the production of insulin in the pancreas.Naseri, Rozitacord-14537-l8bj9twb2020-01-312975939
text: "To better address the nature of the virus-HSPG interaction, we constructed viruslike particles (VLPs) composed of HCoV-NL63 proteins. "text": "In the present study, we demonstrate that HCoV-NL63 binds HSPG via the M protein, which is to some extent responsible for virus attachment. "text": "Spike protein is dispensable for HCoV-NL63 VLP adhesion to LLC-Mk2 cells. "text": "Using flow cytometry, we next investigated whether the adhesion of MEN and MENS VLPs to the cell surface involves interaction with HSPGs, as has been shown for HCoV-NL63. "title": "Mechanisms of coronavirus cell entry mediated by the viral spike protein", "title": "Mapping of the receptor-binding domain and amino acids critical for attachment in the spike protein of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus", "title": "Characterization of the spike protein of human coronavirus NL63 in receptor binding and pseudotype virus entry", "title": "Interaction between the spike protein of human coronavirus NL63 and its cellular receptor ACE2",Naskalska, Antoninacord-13850-9afb0yvt2019-07-171146660
text: "The concept of trained immunity describes the long-term functional reprogramming of innate immune cells, which is evoked by exogenous or endogenous insults and which leads to an altered response towards a second challenge after the return to a non-activated state. "text": "The cellular basis of the protection induced by trained immunity during bacterial and fungal infections resides in the functional reprogramming of myeloid cells. "text": "In the adaptive responses of NK cells, epigenetic control of activation, clonal proliferation, contraction and memory have been demonstrated in the context of viral infection in both humans and mice 112, 113 . "title": "BCG-induced trained immunity in NK cells: role for non-specific protection to infection", "title": "BCG vaccination protects against experimental viral infection in humans through the induction of cytokines associated with trained immunity", "title": "Targeting SHIP-1 in myeloid cells enhances trained immunity and boosts response to infection",Netea, Mihai G.cord-32620-pe3zfrpf2020-03-041876947
text: "\u25ba The current covid-19 pandemic is an ongoing global health crisis due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and provides major challenges for patient care in IBD. \u25ba There is currently no evidence for an increased frequency of covid-19 cases in IBD; a recent study suggesting decreased disease activity in IBD requires further investigations. Although covid-19 leads to little or mild flu-like symptoms in the majority of affected patients, the disease may cause severe, frequently lethal complications such as progressive pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and organ failure driven by hyperinflammation and a cytokine storm syndrome. "text": "The covid-19 receptor ACE2 is particularly highly expressed in intestinal epithelial cells from the terminal ileum and to a lesser extent in the colon, where mucosal inflammation in patients with IBD (Crohn''s disease (CD); UC) is frequently detected. "title": "Are patients with inflammatory bowel disease at increased risk for Covid-19 infection?",Neurath, Markus Fcord-31202-603v8lfb2020-04-161161755
Visit to hospital as outcome were fit to test for association between i) self-reported obesity and ii) chronic lung disease and asthma, heart disease, diabetes and kidney disease in the following groups: 1) self-reported COVID-19 infection with classical symptoms (SR-COVID19); 2) self-reported positive COVID-19 test results (T-COVID19); 3) imputed/predicted COVID-19 infection based on symptomatology (I-COVID19) Imputation for testing positive for COVID was performed using the data at day of maximum sum of symptoms and applying a logistic regression using coefficients defined previously (2) . "text": "In this study we found that age, obesity, diabetes and pre-existing lung, renal and cardiac disease, were risk factors for a hospital visit with COVID-19 amongst a large but relatively young, community-based population of app users.", Initial data emerging from the countries first affected by the COVID-19 pandemic reveals that older adults are again disproportionately affected, with multiple studies reporting higher mortality, a more severe disease course and longer length of hospital stay amongst the older population (5, (7) (8) (9) 19, 20) .Ni Lochlainn, M.cord-83871-95fty9yi2020-04-29823554
title: "\"In sickness and in health\" -how neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) works in infections, selected diseases and pregnancy", "text": "The discovery of the NET network (neutrophil extracellular trap) has revolutionized the perception of defense mechanisms used by neutrophils in infections and non-infectious states, as this mechanism proves the complexity of the ways in which neutrophils can act in the organism. "text": "NETs are formed of material from cell nucleus breakdown and neutrophil granules, including NE, MPO, cathepsin G, metalloproteinase-9, BPI protein, lactoferrin and gelatinase [6] , however the core of the trap is contitiuted with chromatin with the diameter of 15-17 nm with protein domains with the diameter of 25 nm [2] . G-CSF that is produced by most types of cancer cells activates neutrophils and stimulates them to NET formation [66] . "title": "Neutrophil extracellular traps: mechanisms of formation and role in health and disease", "title": "The effect of clindamycin and amoxycillin on neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release.Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej, Paulinacord-70780-id03e7l42019-06-281207858
Animal and human studies support the idea that, in contrast to high exercise workloads, regular moderate-intensity physical activity improves immunosurveillance against pathogens and reduces morbidity and mortality from viral infection and respiratory illnesses including the common cold, pneumonia, and influenza. "text": "Risk factor assessments based on data from China, Europe, and the USA indicate that those at higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19 include older males, and people of all ages with obesity and underlying medical conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, chronic lung disease, and chronic metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. "text": "In contrast to high exercise workloads, animal and human data support the position that regular moderate-intensity physical activity improves immunosurveillance against pathogens and reduces morbidity and mortality from viral infection and acute respiratory illness. "text": "Taken together, these studies support the viewpoint that regular physical activity and the avoidance of obesity maintain immune health while reducing the risk for several types of respiratory illnesses.Nieman, David C.cord-05098-lpqdnuil2020-05-081291960
title: "SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in older adults: what we may expect regarding pathogenesis, immune responses, and outcomes", "text": "SARS-1 and MERS-CoV are coronaviruses which more frequently cause pneumonia and are associated with relatively high mortality compared with HCoV-229E. "text": "For SARS-1, the most potently neutralizing antibodies target the receptor-binding domain of the S protein, thereby competitively inhibiting viral entry into host cells (van den Brink et al. "text": "Immunological basis of vulnerability to emerging infectious diseases in older adults and what to expect with SARS-2", "text": "With regard to antiviral and immunological strategies to protect older adults from SARS-2, virus entry inhibitors are getting the early attention, and RNA replication inhibitors follow closely behind. "title": "Cellular immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection in senescent BALB/c mice: CD4+ T cells are important in control of SARS-CoV infection", "title": "T cell responses are required for protection from clinical disease and for virus clearance in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected mice",Nikolich-Zugich, Jankocord-10397-f783oobv2020-04-101031561
nanNikpouraghdam, Mohamadcord-23591-3pqtmhob2020-04-21459344
text: "Here, we utilized rOC43-ns2DelRluc to study the timing of HCoV replication and dissemination in the CNS of mice and verified CQ as a CoV inhibitor in vivo by using non-invasive BLI in living mice. "text": "To confirm these observations and the dissemination of the recombinant virus, the viral load in different tissues was determined using an IFA in BHK-21 cells or real-time qRT-PCR at 6 dpi via intranasal inoculation of 10 4 TCID 50 of rOC43-ns2DelRluc. "text": "To verify whether BLI of rOC43-ns2DelRluc-infected mice could be used to test the efficiency of antiviral drugs in vivo, CQ was administered to mice 2 h before viral inoculation (day 0; 30 mg/kg) and then administered daily according to a previous study of HCoV-OC43-WT (Keyaerts et al., 2009) .Niu, Junweicord-00932-bhu20y2d2019-11-061065059
Follow-up studies with representative susceptible and resistant strains found differential transcriptional responses, highlighting the central transcriptional regulatory gene Tek, for which haplotypes across these CC-F1s correlated with weight loss and mortality following MA-EBOV infection.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 93, "end": 112, "text": "(Seok et al., 2013;", "ref_id": "BIBREF75"}, {"start": 113, "end": 138, "text": "Takao and Miyakawa, 2015)", "ref_id": "BIBREF86"}, {"start": 1212, "end": 1236, "text": "(St Claire et al., 2017)", "ref_id": "BIBREF84"}, {"start": 1366, "end": 1390, "text": "(Rasmussen et al., 2014)", "ref_id": "BIBREF69"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Phenotypic Characterization in the CC"}, {"text": "West Nile virus (WNV), a neuroinvasive flavivirus, induces a diverse spectrum of immune responses and clinical outcomes in humans that classical mouse models do not fully recapitulate (Graham et al., 2015) .Noll, Kelsey E.cord-19494-84sotgds2019-04-101843253
Bot", "volume": "28", "issn": "", "pages": "733--737", "other_ids": {"DOI": ["10.1002/j.1537-2197.1941.tb11001.x"]}}, "BIBREF35": {"ref_id": "b35", "title": "Evaluation of cytotoxic activity of patriscabratine, tetracosane and various flavonoids isolated from the Bangladeshi medicinal plant Acrostichum aureum", "authors": [{"first": "S", "middle": ["J"], "last": "Uddin", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "D", "middle": [], "last": "Grice", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "E", "middle": [], "last": "Tiralongo", "suffix": ""}], "year": 2012, "venue": "Pharm. Res", "volume": "5", "issn": "", "pages": "3537--3541", "other_ids": {"DOI": ["10.5897/AJMR11.719"]}}, "BIBREF102": {"ref_id": "b102", "title": "Constituents of the Indonesian epiphytic medicinal plant Drynaria rigidula", "authors": [{"first": "A", "middle": ["S"], "last": "Nugraha", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "R", "middle": [], "last": "Haritakun", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "P", "middle": ["A"], "last": "Keller", "suffix": ""}], "year": 2013, "venue": "Nat. Prod.Nugraha, Ari Satiacord-03450-xn0u0wj62020-01-243332047
However, specialized training is required for specimen collection and laboratory confirmation, data collected on each suspected case is comprehensive and laboratory testing is not done at sentinel sites.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Characteristics and attributes of the ILI surveillance system"}, {"text": "Flexibility: Modification of the ILI system in 2016, enabled detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARI) with no difficulty. The late detection of a pandemic influenza outbreak in Ghana raised doubts about the ILI surveillance system''s performance.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Discussion"}, {"text": "Our study provides evidence, that the ILI sentinel surveillance system in the Greater Accra Region (GAR), Ghana, is only partially meeting its objectives because it did not have thresholds for alerting the health system and does not perform antiviral resistance testing.Nuvey, Francis Senacord-04595-fdosch112019-03-14629236
HSV-1 has a particular association with several behavioral syndromes, including hypomania, disinhibition (specifically the Kl\u00fcver-Bucy syn", "cite_spans": [{"start": 82, "end": 84, "text": "6,", "ref_id": "BIBREF28"}, {"start": 85, "end": 86, "text": "7", "ref_id": "BIBREF29"}, {"start": 454, "end": 455, "text": "8", "ref_id": "BIBREF30"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Etiology and Treatment of Viral Infections in the ICU-cont''d"}, {"text": "and the viruses that cause encephalitis. Clinical disease is seen almost exclusively in the immunocompromised host.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 486, "end": 488, "text": "16", "ref_id": "BIBREF37"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Etiology and Treatment of Viral Infections in the ICU-cont''d"}, {"text": "A number of other viruses can cause encephalitis, including enterovirus, influenza, arenaviruses, and arboviruses. 8", "cite_spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 155, "text": "15", "ref_id": "BIBREF36"}], "ref_spans": [{"start": 668, "end": 676, "text": "Table 96", "ref_id": "TABREF0"}], "section": "Varicella Zoster Virus"}, {"text": "Aside from HSV, other significant causes of aseptic meningitis include the Enterovirus family (most common), HIV, structure and high transmissibility allows for new strains to sweep the globe every several decades after an \"antigenic shift\" and resulting in a pandemic.O''Horo, John C.cord-13031-2pct62zo2019-12-31661543
Here, we distilled over 3,000,000 data points from 18 publically archived CoV infection transcriptomic datasets into consensus regulatory 19 signatures, or consensomes, that rank genes based on their transcriptional 20 responsiveness to infection of human cells by MERS, SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 21 subtypes. Here, as a service to the 60 research community to catalyze the development of novel CoV therapeutics, we 61 generated consensomes for infection of human cells by MERS, SARS1 and SARS2 62 CoVs. We then analyzed the extent to which high confidence transcriptional targets for 63 these viruses intersected with genes with elevated rankings in transcriptomic and ChIP-64 Seq consensomes for cellular signaling pathway nodes. Integration of the CoV 65 consensomes with the existing universes of SPP transcriptomic and ChIP-Seq data 66 points in a series of use cases illuminates previously uncharacterized intersections 67 between CoV infection and human cellular signaling pathways.Ochsner, Scott Acord-83853-g3sq5j6k2020-05-141190853
The virus has been classified in the UK as a High Consequence Infectious Disease (HCID) although the case fatality rate (estimated as between <6% 4 to 0.25% 5 ) is lower than that characteristic of most HCIDs. This article contains an overview of personal learning points in infection control from the first SARS epidemic, a review of relevant evidence and suggestions on how to minimise the risk transmission by and to anaesthetists, intensivists and other healthcare workers.", 51 Current UK guidelines on airway management for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 compiled by the Royal College of Anaesthetists and Intensive Care Society state that PPE for airborne precautions is effective and must be worn at all times during intubation and all other aerosol generating procedures. Peiris JSM, Chu CM, Cheng VCC, et al. Ong SWX, Tan YK, Chia PY, et al. Young BE, Ong SWX, Kalimuddin S, et al.Odor, Peter M.cord-18389-f3w2gu8c2020-04-082026358
For instance, hand hygiene and coughing etiquette are basic techniques that reduce the transmission of pathogens [10, 11] .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 682, "end": 686, "text": "[10,", "ref_id": "BIBREF9"}, {"start": 687, "end": 690, "text": "11]", "ref_id": null}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "INTRODUCTION"}, {"text": "Few prior studies have investigated social contacts as it pertains to the dynamics of infectious disease spread, and no instrument that reflects Korean culture, daily life, and society has yet been developed.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "INTRODUCTION"}, {"text": "The aims of this study were as follows. Participants in their 20s could spread infectious diseases if an outbreak occurs, and they should therefore be included in infection prevention strategies.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 406, "text": "[5,", "ref_id": "BIBREF4"}, {"start": 407, "end": 409, "text": "6]", "ref_id": "BIBREF5"}, {"start": 679, "end": 682, "text": "[6]", "ref_id": "BIBREF5"}, {"start": 728, "end": 731, "text": "[5]", "ref_id": "BIBREF4"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "DISCUSSION"}, {"text": "Physical contact was relatively frequent at home, with a long duration of contact (>4 hours) and daily frequency, which is consistent with the results of previous studies [4] [5] [6] 8, 16] .Oh, Hyang Sooncord-20743-hb99lknw2020-02-09689846
13 An approach that must accommodate many factors affecting vaccine development like pathogen antigenic variability, the emergence of infectious disease, human genetic variation is the goal of immunoinformatics [ Figure 1 ].", "cite_spans": [{"start": 230, "end": 234, "text": "[10]", "ref_id": "BIBREF9"}, {"start": 235, "end": 239, "text": "[11]", "ref_id": "BIBREF10"}, {"start": 240, "end": 244, "text": "[12]", "ref_id": "BIBREF11"}, {"start": 374, "end": 376, "text": "13", "ref_id": "BIBREF12"}], "ref_spans": [{"start": 587, "end": 595, "text": "Figure 1", "ref_id": "FIGREF0"}], "section": "Vaccine Immunology and Design"}, {"text": "Activation of the immune system involves, among many processes, induction of the immune memory. Each tool can screen protein sequences and identify aggregates of MHC binding and supertype motifs for possible use in epitopebased vaccine development and for use among human populations with genetic variability.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 109, "end": 112, "text": "46,", "ref_id": "BIBREF45"}, {"start": 113, "end": 115, "text": "47", "ref_id": "BIBREF46"}, {"start": 165, "end": 167, "text": "50", "ref_id": "BIBREF49"}], "ref_spans": [{"start": 193, "end": 201, "text": "(Table 3", "ref_id": "TABREF2"}], "section": "Immunoinformatics and Infectious Disease"}, {"text": "There are several databases ( Table 4 ) that can provide a wide range of information for all forms of immunological studies.Oli, Angus Nnamdicord-78669-l66ost6q2020-02-261935343
text: "Biliary atresia (BA) is a devastating fibro-inflammatory disease characterized by the obstruction of extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts in infants that can have fatal consequences, when not treated in a timely manner. "text": "Biliary atresia (BA) is a devastating obliterative cholangiopathy that affects exclusively infants and is characterized by a progressive fibro-inflammatory obstruction of the extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts that can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure (1) (2) (3) (4) . "title": "Armed CD4+ Th1 effector cells and activated macrophages participate in bile duct injury in murine biliary atresia", "title": "The dendritic cell-T helper 17-macrophage axis controls cholangiocyte injury and disease progression in murine and human biliary atresia", "title": "Rotavirus infection of human cholangiocytes parallels the murine model of biliary atresia", "title": "Rotavirus reassortant induced murine model of liver fibrosis parallels human biliary atresia", "title": "Cholangiocytes as immune modulators in rotavirus-induced murine biliary atresia",Ortiz-Perez, Anacord-08365-kzd1ipcv2020-02-251619655
Traditionally, LAV attenuation has been achieved either through the serial passage of a virulent pathogen or the isolation of a closely related virus or bacterium that produces mild disease in humans, such as cowpox for smallpox vaccines [9] . Therefore, our understanding of LAV attenuation and immunogenicity fully relies upon the identification of a cost-effective and easily accessible animal model that can accurately recapitulate human immune responses upon vaccination.", "title": "Differential cytokine responses from primary human Kupffer cells following infection with wild-type or vaccine strain yellow fever virus", "title": "The 17D-204 Vaccine Strain-Induced Protection against Virulent Yellow Fever Virus Is Mediated by Humoral Immunity and CD4+ but not CD8+ T Cells", "title": "Priming of protective T cell responses against virus-induced tumors in mice with human immune system components",O’Connell, Aoife K.cord-22866-7br852ma2020-01-214336162
However, those with severe gastroenteritis may require oral or intravenous rehydration.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 419, "end": 438, "text": "(Abad et al., 1997)", "ref_id": "BIBREF1"}, {"start": 528, "end": 548, "text": "(Kurtz et al., 1980)", "ref_id": "BIBREF42"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Risk Reduction, Prevention and Control"}, {"text": "Recent emerging epidemic and pandemic virus infections that cause severe disease in humans and that are associated with food production, preparation and food contamination include the coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Nipah virus, Ebola virus and some of the highly pathogenic influenza virus strains, such as the H5N1 subtype. Invest", "volume": "122", "issn": "8", "pages": "2711--2719", "other_ids": {"DOI": ["file:/localhost/opt/grobid/grobid-home/tmp/dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI62423"]}}, "BIBREF7": {"ref_id": "b7", "title": "Sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme immunoassay for detection of nucleocapsid antigen in sera from patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome", "authors": [{"first": "X", "middle": [], "last": "Che", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "L", "middle": [], "last": "Qiu", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "Y", "middle": [], "last": "Pan", "suffix": ""}], "year": 2004, "venue": "J.O’Shea, Helencord-16186-1fle5fpz2019-05-211580350
text: "We review some emerging trends in transduction, connectivity and data analytics for Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) of infectious and non-communicable diseases. It is clear that supervised machine learning techniques will be indispensable tools that will enable robust and objective analysis for POCT digital sensors that are based on detection of biological nanoparticles or nanoparticle labels attached to individual protein and DNA molecules. Mobile phone functions that are key to the development of point-of-care systems include: sensors (camera, microphone, etc.), communication (Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, cellular, etc.), sophisticated multi-touch user interface, enhanced battery, huge data storage and processing capacities. (2016) [59] , researchers developed a molecular diagnostic point-of-care system that processed a sample using the mobile phone''s flashlight to excite fluorescence dye and consequently the camera was utilized to measure average fluorescence reaction light intensity in real time. "title": "Based analytical devices for point-of-care infectious disease testing",O’Sullivan, Shanecord-11672-wi4hv57b2019-04-232435850
text: "The 2003 global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was a wake-up call for health systems in Canada, with realization of occupational health risks faced by health care workers and first responders in public health emergency response. "text": "In 2007, Enarson and Walsh prepared a seminal report for the Canadian Red Cross outlining the importance of considering high-risk populations in disaster and emergency management. "text": "While Enarson and Walsh were bringing attention in Canada to the need to identify high-risk populations and plan specifically to address functional needs, Kailes and Enders (2007) , researchers from the USA, published a Function-based Framework for Emergency Management using the acronym C-MIST to represent categories of functional needs that could guide planning for disasters (communication, medical needs, maintaining functional independence, supervision, and transportation). "text": "Looking back 15 years, since the outbreak of SARS, the framing of high-risk populations in public health and disaster risk reduction has evolved and there is greater societal recognition of the need for inclusivity.O’Sullivan, Tracey L.cord-12335-bumlarqa2019-02-22942245
text: "Moreover, a different pattern of hotspot mutations is clearly distinguishable in viral genomes detected in North American patients starting from March 2020, when the outbreak of positive cases was reported in the US and Canada. "text": "Among all mutation sites analyzed, RdRp mutant is particularly interesting given that the enzyme is directly involved in viral replication and its fidelity determines the mutagenic capabilities of SARS-CoV-2. "text": "In the present work we have compared the SARS-CoV-2 reference genome to those exported from the GISAID database with the aim of gaining important insights into virus mutations, their occurrence over time and within different geographic areas.", "text": "We observed that after February 2020, when the first locally transmitted SARS-CoV-2 cases out of Asia were reported, viral genomes presented different point mutations, clearly distinguishable within different geographic areas. "text": "SARS-CoV-2 mutation frequency in different geographic areas.Pachetti, Mariacord-120463-ow2aijmj2020-04-22780954
title: "IgA-Ab response to spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19: A longitudinal study", "text": "Accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 is essential, not only to ensure appropriate patient care but also to facilitate identification of SARS-CoV-2 infected people, including asymptomatic carriers who need to be isolated to limit virus spread. Aim of this paper is to describe the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgA, and IgM in 19 COVID-19 patients using two different assays.", "text": "We used two different immunoassays to study the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies (IgM, IgA, and IgG) for 6 weeks after the onset of symptoms (fever) in adult patients with confirmed (rRT-PCR) COVID-19. We have previously described the kinetics of IgM and IgG to SARS-CoV-2 using a chemiluminescent (CLIA) assay [4] . "ref_id": null "title": "Analytical performances of a chemiluminescence immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG and antibody kinetics",Padoan, Andreacord-29923-kzz4sx1j2020-08-31224853
text: "The most common mechanism for conferring acyclovir resistance is mutations in the HSV genome resulting in a deficiency or alteration in viral TK activity. "text": "Chemistry, mechanism of action, and antiviral activity Foscarnet, is an inorganic pyrophosphate analogue of phosphonoacetic acid that inhibits all HHVs, including most ganciclovirresistant CMV isolate and acyclovir-resistant HSV and VZV strains. "text": "All the licensed antiviral agents for herpes infections ultimately target the viral HSV DNA polymerase, which is essential for virus replication. The available anti-HIV drugs are categorized according the step they target within the HIV viral life cycle ( Figure 2) ; (1) binding inhibitors, for example, coreceptor antagonist (maraviroc); (2) fusion inhibitors (enfuvirtide); (3) reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nucleoside/nucleotide (zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, lamivudine, abacavir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir), and non-nucleoside (nevirapine, delavirdine, and efavirenz) analogue); (4) integrase inhibitors (raltegravir); and (5) protease inhibitors (saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, fosamprenavir, lopinavir, atazanavir, tipranavir, and darunavir) .",Paintsil, E.cord-01186-aqlxb6ab2019-12-313618050
bovis exposure in laboratory tests.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Development of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat gene-editing technology for disease-resistant cows"}, {"text": "The current study was reported to be the first demonstrating that the CRISPR/Cas9n system can be used to create transgenic livestock with no detectable off-target effects. For example, Border Leicester sheep were observed to be more susceptible than Columbia sheep to developing SRLV-specific lesions.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Genomic insight for disease resistance in sheep"}, {"text": "Factors influencing SRLV pathogenesis include different strains of pathogen, differential disease progression, host species and breeds, and affected organ spectrums. In addition, CD80 levels, which favor Th1 cell differentiation, were low in clinically affected sheep compared with those of asymptomatic and seronegative controls.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Disease resistance for different livestock species"}, {"text": "Cytokines are important for signaling and mediating immune response and have a major role in SRLV-induced pathogenesis.Pal, Arunacord-28880-b5th4qfq2019-10-252013742
text: "COVID-19 could also lead to worsening of insulin resistance in patients with pre-existing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). "text": "The presence of diabetes mellitus in patients with COVID-19 is associated with severe disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and increased mortality. Currently, we do not have any such data with regard to patients with COVID-19; however, considering the high frequency of neurological symptoms, one can assume that SARS-CoV-2 may affect the hypothalamus-pituitary as well, directly or via immune-mediated hypophysitis. "title": "Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS) associated coronavirus(SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways", "title": "Risk of COVID-19 for patients with obesity", "title": "Corticosteroid treatment of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "title": "Non-neural expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory epithelium suggests mechanisms underlying anosmia in COVID-19 patients",Pal, R.cord-05311-tpt4vm222020-05-02425150
This new species of coronavirus has been termed 2019-nCoV and has caused a considerable number of cases of infection and deaths in China and, to a growing degree, beyond China, becoming a worldwide public health emergency. According to the WHO, a suspected case involves a patient with severe acute respiratory infection (fever, cough, requiring hospitalization) and with no other etiology that completely explains the clinical presentation, as well as a history of travel or residence in China during the 14 days before symptom onset. A probable case involves a patient whose 2019-nCoV tests are not conclusive or are positive using an assay for coronavirus, but no laboratory evidence of other respiratory pathogens. "title": "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan", "title": "Surveillance for human infection with novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)", "title": "Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in suspected human cases",Palacios Cruz, M.cord-118728-bjhdy8mg2020-04-21583851
title: "A genetic analysis identifies a haplotype at adiponectin locus: Association with obesity and type 2 diabetes", Results suggest: (i) reduced HMW adiponectin/ total adiponectin ratio in Gujarat patients and its association with +10211T/G and +276G/T, and reduced ADIPOQ transcript levels in T2D, (ii) association of the above SNPs with increased FBG, BMI, TG, TC in Gujarat patients and (iii) increased GGTG haplotype in obese patients of Gujarat population and, (iv) association of \u221211377C/G with T2D in J&K population. "section": "Association of ADIPOQ SNPs and their genotypes with metabolic parameters and HMW adiponectin/total adiponectin ratio. The findings in Gujarat population are further linked with reduced levels of HMW adiponectin and disease-associated risk factors like FBG, BMI and lipid parameters thereby suggesting their crucial role in metabolic disease susceptibility.", "title": "Genetic association of ADIPOQ gene variants with type 2 diabetes, obesity and serum adiponectin levels in south Indian population",Palit, Sayantani Pramanikcord-78013-ilwmez2e2020-02-19847050
To identify how the proteins correlated with each other and with the functional metrics of HDL, we used proteins that were represented in 80% of the strains (81 proteins total).", "cite_spans": [{"start": 113, "end": 117, "text": "(39,", "ref_id": "BIBREF38"}, {"start": 118, "end": 121, "text": "40)", "ref_id": "BIBREF39"}, {"start": 179, "end": 183, "text": "(31)", "ref_id": "BIBREF30"}], "ref_spans": [{"start": 524, "end": 552, "text": "Fig. 1, supplemental Fig. S1", "ref_id": "FIGREF1"}, {"start": 803, "end": 831, "text": "Fig. 2, supplemental Fig. S2", "ref_id": "FIGREF2"}], "section": "Quantitation of HDL-associated protein levels in a panel of 100 inbred strains of mice"}, {"text": "The heatmap representation of the log transformed relative abundance of proteins across 93 strains, the biological processes in which they participate, and their cellular locations are visualized to provide information about the relative abundance and their spatial (Euclidean) clustering ( Fig. 1 , supplemental Fig. S1 ; the variance for each protein across the strains is presented in supplemental Fig. S8 ).Pamir, Nathaliecord-68202-dj10dzmc2019-01-081637653
These data reveal multiple roles for IRF1 toward effective anti-viral responses by maintaining IFN-independent constitutive expression of anti-viral ISGs and supporting early IFN-dependent responses to PRR stimulation.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}], "body_text": [{"text": "Airway epithelial cells are targets for viral replication and provide the first line of defense against virus entry and infection. Figure 5C top, middle and bottom panels, shows validation of constitutive DEGs according to the three representative categories: IRF1 dependent non ISGs (RNASEL, TLR2, TLR3); IRF1-dependent ISGs (OAS2, MX1, and BST2); and to validate similar expression between IRF1 KO and parent cell lines, IRF1-independent ISGs (IRF9, ISG15, and IFIT1).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 340, "end": 349, "text": "Figure 5A", "ref_id": "FIGREF4"}, {"start": 366, "end": 375, "text": "Figure 5B", "ref_id": "FIGREF4"}, {"start": 647, "end": 656, "text": "Figure 5C", "ref_id": "FIGREF4"}], "section": "IRF1 Regulates Basal Expression of a Subset of Antiviral ISGs"}, {"text": "To further examine IRF1-dependent genes induced by IFNs, we relaxed the cutoff that defines differential expression to 2fold and reanalyzed the data (Dataset 1).Panda, Debasiscord-69980-qmpnal062019-05-151333544
We here investigated the geographical expansion of the infection and correlate it with the annual indexes of air quality observed from the Sentinel-5 satellite orbiting around China, Italy and the U.S.A. Controlling for population size, we find more viral infections in those areas afflicted by Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). This paper shows preliminary, yet compelling evidence of a correlation between air pollution and incidence of COVID-19 in China, Italy and the United States.", "text": "Here we investigate whether there is a correlation between air pollution and air-borne SARS-CoV-2 causing respiratory diseases in China, Italy and the United States. "section": "Correlation between air pollution variables with COVID-19 infections and mortality" "section": "Correlation between air pollution variables with COVID-19 infections and mortality" "section": "Correlation between air pollution variables with COVID-19 infections and mortality" "section": "Correlation between air pollution variables with COVID-19 infections and mortality"Pansini, Riccardocord-82311-7edmbp1o2020-04-07890157
title: "Effect of oropharyngeal povidone-iodine preventive oral care on ventilator-associated pneumonia in severely brain-injured or cerebral hemorrhage patients: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial", "title": "Incidence of and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients", "title": "Ventilator-associated pneumonia and bloodstream infections in intensive care unit cancer patients: a retrospective 12-year study on 3388 prospectively monitored patients", "title": "Prevalence, risk factors, and mortality for ventilator-associated pneumonia in middle-aged, old, and very old critically ill patients", "title": "Estimating the attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia from randomized prevention studies", "title": "Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised prevention studies", "title": "Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) with multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens: optimal treatment?", "title": "Impact of Candida species on clinical outcomes in patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia", "title": "Does this patient have ventilator-associated pneumonia?", "title": "Decontamination strategies and bloodstream infections with antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in ventilated patients: a randomized clinical trial",Papazian, Laurentcord-100891-n4vxazst2020-03-102678355
7 In the last few years, another aspect of this sort of collateral damage has been revealed by the fact that so many studies-many published in highly reputable journals-are poorly reproducible, 8 Drawing to some extent on personal experience, particularly in the field of inflammation and (auto)immunity, we review here some of the reasons for the mobility of drug targets and their interactions with ligands ( Figure 3 ) that result in pharmacological plasticity. "text": "Genetic and biomarker studies may highlight common factors in the disease, such as HLA-DR4 variants or anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis, which help to stratify patients for therapy, 53 once again emphasizing the need for a range of disease assessments in evaluating effects of drug therapy. "text": "During the development of the drug, the pathophysiological roles of the relatively novel target mechanism may be inadequately unIn this case, only short-term use of the NSAIDs is advisable to reduce initial inflammatory symptoms and avoid their potential inhibition of actively generated, endogenous proresolving lipid mediators.Parnham, Michael J.cord-02610-jxbvsos82019-11-211806849
Thus, require finding suitable sites for put forward new healthcare service, which was highlighted in the second tier of analysis based on land use land cover, distancing to road and rail, proximity to residential areas, and weighted overlay of accessibility as decision factors. The present study aimed to utilize spatial tools to integrate different spatial and aspatial information for spatial analysis of healthcare accessibility and inaccessibility which support to propose new health infrastructures in inaccessible areas in Murshidabad district of West Bengal, India. "text": "Murshidabad district come under the medium-to-low accessible zone for health service if only availability of medical institution will be the criteria but spatial location (distance, travel impedance, travel cost etc.) of the healthcare centres also a vital element for driving accessibility. "text": "While many previous researchers have highlighted the nonspatial data and statistical inference to analyse healthcare accessibility in a geographical location, the present study applied a GIS-based hybrid decision-making approach for assessing the spatial accessibility of healthcare facilities and site suitability analysis in Murshidabad district of West Bengal, India.Parvin, Farhanacord-44804-0wihqs9i2020-05-111142244
text: "We conducted a systematic search using PubMed database on April 6, 2020, with the search term: ((smoking) OR (characteristics) OR (risk factors) OR (outcomes) OR (smoker*)) AND ((COVID-19) OR (COVID) OR (coronavirus) OR (sars cov-2) OR (sars cov 2)) for studies published between January 1, 2020 and April 6, 2020. A total of 396 studies were retrieved through the search, of which 12, 10 from China, [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] 1 from Korea, 18 and 1 from the US, 19 included data on smoking behavior and COVID-19 disease progression (Table 1 ). "text": "A total of 9,025 COVID-19 patients included in our meta-analysis, 878 of whom (9.7%) experienced disease progression and 495 with a history of smoking (5.5%). "text": "The meta-analysis showed an association between smoking and COVID-19 progression (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.49-3.39, p=0.001) ( Figure 1 ). "text": "Smoking is associated with COVID-19 progression.",Patanavanich, R.cord-83852-ws0s2qk12020-04-16331056
text: "Experimental infection of the common marmoset with the virulent European WNV strain (WNV-Ita09) resulted in a more productive infection compared with rhesus monkeys, with higher rates of viral replication and a wider tissue distribution of virus [7] . This study suggested that ACE-2 expression levels were similar to humans; however, SARS-CoV infection in marmosets did not present many of the severe clinical signs of respiratory disease that were observed in humans.", "title": "Pneumonitis and multiorgan system disease in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus", "title": "An animal model that reflects human disease: the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)", "title": "Experimental respiratory Marburg virus haemorrhagic fever infection in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)", "title": "The marmoset model of GB virus B infections: adaptation to host phenotypic variation",Patterson, Jean L.cord-119664-xixdcdm12019-12-311175061
Taken together, these data demonstrate a complex population structure of iVDRV quasispecies in the granuloma lesions with only a small subset of quasispecies being infectious in Vero cell culture.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 359, "end": 363, "text": "[16,", "ref_id": "BIBREF20"}, {"start": 364, "end": 367, "text": "22]", "ref_id": "BIBREF26"}], "ref_spans": [{"start": 1571, "end": 1588, "text": "(Fig 3B, S4 Data)", "ref_id": "FIGREF2"}, {"start": 1744, "end": 1751, "text": "Fig 3C)", "ref_id": "FIGREF2"}], "section": "iVDRV quasispecies"}, {"text": "The relationship between the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions in RVs genomic sequences from each case and the time after vaccination is presented in Fig 4A. Taken together, these data suggest that granuloma-associated rubella virus is under selective pressure from both neutralizing antibodies and T cells.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 329, "end": 333, "text": "[46]", "ref_id": "BIBREF52"}, {"start": 1097, "end": 1101, "text": "[46]", "ref_id": "BIBREF52"}], "ref_spans": [{"start": 125, "end": 132, "text": "Table 2", "ref_id": "TABREF2"}], "section": "Structural context of amino acid substitutions in E1 protein"}, {"text": "The replication and persistence properties of RA27/3 vaccine and clinical isolates form acute RV infections are substantially different [21] .Perelygina, Ludmilacord-25418-vmbxki5d2019-10-282000545
Using comparative transcriptomic data, we have defined that XCM/LOY is associated with abnormal peripheral blood cell counts with decreased progenitor cells and multiple biomarkers of immune system dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and increased cardiovascular risk. "text": "Given its potential relevance for modulating prognosis and therapeutic response, we propose that evaluation of LOY and XCM by currently established methods should be implemented as biomarkers in infected patients, including currently ongoing clinical trials with different medications and vaccines for COVID-19. "text": "We have correlated XCM due to LOY in aging males with multiple parameters of cardiovascular dysfunction, and defined the transcriptomic deregulation that underlies disease risks, including signatures of immune system dysfunction and increased coagulation activity. "text": "We tested whether the genes that participate in the primary response to SARS-CoV-2 infection were significantly deregulated in blood cells of individuals with LOY.Perez-Jurado, L. A.cord-84064-isw1arrp2020-04-24702454
Such limited therapeutic arsenal coupled with the recurrent risk of emerging drug-resistance highlights the obvious unmet need of novel approaches to complement existing therapies with new anti-influenza drugs.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 9, "end": 16, "text": "Table 1", "ref_id": "TABREF0"}], "section": "CURRENT ANTIVIRAL OPTIONS FOR TREATING INFLUENZA INFECTIONS"}, {"text": "\"The most fruitful basis for the discovery of a new drug is to start with an old drug, \" famously stated the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine Laureate, Sir James Black.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "WHAT IS DRUG REPURPOSING?"}, {"text": "Despite the enormous scientific and technological advances that the field of biomedical research has witnessed in the last 20-30 years, this scenario failed to efficiently translate into significant improvement on the success rate of the classic \"from the bench to the bedside\" target-centered, mechanistically biased de novo drug discovery process (38) .Pizzorno, Andréscord-27952-mqvm4q222019-03-191381233
The virus is highly contagious with potential human-human transmission which was named as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread across six continents and emerged as a global pandemic in short span with alarming levels of spread and severity. Theoretically, corticosteroids may suppress lung inflammation, and they have been prescribed in 72.2% of ICU patients (61) but its efficacy in treating the cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients is still controversial as the concerns J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f centered around their short-and long-term adverse effects as well as promotion of viral rebound and ARDS (62).Therefore, it is important to identify the cytokine storm in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the mechanism behind the cytokine storm. "text": "An American biotechnology company Gilead Sciences developed the antiviral drug Remdesivir The nucleoside analogue Ribavirin has extensive activity against DNA and RNA viruses and it is used to treat SARS-CoV patients (114, 115) . Fan C, Lei D, Fang C, Li C, Wang M, Liu Y, Bao Y, Sun Y, Huang J, Guo Y, Yu Y.Pooladanda, Venkateshcord-23580-3zy5dgxz2020-05-082080055
Utilizing transcriptomic data from four cohorts taken from Crohn''s disease (CD) and non-inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) subjects, we observed evidence of increased ACE2 mRNA in ileum with demographic features that have been associated with poor outcomes in COVID-19 including age and raised BMI. "text": "Univariate models were fitted with ACE2 as response and each available demographic data (age, gender, BMI at surgery, smoking status) as a predictor in each cohort. A univariate model with disease status as the predictor, was statistically significant for lower ACE2 expression in CD versus control in the WashU cohort (Table 2 ).", "text": "Multivariate models with disease status as predictor, were statistically significant or trending towards significance for lower ACE2 expression in CD versus control in the WashU cohort (Table 2 ). "text": "Univariate and multivariate models of associations of ACE2 mRNA expression in the RISK cohort (numbers: total = 322; non-IBD controls =42, UC = 62, CD = 218).Potdar, A. A.cord-84918-9t8xrd0y2020-04-23771361
Here, we analyzed summary statistics from the largest genome-wide association study of HIV-1 acquisition todate, consisting of 6,334 infected patients and 7,247 population controls, to advance our understanding of the genetic mechanisms implicated in this trait. "text": "To better understand which behavioral parameters might be important in moderating HIV-1 acquisition, we performed genetic correlation analyses leveraging on GWAS data from 516 heritable traits assessed in the UK Biobank via LD Hub, which contains genetic association results from up to 488,377 individuals. We applied LD score regression in LD Hub v1.9.1 19 to estimate the heritability of HIV-1 acquisition and to identify genetically associated traits, based on 516 heritable Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:3304 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59256-0 www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ phenotypes assessed in the UK Biobank 39 . To identify specific neural populations that could drive the behaviors observed in the genetic correlations, we tested the transcriptional profile of 565 neuronal cell types (DropViz_all_level2) for enrichment with HIV-1 acquisition susceptibility genes.Powell, Timothy R.cord-78302-rp1k34kx2020-02-24846445
text: "We argue that an evolutionary perspective is especially important for women''s health care providers, as selection will act strongly on reproductive parameters, and the biological costs of female reproduction are generally more resource expensive than for men (e.g. due to gestation and lactation) with greater effects on health and wellbeing. An evolutionary perspective is needed to understand antibiotic resistance, disease and health risks associated with mismatches between our evolved adaptations and current conditions, the importance of the microbiome and the maternal role in how infants acquire and develop their early-life microbiome (vaginal birth, lactation), and the importance of breastmilk as a biochemical signal from mothers to their babies. "venue": "Integrating Evolutionary Biology into Medical Education-for Maternal and Child Healthcare Students, Clinicians, and Scientists", "venue": "Integrating Evolutionary Biology into Medical Education-for Maternal and Child Healthcare Students, Clinicians, and Scientists", "venue": "Integrating Evolutionary Biology into Medical Education-for Maternal and Child Healthcare Students, Clinicians, and Scientists",Power, Michael Lcord-44311-3dag7abo2020-04-06787047
title: "\"Ethnicity, comorbidity, socioeconomic status, and their associations with COVID-19 infection in England: a cohort analysis of UK Biobank data\"", Analyses: Multivariable Poisson analysis to estimate incidence rate ratios of COVID-19 infection according to ethnicity, adjusted for socioeconomic status, alcohol drinking, smoking, body mass index, age, sex, and comorbidity. "text": "Socioeconomic status (adjusted RR 1.93 (1.51-2.46) for the most deprived), obesity (adjusted RR 1.04 (1.02-1.05) per kg/m2) and comorbid hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and specific renal diseases were also associated with increased risk of COVID-19.", "text": "We obtained data from the UK Biobank, a large UK cohort, to unravel the associations between ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and the risk of COVID-19 infection.", "text": "The UK Biobank study recruited more than 500,000 participants from 37 to 73 years old through postal invitation to those who are registered with the UK National Health Service, living in England, Scotland, and Wales.Prats-Uribe, A.cord-85792-tjqd1srq2020-05-08427544
text: "Data on COVID-19 cases and deaths were obtained for outbreaks in China (3), Italy (4), and New York City (10). New York City (10) provides measures in terms of deaths per 100,000 in the population, which measures the risk of dying of COVID-19 for anyone in a particular age class, regardless of infection status. "section": "Age-specific disease mortality rates" "section": "Age-specific disease mortality rates" "text": "COVID-19 fatality rates, whether calculated on a per-case basis (CFR in Italy, IFR in China), or in terms of deaths per 100,000 in the population (for New York City), all exhibit a clear A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t pattern of exponential increase with age ( Figure 1 ), for both males and females. "text": "Age-related risk of death from COVID-19.Promislow, Daniel E Lcord-24934-u7ub7i0l2020-04-17381663
email: "france.michel.pugeat@chu-lyon.fr" The legitimate question raised by the authors is whether the prescription of converting enzyme inhibitor [1-10] (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor type 1 blockers (ARAII), very widely used in hypertension treatment, may increase the risk of developing severe acute respiratory syndrome in Covid-19-infected patients. "text": "2) Un orage de cytokines a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9crit lors de la phase de d\u00e9tresse respiratoire dans 20% des patients Covid-19 + avec une d\u00e9faillance multi-organique et hypotension r\u00e9fractaire au traitement standard (5) . La question l\u00e9gitime soulev\u00e9e par les auteurs est de savoir si la prescription d''inhibiteur de l''enzyme de conversion [1-10] (IEC) et les bloqueurs du r\u00e9cepteur de type 1 \u00e0 l''angiotensine (ARAII), tr\u00e8s largement utilis\u00e9s dans le traitement de l''hypertension, pourraient augmenter le risque de d\u00e9velopper un syndrome respiratoire aigu s\u00e9v\u00e8re en cas d''infection au COVID-19.Pugeat, Michelcord-24676-8gii0n6d2020-04-25205962
text: "The common end-point of these studies is that Pidotimod has an immunomodulatory activity which is able both to improve the clinical conditions of patients and to enhance and stimulate their immunity cells functions acting on both adaptive and innate immunity [1] .", "text": "The clinical efficacy of pidotimod in decreasing respiratory tract infections in paediatric age was assessed in multicenter randomized trials involving children with age ranged from 2 to 14 years old as regard fever duration, need to antibiotic treatment, hospitalization, school absence, recovery time and relapse rate. "text": "Another in vitro study aiming to evaluate the effect of pidotimod on immune system demonstrated that it is able to down-regulate MCP-1, which is a master regulator in inflammatory response associated with severe recurrent viral bronchiolitis in the children [68] . "title": "Nasal cell vitality: the Pidotimod activity in children''s recurrent respiratory infections",Puggioni, Francescacord-119585-r2jcq7z02019-11-041258048
title: "novel chimeric Multiepitope Vaccine for Streptococcosis Disease in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linn.)", The epitopes of immunogenic proteins were predicted by the BCPREDS server based on B cell epitopes to be used in chimeric multiepitope vaccine construction. In this study, not only immunogenic proteins from the immunoproteomics analysis were used but also other subunit vaccine candidates were subjected to epitope prediction and combined to produce a chimeric multiepitope vaccine. "text": "The recombinant chimeric multiepitope protein vaccination showed that 45F2 and 42E2 produced cumulative mortality rates of 30.00 \u00b1 10.00% and 26.67 \u00b1 5.77%, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of the negative control group, at 70% (P < 0.05) (Fig. 6A) .", "text": "Rational chimeric multiepitope vaccine design was achieved by randomly combining epitopes from 5 immunogenic proteins and conjugating with core structures of flavodoxin (\u03b2-1-5-3CHY) to produce a secondary structure with \u03b1/\u03b2 folding. "text": "Western blot analysis of chimeric multiepitope vaccine proteins from the bacterial expression system and fish cell (TK1) culture system.Pumchan, Ansayacord-75836-exbs3tz72020-01-17979151
In addition to not using antibiotics unnecessarily, other factors such as diet may be important, this being the rationale for the use of pre-and probiotics; prebiotics being non-digestible substances that encourage a healthy flora, while probiotics are the organisms themselves (sometimes referred to in advertising as ''friendly'' or ''good'' bacteria).", "cite_spans": [{"start": 656, "end": 679, "text": "(Belkaid and Hand 2014)", "ref_id": "BIBREF2"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Microbial Ecology"}, {"text": "The aim of antimicrobial therapy is to kill or inhibit the infecting organism without damaging the host; this is known as selective toxicity. From a resistance perspective, this becomes problematic if these resistance genes spread into medically significant bacteria (Davies and Davies 2010) .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 1024, "end": 1048, "text": "(Davies and Davies 2010)", "ref_id": "BIBREF8"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Treating Infections: Selective Toxicity"}, {"text": "The aim of selective toxicity means that pharmaceutical companies developing antimicrobials have to identify structures or metabolic processes in the microorganism that is different to or absent from the host.Purssell, Edwardcord-35399-wdhhl15j2019-09-04886638
From 3/1/2020 -12/31/2020, we project 3,308 severe and 681 critical cases, with about 52 43 COVID-19 related maternal mortalities during delivery hospitalization in the United States. "text": "Objectives: The aim of our study is to forecast the incidence of COVID-19 in general population 25 and to forecast the overall incidence, severe cases, critical cases and fatal COVID-19 cases 26 during delivery hospitalization in the United States. "text": "Subsequently, Monte-Carlo simulation was performed for each week from 3/1/2020 -31 12/31/2020 to estimate the incidence of COVID-19 in delivery hospitalizations using the 32 available data estimate. "text": "We reviewed available published data on COVID-19 incidence in general population and its 100 severity based on age group. In the period of 3/1/2020 -281 12/31/2020, we project 3,308 severe and 681 critical cases, with about 52 COVID-19 related 282 maternal mortalities during delivery hospitalization in the United States.Putra, Maneshacord-124301-edzujcsa2020-04-25517550
Given the regional disparity of COVID-19, we aim to describe epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological features, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19 patients in Chongqing municipality, and compare the differences between non-severe and severe patients, which may unravel risk factors associated with 28-day mortality and further suggest a specific therapeutic intervention for patients with COVID-19 in Chongqing municipality, China.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 185, "end": 186, "text": "1", "ref_id": "BIBREF0"}, {"start": 330, "end": 333, "text": "[5]", "ref_id": "BIBREF4"}, {"start": 334, "end": 337, "text": "[6]", "ref_id": "BIBREF5"}, {"start": 338, "end": 341, "text": "[7]", "ref_id": "BIBREF6"}, {"start": 342, "end": 345, "text": "[8]", "ref_id": "BIBREF7"}, {"start": 466, "end": 467, "text": "9", "ref_id": "BIBREF8"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Keywords:"}, {"text": "A retrospective, descriptive, multiple-center study on the clinical characteristics of All rights reserved.Qi, Dicord-84740-nsrm0axa2020-03-03708340
title: "TITLE PAGE Title: Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of COVID-19 patients with pre-existing cirrhosis: A multicenter cohort study", "text": "Methods In this retrospective, multicenter cohort study, we consecutively included all adult inpatients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and pre-existing cirrhosis that had been discharged or had died by 24 March 2020 from 16 designated hospitals in China.", "text": "Interpretation Lower lymphocyte and platelet counts, and higher direct bilirubin level might represent poor prognostic indicators in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with pre-existing cirrhosis.", 9 So far, no studies have reported the clinical features and risk factors for in-hospital death in COVID-19 patients with pre-existing cirrhosis. The aim of our multicenter study is to describe the demographic characteristics, coexisting conditions, laboratory and imaging findings, and outcomes among COVID-19 patients with pre-existing cirrhosis.", "text": "This retrospective multicentre study (COVID-Cirrhosis-CHESS, ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04329559) included consecutive patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and pre-existing cirrhosis from 16 designated hospitals in China between 31 December 2019 and 24 March 2020.Qi, Xiaolongcord-82880-4i02f1ji2020-04-28520443
All ten patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 in vaginal fluid, and all samples tested negative for the virus. Conclusion: Findings from this small group of cases suggest that no SARS-CoV-2 virus existing in the vaginal fluids of severe COVID-19 patients.", The aim of this study was to investigate whether women with severe COVID-19 illness had signs of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in their vaginal fluid.", All laboratory tests from the time of disease onset and the time of vaginal sampling are presented in Table 2 ).The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in vaginal fluid was assessed in ten patients. In our study, 10 postmenopausal women in the ICU with severe COVID-19 were tested for SARS-CoV-2 in vaginal fluid with RT-PCR assay and all samples were negative for the virus. "text": "This study was the first to attempt to detect SARS-CoV-2 in vaginal fluid, All the tested women were postmenopausal women.Qiu, Lincord-18417-29m062q42020-04-02279352
text: "Cu has the potent capacity to neutralize infectious viruses such as bronchitis virus, poliovirus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1), and other enveloped or nonenveloped single-or double-stranded DNA and RNA viruses [15] . Copper exposure to human coronavirus 229E destroyed the viral genomes and irreversibly affected virus morphology, including disintegration of envelope and dispersal of surface spikes [16] . Copper deficiency could lead a decreased number of circulatory blood cells with a greater susceptibility towards infection in older people In a study of 11 men on a low-Cu diet (0.66 mg Cu/day for 24 days and 0.38 mg/day for another 40 days) showed a decreased proliferation response of their white blood cells when presented with an immune challenge in cell culture [33] . "title": "Thujaplicin-copper chelates inhibit replication of human influenza viruses", "title": "Effects of low-copper diets on human immune response", "title": "Copper deficiency in humans", "title": "Copper deficiency in humans",Raha, Syamalcord-26693-d1nh2dvb2020-05-05417054
There are several investigations regarding the effects of nutrition supplementation on immune cells and inflammation in obesity condition (Chinchu, Mohan, & Prakash Kumar, 2020; Mousavi, Saboori, & Asbaghi, 2020; Tavvafian et al., 2020) . Physical activities with different intensity have different effects on the immune system (Nieman & Wentz, 2019; Romeo, Warnberg, Pozo, & Marcos, 2010) . "text": "Different physical activities in terms of intensity and type have different effects on immune system and inflammation (Nieman & Wentz, 2019; Romeo et al., 2010) . Several studies have shown that high intensity exercise has positive effect on inflammatory factors in obesity conditions (Khaleghzadeh, Afzalpour, Ahmadi, Nematy, & Sardar, 2020; TaheriChadorneshin, Cheragh-Birjandi, Goodarzy, & Ahmadabadi, 2019). "text": "On the basis of indirect evidence and a conservative approach, high intensity exercise probably due to the production of oxidants and suppression of immune system may be dangerous (especially, in obese people) and help to exacerbate the COVID-19 virus.Rahmati-Ahmadabad, Salehcord-26500-dddrkzt52020-04-27254450
title: "NON-WHITE ETHNICITY, MALE SEX, AND HIGHER BODY MASS INDEX, BUT NOT MEDICATIONS ACTING ON THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) HOSPITALISATION: REVIEW OF THE FIRST 669 CASES FROM THE UK BIOBANK CARDIOMETABOLIC FACTORS AND COVID-19", Non-white ethnicity, male sex, greater BMI, diabetes, hypertension, prior MI, and smoking were independently associated with COVID-19 positivity compared to the remining cohort (test negatives plus untested). "text": "Conclusions: Among participants tested for COVID-19 with presumed moderate to severe symptoms in a hospital setting, non-white ethnicity, male sex, and higher BMI are associated with a positive result.", "text": "The aim of this study is to examine the first-released data from the UKB to establish the association between COVID-19 positivity and demographic factors (age, sex, ethnicity), cardiometabolic factors [body mass index (BMI), diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, prior myocardial infarction (MI), smoking], and ACEi/ARB use.",Raisi-Estabragh, Z.cord-82052-ft62m7zz2020-05-15601545
Importantly, this analysis demonstrated that the 108 majority of drugs that have been studied for anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity are unlikely to achieve the 109 necessary concentrations in the plasma after administration of their approved doses. Conversely, the PBPK models predict that doses of 700 mg QID, 900 mg TID or 1400 mg BID 319 with food provide tizoxanide concentrations in plasma and lung above the EC90 value for 320 All rights reserved. "text": "In summary, the developed PBPK model of nitazoxanide was successfully validated against clinical 370 data and based on currently available data, optimal doses for COVID-19 were estimated to be 700 371 mg QID, 900 mg TID or 1400 mg BID with food. "text": "model was validated against available clinical data in healthy individuals in the fed and 177 fasted state for various single oral doses of nitazoxanide ranging from 500 mg to 4000 mg[29, 46], 178 and for multiple dosing at 500 mg and 1000 mg BID with food.Rajoli, R. K.cord-84239-jvbehgb72020-05-06826248
text: "We introduce the problem of determining the mutational support of genes in the SARS-Cov-2 virus and estimating the distribution of mutations within different genes using small sample sizes that do not allow for accurate maximum likelihood estimation. The mutational support refers to the unknown number of sites mutated across all strains and individual samples of the SARS-Cov-2 genome; given the high cost and limited availability of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test kits, especially in early stages of infections when only a small number of genomic samples (\u223c 1000s) are available that do not allow for determining the exact degree of mutations in an RNA virus that comprises roughly 30, 000 nucleotides. "text": "Next, we examine the distribution of mutations in the ORF1a,b and N regions of the SARS-Cov-2 virus obtained using the Good-Turing estimator and once again focusing on different population traits.Rana, Vishalcord-85652-94qgvcr42020-04-27786460
text: "General principles regarding management of COVID-10 during pregnancy include early isolation, aggressive infection control procedures, testing for SARS-CoV-2 and coinfection, oxygen therapy as needed, avoidance of fluid overload, empiric antibiotics (because of secondary bacterial infection risk), fetal and uterine contraction monitoring, early mechanical ventilation for progressive respiratory failure, individualized delivery planning, and a team-based approach with multispecialty consultations (Box 2).", "text": "Data from the recent case series published by Chen et al 44 and Zhu et al 45 of 18 women (19 infants) infected in the third trimester of pregnancy with SARS-CoV-2 identified no laboratory evidence of vertical transmission. "text": "At the present time, limited data are available on pregnant women with COVID-19 on which to base recommendations for pregnancy-specific care; however, early reports and lessons from SARS, MERS, and other respiratory infections suggest that pregnant women could have a severe clinical course. "title": "Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection during pregnancy: report of two cases and review of the literature",Rasmussen, Sonja A.cord-05518-zndtddty2020-02-24910552
text: "Within a social hierarchy based on sexual orientation, heteronormative ideology serves as a social force that maintains dominant group members'' status (e.g., heterosexual men). Results support the hypotheses and suggest that gay men''s sexual behavior is the most likely elicitor of disgust and antigay hostility, as opposed to a perceived pathogen threat or moral transgression. "text": "If adopting a perspective attuned to the behavioral immune system, we could expect that pathogen disgust-compared to moral and sexual disgust-would be most closely linked to hostile attitudes toward gay men. "text": "Although some theoretical frameworks (e.g., behavioral immune system) would suggest pathogen disgust is most closely related to hostile attitudes toward gay men, theorizing from a sociocultural perspective would seemingly suggest that sexual disgust would be most strongly associated with antigay hostility. "text": "The current study examined the relationship among heteronormative ideology, the three domains of disgust (i.e., pathogen, moral, sexual), and antigay hostility to test theoretical assumptions.Ray, Travis N.cord-10764-jg4wafwu2020-03-271270049
nanReddy, Vidhathacord-04980-x6i5tiju2020-04-181153444
text: "COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, continues to manifest with severe acute respiratory syndrome among the adults, however, it offers a convincing indication of less severity and fatality in pediatric age group (0-18 years). "text": "This virus comprises of densely glycosylated spike (S) proteins which enables it to penetrate and bind to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2) of the human host cell, similar as found previously in SARS-CoV (del Rio and Malani 2020) . "text": "Considering the epidemiology of the previous two outbreaks, it was identified that, although children are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV, younger children comparatively had shown milder disease as compared to the 12 years of age and adolescents. "text": "Epidemiological proofs show that SARS-CoV-2 in children is less intense than adults (Rodriguez et al, 1981; Skarstein, 2020; Wan et al, 2020) One of the most common parameters for the severity of the COVID-19 is the chronic illness, like high blood pressure, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (Mizumoto et al.Rehman, Suriyacord-84058-93kxeb502020-05-15951158
We designed a comprehensive questionnaire to collect exposure history, clinical manifestations and treatments of HTx recipients in our hospital.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 222, "end": 225, "text": "[1]", "ref_id": "BIBREF0"}, {"start": 226, "end": 229, "text": "[2]", "ref_id": "BIBREF1"}, {"start": 230, "end": 233, "text": "[3]", "ref_id": "BIBREF2"}, {"start": 480, "end": 483, "text": "[4]", "ref_id": "BIBREF3"}, {"start": 781, "end": 784, "text": "[5]", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 897, "end": 900, "text": "[6]", "ref_id": "BIBREF5"}, {"start": 1281, "end": 1284, "text": "[2,", "ref_id": "BIBREF1"}, {"start": 1285, "end": 1287, "text": "7]", "ref_id": "BIBREF6"}, {"start": 1468, "end": 1469, "text": "4", "ref_id": "BIBREF3"}, {"start": 1494, "end": 1499, "text": "(8.9)", "ref_id": null}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "INTRODUCTION"}, {"text": "All patients receiving an allograft heart transplantation and discharged between July, 2015 to Jan, 2020 in our hospital were included in this retrospective, single-center study and numbered as No.1 to No.87 by date of transplantation. ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "5"}, {"text": "This is the largest comprehensive report of HTx recipients during the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic and our findings indicated that this immunocompromised population received similar 7 exposure, including contacting with individuals with travel from Wuhan, taking public transport, going to crowded places, however they exhibited less infection than expected.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "DISCUSSION"}, {"text": "The origins of this virus have been traced back to the seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, China.Ren, Zong-Licord-17082-ziepfnpz2020-03-25526344
text: "Taking advantage of the Network of Italian Genomes (NIG), a consortium established to generate a public database (NIG-db) containing aggregate variant frequencies data for the Italian population (http://www.nig.cineca.it/), here we describe the genetic variation of ACE2 in the Italian population, one of the newly affected countries by the 2019-nCov outbreak causing COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.03.20047977 doi: medRxiv preprint Table 2 ); among these, p.Val506Ala is indeed the only amino acid change reported in the European non-Finnish population (rs775181355; frequency: 0.000006561, cadd 27,2) and is predicted as probably damaging for the protein structure by Polyphen and deleterious by SIFT .", Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of wild-type and variant ACE2 proteins were carried out in GROMACS 2019.3 (22) to calculate root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) to define All rights reserved. We analysed by MD simulations the structural changes of two specific missense mutations: the V506A that showed the higher destabilizing effect and the W69C whose surrounding residues, (30-41) segment, are involved in 2019-nCOV Spike protein interaction.Renieri, A.cord-85877-klj710h22020-04-06600945
(10, 11) In this paper, we summarize key epidemiological findings from data on the first 62,843 confirmed COVID-19 cases in Italy, including 5,541 associated deaths, and initial findings on SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility across different regions.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 171, "end": 174, "text": "(8,", "ref_id": "BIBREF7"}, {"start": 175, "end": 177, "text": "9)", "ref_id": "BIBREF8"}, {"start": 621, "end": 625, "text": "(10,", "ref_id": "BIBREF9"}, {"start": 626, "end": 629, "text": "11)", "ref_id": "BIBREF10"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": ""}, {"text": "With the aim to increase the understanding of the disease dynamics in Italy and support the planning of public health actions, a case-based surveillance system was established on the 27 th of February 2020, building on a previously existing surveillance system focused only on suspected and confirmed COVID-19 severe respiratory infections (12) .Riccardo, Flaviacord-83227-pezm1tnw2020-04-11996045
All of the patients had deteriorated despite routine therapies in the previous week, and the agent is now listed as a treatment option for severe or critical cases with elevated IL-6 in the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China COVID-19 Diagnosis and Treatment Guide.(35) A very recent case study has described the successful use of Tmab in a patient on maintenance therapy for multiple myeloma who had received bortezomib, thalidomide and dexamethasone therapy approximately 4 years previously and had been on thalidomide maintenance since then. "title": "Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China", "title": "Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study", "title": "No evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection", "title": "A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with common coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)",Richards, Guycord-44098-243addff2020-04-19569955
Since the production of a vaccine could take 12-18 months 13 , and de novo development of therapies usually requires 10-17 years 14 , repositioning clinically evaluated drugs represents one of the most practicable strategies for the rapid identification and deployment of treatments for emerging infectious diseases such as Toward this end, in addition to many anti-immune treatments not addressed in this paper, many investigational clinical trials using repurposed drugs for evaluation of direct antiviral activity have already been launched. Here, we describe a high-throughput repositioning screen using the commercial library of 1,280 pharmacologically active compounds LOPAC\u00ae1280 and the ReFRAME (Repurposing, Focused Rescue, and Accelerated Medchem) drug collection, a comprehensive openaccess library of ~12,000 clinical-staged or approved small molecules respectively, to identify existing drugs that harbor antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in a cell-based assay 27, 28 . "text": "Here, we describe a high-throughput analysis of the ReFRAME library to identify inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 replication in mammalian cells, and identified several targets and mechanistic classes that were highly enriched, including aldose reductase inhibitors, retinoic acid receptor antagonists, benzodiazepine receptor agonists, regulators of cholesterol homeostasis and antimalarial compounds.Riva, Lauracord-81543-1fgnfh622020-04-171308244
text: "Fig. 1 Nonhuman primates (NHP) and human immune cells are identified using similar markers. "text": "Clinical studies have suggested that NK cells can impact the progression and severity of several viral infections, notably human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Alter and Altfeld 2009 ). "text": "Age-related changes in innate and adaptive immunity lead to reduced immune response to infection and vaccination in humans, which in turn contribute to increased morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases (Weinberger et al. "text": "As described for humans, aged rhesus macaques generate a reduced T and B cell response to several pathogens compared to young animals. "text": "The initiation of CR during early adulthood (adult-onset CR, AO-CR, 5-7 years) resulted in higher frequencies of naive T cells, a more diverse T cell repertoire, increased T cell proliferative capacity, and reduced the frequency of memory T cells that secreted the pro-inflammatory factors IFN\u03b3 and TNF\u03b1 in response to CD3 stimulation in both male and female rhesus macaques (Messaoudi et al.Rivera, Andreacord-36590-j0exlr7c2019-04-111905758
The Notch signalling is a positive regulator of furin and a negative regulator of ADAM17 (through the transcription of miRNA-145), and thus \u03b3-secretase inhibitor (GSI), which prevents Notch activation, may represent a strategy to interfere with the virus entry into the cells by reducing furin and increase ADAM17 shedding. In Th cells, Notch signalling triggered by Dll1,4 ligands promotes the production of inflammatory Th1/Th17 cytokines, whereas Jagged1 suppresses IL-6-induced Th17 activation [49] (Fig. 2) . By uncovering new aspects of this relationship, we might be able to target Notch also to fight heart and lung disease caused directly by SARS-CoV-2 infection and by the cytokine storm in response to the virus.", "title": "cluster is a novel transcriptional target of Jagged-1/ Notch signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells", "title": "Notch signalling during peripheral T-cell activation and differentiation", "last": "Vieceli Dalla Sega", "last": "Vieceli Dalla Sega", "last": "Vieceli Dalla Sega",Rizzo, Paolacord-04362-m6eal7lu2020-04-09868961
No obstante, puesto que 1 de cada 4 adultos en todo el mundo no satisface las recomendaciones m\u00ednimas y el confinamiento actual lo hace a\u00fan m\u00e1s dif\u00edcil, se requiere una nueva estrategia para conseguir un nivel de ejercicio f\u00edsico saludable.", As\u00ed, se propone aumentar la frecuencia del ejercicio de 5 d\u00edas a 5-7 d\u00edas por semana y la cantidad de ejercicio aer\u00f3bico, de 150-300 a 200-400 min por semana e incorporar m\u00e1s rutinas de fortalecimiento muscular, equilibrio y coordinaci\u00f3n, y controlar la intensidad, que deber\u00eda ser moderada para evitar los efectos perjudiciales. "ref_id": null "ref_id": null "text": "En conclusi\u00f3n, las instituciones m\u00e1s representativas en cuanto a ejercicio f\u00edsico y salud han creado espacios y recomendaciones para animar a las personas a mantenerse f\u00edsicamente activas durante el confinamiento. "title": "Pautas para hacer ejercicio en casa durante la situaci\u00f3n de emergencia por el coronavirus",Rodríguez, Miguel Ángelcord-12102-6wox55cs2020-04-15214849
J Sport Heal Sci", "volume": "8", "issn": "", "pages": "524--526", "other_ids": {}}, "BIBREF12": {"ref_id": "b12", "title": "Physical exercise as therapy to fight against the mental and physical consequences of COVID-19 quarantine: Special focus in older people", "authors": [{"first": "D", "middle": [], "last": "Jim\u00e9nez-Pav\u00f3n", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "A", "middle": [], "last": "Carbonell-Baeza", "suffix": ""}, {"first": "C", "middle": ["J"], "last": "Lavie", "suffix": ""}], "year": 2020, "venue": "Prog Cardiovasc Dis", "volume": "", "issn": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {"DOI": ["10.1016/j.pcad.2020.03.009"]}}, "BIBREF14": {"ref_id": "b14", "title": "Create a Circuit Home Workout Infographic", "authors": [], "year": null, "venue": "American Heart Association", "volume": "", "issn": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}}, "BIBREF15": {"ref_id": "b15", "title": "Accessed 3", "authors": [], "year": 2020, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issn": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}}}, "ref_entries": {"FIGREF0": {"text": "the organizations show some examples of exercises that can be done at home, including both aerobic and strength training.Rodríguez, Miguel Ángelcord-26651-hcf9tzeh2020-04-08156438
text: "These studies highlight the ability of macrophage polarization to influence EBOV GP-dependent virus replication in vivo and ex vivo, with M2a polarization upregulating cell surface PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | https://doi.org/10.receptor expression and thereby enhancing virus replication. "text": "Here we show that IL-4/IL-13 polarization of murine peritoneal macrophages enhances EBOV GP-dependent infection by increasing cell surface expression of CLRs. In these studies, we primarily use BSL-2 recombinant VSV encoding EBOV GP (rVSV/EBOV GP) as a costeffective and safe surrogate model of EBOV infection. "text": "To assess the role of macrophage polarization on rVSV/EBOV infection in vivo, we challenged control (Ifnar -/-) and Ifnar/Timd-4 -/-C57BL/6 mice with virus. "text": "We demonstrate in these studies that IL-4/IL-13 polarization increases the expression of cell surface receptors important for EBOV infection on mouse pmacs and human MDMs, resulting in enhanced Ebola GP-dependent infection in both wild-type and Ifnar -/cells.Rogers, Kai J.cord-74292-66lqic502019-12-111777060
A viral disease of the central nervous system, rabies transmits between animals, including humans, when saliva containing the virus enters an opening in the skin. Usually, the rabies virus enters through the bite of a rabid animal, but transmission can also occur when infected saliva enters through mucous membranes or a break in the skin. "text": "According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the first clinical signs and symptoms of rabies may be very similar to those of the flu including general weakness or discomfort, fever, or headache. For the rabies virus to get to the salivary glands, it has to travel first from the site of entry (usually a bite wound) through the animal''s nervous system, then to the brain. "text": "A silver-haired bat, the type that has been responsible for numerous human rabies cases and deaths. "title": "Rabies: rare human infection -common questions",Rohde, Rodney E.cord-117838-ju6vuywm2020-12-31629162
Feeding 11 billion people will require substantial increases in crop and animal production that will expand agricultural use of antibiotics, water, pesticides and fertilizer, and contact rates between humans and both wild and domestic animals, all with consequences for the emergence and spread of infectious agents. Meeting the United Nations'' Sustainable Development Goal, to \"eradicate hunger\" (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/) for this expanding human population will necessitate a large increase in food supplies, with major changes to agricultural production and distribution systems, infrastructure and social protection programmes 6 (Fig. 3) . As livestock and aquaculture production expand to address growing food demands, it is likely that current antibiotics and anthelmintics will become less effective because of evolved resistance, and thus infectious diseases of domesticated animals and humans will be more difficult to treat 75 .", "text": "Effects of agricultural drivers on emerging infectious diseases (EiDs) and zoonotic EiDs of humans since 1940.Rohr, Jason R.cord-21373-t85yioyl2019-06-111514146
text: "Several convalescent blood products such as intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) and polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies have been developed to treat infectious conditions [18] . "title": "Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial", "title": "The effectiveness of convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe acute respiratory infections of viral etiology: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis", "title": "Treatment of 5 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 With Convalescent Plasma", "title": "Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients", "title": "Convalescent plasma treatment reduced mortality in patients with severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection", "title": "Effective treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins reduces autoreactive T-cell response in patients with CIDP",Rojas, Manuelcord-12905-ha5nszxi2020-05-051332858
title: "Real-time kinetics and high-resolution melt curves in single-molecule digital LAMP to differentiate and study specific and non-specific amplification", We then develop a real-time digital LAMP (dLAMP) with high-resolution melting temperature (HRM) analysis and use this single-molecule approach to analyze approximately 1.2 million amplification events. To test this hypothesis, we used a dLAMP assay with CT DNA as the target (combined with sequencing to identify the products of bulk reactions) to analyze both specific and non-specific amplification under conditions that include clinically relevant concentrations of background human DNA.", "text": "To study specific and non-specific amplification events at the digital single-molecule level, we developed a new approach that enabled HRM analysis (obtaining ''melt curves'') to be performed on each partition. Single digital partition counts were observed at low-T m non-specific amplification in both the presence of template and the NTC and independent of hgDNA concentration ( Figure 9B and C).Rolando, Justin Ccord-21109-zt1o1bcz2020-04-172106650
text: "Patients infected with COVID-19 showed higher leukocyte numbers, abnormal respiratory findings, and increased levels of plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines. "text": "Based on the large number of infected people that were exposed to the wet animal market in Wuhan City where live animals are routinely sold, it is suggested that this is the likely zoonotic origin of the COVID19 . "text": "The person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 infection led to the isolation of patients that were administered a variety of treatments. "title": "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in", "title": "Early transmission dynamics in wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia", "title": "A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China", "title": "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study", "text": "The chronological incidence of COVID-19 infections and death cases in China.Rothan, Hussin A.cord-117726-xuczplaf2020-05-31541558
Our findings suggest that the lung-specific eQTL variants may confer different susceptibility or response to SARS-CoV-2 infection from different populations under the similar conditions. "text": "To systematically investigate the candidate functional variants in TMPRSS2 and the allele frequency (AF) differences between 17 populations with different ethnic origin, we analyzed all the 1025 variants in TMPRSS2 gene region downloaded from the gnomAD browser and annotated with 34 pathogenic variant scores (Supplementary Table S1 ). The AFs of all the variants located in the coding region of TMPRSS2 in different largescale genome databases were summarized in Supplementary Table S2 . "text": "Targeting TMPRSS2 expression and/or activity could be a promising candidate for potential interventions against COVID-19 given its crucial role in initiating SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viral infections. b) The allele frequency distribution of non-synonymous pathogenic, benign, loss-of-function, and eQTL-lung variants (positive NES) of TMPRSS2 in different populations.Russo, Robertacord-84191-gzy4yud32020-04-24410146
email: "rezaei_nima@tums.ac.ir" Further, human studies provided evidence pointing to the increased development of emotional problems and EDR-related disorders in patients with various types of AIDs, such as SLE and multiple sclerosis (MS), in a disease state/severity-dependent manner [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . Thus, it is not surprising that the inflammatory response and respective cytokines are supposed as one of the possible mechanisms linking the experience of negative emotions or ER-related disorders and the progression of cardiovascular diseases, of course along with the neuroendocrine system and apoptosis signaling pathways [27, 30, [32] [33] [34] [35] . "title": "Physiological responses to emotional excitement in healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease", "title": "Increased emotional distress in daughters of breast cancer patients is associated with decreased natural cytotoxic activity, elevated levels of stress hormones and decreased secretion of Th1 cytokines", "title": "The associations of emotion regulation and dysregulation with the metabolic syndrome factor",Saghazadeh, Amenecord-37992-of9vx7og2019-04-271235954
4 This chapter reviews causative agents, clinical manifestations, and management approaches for travel-related RTIs.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 339, "end": 343, "text": "[TB]", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 739, "end": 740, "text": "4", "ref_id": "BIBREF20"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "INTRODUCTION"}, {"text": "Respiratory infections may manifest as upper tract disease (rhinitis, sinusitis, otitis, pharyngitis, epiglottitis, tracheitis), lower tract disease (bronchitis, pneumonia), or both. Other causes of pharyngitis include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "CAUSATIVE AGENTS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION"}, {"text": "Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are characterized by bronchial and/or pulmonary parenchymal involvement. The majority of these cases are due to viruses.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 448, "end": 449, "text": "5", "ref_id": "BIBREF21"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "CAUSATIVE AGENTS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION"}, {"text": "Travel destination, exposure, and activities should be considered in returned travelers with an RTI, as shown in However, that rate, which is equivalent to 0.2 episodes/person/year, is much lower than the incidence of common respiratory diseases among adults in the United States.Saleri, Nucciacord-05547-3ht3iv2g2019-12-311066939
Furthermore, ROS can cause barrier dysfunction by activating inflammasome via signaling pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) [126] .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 255, "end": 260, "text": "[124,", "ref_id": "BIBREF97"}, {"start": 261, "end": 265, "text": "125]", "ref_id": "BIBREF99"}, {"start": 484, "end": 489, "text": "[126]", "ref_id": "BIBREF100"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Virus Factors that Impact BBB"}, {"text": "Viruses can also infect brain endothelial cells and induce syncytium resulting in vascular damage and hemorrhage [127, 128] . ROS in turn promotes phosphorylation and internalization of VE-cadherin, leading to barrier dysfunction [188, 190, 191] .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 209, "end": 214, "text": "[187]", "ref_id": "BIBREF165"}, {"start": 215, "end": 220, "text": "[188]", "ref_id": "BIBREF166"}, {"start": 221, "end": 226, "text": "[189]", "ref_id": "BIBREF167"}, {"start": 568, "end": 573, "text": "[109,", "ref_id": "BIBREF82"}, {"start": 574, "end": 578, "text": "120]", "ref_id": "BIBREF93"}, {"start": 722, "end": 727, "text": "[188,", "ref_id": "BIBREF166"}, {"start": 728, "end": 732, "text": "190,", "ref_id": "BIBREF168"}, {"start": 733, "end": 737, "text": "191]", "ref_id": "BIBREF169"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Adaptive Immune Responses to Viruses that Impact BBB Function"}, {"text": "Collectively, the above studies suggest that upon viral infection, CNS residential cells release inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, which activate brain endothelium allowing immune cell infiltration.Salimi, Hamidcord-36335-h9o0yuux2019-04-252725845
It is shown how social measures such as distancing, regional lockdowns, quarantine and global public health vigilance, influence the model parameters, which can eventually change the mortality rates and active contaminated cases over time, in the real world. "text": "In this study, epidemic outbreaks are studied from an interdisciplinary perspective, by using an extension of the susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) model [1] , which is a mathematical compartmental model based on the average behavior of a population under study. Sameni shown by simulation, how social measures such as distancing, regional lock-downs and public health vigilance, can influence the model parameters, which in turns change the mortality rates and active contaminated cases over time.", "text": "In (12), similar to the classical SIR model, the interpretation of the nonlinear terms including s(t)e(t) and s(t)i(t) is that the rate of exposure to the virus is proportional the population of both the susceptible and exposed/infected subjects.Sameni, Rezacord-117527-9wd5x7r12020-03-25891048
Here, we found that the case fatality rate for COVID-19 grows exponentially with age in Italy, Spain, South Korea, and China, with the doubling time approaching that of all-cause human mortality. "text": "We found that the expression of ACE2 in the lung increases with age in subjects who were not on a ventilator at the time of death (Pearson''s r=0.23; p=0.0002; n=261) ( Fig. 4A ). "text": "While further analyses are needed, our study suggests that age-related changes in ACE2 expression at the entry point of the virus into the cells may contribute to the agerelated increase in the SARS-CoV-2 infections and mortality.", https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.20060095 doi: medRxiv preprint doubling time approaching that of all-cause human mortality, (iii) higher mortality in men than in women, (iv) strong association with pre-existing age-related diseases, (v) COVID-19 being a subset of all-cause pneumonia, which is itself a disease of aging, and (vi) an age-related increase in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor mRNA expression in the lungs of non-ventilator subjects.Santesmasses, Didaccord-81587-uatnaro42020-04-15665256
Like cervical tissues, these epithelial cells, upon exposure to NG, induced a very similar profile of cytokines as observed in the organ culture setup with an increase in the expression of intracellular IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IL8, and IL6 cytokine mRNAs ( Figure 2C ) and secreted IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 cytokine proteins (100-250 pg/mL of IL-1\u03b2 in NG exposed compared to 20-50 pg/mL in control and 100-500 pg/mL of TNF-\u03b1 in NG exposed compared to 10-50 pg/mL in control). "text": "There have been reports that NG exposure recruits CD4+ T cell, 17, 49 which could increase targets for HIV-1 infection, to the cervices of higher numbers of CD3+ T cells were localized in the intraepithelial layer in the tissue exposed to NG, compared to tissues exposed to control media. "title": "Study of HIV-1 transmission across cervical mucosa to tonsil tissue cells using an organ culture",Sanyal, Anweshacord-27772-uodq4foi2019-04-111118556
text: "This chapter is on three lower respiratory tract infections, viz., tuberculosis, influenza, and pneumonia, endogenous oxidative stress as a self-defense mechanism, and role of antioxidants on the infections.", "text": "The major phagocytic cells of our immune system are neutrophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages (Silva Manuel and Correia 2012) ( Fig. 7 .1). "text": "As discussed in the general section, macrophages kill Mtb by producing ROS/RNS in an oxygen-dependent manner. "text": "Pulmonary Tuberculosis is characterized by the infection of the lung tissue by Mtb. The ROS/RNS produced by phagocytic cells restrict mycobacterial dissemination. "text": "IAV infects mainly the epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages (M\u03a6s) in the respiratory tract (Nicol and Dutia 2014) . "title": "Lung neutrophils facilitate activation of na\u00efve antigen specific CD4 + T cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection", "title": "The role of macrophages in influenza A virus infection", "title": "Role of macrophage cytokines in influenza A virus infections",Sarkar, Kasturicord-36706-5ro9i17r2019-05-021242056
text: "The COVID-19 pandemic poses great challenges for older adults and their families, support systems, caregivers, and medical and mental health care providers. "text": "Alcohol is the substance most commonly used across the age span, and can lead to severe medical, functional and psychiatric problems for older adults, as well as sleep disruption, falls, and other injuries and accidents. "text": "In the context of the pandemic, providers should advise older adults to eliminate smoked tobacco and nicotine vaping, and encourage patients to use nicotine replacement (e.g., patches, gum) or anti-craving medications such as bupropion. "text": "Older adults are more vulnerable than younger adults to the effects of substance use, including the exacerbation of chronic medical and mental health conditions. The already elevated risk of suicide in older adults has the potential to be increased by social isolation, anxiety and depression related to COVID-19, and by alcohol and other substance use.Satre, Derek D.cord-120441-otyrbdwq2020-04-22231446
title: "Epigenetic dysregulation of ACE2 and interferon-regulated genes might suggest increased COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in lupus patients", "text": "Oxidative stress induced by viral infections exacerbates the DNA methylation defect in lupus, possibly resulting in further ACE2 hypomethylation and enhanced viremia. "text": "Further, maintaining disease remission in lupus patients is critical to prevent a vicious cycle of demethylation and increased oxidative stress, which will exacerbate susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection during the current pandemic. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.30.20047852 doi: medRxiv preprint the oxidative stress from SARS-CoV-2 infection, will further enhance viral entry in lupus patients through epigenetic de-repression of ACE2 and increased ACE2 expression.", "text": "Taken together, these observations suggest that epigenetic dysregulation might increase the risk and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections in lupus patients. "title": "Genome-wide DNA methylation study suggests epigenetic accessibility and transcriptional poising of interferon-regulated genes in naive CD4+ T cells from lupus patients",Sawalha, A. H.cord-84571-tdycrxtl2020-04-04409346
title: "Epigenetic dysregulation of ACE2 and interferon-regulated genes might suggest increased COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in lupus patients", Examining whole-genome DNA methylation data generated using an array-based approach, we observe significant hypomethylation in the ACE2 gene in this T cell subset compared to KIR \u2212 CD11a low T cells isolated from the same lupus patients (Fig. 1A) . Therefore, it is reasonable to suggest the possibility that the DNA methylation defect in lupus patients, exacerbated by oxidative stress generated from SARS-CoV-2 infection, will further enhance viral entry in lupus patients through epigenetic de-repression of ACE2 and increased ACE2 expression.", "text": "Lupus patients are characterized by robust demethylation of interferon-regulated genes, which is persistent and present across multiple cell types and disease subsets [20] . "title": "Genome-wide DNA methylation study suggests epigenetic accessibility and transcriptional poising of interferon-regulated genes in naive CD4+ T cells from lupus patients",Sawalha, Amr H.cord-124767-xf4sofyc2020-06-30445656
Consequently, this timeline should be regarded as a starting point and individual patient circumstances should be carefully considered to determine the optimal patient evaluation.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 436, "end": 437, "text": "1", "ref_id": "BIBREF0"}], "ref_spans": [{"start": 258, "end": 267, "text": "Fig. 40.1", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 438, "end": 447, "text": "(Table 40", "ref_id": "TABREF0"}], "section": "TIMELINE OF INFECTION"}, {"text": "Although immunosuppressive therapies are initiated at maximal doses at the time of transplant, the early posttransplant period is notable for hospital-acquired infections, especially related to the surgical procedure and the use of devices that disrupt the host''s mucocutaneous barriers, including IV and urinary tract catheters.Sawinski, Deirdrecord-06063-5a1h0tdd2019-12-312516941
In the multicentre IMAC (Intervention in Myocarditis and Acute Cardiomyopathy)-2 study, men with a left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF; the fraction of the volume of fluid ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction; physiological values are \u226550%) \u226440%, <6 months of heart failure symptom duration and myocarditis (inflammation of the myocardium) or acute onset of idiopathic DCM (idiopathic DCM of <6 months symptom duration) had worse recovery (assessed by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification) and reduced transplant-free survival than women 26 , a finding that is similar to data on patients with heart failure in general 20 .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 292, "end": 296, "text": "[18]", "ref_id": "BIBREF18"}, {"start": 297, "end": 301, "text": "[19]", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 302, "end": 306, "text": "[20]", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 307, "end": 310, "text": "28,", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 311, "end": 313, "text": "29", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 429, "end": 440, "text": "(refs 10,18", "ref_id": null}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Risk factors"}, {"text": "In a multisite study in the USA and Canada, DCM was the most common form of cardiomyopathy among children (individuals of <18 years of age): 66% had idiopathic DCM, whereas of those with DCM due to known causes, 46% had myocarditis and 26% had neuromuscular disease 30 .Schultheiss, Heinz-Petercord-105235-ou8jo2d42019-05-092418740
nanScibior, Agnieszkacord-10486-xl73btd82020-04-123374754
text: "Controlling for demographic and worry variables, there was a higher association between performance of hygiene-related behaviors and trust in government/authorities (aOR: 2\u00b76, 95% CI 1\u00b76-4\u00b74), perceived high severity if infected (aOR: 1\u00b78, 95% CI 1\u00b72-2\u00b77), higher levels of belief in the effectiveness of behaviors (aOR 3\u00b74, 95% CI: 2\u00b75-4\u00b78), higher ability to adopt social distancing strategies (aOR: 1.8,95% CI 1\u00b71-2\u00b71), low levels of concern if selfisolated (aOR: 2\u00b78 95% CI: 1\u00b76-4\u00b78), intermediate to higher level of risk perception (aOR: 2\u00b71, 95% CI: 1\u00b75-2\u00b79, aOR: 3\u00b71, 95% CI: 1\u00b79-4\u00b79) and serious or extreme perceived impact on health (aOR: 1\u00b77, 95% CI: 1\u00b72-2\u00b74) led to performance of recommended behaviors.", "text": "Reporting the use of avoidance behaviors was more likely in respondents who: trusted government/authorities (aOR: 5\u00b75, 95% CI 3-9\u00b70), rated effectiveness of behaviors higher (aOR: 4.3 ,95% CI: 2\u00b78-6\u00b79), and indicated a higher ability to adopt social distancing strategies (aOR: 1.8, 95% CI 1\u00b71-3\u00b70) ( Table 3) Six questions focused on self-isolation as a strategy.Seale, H.cord-82072-sd3hwvi32020-05-08806354
title: "Culture-dependent and metagenomic analysis of lesser horseshoe bats'' gut microbiome revealing unique bacterial diversity and signatures of potential human pathogens", Extensive metagenomic studies in bats are limited, particularly for the gut, and to date, there are no reports on the bacterial diversity of Rhinolophus monoceros from Meghalaya, India. Metagenomic studies have used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize gut microbiomes and microbes in the guano of several bat species [19, 20] and the feces of other animals to determine their diet and the diversity of metabolic functional genes and enzymes [21, 22] .", "text": "The 35 bacterial isolates identified were Staphylococcus succinus (1), Staphylococcus xylosus (1) Bacillus anthracis (4), Hafnia alvei (6), Escherichia furgusonii (5), Brevibacillus formosus (1), Brevibacillus brevis (1), Pseudomonas stutzeri (1), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2), Rhodococcus jialingiae (1), Enterobacter xiangfangensis (1) Enterobacter cloacaea (1), Serratia marcescens (2), Serratia liquefaciens (1), and Serratia quinivorans (1).Selvin, Josephcord-00381-eifztaov2019-08-291052355
text: "\u2022 In addition to lack of healthcare worker protection, staffing shortages, heightened risk of nosocomial transmission and decreased healthcare use described in previous infectious disease outbreaks, maternal and newborn care during the COVID-19 pandemic has also been affected by large-scale lockdowns/curfews. \u2022 Healthcare providers were worried about the impact of rapidly changing care practices on health outcomes: reduced access to antenatal care, fewer outpatient visits, shorter length-of-stay in facilities after birth, banning birth companions, separating newborns from COVID-19 positive mothers, and postponing routine immunisations. This online survey is part of a larger study which seeks to 1) understand how health professionals and health facilities prepare and respond to COVID-19 in regard to the care provided to women and their babies during antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal care; and 2) document and analyse the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the services available to pregnant, labouring and postpartum women and their newborns, including as a result of increasing pressures on the healthcare system.",Semaan, A. T.cord-86444-riem28zd2020-05-111441553
text: "\uf0b7 We reviewed available databases and searched systematically for publications reporting data on gender and Covid-19.", "text": "We review only some of the currently available data, notably the sex-difference in susceptibility to the Covid-19 infection and the concomitant risk of death. The proportion of males tested positive to J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Covid-19 was higher as compared to females in Asia (with the exception of South Korea), in South America, in the New York area (9-11, 26, 27) , but not in Canada and in some European countries (Estonia and in Belgium) (9-11, 14, 16, 18) where more women tested positive than men ( Table 1 ). Similarly, in all countries reporting death rates from Covid19 infections, by sex, more men died than women (60%-70% of men) ( These data need also to be interpreted cautiously.Serge, Rozenbergcord-84629-z63qn66b2020-05-15928167
text: "Epidemiologic and cross-sectional studies suggest that early life farming and animal exposures are associated with major health benefits, influencing immune development and modifying the subsequent risk of allergic diseases, including asthma. The WISC study prospective design, broad biospecimen collections, and unique US rural community will provide insights into the role of environmental exposures on early life immune maturation profiles associated with protection from allergic sensitization and significant respiratory viral disease burden. Epidemiologic and cross-sectional studies suggest that early life farming and animal exposures are associated with major health benefits, influencing immune development and modifying the subsequent risk of allergic diseases, including asthma [4] . Expanding upon published epidemiologic findings from our group and others, the WISC study is designed to test the hypothesis that early life animal farm exposures are associated with reduced respiratory viral illness burden, distinct innate immune cell maturation trajectories, and decreased allergen sensitization during the first 2 years of life.Seroogy, Christine M.cord-15582-yy8zac3w2019-07-16856853
text: "Word Count: Abstract: 175 Text: 2822 \uf0b7 This relationship indicates respiratory muscle performance may contribute to outcomes related to acute respiratory distress syndrome from coronavirus infection in patients with poor baseline health.", "text": "\uf0b7 Patients with poorer baseline health, notably obesity, are more likely to demonstrate impaired respiratory muscle performance, and poorer outcomes following intensive care unit admission and mechanical ventilation.", There are certain patient demographics that appear to be associated with a higher susceptibility to developing severe respiratory complications from COVID-19 requiring intensive care unit admission and mechanical ventilation [2] [3] [4] [5] 14 . In patients requiring mechanical ventilation, respiratory muscle training improves weaning outcomes 73 and reduce hospital length of stay 74 .", "title": "Effect of Respiratory Muscle Training on Exercise Performance in Healthy Individuals", "title": "Inspiratory muscle training facilitates weaning from mechanical ventilation among patients in the intensive care unit: A systematic review",Severin, Richardcord-25964-b2jyct5c2020-04-25977251
text: "Rejection suppression in animal models of islet, lung, skin transplantation (Jung et al., 2006; Kim et al., 2009; Zhai et al., 2007; Zhao et al., 2019) Cancer No association in T2DM patients (Barnett et al., 2012; Green et al., 2015; Leiter, et al., 2015; Mita, et al., 2016) Tumor suppression in vitro/in animal models of HCC, breast cancer, melanoma, CML, and multiple myeloma (Barreira da Silva et al., 2015; Herrmann et al., 2014; Hollande et al., 2019; Nishida et al., 2018; Qin et al., 2018) Tumor development in vitro/in animal models of PCa, lung cancer, and CRC (Russo et al., 2018; Shingu et al., 2003; Wesley et al., 2005; Xie et al., 2017) CVD Cardiovascular safety in T2DM patients (Aroor et al., 2018; Green et al., 2015; Scirica et al., 2013; White et al., 2013) Increased risk in HF in T2DM patients (Scirica et al., 2013; White et al., 2013) Cardioprotection in animal model (Bostick et al., 2014; Hocher et al., 2013; Kubota et al., 2016; Mulvihill et al., 2016; Shah et al., 2011; Connelly et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2010) No effect or impairment of cardiac function in animal model (Mulvihill et al., 2016; Yin et al., 2011) Asthma Increased airway inflammation in animal model (Yan et al., 2012) Decreased airway inflammation in animal model (Schmiedl et al., 2010) Infectious diseases",Shao, Shiyingcord-13268-oxda36or2020-02-142628558
The understanding that dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, inheritance, and stress are linked to ASCVD marked an inflection point in the interest to study risk factor management and to provide preventive services to mitigate the burden of ASCVD, as FHS clearly demonstrated that multiple factors coexist and cooperate to accelerate the path to disease development [7] . "text": "The practice of preventive cardiology requires specialized knowledge of metabolism, cardiovascular physiology, anatomy, and imaging, functional stress testing, cardiac rehabilitation, pharmacology, natural therapies, and lifestyle management. There is too much for a general cardiologist, endocrinologist, or primary care provider to know and do regarding ASCVD risk assessment and mitigation, and too much demand of expert management from the patient side to have a satisfying experience in a non-dedicated practice, such as general endocrine or cardiology clinic, or even a focused lipid clinic or a cardio-metabolic center.Shapiro, Michael D.cord-07364-a3bnyo2g2020-03-31559943
title: "Journal Pre-proof Sex Differences in Mortality from COVID-19 Pandemic: Are Men Vulnerable and Women Protected? Sex Differences in Mortality from COVID-19 Pandemic: Are Men Vulnerable and Women Protected?", "text": "This analysis summarizes what is known so far about the sex differences in mortality, the contributions of underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, plausible biological reasons in this observed sex-difference in COVID-19, and guidance to the cardiovascular community in conducting sex specific research in COVID-19 disease severity and reasons for recovery (Figure 1) .", "text": "The ACE2 gene is located on the X chromosome which suggests that women might have higher ACE2 levels and thus be protected against more severe disease compared to men (17) . "title": "Sex-Based Differences in Susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection", "venue": "Biol Sex Differ", "text": "Sex Differences in Risk Factors and Mortality from COVID-19 Pandemic",Sharma, Garimacord-26585-l3s40a8t2020-05-04263243
To ensure that our reporter virus behaved similarly to WT MERS-CoV, we first demonstrated that MERS-nLUC and wild-type (WT) MERS-CoV EMC 2012 strain replicate to similar levels in the absence of drug treatment and are similarly susceptible to the antiviral activity of RDV (WT EC 50 = 0.12 \u00b5M; MERS-nLUC EC 50 = 0.09 \u00b5M) in the human lung epithelial cell line, Calu-3 ( Supplementary Fig. 1 ). As shown in Fig. 2a , prophylactic RDV (25 mg/kg, BID) administered 1 day prior to infection significantly diminished MERS-CoV-induced weight loss in mice infected with 5E + 04 (P < 0.0001, two-way ANOVA with Tukey''s multiple comparison test) or 5E + 05 plaque-forming units (pfu) (P < 0.0001, two-way ANOVA with Tukey''s multiple comparison test) as compared with similarly infected vehicle-treated animals. To more stringently assess the therapeutic potential of RDV and LPV/RTV-IFNb and to better model the human scenario where MERS-CoV patients most likely would initiate treatment after infection, we performed a series of therapeutic efficacy studies in mice.Sheahan, Timothy P.cord-12201-393k3lq62020-01-101522456
We identified 10 antibodies recognising eight immunophenotypic markers expressed on the NMR''s T and B lymphocytes, macrophages/monocytes and putative haematopoietic precursors and used them for an immunophenotyping of leukocyte subsets of peripheral blood, spleen and bone marrow samples. "text": "Keywords: granulocytes r haematopoietic precursors r lymphocytes r myeloid cells r naked mole rat Additional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of the article. "text": "At first, we analysed immune cell-related NMR, Guinea pig, human, mouse and rat surface antigens to identify those with high and intermediate homology of extracellular domains (see Supporting Information Table 1 ). "text": "To identify B lymphocytes, we stained primary NMR immune cells with antibodies recognising surface IgM (clone 31D2) and MHC-II (clone MSgp8). "text": "In blood, some CD34 + and c-Kit + cells were also observed, but they did not form clearly defined subsets, and their CD34 and c-Kit expression levels were lower compared to cells in corresponding spleen and bone marrow samples (Supporting Information Fig. 10A ).",Shebzukhov, Yurycord-27566-605xf64g2019-09-05638659
text: "The newly emergent Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes severe viral pneumonia in humans and poses a serious threat to public health worldwide, with cases reported from all 6 permanently inhabited continents. "text": "Laboratory findings showed that decreased lymphocyte counts ( Fig. 1 A) , as well as elevated levels D-dimer ( Fig. 1 B) , may be early markers contributing to disease severity. "title": "Clinical characteristics and imaging manifestations of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A multi-center study in Wenzhou city", "title": "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China", "title": "Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China", "title": "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study", "text": "Routine blood examination of severe, mild COVID-19 patients, and healthy people upon admission.Shen, Liangcord-11115-ycqxxcwd2020-04-10195055
text: "Increases in the movement of people, climate change, and viral evolution involving cross-species at the human-animal interface lead to the emergence of new viruses Ippolito and Rezza 2017) . "text": "Another critical driver of the emergence of viral diseases is host switching, where a virus that initially infected an animal host shifts to a new host and subsequently gets established within the human population after it is successfully transmitted (Lindstrom et al. "text": "Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a devastating mosquito-borne zoonotic disease that causes illnesses in humans and animals (Hartman 2017) . "text": "Notable epidemics of the virus include the 1977 outbreak in Egypt, where about 200,000 human cases and 598 deaths occurred (Meegan et al. "text": "Yellow fever is a zoonotic disease, maintained in nature by non-human primates and diurnally active mosquitoes that breed in tree holes in the forest canopy (Haemagogus spp. "title": "Lassa fever, a new virus disease of man from West Africa.Shenge, Juliet Adammacord-35626-5o07z1t92020-02-051258362
, cite_spans": [{"start": 165, "end": 169, "text": "[28]", "ref_id": "BIBREF27"}, {"start": 353, "end": 357, "text": "[10,", "ref_id": "BIBREF9"}, {"start": 358, "end": 361, "text": "11,", "ref_id": "BIBREF10"}, {"start": 362, "end": 365, "text": "36]", "ref_id": "BIBREF35"}, {"start": 740, "end": 744, "text": "[10,", "ref_id": "BIBREF9"}, {"start": 745, "end": 748, "text": "36]", "ref_id": "BIBREF35"}, {"start": 856, "end": 860, "text": "[23,", "ref_id": "BIBREF22"}, {"start": 861, "end": 864, "text": "29]", "ref_id": "BIBREF28"}], "ref_spans": [{"start": 848, "end": 855, "text": "Table 3", "ref_id": "TABREF1"}, {"start": 942, "end": 949, "text": "Table 4", "ref_id": "TABREF2"}], "section": "Evaluation and Screening for Priority Infectious Diseases"}, {"text": "Screening for tissue parasites suggested in children with eosinophilia (absolute eosinophil count >450 cells/mm 3 ) and negative stool ova and parasite examination Abbreviations: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IGRA, interferon-gamma release assay; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; TST, tuberculin skin test; \u00a3 IGRA-based TB testing has replaced TST in the 2017 Tuberculosis Technical Instructions (TBTI) for all applicants aged 2-14 years of age in high burden countries (WHO-estimated TB incidence rate of \u226520 cases per 100,000 population).Shetty, Avinash K.cord-118034-3rw8aawh2019-11-271763246
text: "Pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection emerged in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China in December 2019. COVID-19 is the result of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that was first isolated and identified in patients who were exposed at a seafood market in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China on December 2019 (Zhu N et al., 2020) . "text": "Similar to what was ultimately found for SARS-CoV, the binding of SARS-CoV-2 S protein to its cell surface receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), initiates viral entry into type II pneumocytes in the human lung (Gallagher and Buchmeier, 2001) . Patients with underlying co-morbidities (including hypertension, diabetes, pre-existing respiratory infection, cardiovascular disease, and cancer) are more likely to succumb and undergo progression to the more severe forms of COVID-19 and also have a higher risk of developing complications ; Special Expert Group for Control of the Epidemic of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, 2020; .Shi, Yucord-17895-g42gfovg2020-05-081566353
Favipiravir has been reported to be effective for prophylaxis and treating lethal Ebola virus infection in animal models (Oestereich et al., 2014; Smither et al., 2014) and is licensed for influenza treatment based on its confirmed safety and efficacy in clinical trials in humans. "text": "Since our laboratory had established an influenza infection model to investigate the cytokine cascade that induces fever in influenza virusinfected animals, we performed a virological analysis by examining the effects of crude drugs on the pathogenesis and cytokine levels, as well as the antiviral activity (Kurokawa et al., 2002; Kurokawa, Kumeda, Yamamura, Kamiyama, & Shiraki, 1998; Tsurita et al., 2001 ). "text": "Favipiravir is significantly more effective in treating mice with severe influenza infections characterized by a high viral load than oseltamivir (Takahashi et al., 2003) , and a favipiravir-resistant virus does not emerge during treatment. "text": "Comparison of the efficacy of favipiravir and oseltamivir in lethal influenza virus infection.Shiraki, Kimiyasucord-123214-rj5tqd4t2020-02-222180652
title: "A Diallel of the Mouse Collaborative Cross Founders Reveals Strong Strain-Specific Maternal Effects on Litter Size", We identified factors that affect the average litter size in a cross by estimating the overall contribution of parent-of-origin, heterosis, inbred, and epistatic effects using a Bayesian zero-truncated overdispersed Poisson mixed model. The m (\"parental sex\") class represents parent-of-origin effects, modeled as m j $ N stz \u00f00; t 2 m \u00de, where a positive value of m j implies that strain j increases litter size more when inherited through the maternal line, with the difference between maternal and paternal being 2m j (since the design matrix entry for m j is coded \u00fe1 for dam and 21 for sire). "text": "Litter size is moderately heritable, and maternal effects account for the majority of explained variation To estimate founder strain effects on litter size, we used a Bayesian regression model that decomposes the phenotypic variation in the diallel into genetic and parent-of-origin contributions (Lenarcic et al.Shorter, John R.cord-25810-4qenzjiu2019-03-151158957
Heterogeneous populations of circulating neutrophils have been described based on discrete parameters (e.g., cell-surface markers, buoyancy, maturity, functions, localization) both in healthy and pathological conditions including cancer, infections, and autoimmune and inflammatory disorders [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . "text": "Humans Recent studies have reported that immunosuppressive neutrophil populations, that display a heterogeneous phenotype of mature activated and immature cells, might play a role in fetomaternal immune tolerance and in preventing pathological conditions in neonates [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] . "text": "The major populations of LDNs described to date include: (i) immunosuppressive LDNs, also known as polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs), that are typically found in cancer, pregnancy, infections, and systemic inflammation (see main text) [57, 66, 124] ; (ii) proinflammatory LDNs, or ''low-density granulocytes'' (LDGs), that are typically found in autoimmune diseases (see main text) [96] .",Silvestre-Roig, Carloscord-03428-xjogeezm2019-07-311782650
text: "Globally, it is estimated that 19.3% of people aged 65\u00c099 years (135.6 million, 95% CI: 107.6\u00c0170.6 million) live with diabetes [5] , and diabetes, and is known to be associated with an increased risk of corona viral pneumonia. In a meta-analysis of 8 Chinese studies to assess the prevalence of comorbidities in 46,248 infected patients with COVID-19, median age 46.0 years (51.6%) men, diabetes mellitus was the second most prevalent comorbidity (8%) after hypertension (17%) and higher than cardiovascular (5%) and respiratory diseases (2%) [2] . "text": "Old age and diabetes are associated with an increased risk of frailty [7] . "title": "Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China", "title": "Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China",Sinclair, A.J.cord-20968-u8u7nq442020-04-23167047
text: "A preliminary report (April 29, 2020) from an interim analysis of an ongoing double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) recently suggested that remdesivir had a 31% faster time to recovery, compared to the placebo (p<0.001), in patients with COVID-19 [15] . The current EUA have permitted the use of remdesivir only to treat adults and children with suspected or laboratory confirmed COVID-19 and severe disease defined as SpO2 \u2264 94% on room air, requiring supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in an in-patient hospital setting [16] . "text": "A second randomized, open-label SIMPLE trial (NCT04292730) is currently evaluating the safety and efficacy of 5-day and 10-days regime of remdesivir (n=600) in patients with moderate COVID-19, compared to the standard of care and is expected at the end of May 2020 [25] . "title": "No evidence of clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection with oxygen requirement: results of a study using routinely collected data to emulate a target trial",Singh, Awadhesh Kumarcord-19359-gqqdx2r52020-05-12714150
text: "We have systematically searched the PubMed medical database up till March 27, 2020 using MeSH key words that include Covid-19, coronavirus, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, angiotensin receptor blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Interestingly, in the pooled data from the ten Chinese studies (n \u00bc 2209) that have reported the characteristics of comorbidities in patients with COVID-19; associations of hypertension, diabetes and presence of established cardiovascular disease (CVD) are larger, varying from 15 to 30% (average 21%), 5e20% (average 11%) and 2e40% (average 7%) respectively (Table 1) . "text": "While consistent association of hypertension in patients with COVID-19 across all these studies is unique, the concern which needs a serious attention is the increase in mortality. "title": "Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection?",Singh, Awadhesh Kumarcord-31439-7kw9lws02020-04-09590456
text: "To predict the tropism of human coronaviruses, we profile 28 SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus-associated receptors and factors (SCARFs) using single-cell RNAsequencing data from a wide range of healthy human tissues. "text": "To begin addressing these gaps, here we curated a list of 28 human genes referred to as SCARFs for SARS and CoV-Associated Receptors and Factors ( Figure 1A and Table S2) and surveyed their basal RNA expression levels across a wide range of healthy tissues.", "text": "Specifically, we mined publicly available scRNA-seq datasets using consistent normalization procedures to integrate and compare the dynamics of SCARF expression in human pre-implantation embryos (Yan et al., 2013) , at the maternal-fetal interface (Vento-Tormo et al., 2018) , in male and female gonads (Sohni et al., 2019; Wagner et al., 2020) and 14 other adult tissues (Han et al., 2020) , as well as nasal brushing from young and old healthy donors (Deprez et al., 2019; Garc\u0131\u00e1 et al., 2019; Vieira Braga et al., 2019) .",Singh, Manvendracord-83741-iaq8vu332020-05-082037260
text: "Please cite this article as: Smith, J.C., Sausville, E.L., Girish, V., Yuan, M.L., Vasudevan, A., John, K.M., Sheltzer, J.M., Cigarette smoke exposure and inflammatory signaling increase the expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in the respiratory tract, Developmental Cell (2020), doi: https://", "text": "In order to study factors that could potentially influence susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we investigated the expression of the coronavirus receptor ACE2. "text": "(L) ACE2 expression in human airway epithelial cells undergoing mucociliary differentiation.", "text": "(M) ACE2 expression in human airway epithelial cells that underwent mucociliary differentiation in the presence of clean air or cigarette smoke.", "text": "(A) ACE2 expression in airway epithelial cells that were infected with influenza.", "text": "(B) ACE2 expression in airway epithelial cells that were infected with respiratory syncytial virus.", "text": "(C) ACE2 expression in airway epithelial cells that were infected with SARS.", "text": "(D) ACE2 expression in airway epithelial cells that were infected with MERS.",Smith, Joan C.cord-83799-ki93iltt2020-05-162301063
title: "Cigarette smoke exposure and inflammatory signaling increase the expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in the respiratory tract", In total, our results demonstrate that exposure to cigarette smoke increases the expression of the coronavirus receptor ACE2 in rodent and human respiratory tissue, and this upregulation is potentially reversible.", To further verify these results, we re-analyzed a published gene expression dataset of airway epithelial cells exposed to IFN-b, and we found a similar increase in ACE2 levels following interferon treatment ( Figure 5H ) 103, 104 . "text": "While we lack the data to directly test that link in the lungs of smokers, we conducted three additional analyses to investigate whether ACE2 RNA and protein expression are generally correlated. "text": "(M) ACE2 expression in human airway epithelial cells that underwent mucociliary differentiation in the presence of clean air or cigarette smoke.", "text": "Cigarette smoke increases the expression of ACE2 in mouse and human lungs.",Smith, Joan C.cord-83964-q5x3bask2020-04-261893455
Accordingly, innate humoral immune responses at the respiratory mucosa are shaped by the presence of (i) sPRR with the ability to activate complement, that is, the pentraxins PTX3, CRP; the collectin mannose-binding lectin (MBL); the ficolins ficolin-2 and -3; (ii) sPRR unable to activate complement (SAA) and (iii) complement components themselves (C3).", SAA proteins, similar to pentraxins, were long thought to be liver-derived serum factors but are also produced locally in the lung by type 2 alveolar cells, macrophages and monocytes. "text": "Apart from systemic alterations of serum CRP levels during lung diseases, there is clear evidence that CRP is also produced and secreted locally in the airways by epithelial cells such as nasal epithelial cells and the alveolar basal epithelial cell line A549 [105-107] and alveolar macrophages [108] Therefore, CRP may have direct and local effects on airway inflammation [109,110] and contribute to bacterial clearance in the human respiratory tract [105] .",Smole, Ursulacord-00730-69jxlnvb2020-04-272335962
email: "franklin.huang@ucsf.edu" We analyzed a publicly-available normal human prostate single-cell RNA sequencing dataset and found TMPRSS2 and ACE2 co-expressing cells in epithelial cells, with a higher proportion in club and hillock cells. "text": "Given the high expression of TMPRSS2 expression in the prostate, we investigated whether TMPRSS2 and ACE2 are co-expressed in human prostate epithelial cells, and compared our findings to expression levels found in five lung single-cell datasets. "text": "Using a publicly-available single-cell RNA sequencing dataset, we analyzed 24,519 epithelial cells from normal human prostates for expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 [5] . To characterize ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in prostate club cells, we compared the expression levels of these genes in lung club cells from one mouse lung [6] and four human lung [7] [8] [9] [10] single-cell datasets (Supplementary Table 1 ).Song, Hanbingcord-82432-rbhpe5wx2020-04-24346057
More research is required to analyze the potential diagnostic of Covid-19 in saliva to develop rapid chair side tests for the detection of Covid-19 and it is also pivotal to improve and develop successful strategies for prevention, especially for dentists and healthcare professionals who are involved in performing aerosol-generating procedures.", Saliva has been studied thoroughly as a potential diagnostic tool and it is expected to become a substitute for other biological fluids such as serum or urine in disease diagnosis.", Saliva can have a significant role in the human-to-human transmission, salivary diagnostics may provide an easy and cost-effective point-of-care platform for quick and early diagnosis of Covid-19 [8] .", The presence of Covid-19 in patients'' saliva suggests the likelihood of salivary gland infection. "title": "Saliva as a diagnostic tool for oral and systemic diseases", "title": "Salivary transcriptome diagnostics for oral cancer detection", "title": "Noninvasive saliva-based EGFR gene mutation detection in patients with lung cancer",Sri Santosh, Tatikondacord-12292-awy3aans2020-04-17724948
text: "Objective: To identify cell types in the male and female reproductive systems at risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection due to expression of host genes and proteins used by the virus for cell entry. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) in human and non-human primate respiratory tissues have shown co-expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in pneumocytes in the lungs and goblet secretory cells in the nose (6) , indicating that these cell types may serve as foci for infection and potentially explaining the range of respiratory symptoms associated with COVID-19. Cell-type specific expression patterns of genes that produce viral host entry proteins, and identification of potential loci of infection within the reproductive system, are therefore necessary in order to predict whether SARS-CoV-2 is likely to have any impact on fertility. "text": "Published scRNAseq datasets in human testicular (18) and non-human primate ovarian (19) tissue were used to assess the cell-type specific expression pattern of SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 and entry-associated protease TMPRSS2 and their coexpression.Stanley, Kate E.cord-11437-sg7tzhdm2020-05-08840849
text: "Disease that restricts airflow through either inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes or destruction of alveoli Increased risk of emphysema if genetic variant of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and smoking or exposed to high levels of air pollution [11] Bronchiectasis A disorder of the airways that leads to airway dilation and destruction, chronic sputum production, and a tendency toward recurrent infection [39] Bronchiolitis Airway injury that can be caused by infections, irritants, toxic fumes, drug exposures, pneumonitis (typically viral), organ transplants, connective tissue disorders, vasculitis, or other insults [40] Dyspnea Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing [11] Emphysema Thinning and destruction of the alveoli, resulting in decreased oxygen transfer into the bloodstream and shortness of breath.Starkel, Julie L.cord-35087-qa7bcsbu2019-10-073610150
title: "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the neuroendocrine stress axis", "text": "In addition to contributing to the progression of the immune response against viral infection, cytokines activate the HPA axis, resulting in the release of adrenal glucocorticoids [43] . "text": "As mentioned above an infection with SARS-CoV-2 can be expected to lead to activation of the endocrine stress axis in association with mental stress. "text": "In relation to coronavirus infections, it was shown that pulmonary stem/progenitor cells that express ACE2 are targeted by SARS-CoV in primary cultures [73] . "title": "SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor", "title": "Increasing brain angiotensin converting enzyme 2 activity Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the neuroendocrine stress axis decreases anxiety-like behavior in male mice by activating central Mas receptors",Steenblock, Charlottecord-23261-1uwrcvjx2020-05-07857558
email: "\u2709e-mail:norbert.stefan@med.uni-tuebingen.de" "text": "In China, older age (\u226565 years) and the presence of comorbidities are associated with a more severe course of COVID-19 in patients infected with the novel corona virus (SARS-CoV-2). "text": "Studies from China 1 and the Lombardy region of Italy 3 that have reported comorbidities in patients with COVID-19 did not provide data on body weight and height, which are used to estimate adipose tissue mass by calculating the BMI. As CVD and diabetes mellitus are strongly associated with elevated adipose tissue mass 5 , a high BMI might be an important risk factor for a severe course of disease, particularly of pneumonia, in these patients.", "text": "In conclusion, while it is widely recognized that the presence of comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and CVD is associated with a more severe course of COVID-19, obesity has hardly been investigated so far.Stefan, Norbertcord-23904-0vrfnwhk2020-04-23162939
text: "Lipidmediatoren sind \"Gewebshormone\", die in den verschiedenen Zellen des menschlichen K\u00f6rpers als Katalysator f\u00fcr eine gro\u00dfe Zahl an Stoffwechselvorg\u00e4ngen, wie Ca 2+ Ein-/Ausstrom, Regulation von Zytokinen und Hormonen, Kontraktion und Dilatation, Zellteilung und Wachstum sowie Hemmung und F\u00f6rderung der Blutgerinnung dienen.", "text": "In letzter Zeit erkannte man, dass die COX-2 nicht nur proinflammatorische Prostanoide erzeugt, sondern besonders in bronchialen und alveol\u00e4ren Epithelzellen auch konstitutiv exprimiert wird und gerade in der Lunge auch eine sch\u00fctzende Funktion zu haben scheint, indem ihre Substrate wie PGE2 z. "text": "Somit offenbart auch diese Studie, dass PGE2 eine protektive Wirkung auf die Lunge hat und als endogener Mediator die \u00fcberschie\u00dfende ILC2-Aktivierung der allergischen Inflammation \"beruhigen\" und gegensteuern kann. "text": "Bei AERD-Patienten findet man in den Schleimh\u00e4uten deutlich verringerte Mengen der Enzyme COX-2-und PGE2-Synthetase, die dort auch indirekt proportional zur Menge der Leukotriene sind, und eine \u00dcberproduktion von PGD2 (Yoshimura et al.Stockert, Karincord-37065-rhoisec42020-03-253452665
text: "GLOSSARY AHI = apnea-hypopnea index; ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; BMI = body mass index; BPAP = bilevel positive pressure ventilation; BVM = bag valve mask ventilation; CI = confidence interval; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; CPAP = continuous positive airway pressure; EPAP = expiratory positive airway pressure; Fio 2 = inspiratory oxygen fraction; FRC = functional residual capacity; H1N1 = influenza A; HFNC = high-flow nasal cannula; ICU = intensive care unit; IPAP = inspiratory positive airway pressure; NIV = noninvasive ventilation; OHS = XXX; OSA = obstructive sleep apnea; PPE = personal protective equipment; SARS = XXX; SARS-CoV-2 = severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; SASM = Society for Anesthesia and Sleep Medicine; SDB = sleep-disordered breathing; TLC = total lung capacity; VC = vital capacity; WHO = World Health Organization",Suen, Colin M.cord-44486-nj4t5gqa2020-05-05393651
title: "SARS-CoV-2 Entry Genes Are Most Highly Expressed in Nasal Goblet and Ciliated Cells within Human Airways", To better understand viral tropism, we assessed the RNA expression of the coronavirus receptor, ACE2, as well as the viral S protein priming protease TMPRSS2 thought to govern viral entry in single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) datasets from healthy individuals generated by the Human Cell Atlas consortium.", "text": "Previously, gene expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 has been reported to occur largely in type-2 alveolar (AT-2) epithelial cells 15 , which are central to SARS-CoV pathogenesis.", To clarify the expression patterns of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and analyze the expression of the other potential genes associated with SARS-CoV-2 pathogens at cellular resolution, we interrogated single-cell transcriptome expression data from published scRNA-seq datasets from healthy donors generated by the Human Cell Atlas consortium 24 .",Sungnak, Waradoncord-04529-8gh3q7p32020-03-13655249
text: "A report in Lancet showed that acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the main cause of death in COVID-19 patients. Current data about COVID-19, in pediatrics is similar to SARS and MERS in case of disease severity and mortality and shows that children of all ages can get COVID-19, but they seem to be affected less commonly than adults [3] 6 .", "text": "The Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) guideline panel for COVID-19 treatment, recommends hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine in the context of a clinical trial. "text": "A recent case series of 53 patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia who received remdesivir under a compassionate-use protocol reported clinical improvement in 68% after a median follow-up of 18 days, with 13% mortality and a generally acceptable toxicity profile [54] . "title": "Clinical features of pediatric patients with COVID-19: a report of two family cluster cases",TEZER, Hasancord-18489-7k0qvvqg2020-04-211089655
title: "Anxiety and Depression in Health Workers and General Population During COVID-19 Epidemic in IRAN: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study", "text": "An online cross-sectional study was conducted for the general public and healthcare workers in IRAN using a questionnaire comprised of demographic questions and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. "text": "Regarding the high prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms, especially among health care workers, appropriate psychological/psychiatric intervention necessitates.", "text": "The present study made use of online demographic questionnaires and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for the general public and healthcare workers ", "text": "The aim of this study was to investigate the anxiety and depression symptoms in health workers and the general public during COVID-19 pandemic in Iran.", "text": "In this cross-sectional study, we were not able to establish a causal link; furthermore, we used the self-rating scale to evaluate the depression and anxiety symptoms of the medical staff and the general public.Taghizadeh, F.cord-86001-brb78mcb2020-05-09675552
In this article, we provide a novel hypothesis to describe how an increase in cellular adenosine triphosphate (c-ATP) can potentially improve the efficiency of innate and adaptive immune systems to either prevent and fight off COVID-19.", "text": "Here, we show how c-ATP repletion can counteract with defensive mechanisms of COVID-19 and promote the immune system to the enhancement pathway.", "text": "Following IFN-1 secretion, fundamental changes occur in the immune cells that transform them into the so-called \"antiviral state\". Secondly, ATP-depletion can potentially prone the recruited immune cells to earlier exhaustion against COVID-19. From the perspective of cellular energy, this process potentially occurs through IFN-mediated T-cell activation that results in c-ATP depletion. "text": "In the following section, we use our hypothesis to demonstrate why specific groups of people are more susceptible to be infected with COVID-19 and why they have a worse prognosis.",Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farzadcord-31217-e9vvjv8w2020-04-22307052
title: "Review Article Microbial Agents as Putative Inducers of B Cell Lymphoma in Sj\u00f6gren''s Syndrome through an Impaired Epigenetic Control: The State-of-The-Art", "text": "The aim of this narrative review is to describe the current evidence concerning the role that infections or dysbiosis plays in the epigenetic control of gene expression in SS patients and their possible implication in B cell lymphomagenesis.", "text": "We searched the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for experimental and clinical studies on the potential associations of microbiota and epigenetic aberrations with the risk of B cell lymphoma in SS patients using a combination of words (Sj\u00f6gren''s syndrome, B cell lymphoma, epigenetics, microbiome, microbiota, virome, dysbiosis, and infections) to select the most pertinent articles. "text": "Pathogenesis of Sj\u00f6gren''s syndrome and associated B cell lymphoma.Talotta, Rossellacord-11673-kg7c9a9h2019-01-061226445
41 Results: The findings of all included studies were consistent in stating the 42 contribution of obesity as a risk factor to increase the requirement for advanced 43 medical care. Study with the highest quality, Simonnet A et al., reported an increase 44 need of invasive mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 patients with body mass index 45", This is associated with a 46 higher mortality rate in obese population infected with Conclusion: Obesity is an independent risk and prognostic factor for the disease 48 severity and the requirement of advanced medical care in COVID-19. Meanwhile, study by Simonnet A, the highest quality considered obesity not as an independent risk factor for COVID-19 disease severity 187", "text": "Taken together, this is the first systematic review to proclaim obesity as an 238 independent risk and prognostic factor for the requirement of advanced medical 239 treatment due to COVID-19. 166 The findings from the included studies acknowledged the increased risk of 167 COVID-19 severity in obesity.Tamara, Alicecord-31118-u8i838br2020-05-12374552
text: "There is an ongoing pandemic of viral pneumonia called Coronavirus Disease 2019 which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In this 60 study, a systematic review and pooled analysis was performed to characterize the clinical and 61 epidemiological features of COVID-19 patients. Studies were included if they reported any clinical and/or epidemiological data of 70 confirmed COVID-19 patients, regardless of their study design. In this work, a systematic review and pooled analysis was 137 performed to combine data from 69 previous reports, in order to yield a more accurate summary 138 of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 patients. "text": "In conclusion, this report has successfully provided a more complete picture of the clinical and 212 epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 patients. "text": "author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhang C, Huang F,Wang F, Yuan J, et al. "text": "Characteristics of COVID-19 patients 492",Tan, Shing Chengcord-82463-xgwmda8e2020-04-07456757
Now with the emergence of a novel coronavirus (CoV) from Wuhan, China (tentatively named as 2019-nCoV by The World Health Organization -WHO), 3 , 4 similar clinical, diagnostic and management guidance are required.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 108, "end": 109, "text": "1", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 155, "end": 156, "text": "2", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 382, "end": 387, "text": "3 , 4", "ref_id": null}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Dear Editor,"}, {"text": "Available information at the time of writing indicates that the virus has now spread beyond China and infection has been confirmed in individuals without direct contact with the index Wuhan wet market (Huanan South China Seafood Market), where the sale of game meat from live animals was also available.Tang, Julian W.cord-00157-9rlgx2s52020-01-281714850
We propose that additional investigation into the role of ADCP in protective viral responses, the specific virus epitopes targeted by ADCP antibodies, and the types of phagocytes and Fc receptors involved in ADCP at sites of virus infection will provide insight into strategies to successfully leverage this important immune response for improved antiviral immunity through rational vaccine design.", This review is focused on the antibody Fc receptor-dependent effector function ADCP in immune responses against viruses and targets three areas of interest: (1) discussion of the biophysical factors that influence ADCP including the properties of the receptors, antibodies, and effector cells; (2) survey and interpretation of evidence supporting a potential role for ADCP in either inhibiting or enhancing viral infection; and (3) description of current approaches used to measure ADCP with consideration for the translation of studies performed in animal models.",Tay, Matthew Ziruicord-117662-3deg1upi2019-02-282598854
text: "Evidence supports the link between air pollution and COVID-19 and thus it is likely that exposure to biomass smoke is associated with COVID-19. Another explanation is that exposure to air pollutants can alter the function of surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D, which are associated with enhanced susceptibility to respiratory virus infections (Ciencewicki and Jaspers, 2007) . "text": "Attempts have been made to study the associations between exposure to air pollution or smoking and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). "text": "Because COVID-19 has been linked to air pollution and smoking, it https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109586 Received 21 April 2020; Accepted 23 April 2020 is likely that there is an association between indoor cooking with biomass and COVID-19 (Afshari, 2020) . "title": "Air pollution and respiratory viral infection", "title": "Exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States",Thakur, Meghacord-118598-ho7oo1532020-07-31177550
text: "As a first example, we illustrate the development of innovative visualization software packages on the output of a Bayesian phylodynamic analysis of a rabies virus (RABV) data set consisting of time-stamped genetic data along with two discrete trait characteristics per sequence, i.e., the sampling location-in this case the state within the United States from which the sample originated-and the bat host type. Coalescent-based phylodynamic models that connect population genetics theory to genomic data can infer the demographic history of viral populations (65) , and plots of FIGURE 4 | The PhyloGeoTool offers a visual approach to explore large phylogenetic trees and to depict characteristics of strains and clades-including for example the geographic context and distribution of sampling dates-in an interactive way (17) .Theys, Kristofcord-23630-nm4dx5pq2019-08-021624945
In people (age 20-70 years) who consume a fasting mimicking diet (FMD; low in sugars and proteins but high in unsaturated lipids) for 5 days per month for 3 months and maintain their normal diet during the other periods in addition to their lifestyle and in control subjects who have an unrestricted diet for 3 months and who then switch to the fasting mode, FMD can reduce body weight and lipid-based depot, blood pressure, concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF1), fasting glucose, triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol, LDL CS , and CRP, especially in individuals at risk for CVD [236] . "text": "Vascular ECs in strongly curved segments with low wall shear stress (WSS) induce a quiescent-to-activated phenotypic transition of adjacent smooth myocytes Furthermore, MiR200 family members inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as they target the transcriptional repressors of the CDH1 gene that encodes E-cadherin, zinc finger-containing E-box-binding homeobox-derived (homeodomain-containing) proteins ZEB1 and ZEB2 [291].",Thiriet, Marccord-37561-jqlrgv472019-02-194779639
It tethers to various types of cytosolic ER\u03b1 and ER\u03b2 (i.e., ligand-activated transcription factors NR3a1-NR3a2) in cardiomyocytes (CMCs) and vascular smooth muscle (vSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) in addition to plasmalemmal estrogen receptor GPER1 (or GPR30) in vascular endotheliocytes and smooth myocytes, renal intercalated and tubular cells, and cells of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis [38] .", Angiotensin-2 activates interferon-\u03b3 which launches expression of IDO and kynureninase, thereby raising In both sexes experiencing hypoxia caused by occlusive peripheral artery disease, androgens promote angiogenesis via NR3c4, the upregulated formation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors in endotheliocytes, and VEGF-primed phosphorylation of PKB and NOS3 [38] . "text": "The intracellular antioxidant selenocysteine-containing enzyme GPOx1 reduces hydrogen peroxide to water, thereby limiting its accumulation and subsequent harmful oxidative effect on nucleic acids, proteins, and membrane lipids and preventing carcinogenesis and the development of cardiovascular disease [89] .",Thiriet, Marccord-37620-2h3scon72019-02-194113136
The kinase TBK1, a member of the IKK family, which is involved in both inflammatory and insulin responses (TBK1 does not play an important role in NF\u03baB activation, but acts in the regulation of type-I interferon production via interferon regulatory factor (IRF) phosphorylation and can counter overproduction of inflammatory mediators via IKK inhibition), phosphorylates the exocyst subunit Exo84, thereby reducing its affinity for RalA, enabling its release from the exocyst, and eliciting insulin-stimulated GluT4+ vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane in adipocytes [758] . Atypical protein kinase-C (aPKC) is required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport in myocytes and adipocytes and, in the liver, for activation of lipogenic enzymes Endothelial lipotoxicity is caused by elevated concentrations of circulating nonesterified (free) fatty acids (neFAs), abbreviated in the present text neFA-emia.Thiriet, Marccord-37841-ohgi4q3f2019-02-1910037544
text: "Combined with a divergent political practice and lived experiences of the state, especially between Sierra Leone and Guinea, the working hypothesis drawn from my ethnographic observations in Macenta and related literature review is that part of the continuing episodes of hostility and social resistance manifested by Guinean communities regarding the adoption of the proposed control measures against the scourge of Ebola has its origins in the divergence between explanatory systems of the disease; on the one hand, biomedical explanatory systems, and, on the other hand, popular explanatory systems. By framing ''bushmeat'' hunting, as well as local burials, as the main persisting cultural practices among the ''forest people'' to explain (or to justify) the maintenance of the EVD transmission during the West African epidemic, the notion of culture that fuelled sensational news coverage has strongly stigmatised this ''patient zero'' community both globally and within Guinea, and has been employed to obscure the actual, political, economic and political-economic drivers of infectious disease patterns.Thys, Séverinecord-40227-hsw7dk4d2019-10-121475253
However, modeling efforts have been mostly theoretical and a large-scale empirical characterization of the adoption of health protective behaviours, either induced by information spread or media exposure, and its interplay with the disease dynamics during an epidemic outbreak has been elusive so far due to the lack of available data [8] .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 160, "end": 163, "text": "[1]", "ref_id": "BIBREF0"}, {"start": 179, "end": 182, "text": "[2]", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 947, "end": 950, "text": "[3]", "ref_id": "BIBREF2"}, {"start": 951, "end": 954, "text": "[4]", "ref_id": "BIBREF3"}, {"start": 955, "end": 958, "text": "[5]", "ref_id": "BIBREF4"}, {"start": 959, "end": 962, "text": "[6]", "ref_id": "BIBREF5"}, {"start": 963, "end": 966, "text": "[7]", "ref_id": "BIBREF6"}, {"start": 1304, "end": 1307, "text": "[8]", "ref_id": "BIBREF7"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Introduction"}, {"text": "Here, we study a large-scale dataset on spatio-temporally resolved accesses to Wikipedia pages on the 2015-2016 Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic, regarded as a proxy for collective attention to this emerging health threat.Tizzoni, Michelecord-79102-9amampof2020-03-121218145
have demonstrated that Ramadan Fasting can play a protective role against tuberculosis, and can minimize the risk of the infection in healthy individuals. [34] Moreover, in patients with diabetes, it is demonstrated that Ramadan Fasting can lead to an increased risk of infection. For instance, in a comprehensive research on the subject which was published by members on the assembly in 2010, authors had contended that although Ramadan fasting is generally safe and wholesome for healthy individuals, those with certain diseases and adverse health conditions should seek their physicians'' advice in this regard. "title": "Ramadan fasting and diabetes. "title": "Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease", "title": "The effect of fasting on the immune system of athletes during holly Ramadan", "title": "The effect of Ramadan fasting on blood biochemical factors related to immune system in summer", "title": "Ramadan Fasting amid Corona Virus Pandemic in Academy of Medical Sciences", "title": "Islamic fasting and health",Tootee, Alicord-29131-v72796pu2020-04-30396954
In fact, clinical studies assessing the impact of neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) have revealed a benefit for the patient when treatment was initiated within 48 hours of the onset of influenza symptoms, 7,8 and therapeutic impact was greatest when antiviral drugs were administered within 24 hours of disease manifestation. Mechanistically unique is the host-directed viral entry inhibitor DAS181, a recombinant sialidase fusion protein, which targets cellular sialic acid residues required for influenza virus infection. A search for inhibitors with broad antirespiratory RNA virus activity yielded the ribonucleoside analog N 4 -hydroxycytidine (NHC), which showed oral efficacy against RSV and both highly-pathogenic avian and seasonal influenza viruses in mouse models. "title": "Influenza viruses resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors", "title": "Infections with oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1) virus in the United States", "title": "Characterization of influenza virus variants induced by treatment with the endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir marboxil",Toots, Martcord-121009-n1ugd7cb2020-02-041176252
The disease is found in focal areas, usually associated with wetlands or rivers.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Geographical Distribution"}, {"text": "The exact transmission route to humans is unknown, but it may be via skin contact with contaminated soils or water, or the bite of a vector like a mosquito or sand fly. As warm-water fish are commonly eaten outside the tropics, the disease can be seen outside endemic areas.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Transmission and Risks to Travellers"}, {"text": "Initial signs of poisoning usually occur within 6 h and almost always within 24 h after consumption of toxic fish and include numbness and tingling of the lips, tongue and throat, which may spread to the extremities, a peculiar metallic taste, dry mouth or hypersalivation.Torresi, Josephcord-35279-vxyrsy832019-10-191256039
The most common potentially life-threatening travel-related infection is malaria, particularly falciparum malaria, which can progress rapidly unless appropriate treatment is given early; malaria must therefore be excluded in all patients who present unwell after returning from a malaria-endemic area.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Infections in Travellers"}, {"text": "Some less common imported infections may have an importance out of proportion to their incidence because of the need for urgent intervention (e.g. meningococcal infection) or because of their transmissibility and consequent public health implications (e.g. viral haemorrhagic fevers, measles). Alternatives include oral azithromycin or intravenous ceftriaxone.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Enteric Fever"}, {"text": "Although uncommon, it is important to consider the possibility of VHF in returned travellers because of the potential public health consequences and the high infectivity of blood, urine and respiratory secretions.Torresi, Josephcord-35640-j1rbz6vb2019-10-19592336
title: "Subclinical in utero Zika virus infection is associated with interferon alpha sequelae and sex-specific molecular brain pathology in asymptomatic porcine offspring", "text": "Pigs are relevant to model human in utero ZIKV infection [17] [18] [19] and associated immunopathology and brain pathology in offspring because both species have similar physiology, genetics, immunity [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] , fetal brain development and postnatal brain growth [28] [29] [30] [31] . In our porcine model studies, subclinical persistent in utero infection in mid-gestation also increased interferon alpha (IFN-\u03b1) levels in fetal blood plasma and amniotic fluid, while IFN-\u03b1 was below the detection limit in all control fetuses [18] . "text": "We performed a mixing test (S2 Video) on control and affected piglets at 35 days of age to identify whether subclinical in utero ZIKV infection and social stress have synergistic effects on cytokine responses in offspring.",Trus, Ivancord-73702-7v5xl1s32019-11-142189459
Figure 1 shows an anthropological and scientific approach for the evaluation of the association of the global production of crude oil, atmospheric pollutants, and pesticides with the population growth and chronic diseases trends (Guillette et al., how xenobiotics (such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)) acting via immunomodulatory signaling pathways, and specifically the aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR), may adversely affect the developing immune system (which seems to be more sensitive to environmental insults than the adult immune system (Kreitinger et al., 2016) ). "text": "The AhR signaling pathway plays a key role in innate and adaptive immune responses, and controls transcription of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes like cytochrome P450 family members (e.g., CYP1A1 and CYP1B1) (Stockinger et al., 2014) . "text": "Long-term exposure to mixtures of anthropogenic pollutants such as nanomaterials (NMs), pesticides, BPA, phthalates, heavy metals, particulate matter, PAH and toxins during critical developmental periods, could hypothetically impact the immune system and increase viral infectivity, morbidity and mortality in children and adults (Kwak et al., 2009) .Tsatsakis, Aristidiscord-04821-ljf7wbuk2020-05-112343052
Finally, a wide variety of vector systems including measles viruses (Malczyk et al., 2015; Bodmer et al., 2018) , Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) replicon system (Deming et al., 2006; Agnihothram et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2016) , adeno-associated virus (AAV) (Du et al., 2008) , parainfluenza type 3 (BHPIV3) Bukreyev et al., 2004) , human and chimpanzee adenovirus (hAd5 and ChAdOx1) (See et al., 2006 (See et al., , 2008 Kobinger et al., 2007; Kim et al., 2014; Guo et al., 2015; Hashem et al., 2019) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) (Bisht et al., 2004; Czub et al., 2005; Kapadia et al., 2005; Haagmans et al., 2016) have been previously established for use as vaccine platforms for multiple infectious diseases. "title": "Intranasal vaccination of recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike protein induces strong mucosal immune responses and provides long-term protection against SARS",Tse, Longping V.cord-00318-k0jy5d672020-04-243456764
title: "Polymorphisms and drug resistance analysis of HIV-1 isolates from patients on first line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in South-eastern Nigeria", The aim of this study was to characterize and determine the polymorphisms and drug resistance mutations to PIs of HIV-1 isolates from first-line ART-experienced individuals in South-eastern Nigeria.", "text": "The different degrees of resistance mutations to the second-line PI drugs in isolates from patients still on first-line ART is worrisome as this is a prelude to treatment failure even before Our study also revealed very high frequencies of minor mutations in the protease gene of the isolates with the predominant mutations found at positions L10I/V and K20I. "title": "Impact of HIV type 1 subtype on drug resistance mutations in Nigerian patients failing first-line therapy", "title": "Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) genetic diversity and prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in treatment-na\u00efve adults in Jos", "title": "Antiretroviral-Drug Resistant Mutations and Genetic Diversity in HIV-1 Infected Individuals in Nigeria",Udeze, Augustine O.cord-20732-m345a2yu2020-04-08610358
text: "The most attracting and reliable markers of COVID-19 in patients were: normal C-reactive protein (CRP) and very different and conflicting laboratory results regardless of clinical symptoms in neonates, normal or temporary elevated CRP, conflicting WBC count results and procalcitonin elevation in children, lymphopenia and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in adult patients, lymphopenia and elevated CRP and LDH in the elderly people and high CRP, leukocytosis and elevated neutrophil ratio in pregnant women.", "text": "Other laboratory tests, such as whole white blood cells (WBCs) count, neutrophil ratio, lymphocyte count, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hemoglobin, platelets, procalcitonin, creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin, creatinine, cardiac troponin I, D-dimer, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and several other laboratory tests have been reported to change in COVID-19 patients 1, [8] [9] [10] .Vakili, S.cord-84842-gah4krwf2020-04-29556449
text: "Objective: To evaluate an applicability of lungs magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in viral pneumonia patients including, but not limited to, COVID-19 in a setting of computed tomography (CT) limited availability.", All of patients underwent an MRI scan of lungs using Single shot fast spin echo (SSFSE), LAVA 3D and IDEAL 3D, EPI Diffusionweighted imaging (DWI) and Fast Spin Echo (FSE) T2WI without using respiratory or any other trigger. "text": "Conclusion: Lung MRI allows to identify the signs of viral pneumonia and estimate the severity of the disease and the volume of pulmonary involvement, ''cloudy sky sign'' on MRI corresponds to GGO in CT. The aim of this work was to evaluate the possibility of using lung MRI as an alternative, non-ionizing method for patients with viral pneumonia throughout monitoring, among others, during and after COVID-19 therapy to increase the overall effectiveness of the radiology department.",Vasilev, Y.cord-82953-9gp0qfn62020-05-16477755
nanVega, Luis E.cord-21634-7ig8y14g2020-04-15793142
text: "A similar situation as in ReA occurs with PsA in which several studies on the pre-cART era revealed an increase in afflicted HIV infected patients. "text": "There are few studies dealing with the incidence, prevalence, and chronology between rheumatic disorders associated with HIV infection and AIDS. "text": "Autoimmune and other inflammatory rheumatic disorders can occur in patients with HIV infection in the presence of poor or good immune-virological control under cART. "title": "Autoimmune diseases in HIV-infected patients: 52 cases and literature review", "title": "Prevalence of rheumatic disease in HIV-infected Thai patients", "title": "Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection-associated dermatomyositis", "title": "Rheumatic manifestations in HIV-1 infected in-patients and literature review", "title": "Autoimmune diseases-related arthritis in HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy", "title": "Pathogenesis of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-infected patients", "title": "Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-infected patients",Vega, Luis E.cord-35390-9wugdrgi2019-05-291523756
text: "Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors mediate the entry into the cell of three strains of coronavirus: SARS-CoV, NL63 and SARS-CoV-2. "text": "The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cells is mediated by the efficient binding of the spike (S) viral protein, a 1273 amino acid long protein which belongs to the viral envelope and protrudes outwards with a ''corona'' like appearance, to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. The authors found that even the isolated spike viral protein induced down-regulation of ACE2 receptors with concomitant increase of angiotensin II in the lung tissue and precipitation of severe pulmonary inflammatory lesions. "title": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus", "title": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target", "title": "A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury",Verdecchia, Paolocord-31487-vd41u2t12020-04-201203963
title: "Immune Response in Human Pathology: Infections Caused by Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Parasites", "text": "CYTOKINES, such as INTERLEUKIN-2 (IL-2), granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor (GM-CSF), and tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), stimulate non-specifically Innate immune cells recognise microbes by TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS (TLR) (see section Pathogenesis of SHOCK), giving rise to the above production of CYTOKINES in the early phase of the response.", "text": "Micro-organisms that succeed in penetrating the FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE are ingested, killed, and degraded by phagocytic cells [POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES (PMN) or NEUTROPHILS, MONOCYTES, and MACROPHAGES], which are attracted to a microbial infection through CHEMOTAXIS. "text": "ANTIBODIES neutralise viruses directly and/ or indirectly by destroying infected cells that carry the virus antigen on their surface. "text": "The fungi responsible for human diseases can be divided into two major groups on the basis of their growth forms or on the type of infection they cause.Verhoef, Jancord-37573-7n3k9s1d2019-02-23791842
[74] have shown that nanoparticles incorporated with melittin were able to prevent in vitro HIV infection, and were not toxic for the vaginal epithelium cells used in the assay.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 221, "end": 225, "text": "[69]", "ref_id": "BIBREF53"}, {"start": 457, "end": 461, "text": "[70]", "ref_id": "BIBREF54"}, {"start": 568, "end": 572, "text": "[71]", "ref_id": "BIBREF55"}, {"start": 781, "end": 785, "text": "[72]", "ref_id": "BIBREF56"}, {"start": 1082, "end": 1086, "text": "[73]", "ref_id": "BIBREF57"}, {"start": 1252, "end": 1256, "text": "[72]", "ref_id": "BIBREF56"}, {"start": 1311, "end": 1315, "text": "[73]", "ref_id": "BIBREF57"}, {"start": 1488, "end": 1492, "text": "[46]", "ref_id": "BIBREF30"}, {"start": 1517, "end": 1521, "text": "[74]", "ref_id": "BIBREF58"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Arthropod-derived AVPs"}, {"text": "Arthropod venoms are a recurring theme in studies searching for new AVPs. Recently, researchers used mastoparan, a peptide derived from wasp venom (Vespula lewisii), to develop a new peptide, mastoparan 7, which showed broad antiviral activity against enveloped viruses.Vilas Boas, Liana Costa Pereiracord-29864-s4wf2nx62019-05-171987145
text: "We examine the issue of older age as it relates to the potential harms and benefits of screening through a preventive genomic study, GeneScreen, in which 262 adults across a broad age range received screening for 17 genes related to 11 diverse, medically actionable conditions [2, 15] , ranging from cancer syndromes (e.g., hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, Lynch syndrome) to cardiovascular conditions (e.g., long QT, familial hypercholesterolemia). "text": "In the context of returning medically actionable genomic results to research participants, especially anticipating the translational potential in population screening, these findings support continued attention to how older age frames participant perceptions of its relative harms and benefits. Others report that screening results have little impact on prevention behavior [27, 28] , including a study examining followup care-seeking behavior among asymptomatic individuals after receiving positive genetic results through direct to consumer testing [29] .Waltz, Margaretcord-21699-t892pi752020-03-03573051
title: "ACE2 expression by colonic epithelial cells is associated with viral infection, immunity and energy metabolism", Upon analysis of single cell-RNA sequencing data from control subjects and those with colitis or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we found that ACE2 expression in the colonocytes was positively associated with genes regulating viral infection, innate and cellular immunity, but was negatively associated with viral transcription, protein translation, humoral immunity, phagocytosis and complement activation. "text": "Our data suggest that ACE2 is specifically expressed by colonocytes and positively associated with viral entry and egress, consistent with observations that the gastrointestinal tract is a potential route for 2019-nCoV infection. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.05.20020545 doi: medRxiv preprint 6 and complement activation are negatively associated with ACE2 expression. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.05.20020545 doi: medRxiv preprint 1 0 Table 1 Genes correlated with ACE2 expression.", "text": "Genes correlated with ACE2 expression in colonocytes.Wang, J.cord-86520-xtmozkf62020-02-07359741
CR and its active compounds could reduce apoptosis, excessive autophagy, and inflammatory response, regulate energy metabolism, improve mitochondrial function, as well as alleviate ER stress, all of which might combine to alleviate IRI.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 122, "end": 158, "text": "(Steenbergen and Frangogiannis 2012)", "ref_id": "BIBREF182"}, {"start": 361, "end": 385, "text": "(Wijck and Buurman 2002)", "ref_id": "BIBREF214"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Protective effect against ischaemic heart disease"}, {"text": "Berberine treatment could improve myocardial infarction and injury to cardiomyocytes, as indicated by the decrease of creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and cardiac troponin (cTnI); reducing oxidative stress by suppressing malondialdehyde (MDA) production; and promoting superoxide dismutase (SOD) (Liu XT et al. 2014)", "ref_id": "BIBREF261"}, {"start": 661, "end": 678, "text": "(Zhu and Li 2016)", "ref_id": "BIBREF273"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Protective effect against ischaemic heart disease"}, {"text": "Berberine could inhibit high glucose and insulin-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, accompanied by increasing nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and NO concentration, which elevated PPARa and eNOS (Wang M et al.Wang, Jincord-123920-qjke8d6n2019-04-093483456
This report reviews the genetic structure, infection source, transmission route, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, and treatment and prevention of the SARS-CoV-2, so that it can provide references for follow-up research, prevention and treatment, and may help readers to have the latest understanding of this new infectious disease.", "text": "In conclusion, COVID-19 is a serious infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. "title": "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan", "title": "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study", "title": "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study", "title": "Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection", "title": "Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China", "title": "Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China",Wang, Li-shengcord-30962-1a8uevk82020-03-19915157
Now with the emergence of a novel coronavirus (CoV) from Wuhan, China (tentatively named as 2019-nCoV by The World Health Organization -WHO), 3 , 4 similar clinical, diagnostic and management guidance are required.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 108, "end": 109, "text": "1", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 155, "end": 156, "text": "2", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 382, "end": 387, "text": "3 , 4", "ref_id": null}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Dear Editor,"}, {"text": "Available information at the time of writing indicates that the virus has now spread beyond China and infection has been confirmed in individuals without direct contact with the index Wuhan wet market (Huanan South China Seafood Market), where the sale of game meat from live animals was also available.Wang, Ruichencord-22586-2f8c66zi2020-03-311714850
To utilize the advantages of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, this paper discussed the etiology and pathogenesis of COVID-19 from the viewpoint of integrated TCM and Western medicine, the treatment measures for different susceptible groups, and the effect along with matters needing attention, so as to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 211, "end": 214, "text": "[5]", "ref_id": "BIBREF5"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Introduction"}, {"text": "Coronavirus is a type of a ribonucleic acid virus with an envelope structure, characterized by rod-like protuberances on the surface and can infect multiple host species, causing a variety of diseases [6] .Wang, Shi-xincord-18772-af8i359n2020-04-15810038
title: "Special Issue: Emerging and Reemerging Viral Disease Virus-induced pathogenesis, vaccine development, and diagnosis of novel H7N9 avian influenza A virus in humans: a systemic literature review", "text": "H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) caused human infections in 2013 in China. "text": "In this review, we summarized the latest information the pathogenesis of H7N9 influenza virus in humans, vaccine development, and current laboratory assays for the diagnosis of infection with H7N9 AIV. Currently, several emerging genotypes of H7N9 AIVs have been identified, including cocirculating low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and HPAI, causing infections in poultry and humans. "title": "Comparative epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A H7N9 and H5N1 viruses in China: a populationbased study of laboratory-confirmed cases", "title": "Epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China", "title": "Human infections with the emerging avian influenza A H7N9 virus from wet market poultry: clinical analysis and characterisation of viral genome",Wang, Wen-Hungcord-20399-vj4rvfte2019-05-081609658
Erythromycin estolate (Ery-Est), one of the macrolide antibiotics, was found to effectively inhibit ZIKV infection in different cell types and significantly protect A129 mice from ZIKV-associated neurological signs and mortality. Additionally, to test the inhibitory activity of Ery-Est against high viral doses of ZIKV, the experiment was performed with a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1 as previously described [30] . "text": "To confirm the inhibitory activity of Ery-Est on ZIKV infection, BHK21 and Vero cells were seeded onto coverslips at a density of 2 \u00d7 10 5 cells/well in 24-well plates and incubated for 24 h. "text": "For the entry experiment, BHK21 cells were infected with ZIKV in the presence of Ery-Est at 37 \u2022 C for 1 h, followed by the washes to remove unbound viruses and drugs. As a result, Ery-Est was testified to inhibit ZIKV strain SZ01 infection with IC 50 values of 3.55 \u00b1 0.46 and 3.97 \u00b1 0.09 \u00b5M in BHK21 and Vero cells respectively (supplementary Figure S1A,B) .Wang, Xiaohuancord-117623-86l110no2019-11-151408262
Two consecutively negative RT-PCR test results in respiratory tract specimens is required for the evaluation of discharge from hospital, and oropharyngeal swabs were the most common sample.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "However, false negative results occurred in the late stage of hospitalization, and avoiding false negative result is critical essential.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "We reviewed the medical record of 353 patients who received tests with both specimens simultaneously, and compared the performance between nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "Of the 353 patients (outpatients, 192; inpatients, 161) studied, the median age was 54 years, and 177 (50.1%) were women. Evaluation of different types of specimen may promote the positive rate (positive tests/total tests), and be helpful for the decision of discharge from hospital.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 723, "end": 726, "text": "12,", "ref_id": "BIBREF11"}, {"start": 727, "end": 729, "text": "13", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 865, "end": 867, "text": "14", "ref_id": "BIBREF14"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Introduction"}, {"text": "Since February 16 2020, SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detections using both nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs have been performed simultaneously for some patients in our Hospital.Wang, Xiongcord-22157-dfnc9g2c2020-04-18351644
We next tested HIV-1 pseudotyped with Envs from four macrophage-tropic viruses [31, [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] for their ability to infect cells bearing primate CD4 receptors ( Fig 3B) . "text": "In this study, we have shown that Envs from over 30 early and chronic HIV-1 isolates from human blood (mother-infant pairs, etc.) all demonstrate selective entry via only some primate CD4 receptors. (A, B) Cells stably expressing various primate CD4 receptors (x-axis), along with human CCR5, were infected with Q23\u0394Env-GFP pseudotyped with (A) early HIV-1 Envelopes (Envs) or (B) Envs from common macrophagetropic HIV-1 isolates. (A, B) Cells stably expressing various primate CD4 receptors (x-axis), along with human CCR5, were infected with Q23\u0394Env-GFP pseudotyped with (A) early HIV-1 Envelopes (Envs) or (B) Envs from common macrophagetropic HIV-1 isolates. Ping L-H, Joseph SB, Anderson JA, Abrahams M-R, Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Kincer LP, et al.Warren, Cody J.cord-70590-deqiets22019-06-101913264
text: "There are reports that a sex disparity exists in outcomes in patients with COVID-19, with men having more severe cases and higher mortality than women.", "text": "To conduct a meta-analysis of current studies that examined sex differences in severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19, and identify potential mechanisms underpinning these differences.", "text": "This meta-analysis detected an increased severity and mortality rate in the male populations with COVID-19, which might be attributable to the sex-based differences in cellular compositions and immunological microenvironments of the lung. However, whether the sex difference is related to the risk factors for infection, severity, and mortality of COVID-19 is still lacking a comprehensive analysis based on the integration of new studies. "text": "ACE2 as a receptor of SARS-CoV and spike protein can be primed by TMPRSS2 are exploited to entry into target cells, which play an vital role in coronavirus pneumonia infection.Wei, Xiyicord-107777-wvynetna2020-03-301127851
In recent years a single nucleotide polymorphism, interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) rs12252, has been shown to alter the severity of influenza infection in Asian populations. "text": "The most prevalent genetic association with influenza infection is the association between the C variant of the SNP rs12252 within interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) and severe influenza [41, 42] , which is discussed in more detail below. The interferon (IFN) induced trans-membrane protein IFITM3 is an important anti-viral factor shown to restrict replication of around seventeen, mostly enveloped RNA viruses including influenza A virus (IAV), human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), Ebola and Dengue virus [42,49e52] . "text": "With the apparent role of host genetics in susceptibility to influenza infection becoming clearer over recent years, the role of proteins like IFITM3 in viral restriction will become even more important. "title": "Evaluation of IFITM3 rs12252 association with severe pediatric influenza infection", "title": "IFITM3 and severe influenza virus infection.Wellington, Danniellecord-04084-e9jfrvkq2019-03-201088558
The role of non-conventional T cells, such as \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, NK T cells, Th17 and regulatory T cells, which link or modify the innate-adaptive T cell interaction have recently been explored (20, 21) they are noted to be increased in younger children with TB disease compared to similarly aged healthy controls (20) .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 112, "end": 116, "text": "(11,", "ref_id": "BIBREF10"}, {"start": 117, "end": 120, "text": "12)", "ref_id": "BIBREF11"}, {"start": 611, "end": 615, "text": "(20,", "ref_id": "BIBREF19"}, {"start": 616, "end": 619, "text": "21)", "ref_id": "BIBREF20"}, {"start": 731, "end": 735, "text": "(20)", "ref_id": "BIBREF19"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "OVERVIEW OF TB IMMUNOLOGY IN CHILDREN"}, {"text": "Other components of the innate immune response which are likely to be affected by co-infection, and are recognized to be different in neonates and early infancy, include levels of innate defense molecules such as collectins; maturation of Toll-likereceptors (TLRs) and neutrophils.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "OVERVIEW OF TB IMMUNOLOGY IN CHILDREN"}, {"text": "The immune mechanisms involved in these processes are poorly defined and the dynamic balance that exists between bacterial persistence and host defense, which in children tips in favor of the mycobacteria more than in adults, can be influenced by several factors, including, we hypothesize, age and co-infection with various pathogens (Figure 4) .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 335, "end": 345, "text": "(Figure 4)", "ref_id": null}], "section": "OVERVIEW OF TB IMMUNOLOGY IN CHILDREN"}, {"text": "In longitudinal studies, many acquired immuno-suppressive conditions are known to disrupt this balance and increase the risk of TB disease, including HIV infection, malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, diabetes, and anti-TNF-\u03b1 therapy.Whittaker, Elizabethcord-24331-cjs9zust2019-06-253155139
text: "Different parasitic life strategies are described including four new life cycles: complex rebrooding, micro-male, mesoparasite and prey-predator transfer.", Mating takes place soon Fig. 5.2 The generalised life cycle of an Ergasilus von Nordmann, 1832, species showing the freeliving naupliar and copepodid stages as well as the parasitic adult female. Cleaner shrimp similarly snip off the legs of small crustacean parasites to remove and eat them (Williams and Bunkley-Williams 1998b, unpublished data Many copepod parasites of invertebrates also have direct life cycles, but some have endoparasitic larvae and free-swimming adults, mesoparasitic larvae and ectoparasitic adults, and abbreviated or no larval stages. "text": "The free-living stages in the life cycles of ergasilids and many of the copepod species parasitising invertebrates suggest that they have more recently evolved a parasitic lifestyle.", "text": "Fish isopods may go through four parasitological life cycle stages: free-living, smaller*, serial parasite, and true parasite (see Table 5 .1).Williams, Ernest H.cord-38485-6j42euvc2019-07-055043762
title: "Elevated expression of ACE2 in tumor-adjacent normal tissues of cancer patients", "text": "The rapidly developing COVID-19 pandemic has raised a concern that cancer patients may have increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we examined the expression patterns of ACE2, the receptor through which SARX-CoV2 enters human cells, and found that ACE2 mRNA levels are elevated in tumor-adjacent normal tissues of cancer patients, including in normal-adjacent lung tissues of lung cancer patients. "ref_id": "BIBREF0" "text": "levels between normal tissues (NT), primary tumors (PT), and normal tissues adjacent to tumors (NAT), using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and GTEx 14 . "text": "Elevated expression of ACE2 in multiple studies of tumor-adjacent lung tissues from lung cancer patients. Relative mRNA levels of ACE2 in normal lung tissues (NT) and normal adjacent tissues (NAT), calculated based on 6 gene expression microarray datasets. doi:10.1101/2020.02.06.20020974.Figure 1: Elevated expression of ACE2 in tumor-adjacent normal tissues of cancer patients.Winkler, Tomcord-85477-p15bdmo22020-04-2575145
text: "T he severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and resultant coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have evolved into a pandemic, requiring persons around the world to attend to rapidly changing messages about public health and take immediate actions to minimize their risk for infection and the spread of the virus (1). "text": "We did a time-sensitive study among higher-risk, older adults living with 1 or more chronic conditions to determine their current awareness of COVID-19, their perception of the seriousness of its threat, their level of worry and concern related to contracting the virus, whether it is affecting their daily routine or existing plans, how prepared they feel to handle an outbreak, and their confidence in the federal government response. "text": "Demonstrated knowledge of COVID-19 was assessed through open-ended questions asking participants to name 3 symptoms of the coronavirus and 3 actions they could take to avoid becoming infected.Wolf, Michael S.cord-22046-9gtnsyts2020-04-09627549
text: "Patients will be prioritized for radiation treatment based on the following priority scale, which was adapted from a general framework outlined by Ontario Heath-Cancer Care Ontario 5 :", "text": "\u2022 Level 2 patients will follow a structure determined by the disease site team leader and may have a delay in the initiation of treatment if needed. "text": "\u2022 If a COVID+ patient is receiving palliative radiotherapy and the clinical team determines that there is an acceptable medical alternative, radiation treatment can be discontinued at the discretion of the treating physician. "text": "Patients may resume treatment without COVID-19 precautions after meeting one of the two following criteria [extrapolated from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)''s return to work criteria for health care personnel 7 ]:", "text": "If COVID+/PUI patients are treated, full (99.9%) airflow exchange must occur prior to treatment of the general population during the next business day.Wright, Jean L.cord-21065-r586ujjk2020-04-09477723
Therefore, DHFR is a very good example of a well-established molecular target of new active compounds, which could be approved as antibacterial drugs and therapeutic agents against variety of fatal disorders e.g., cancer [8, 9] . "text": "TMP, (2,4-diamino-5-(3\u2032,4\u2032,5\u2032-trimethoxybenzyl)-pyrimidine) is the well-known DHFR inhibitor and widely prescribed antimicrobial agent (Fig. 1 ). The X-ray structural results strongly suggest that loss of a potential hydrogen bond between the 4-amino group of TMP and the backbone carbonyl of Val115 in enzyme is the major factor responsible for this drug to be more potent inhibition of bacterial DHFR [20] .", "text": "Resistance to TMP is caused by modifications in the target enzyme DHFR (dfr) encoded by dfr-genes. "text": "Phthalazine derivative Ro-64-5781 ( Fig. 2) showed high activity against TMP-resistant strains and Gram-positive bacteria e.g., Staphylococci. "title": "Design, synthesis, and antifolate activity of new analogues of piritrexim and other diaminopyrimidine dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors with \u03c9carboxyalkoxy or \u03c9-carboxy-1-alkynyl substitution in the side chain",Wróbel, Agnieszkacord-115180-pxgm18a22019-10-022460057
Therefore, it is imperative to closely monitor laboratory parameters including the WBC count, LYMPH count, and CRP, along with other imaging features in chest CT scans, to promptly prevent, diagnose, and treat a SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}], "body_text": [{"text": "Since the first report of pneumonia associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic has become a major public health challenge in China and other countries (Huang et al. None of the eight patients required intensive care or mechanical ventilation.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 172, "end": 180, "text": "Table S1", "ref_id": "TABREF0"}, {"start": 322, "end": 334, "text": "(Fig. 3C, 3D", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 339, "end": 362, "text": "Supplementary Table S1", "ref_id": "TABREF0"}], "section": "Results"}, {"text": "This study reported new SARS-CoV-2 infected pregnant patients and revealed distant clinical presentations during the pre-and post-partum periods.Wu, Chunchencord-06758-rkv5ljud2020-04-20429951
This lack of specificity was not present in cells however, given that the ectopic expression of ISG20 did not lead to the indiscriminate degradation of cellular RNAs (ribosomal as well as small nucleolar RNAs previously shown to be associated to ISG20 [2] ), nor of an Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-derived Luciferase reporter mRNA produced in vitro and then transfected into cells (S4C and S4D Fig) , suggesting that in cells the RNase activity of ISG20 is tightly controlled.", Self mimicry allows the escape of target genes'' mRNAs from the effects of ISG20 VSV infection and ectopic DNA or RNA transfection do not bear much in common apart from the fact that both represent artificial injections into the cell of non-self genetic material from without. "text": "To further determine whether ISG20 acted on translation initiation and more specifically through specific initiation factors (eIFs), capped and polyadenylated mRNAs coding luciferase under the control of several 5'' untranslated regions (5'' UTRs) were generated in vitro and directly transfected in ISG20-expressing cells (Fig 3D) .Wu, Nannancord-123631-qu4zin3o2019-10-101792351
In the past 6 years, we have accumulated rich experience in dealing with H7N9, especially in terms of virus tracing, epidemiological research, key site mutation monitoring, critical disease mechanisms, clinical treatment, and vaccine development. To fully document the research progress concerning H7N9, we reviewed the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of H7N9, the key gene mutations of the virus, and H7N9 vaccine, thus providing a scientific basis for further monitoring and prevention of H7N9 influenza epidemics.", "title": "Human infections with the emerging avian influenza A H7N9 virus from wet market poultry: clinical analysis and characterisation of viral genome", "title": "Human infections with recently-emerging highly pathogenic H7N9 avian influenza virus in China", "title": "Increase in human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus during the fifth epidemic -China", "title": "The effect of probiotic treatment on patients infected with the H7N9 influenza virus", "title": "Clusters of human infections with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in China",Wu, Xiaoxincord-111124-grgbjt2u2020-01-231772264
https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.07.20032672 doi: medRxiv preprint 50 years old as a cutoff in confirmed cases, the mortality in patients over 50 years old was 14.3% in males and 4.5% in females ( Table 1) .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 274, "end": 282, "text": "Table 1)", "ref_id": "TABREF0"}], "section": "Case fatality analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients"}, {"text": "As showed in Table 2 and Figure 2 , the overall severity rate (proportion of severe and critical severe cases, or SR) of confirmed and suspected cases was 35.1%, while the SR of confirmed cases was 27.3%. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.07.20032672 doi: medRxiv preprint diagnosis nor nucleic acid tests, and were not counted as COVID-19 patients, making the denominator of mortality smaller than real.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Discussion"}, {"text": "We analyzed the mortality and proportion of the severe cases in gender and different age groups.Wu, Yingjiecord-81407-ohba2n2o2020-03-10466045
1, 2 Compared with the 5th and 6th editions, the 7th edition did not make changes to basic concepts but mainly focused on various revisions and updates regarding transmission routes, clinical manifestations in children, etiological diagnosis, diagnostic criteria, exclusion criteria for suspected cases, and, most importantly, clinical warning signs and treatment of severely and critically ill patients, as well as the refinement of follow-up observations. "text": "The latest research developments regarding etiological examination includes a recently published article from the United States in Emerging Infectious Diseases, which reported that an asymptomatic 10year-old patient was confirmed to be positive for COVID-19 on the basis of viral nucleic acid detection in a stool specimen, while the Guangzhou Research Institute of Respiratory Diseases announced that they successfully isolated SARS-CoV-2 from the stool samples of infected patients. "text": "Due to the accumulation of clinical experience, treatment recommendations for severely and critically ill patients have been significantly improved and refined in the 7th edition guidelines, providing supplementary information for all treatment sections. "title": "Clinical pathology of critical patient with novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)",Xie, Li-Xincord-10169-w9jfpakq2020-04-23269732
Therefore, the aim of the current study was to develop a sensitive, multitarget, and high-throughput method that can detect various agents responsible for STIs.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "Methods: We developed and tested a 23-plex PCR coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) assay (sexually transmitted infection-mass spectrometry, STI-MS) that simultaneously targets 11 different agents, including 8 most common clinical pathogens related to STIs (HSV-1, HSV-2, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Haemophilus ducreyi) and 3 controversial microorganisms as pathogens (Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Ureaplasma parvum).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "The results showed that the STI-MS approach can accurately detect the expected agents, without cross-reaction with other organisms.Xiu, Leshancord-72169-in7he5o42019-08-28955247
text: "In the last two decades, coronavirus has caused two large-scale pandemics, SARS in 2002 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome In this study, the analysis of public bulk-seq RNA datasets showed that the mucosa of oral cavity could express the ACE2 and was higher in tongue than other oral sites. "text": "Our results are mainly based on public datasets and single cell RNA-sequencing data of in-house oral tissues with minimal diseased lesion which from our previous project found no significant expression difference among the common epithelial markers in our past study and other previous study [22] [23] [24] . "title": "The single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to Wuhan 2019-nCoV infection",Xu, Haocord-30224-32z7b3fp2020-02-24443854
In this retrospective study, risk factors associated with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA shedding were evaluated in a cohort of 113 symptomatic patients from two hospitals outside Wuhan.", When comparing patients with early (<15 days) and late viral RNA clearance (\u226515 days after illness onset), prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding was associated with male sex (p=0.009), old age (p=0.033), concomitated with hypertension (p=0.009), delayed admission to hospital after illness onset (p=0.001), severe illness at admission (p=0.049), invasive mechanical ventilation (p=0.006), and corticosteroid treatment (p=0.025). Male sex (odds ratio [OR], 3.24 [95% CI, 1.31-8.02]), delayed hospital admission (OR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.10-1.54]), and invasive mechanical ventilation (OR, 9.88 [95% CI,.02]) were independent risk factors for prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding.", "text": "Male sex, delayed admission to hospital after illness onset, and invasive mechanical ventilation were associated with prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding. Our results suggest that male patients, delayed admission to hospital after illness onset, and invasive mechanical ventilation during hospitalization were associated with prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding.Xu, Kaijincord-02791-285ud8gh2020-04-09644453
text: "In December 2019, a cluster of acute respiratory illness, now known as SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, occurred in Wuhan, China. "text": "In December 2019, a cluster of acute respiratory illness, now known as SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, occurred in Wuhan, China. "text": "A confirmed case of COVID-19 is defined as a positive result on high throughput sequencing or real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay of pharyngeal swab specimens. "text": "Of the 10 patients, 10 (100%) required oxygen support in the hospital (Table 1) author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.", "text": "Due to one transferred patient 7 in the study who was from other hospital co-infected with influenza A virus on day 9 of the observation, all other nine patients were tested for 9 additional respiratory pathogens. "text": "The sensitivity of COVID-19 IgG and IgM assay tested on day 15-30 of the observation was 90% and 100% for non-survivors, suggesting that B cell function is still intact in non-survivors.",Xu, Y.cord-85360-wx0nhx8i2020-03-20386356
author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}], "body_text": [{"text": "In December 2019, a cluster of acute respiratory illness, now known as SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, occurred in Wuhan, China. author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for SARS-CoV-2"}, {"text": "The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the . Among the 25 patients with severe or critical disease, a primary composite end-point event occurred in 5 patients (20.0%), including 12.0% who were underwent non-invasive mechanical ventilation, 8.0% who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation, and 4.0% who died (Table 1) .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 168, "end": 177, "text": "(Table 1)", "ref_id": "TABREF3"}, {"start": 445, "end": 456, "text": "(Table 1)", "ref_id": "TABREF3"}], "section": "Main Interventions and Outcomes"}, {"text": "This report, to our knowledge, is the first retrospective multicenter study of COVID-19 with normal controls.Xu, Yangcord-85334-glq0lckz2020-03-10669046
Now with the emergence of a novel coronavirus (CoV) from Wuhan, China (tentatively named as 2019-nCoV by The World Health Organization -WHO), 3 , 4 similar clinical, diagnostic and management guidance are required.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 108, "end": 109, "text": "1", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 155, "end": 156, "text": "2", "ref_id": null}, {"start": 382, "end": 387, "text": "3 , 4", "ref_id": null}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Dear Editor,"}, {"text": "Available information at the time of writing indicates that the virus has now spread beyond China and infection has been confirmed in individuals without direct contact with the index Wuhan wet market (Huanan South China Seafood Market), where the sale of game meat from live animals was also available.Xu, Yifeicord-06638-j43v6a8b2020-03-311714850
Numerous factors are known to influence the epidemiology of disease, such as sex; age; nutrition; immune status of the host; climatic conditions (heat, cold, humidity, wind velocity, ambient temperatures); role of vectors; survival of virus in nature; duration and extent of excretion of virus from infected host; reservoirs/carriers of the infectious agent; susceptibility of the pathogen to common disinfectants; reactivation of latent viral infection under immune suppression; vaccination campaigns; presence of naturally occurring attenuated strain of virus in the population; spillover of the infectious agent/virus from their natural niches due to encroachments; developmental projects for laying railway tracts, roads, etc., leading to mixing of human and domestic animal populations with wildlife; ecological changes on account of deforestation and making dams, canals, etc.; antigenic multiplicity/stability of the virus; intimate contact of humans and livestock with wildlife/wildlife products; social/religious customs; and extent of the availability of funding for capacity building.",Yadav, Mahendra Palcord-36544-4s78j9ac2019-06-061379237
text: "Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a pandemic that has shocked the world twice over the last two decades caused by a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus (CoV). Further investigation proved that the first transmission of the virus to human hosts occurred probably in southern China in Guangdong province, from zoonotic reservoirs, including bats, Himalayan palm civets (Paguma larvata), and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), the latter two of which are sold in exotic animal markets (Graham and Baric 2010) .", "text": "The zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China, can be strongly associated with the wet animal market since a large number of people who got an infection in the beginning were more or less exposed to it (Rothan and Byrareddy 2020). "text": "Current research confirms more than 95% genomic similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and bat coronavirus, indicating bats as the most probable host of the former (Perlman 2020; Zhou et al.Yadav, Tusharcord-44153-tcrxm7jy2020-04-30598062
In another instance, just a letter to the editor of New England Journal of Medicine extrapolating the Corona virus'' proclivity for Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) receptors to causing harm was erroneously deemed as an advisory for withdrawal of ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) in hypertensive patients [2] . It is time to catch up with those boxed sets of videos waiting to be seen and to read those timeless classics, sitting and adorning the bookshelves for aeons, rather than attending the scientific sessions of the virtual American College of Cardiology conference, conducted via internet, at the peak of COVID 19 pandemic. "title": "Relationship between the ABO Blood Group and the COVID-19 susceptibility", "title": "Rapid response to Preventing a covid-19 pandemic: ACE inhibitors as a potential risk factor for fatal Covid-19", "title": "Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with COVID-19",Yadava, Om Prakashcord-10527-w768thcj2020-04-22133752
Medical editorials have suggested that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) should not be given to people with arterial hypertension during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic because of a potential increased risk of worse clinical outcomes and that calcium channel blockers (CCBs) should be used as an alternative. 24.20077875 doi: medRxiv preprint (ACEIs), angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) and thiozolidinediones often prescribed in patients with diabetes, hypertension and cardiac disease may increase the risk of COVID-19 and its clinical outcomes. "text": "The analysis of medications acting on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system demonstrates that patients with COVID-19 were significantly less likely compared to population-based controls to be taking ARBs (8.7% vs 15.4%) and diuretics in (2.1% vs 5.1%) prior to their presentation, after adjusting for covariates such as age, sex and BMI) as well as presence of hypertension.Yan, Huadongcord-81607-llzfc1r72020-04-29720451
title: "Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes", \u25ba Patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes were older, more likely to receive mechanical ventilation and admission to intensive care unit, and had higher mortality. First, our study found that diabetes was associated with high mortality and short survival duration in patients with severe covid-19. "text": "In summary, our findings demonstrated that patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes were more likely to receive mechanical ventilation and admission to ICU, and had higher mortality. "text": "The biochemical values in patients with severe covid-19 with or without diabetes on admission to hospital", "text": "The baseline characteristics of survivors and non-survivors in patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes", "text": "The biochemical values of survivors and non-survivors in patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes on admission to hospital", org/ 0000-0001-8146-8040 Xuefeng Yu http:// orcid. org/ 0000-0003-3961-9321 Kun Dong http:// orcid.Yan, Yonglicord-05548-wtov0a4f2020-04-27570748
text: "The recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, previously known as 2019-nCoV) outbreak has engulfed an unprepared world amidst a festive season. Although there is no current evidence of respiratory disease in infected animals, some (but not all) human hosts The SARS-CoV-2 is zoonotic as well as pathogenic, making it one of the coronavirus species that can potentially be transmitted from an animal to a human host. Although there is no current evidence of respiratory disease in infected animals, some (but not all) human hosts The SARS-CoV-2 is zoonotic as well as pathogenic, making it one of the coronavirus species that can potentially be transmitted from an animal to a human host. "text": "An observation on January 20, 2020, showed that the infection had sharply increased in the span of a few days, reaching a total of 440 confirmed cases, of which 15 were medical workers associated with previous patients hosting the SARS-CoV-2 [17] .Yan, Yuxincord-03181-efk2jj502020-03-301687855
text: "We have previously demonstrated that TRIM56, a RING-type E3 ligase of the tripartite motif protein family, puts a check on intracellular RNA replication of DENV serotype 2 (DENV2), YFV, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cell culture [24, 25] . We conclude from these data that TRIM56 restricts ZIKV infection by inhibiting viral RNA replication, and that such capacity depends on both its E3 ligase activity and TRIM56 is an RNA-binding protein that restricts Zika virus the integrity of C-terminal portion. HEK293 cells expressing control vector (Bsr), WT TRIM56, the E3-ligase-dead AA mutant, or Mut N (deltaaa 693-750) lacking a portion of the C-terminal NHL-like repeat sequence were infected by ZIKV, followed by RNP-IP of TRIM56-RNA complexes and qPCR quantifying the viral RNAs associated with TRIM56. (A) HEK293-T3Y cells with or without expression of FH-TRIM56 were infected by ZIKV MR766 strain (MOI = 1) for the indicated times, followed by qPCR analysis of intracellular viral RNA levels.Yang, Darongcord-25849-1nr0hggt2019-06-281792460
\uf0b7 comorbidities are risk factors for severe patients compare with Non-severe.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 2 \uf0b7 help the health sector guide vulnerable populations and assess the risk of deterioration.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "Background: An outbreak of Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China, the epidemic is more widespread than initially estimated, with cases now confirmed in multiple countries.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "The aim of the meta-analysis was to assess the prevalence of comorbidities in the COVID-19 infection patients and the risk of underlying diseases in severe patients compared to non-severe patients.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "A literature search was conducted using the databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of sciences until February 25, 2020.Yang, Jingcord-30085-o56j4qio2020-03-12428144
title: "Characterization of HIV-1 subtypes and drug resistance mutations in Henan Province, China (2017-2019)", In this study, we investigated the distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and the prevalence of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) among patients with HIV-1 infection in Henan Province, China. Our study provides detailed information about the distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and the incidence of drug resistance mutations of different subtypes in ART-experienced and na\u00efve patients. In this study, blood samples were collected from HIVpositive inpatients and outpatients visiting the Sixth People''s Hospital of Zhengzhou from August 2017 to July 2019 in Henan Province, China, and the distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and the prevalence of DRMs were analyzed.", "title": "Antiretroviral-drug resistance among patients recently infected with HIV", "title": "Different distribution of HIV-1 subtype and drug resistance were found among treatment na\u00efve individuals in Henan", "title": "Prevalence and evolution of drug resistance HIV-1 variants in Henan, China",Yang, Zhaojiecord-33144-kcs6vc8g2020-04-11661557
In the other two patients in whom a virus (human coronavirus HKU1 in one and a human adenovirus in the other) was detected in the DCR biopsy sample, the virus was not detected in the nasal mucosa.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 680, "end": 687, "text": "Table 2", "ref_id": "TABREF2"}, {"start": 848, "end": 855, "text": "Table 3", "ref_id": "TABREF3"}], "section": "Results"}, {"text": "PANDO is the most common cause of acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction in the adult. Considering the fact that acute viral respiratory tract infections are the most common illnesses in all individuals, repetitive inflammation caused by the nasal infection may be direct or indirect stimuli for the nasolacrimal duct obstruction, especially in predisposed individuals.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 15, "end": 17, "text": "11", "ref_id": "BIBREF10"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Discussion"}, {"text": "In the present study, two of the patients exhibited the RSV genome in both the nasal mucosal swab and the DCR biopsy specimens.Yanık, Özgecord-12001-1embrj6v2019-10-21415244
For cardiovascular mortality, the effects turned protective at a cumulative lag of 30 days in the elderly and could due to \"harvesting\".", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "Conclusions: These first contemporary population-based data from an equatorial country with tropical climate show that exposure to particulate air pollution was significantly associated with non-accidental mortality and cardiovascular mortality, especially in the elderly.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}], "body_text": [{"text": "Air pollution has a significant health impact on mortality and morbidity worldwide, resulting in an estimated 4.2 million deaths and 103.1 million disability-adjusted life-years lost [1] . Sensitivity analysis using up to 2nd or 4th degree of polynomials showed similar results (Additional file 1: Figures S1-S4) .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 548, "end": 562, "text": "Figures S1-S4)", "ref_id": "FIGREF2"}], "section": "Impact by age"}, {"text": "In a separate analysis looking at the very elderly aged 80 years and above, cumulative effects were significant, with every 10 \u03bcg/m 3 increase in pollutant concentration resulting in a 0.749% (95% CI: 0.095-1.408%) and a 0.955% (0.105-1.812%) increase over days 0-5 in non-accidental mortality risk for PM 10 & PM 2.5 respectively (data not shown).Yap, Jonathancord-123170-k86b1fli2019-04-18801450
text: "The enteric route of transmission, EM evidence of naked virions in the feces, and the lack of coding capacity for envelope proteins all suggest that HEV is a nonenveloped virus. "text": "The enteric route of transmission, EM evidence of naked virions in the feces, and the lack of coding capacity for envelope proteins all suggest that HEV is a nonenveloped virus. "text": "Although these results are encouraging, independent studies will be needed to validate the role of these factors in HEV and eHEV cell attachment and entry in the context of infection, preferably in primary human hepatocytes. "title": "ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus is essential for virion release from infected cells", "title": "A PSAP motif in the ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus is necessary for virion release from infected cells", "text": "The hepatitis E virus (HEV) genome, its encoded proteins (a), and two types of virions (b).", "text": "The hepatitis E virus (HEV) genome, its encoded proteins (a), and two types of virions (b).",Yin, Xincord-73469-gs75ebo42019-09-201054460
Elevated levels of specific inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-\u03b1, IL-1B, IL-6, and IL-8, have been shown to correlate with lung injury severity and may predict unfavorable outcomes, particularly among patients in which elevated biomarkers occur early and persist throughout the course of ARDS [22, 23] .", "cite_spans": [{"start": 396, "end": 400, "text": "[17,", "ref_id": "BIBREF16"}, {"start": 401, "end": 404, "text": "18]", "ref_id": "BIBREF17"}, {"start": 729, "end": 733, "text": "[19]", "ref_id": "BIBREF18"}, {"start": 734, "end": 738, "text": "[20]", "ref_id": "BIBREF19"}, {"start": 739, "end": 743, "text": "[21]", "ref_id": "BIBREF20"}, {"start": 1059, "end": 1063, "text": "[22]", "ref_id": "BIBREF21"}, {"start": 1360, "end": 1364, "text": "[22,", "ref_id": "BIBREF21"}, {"start": 1365, "end": 1368, "text": "23]", "ref_id": "BIBREF22"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS"}, {"text": "Cancer patients are susceptible to a variety of overlapping ARDS risk factors including primary lung insults (pneumonia, aspiration, surgical and nonsurgical chest and/or lung trauma) and secondary sources of injury (drug toxicity, polytrauma, pancreatitis, hypertransfusion, sepsis, or septic shock that originates from extrapulmonary infections or noninfectious etiologies) ( Table 2) .Young, Alisha Y.cord-38025-p549v6w62019-07-092120138
title: "Comparison of the Indicators of Psychological Stress in the Population of Hubei Province and Non-Endemic Provinces in China During Two Weeks During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in February 2020", "text": "This study used questionnaires to compare the emotional state, somatic responses, sleep quality, and behavior of people in Hubei Province with other provinces in China during the height of the coronavirus disease 2019 in two weeks in February 2020. "text": "The mean scores of the emotional state, somatic responses, sleep quality, and behaviors of the study participants in Hubei Province, China during two weeks in February 2020 during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic.", "text": "Summary of the responses on the emotional state, somatic responses, sleep quality, and behaviors of the study participants in Hubei Province, China during two weeks in February 2020 during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic.Yuan, Shuaicord-20486-dusml83k2020-04-15527050
text: "Whether the appearance of pathological T cells in adult patients with severe COVID-19 diseases is due to the compensation for this fundamental aging process or not is unclear. "title": "Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study", "title": "Host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus after two-step, furin-mediated activation of the spike protein", "title": "ACE2 receptor expression and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection depend on differentiation of human airway epithelia", "title": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-induced lung epithelial cytokines exacerbate SARS pathogenesis by modulating intrinsic functions of monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells", Y Chen, Y Guo, Y Pan and ZJ Zhao. Y Du, L Tu, P Zhu, M Mu, R Wang, P Yang, X Wang, C Hu, R Ping, P Hu, T Li, F Cao, C Chang, Q Hu, Y Jin and G Xu. 2020.Yuki, Koichicord-01439-j9x715rz2020-04-20925261
title: "The impact of the oral cavity in febrile neutropenia and infectious complications in patients treated with myelosuppressive chemotherapy", [70] Treatment of dental pathologies and reducing oral microbial load resulted in shorter duration of OM HSCT Khan and Wingard [54] Presence of oropharyngeal mucositis is an independent risk factor for bacteremia in neutropenic patients HSCT, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia", "text": "Head and neck cancer FN febrile neutropenia, HSCT hematopoietic stem cell transplantation infrequent conversion of chronic dental disease to an acute state during CT and conclude that there is no need for the treatment of \"asymptomatic\" chronic dental infections prior to CT or conditioning therapy for HSCT [62, 108] . "title": "A systematic review of oral fungal infections in patients receiving cancer therapy. "title": "Oral and dental management of the cancer patient: prevention and treatment of complications", "title": "Periodontal infection in cancer patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy",Zecha, Judith A. E. M.cord-72346-3gwbc7z92019-06-201609756
title: "Influence of blood pressure on pneumonia risk: 1 Epidemiological association and Mendelian randomisation in the UK Biobank 2 3 4", "text": "In the UK Biobank prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, we (1) estimate the epidemiologic 4 association of hypertension with incident pneumonia risk and indices of pulmonary function, and", "text": "(2) apply Mendelian randomisation to test the hypothesis that blood pressure independently 6 causally influences risks for pneumonia and reduced pulmonary function. Association analysis of the SBP and DBP PRS with incident respiratory diseases was 1 performed using Cox proportional hazards models in R (version 3.5, R Foundation, Vienna, 2 Austria), adjusting for age, age 2 , sex, smoking status, and the first ten principal components of 3 ancestry. "text": "Association of the 75 variants for each PRS with both prevalent and incident pneumonia was 8 performed using a logistic regression Wald test in Hail-0.2, adjusting for age, age 2 , sex, smoking 9 status, the first ten principal components of ancestry, and genotype array.Zekavat, S. M.cord-82420-j83jabfz2020-04-23911248
The number of cases has increased rapidly but information on the clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia compared to normal controls in Chinese Han population is limited. Our objective is to describe the clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia compared to normal controls in the Chinese Han population. 9 According to World Health Organization interim guidance on January 12, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 infection is classified as asymptomatic case, mild and severe cases of pneumonia, and critical cases of pneumonia (ARDS, sepsis, septic shock). The objective of this case series was to describe the clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia compared to 14,117 normal controls in Chinese Han population. "text": "The study population included 752 cases with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and 14,117 normal controls. A SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR assay for lymphocyte subsets in severe or critical cases should be followed up. "title": "Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan", "text": "Characteristics of COVID-19 patients in Shanghai and Beijing",Zeng, Qiangcord-85049-1k64g7m32020-03-10468351
The current retrospective study aimed to examine the correlation between blood type distribution and SARS-CoV-2 infection, progression, and prognosis in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Categorical data were tested using a Given the limitations of a single factor analysis, we used multivariable logistic regression to further adjust the association of ABO blood type with occurrence of ARDS, AKI, or death for potential confounders, including the common risk factors of age, sex, pre-existing pulmonary disease, history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease in the critical cohort. "text": "However, the outcomes including ARDS, AKI, and death are poor irrespective of ABO blood group distribution in critically ill patients with COVID-19, although blood type O sufferers are unlikely to progress into the critical stage after SARS-CoV-2 infection.Zeng, Xianfeicord-84584-idd8uq9h2020-04-17835251
Due to the powerful and effective isolation measures taken by the Chinese government, the increase in COVID-19 began to slow down on February 14, 2020, according to the data released by the China National Health Commission.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 173, "end": 177, "text": "[41]", "ref_id": "BIBREF40"}, {"start": 282, "end": 286, "text": "[42]", "ref_id": "BIBREF41"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Isolation"}, {"text": "There is no current evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to recommend any specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 treatment for patients with a suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection. Well-designed clinical trials are needed to further evaluate the efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma therapy in patients with COVID-19 infection.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 209, "end": 213, "text": "[78]", "ref_id": "BIBREF79"}, {"start": 381, "end": 385, "text": "[79]", "ref_id": "BIBREF80"}, {"start": 567, "end": 571, "text": "[80]", "ref_id": "BIBREF81"}], "ref_spans": [{"start": 653, "end": 660, "text": "Table 4", "ref_id": "TABREF8"}], "section": "Convalescent plasma transfusion"}, {"text": "The structure of SARS-CoV-2 S protein has been revealed, and this should enable the rapid development and evaluation of medical countermeasures to address the ongoing public health crisis [77] .Zhai, Pancord-118351-u7zxlgxz2020-03-281181347
The clinical laboratory indices were as follows: the infection indices (hs-CRP and SAA) were clearly increased in all 19 cases; there were 16 cases (84.2%) in which the total number of lymphocytes decreased; 12 cases (63%) had decreased liver function; 11 cases (58%) had deviant results for fibrinogen (FIB) and D-dimer, in particular, the increase in the D-dimer level was significantly higher among the nonsurvivors (n = 8, 100%) compared to the survivors (n = 11, 27%); 9 cases (47%) had deviant levels of cardiac muscle enzymes and troponin T ( Table 2 ).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 667, "end": 674, "text": "Table 2", "ref_id": "TABREF1"}], "section": "Results"}, {"text": "At present, there are no specific drugs for COVID-19, only general supportive therapy and treatment in isolation.Zhang, Jinpingcord-25541-cko1km4h2020-04-21263655
Understanding the evolving epidemiology and transmission dynamics of the outbreak beyond Hubei would provide timely information to guide intervention policy.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "We collected individual information from official public sources on laboratory-confirmed cases reported outside Hubei in mainland China for the period of Jan 19 to Feb 17, 2020. Until now, there has been scarce information to understand the changing epidemiological features and transmission dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak beyond Hubei province.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 1372, "end": 1375, "text": "19)", "ref_id": "BIBREF18"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Research in context"}, {"text": "We collected individual information from official, publicly available sources on 8579 laboratory-confirmed cases detected outside Hubei province up to Feb 17, accounting for 69% of all 12 447 reported cases at that time.Zhang, Juanjuancord-16089-ur7tu7g12020-04-02873444
We suggest that the nutritional status of each infected patient should be evaluated before the administration of general treatments and the current children''s RNA-virus vaccines including influenza vaccine should be immunized for uninfected people and health care", In addition, Semba et al 12 had reported that vitamin A supplementation reduced morbidity and mortality in different infectious diseases, such as measles, diarrheal disease, measles-related pneumonia, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and malaria. "text": "Remdesivir (RDV), a nucleoside analog GS-5734, had been reported to inhibit human and zoonotic coronavirus in vitro and to restrain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in vivo. "title": "Inhibition of SARS coronavirus infection in vitro with clinically approved antiviral drugs", "title": "Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndromeassociated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoprotein-mediated viral entry", "title": "Potent neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus by a human mAb to S1 protein that blocks receptor association",Zhang, Leicord-22848-2tu707ng2020-03-031354959
text: "Advances in systems biology, particularly based on the omics approaches, have resulted in a paradigm shift in both traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and the gut microbiome research. "text": "With the rapid advancement of research in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and gut microbiome, studies involving both fields have significantly accelerated around the world. Previous studies have proven that TCM is conductive to maintain the homeostasis of the intestinal flora (Chang et al., 2015; Zhou et al., 2016) , and the gut microbiome could also exert pharmacological effects of the TCM on host (Park et al., 2006) , which render TCM a potential new drug in the western markets. "text": "The regulatory effects of TCM on gut microbial communities are mainly reflected in treatment of dysbiosis to restore homeostasis of the intestinal flora.", "text": "With the application of network pharmacology and related databases and tools, the research on TCM and gut microbiome has been further developed (Figure 4) .",Zhang, Runzhicord-44144-7yrftdp42020-04-221854356
Most patients have received numerous potentially targeted therapies as described so far based on medication experience with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), which mostly belong to existing antiviral agents approved or in development for treating infections caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and influenza, and a section of patients have participated in ongoing uncontrolled clinical trials.", For the reasons above, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of science and technology of China initiated a multicenter, randomized controlled trial for the efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in the treatment of COVID-19 (ChiCTR2000029765), in the first phase of the clinical study, 14 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (maximum age of 82 years, 9 of whom were severe and 2 of who were critically ill) had diffuse lesions in both lungs before treatment, of which 11 had a persistent fever. "title": "No Evidence of Rapid Antiviral Clearance or Clinical Benefit with the Combination of Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Infection", "title": "Effective Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Patients with Tocilizumab",Zhang, Yuecord-02715-ahlgybbc2020-04-301146960
text: "The study was conducted by comparing the blood group distribution in 2,173 patients with COVID-19 confirmed by SARS-CoV-2 test from three hospitals in Wuhan and Shenzhen, China with that in normal people from the corresponding regions. "text": "The ABO blood group in 3,694 normal people in Wuhan displayed a percentage distribution of 32.16%, 24.90%, 9.10% and 33.84% for A, B, AB and O, respectively, while the 1,775 patients with COVID-19 from Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital showed an ABO distribution of 37.75%, 26.42%, 10.03% and 25.80% for A, B, AB and O, respectively. "text": "We next examined 113 patients with COVID-19 from another hospital in Wuhan City, the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, and found a similar risk distribution trend of ABO blood groups for the infection. "text": "In this study, we found that ABO blood groups displayed different association risks for the infection with SARS-CoV-2 resulting in COVID-19. "text": "Influence of age and gender on the ABO blood group distribution in patients with COVID-19 from two Wuhan hospitals.",Zhao, Jiaocord-81840-5sfojk7y2020-03-16431247
Our findings underscore the need to explore collaborative management approaches for these two diseases among reproductive-age females for maternal and child health.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "Low glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity level (LG6PD) is one of typical features of G6PD deficiency, which is an X-linked incomplete dominant inheritance of red blood cell enzyme disease, as well as one of the most common causes of hemolytic anemia 1,2 . Therefore, it is necessary to study the role of LG6PD in HBV infection and its effect on liver enzyme among pre-pregnant reproductive-age females to improve the health of both mothers and children.", "cite_spans": [{"start": 155, "end": 157, "text": "14", "ref_id": "BIBREF12"}, {"start": 181, "end": 182, "text": "7", "ref_id": "BIBREF6"}, {"start": 676, "end": 680, "text": "[15]", "ref_id": "BIBREF13"}, {"start": 681, "end": 685, "text": "[16]", "ref_id": "BIBREF14"}, {"start": 686, "end": 690, "text": "[17]", "ref_id": "BIBREF15"}], "ref_spans": [], "section": ""}, {"text": "Shenzhen is a city located in the southern coast of Guangdong province, China, where the prevalence of G6PD deficiency (1.14~3.68% 18, 19 ) and HBV infection (7.1% HBsAg(+) 20 ) are both high in female population.Zhao, Juncord-68280-bxigtyao2019-03-07736639
Owing to the different incidences in males and females, this study aims to analyze the features involved in the transmission of shigellosis among male (subscript m) and female (subscript f) individuals using a newly developed sex-based model.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Abstract"}, {"text": "The data of reported shigellosis cases were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention in Hubei Province from 2005 to 2017. Finally, we adopted indicators to estimate the transmissibility in different genders and to explore the transmission features in different age groups further.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 251, "end": 259, "text": "(Fig. 1)", "ref_id": "FIGREF0"}], "section": "Study design"}, {"text": "The dataset of the shigellosis cases was collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention in Hubei Province from 2005 to 2017.Zhao, Ze-Yucord-27210-kjx6cvzh2020-04-17933150
The aim of this article is to analyse the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 diagnosed at Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei province from January 16 to February 4, 2020, with follow-up performed until February 14, 2020.", "text": "According to the COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment protocol (fifth edition of the trial operation) [3] , we combined and applied epidemiological history, clinical manifestation, imaging detection and Q-PCR of the respiratory specimens as tools to confirm positive cases. "text": "This study analysed the clinical characteristics of new coronavirus pneumonia in Shiyan, Hubei Province and found the following: 1) Male patients have higher prevalence, similar to the conclusion of Nanshan Chen [9] . "text": "Zheng Yi, Xiong Chang, Liu Yuquan, Qian Xin and Tang Yijun collected the epidemiological and clinical data and processed statistical data. Liang Liu, Elaine Lai-Han Leung and Wang Meifang wrote and revised the final manuscript.", "title": "Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in",Zheng, Yicord-123116-73fd37j22020-04-30632156
text: "In this article, we analyzed the clinical characteristics of covid-19 patients with critical/mortal illness and non-critical illness in 13 literatures with 3027 patients, to identify the risk factors for COVID-19 patients to develop critical disease or death, in order to effectively predict the progression of the disease, make early treatment response and allocate medical resources in a better way.", "text": "The demographical characteristics of the included studies are shown in Table 2 .The results from the 13 included studies (with a total amount of 3027 patients) showed that the proportion of male was significant higher in critical/death group compared to the non-critical group [male: OR = 1.77, 95% CI (1.43, 2.19) , P < 0.00001]( Figure 2 ).", "text": "The results of meta-analysis showed that male, aged over 65 and smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease or respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.Zheng, Zhaohaicord-26920-ubqexcof2020-04-23627352
This study sought to assess the prevalence rate and socio-demographic correlates of depressive and anxiety symptoms among Chinese adolescents affected by the outbreak of COVID-19. An online survey was used to collect demographic data, assess students'' awareness of COVID-19, and assess depressive and anxiety symptoms with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) questionnaire, respectively. "text": "The objective of the current study was to assess the prevalence of two specific mental symptoms, anxiety and depression, and their socio-demographic correlates among adolescents in the Chinese population during the COVID-19 outbreak.", "text": "A data collection sheet was designed to collect basic socio-demographic information and students'' awareness of COVID-19 (COVID-19 knowledge, prevention and control measures, projections of COVID-19 trend), and two specific mental symptoms, depressive and anxiety symptoms, were assessed through the online survey. "text": "In this large-scale, cross-sectional epidemiological study, the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in middle and high school students of China was 43.7% and 37.4%, respectively.Zhou, Shuang-Jiangcord-02162-c004bekd2020-05-03818858
title: "Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in South Korea, 2015: Epidemiology, characteristics and public health implications", "title": "Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection during pregnancy: Report of two cases & review of the literature", "title": "Prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels in Abu Dhabi Emirate", "title": "The prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) antibodies in dromedary camels in Israel", "title": "Sero-prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) specific antibodies in dromedary camels in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia", "title": "Cross-sectional surveillance of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels and other mammals in Egypt", "title": "Tailoring subunit vaccine immunity with adjuvant combinations and delivery routes using the Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV) receptor-binding domain as an antigen", "title": "A humanized neutralizing antibody against MERS-CoV targeting the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein", "title": "A conformation-dependent neutralizing monoclonal antibody specifically targeting receptor-binding domain in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein",Zhou, Yusencord-17395-eeyqh9nc2019-01-141940066
text: "Due to enhanced musculoskeletal function, cardiorespiratory and metabolic health, sleep, pain management, cognition, learning, memory and more, the practice of physical exercise represents a non-pharmacological primary clinical tool for the prevention of many diseases whose physiopathology is linked to acute or sustained immune system activation [3] [4] [5] . In this context, the anti-inflammatory effect of physical exercise could either reduce peripheral inflammation, decreasing the entry of inflammatory cells in the brain or maintaining the density of tight junctions in the BBB (for a revision see ref. Increased brain IL-6 levels driven by physical exercise has been shown to promote many effects on glutamate release by astrocytes, therefore, controlling neuronal excitability, signal propagation within glial networks and synaptic transmission, and the release of MKP-1 (systemic macrophage-released MAPK phosphatise-1) that negatively regulates pro-inflammatory macrophages activation, demonstrated in male mice after chronic treadmill exercise-training [78] .",da Luz Scheffer, Déboracord-21419-ptsrahp12020-04-292690760
This requires an evaluation of the long-term impact of such a program on the burden of influenza across all age groups, using a transmission model that accounts for the seasonal variability in vaccine effectiveness and the shorter duration of protection following vaccination as compared to natural infection. "text": "A recently published stochastic transmission model that accounts for both the long-term infection dynamics and seasonal variability in vaccine effectiveness and epidemic size demonstrated that introduction of a childhood influenza vaccination program could lead to seasons with larger influenza epidemics, while, on average, reducing influenza incidence in the overall population [9, 10] . "text": "When only outcomes among children aged 2-16 years were considered, the childhood vaccination program resulted in a QALY gain against higher total costs in all simulations (Additional file 2: Figure S1 ).de Boer, Pieter T.cord-75480-0ahn7xlo2020-01-141100751
title: "Articles Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 among patients in the Oxford Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre primary care network: a cross-sectional study", We aimed to identify demographic and clinical risk factors for testing positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) within the Oxford Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre primary care network.", "text": "Interpretation A positive SARS-CoV-2 test result in this primary care cohort was associated with similar risk factors as observed for severe outcomes of COVID-19 in hospital settings, except for smoking. "text": "We did a cross-sectional study of patients with a SARS-CoV-2 test code result in the Oxford Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre network between Jan 28 and April 4, 2020. "text": "Our findings suggest some risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection in this primary care study are similar to those associated with more severe COVID-19 disease, with men and people older than 40 years at increased risk.de Lusignan, Simoncord-84830-l8fa0uiv2020-05-15818450
Emily Gurley, associate scientist at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, will describe her experience investigating outbreaks of Nipah virus infection in Southeast Asia and the development of behavioral and pharmaceutical interventions to prevent the spread of infection.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Amadou Sall Emily Gurley"}, {"text": "Scott Weaver The Chu Family Scholarships were initiated by The Chu Family Foundation (TCFF) and ISAR to support the professional development of early career level women by providing funds to attend a specialized workshop, visit/work in another laboratory to obtain new skills, take a course, or acquire specialized training.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Maria Van Kerkhove"}, {"text": "Up to three awards will be given biannually to advance the careers of early career level women with potential for significant contributions in the field of basic, applied, and clinical aspects of antiviral research and antiviral drug development.nancord-18653-z9gyint72019-01-312881044
Prospective testing of blood donations in endemic areas of the U.S. revealed 0.38% of donors were positive for Babesia DNA or antibodies (Moritz, NEJM, 2016) Aims: -To report results of ongoing Babesia clinical trial -To explain significance of Babesia as a TT infection Methods: In cobas \u00e2 Babesia for use on the cobas \u00e2 6800/8800 Systems, is a qualitative polymerase chain reaction nucleic acid amplification test, developed to detect in whole blood (WB) donor samples the 4 Babesia species that cause human disease: B. In sensitivity analyses, there were two discrepant results for HIV testing, three for HCV, and five for anti-HBc. Summary/Conclusions: Elecsys \u00e2 infectious disease parameters on the cobas e 801 analyser demonstrate high specificity/sensitivity for screening first-time blood donor samples, with similar clinical performance to other commercially available assays.nancord-32180-uftc8inx2019-06-0728406347
nannancord-32919-ieededv42020-05-057516340
Introduction: Surgical site infection post cesarian section (CS-SSI) is a major cause of prolonged hospital stay and poses a burden to the health care system Objectives: To determine risk factors associated with CS-SSI in order to improve patient care Methods: A prospective study was conducted for all women undergone caesarean section procedures during 2018 in King Faisal Medical Complex-Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Introduction: Hand hygiene (HH) is the most effective practice for health associated infections (HAI''s) prevention; however, this simple gesture is not always respected by healthcare workers (HCW''s) Objectives: aimed to assess the effect of a multimodal improvement strategy on hand hygiene compliance in the Hassan II University Hospital in Fez, Morocco Methods: We conducted a before-and-after interventional study between January and June 2018, in four wards of the University Hospital; two medicine wards, a chirurgical ward and a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), direct observation was used to evaluate the effectiveness of a multimodal improvement strategy on the compliance of HH according to the \"My 5 Moments of Hand Hygiene\" defined by the World Health Organization (WHO).nancord-33512-zi0xpl642019-09-0914793642
text: "Introduction: in recent years several genetic diseases linked to pathologic activation of type 1 interferon (IFN) pathway have been described Objectives: To identify type I interferonopathies in a cohort of children with early-onset rheumatic disease and to report the long-term efficacy and side effect of pathway-specific treatment with a Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitor Methods: Patients were selected based on the presence of any of the following: i) early onset (infancy or before puberty) inflammatory SLE-like symptoms; ii) vasculopathy (skin ulcers, chilblains, strokes) iii) panniculitis with or without lipodystrophy iv) persistent or recurrent systemic inflammation with or without lung involvement v) polyarthritis with lung involvement. "text": "Conclusion: Anakinra seems to be a very effective alternative in the treatment of protracted febrile myalgia non-responsive to colchicine and corticosteroid therapy, even in pregnant FMF patients who have active disease despite colchicine or intolerant and also can be given transiently during pregnancy and successfully stopped after delivery Introduction: Pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma and acne (PAPA) syndrome is an autosomal dominant inflammatory disorder caused by mutations in the PSTPIP1 gene primarily affecting joints and skin.nancord-34329-m86asgb12019-05-1612566439
Numerous publications over the years rally the concern that very low failure estimates may be leading to the continued high risk of donated allograft non-use and more careful selection of riskier candidates.* It has been argued that traditional outcome regulation, with its near singular reliance on SRTR expected patient and graft survival values, has resulted in perhaps ''too good'' of outcomes when considering the larger potential donor and recipient pools that are likely being underserved by programs due to regulatory concerns. "text": "CITATION INFORMATION: Zuber J., Caillard S., Frimat M., Kamar N., Gatault P., Petitprez F., Louis M., Chatelet V., Thierry A., Bertrand D., Gaisne R., Couzi L., Albano L., Jourde-Chiche N., Matignon M., Bamoulid J., Pouteil-Noble C., Peraldi M.-N., Legendre C., Rondeau E., Le Quintrec M., Fr\u00e9meaux-Bacchi V. "text": "Patient Adherence With All Three Parameters For Three Months Prior to Transplant CITATION INFORMATION: Padiyar A., Agrawal A., Hricik D., Bate P., Rockwell J., Eliason A., Sarabu N., Jittirat A., Yadav K., Sanchez E., Debroy M., Humphreville V., Rabets J., Palanisamy A., Chavin K.nancord-42567-pyqc6ymz2019-04-2914667953
text: "Objective: The purpose of this study is to increase awareness and improve diagnosis of primary immune deficiency (PID) in the heterogenous group of patients with autoimmune cytopenia (AIC) by identifying clinical characteristics and laboratory biomarkers that distinguish those with underlying PID, disease activity and guide mechanism-based targeted therapy. 7 Chief, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIAID/National Institutes of Health, NIH Abstract/Case Report Text We have previously used the artificial thymic organoid (ATO) system, based on the 3D aggregation and culture of a delta-like canonical Notch ligand 4-expressing stromal cell line (MS5-Dll4) with CD34+ cells, to study T cell differentiation from CD34+ cells obtained from patients carrying defects that are intrinsic to hematopoietic cells (RAG1-2, AK2, IL2RG) or that affect thymus development (DiGeorge syndrome).nancord-44897-578c9ut52020-05-1110782039
It\u00b4s proposed to evaluate the association between myocardial injury biomarkers, high-sensitive troponin T (hs-cTnT) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-ProBNP), with inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-1\u0392 , IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 / IL-23p40, IL17A, IL-21 and TNF-\u03b1 ) and biomarkers, C protein reactive (CPR) and procalcitonin (PCT), in septic patients Methods: This was a prospective cohort study performed in three intensive care units, from September 2007 to September 2010 enrolling patients with sepsis (infection associated with organ dysfunction), and septic shock (hypotension refractory by fluids infusion requiring vasopressor). Blood samples were collected up to 48h after the development of first organ dysfunction (D0) and on the 7th day after inclusion in the study (D7) Results: Ninety-five patients were enrolled, with median age 64 years (interquatile?48-78), APACHE II: median 19 (14-22), SOFA: median 8 (5-10); 24.2% were admitted in ICU with sepsis and 75.8% with septic shock.nancord-68558-lcgeingz2019-03-1912341646
Multivariate Cox model confirmed a negative independent association between obesity and ICU mortality.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "CO-21 Medical rhabdomyolysis in critically ill patients-initial presentation and short-and long-term outcomes"}, {"text": "Introduction: High-flow oxygen therapy (HFNC) has shown a benefit for the prognosis of patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure (ARF), while noninvasive ventilation (NIV) remains debated in this indication. Conclusion: In this retrospective propensity-matched study, rescue therapy with VA-ECMO was associated with a dramatic reduction in 90 days mortality for patients with refractory septic shock and severe myocardial dysfunction.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [{"start": 1545, "end": 1554, "text": "(table 1)", "ref_id": "TABREF0"}], "section": "CO-30"}, {"text": "H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Beringuer (speaker) 1 Introduction: Fluid expansion is the first therapeutic option in patients presenting acute circulatory failure but its hemodynamic effects (persistency and time of maximal increase in cardiac output) are unknown.nancord-68791-yichfzya2019-03-299918946
text: "Purpose or Case Report: To compare hepatic proton density fat fraction (PDFF), R2* values, and respiratory motion between navigator-gated and breath-held multi-echo Dixon (mDixon) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition techniques in children and young adults with suspected liver disease.", "text": "Purpose or Case Report: To investigate the long-term MRI imaging findings and clinical outcomes of pediatric patients with aneurysmal bone cysts treated by sclerotherapy at a large tertiary children''s hospital.", Purpose or Case Report: Analyze the feasibility of a performing an ultrafast Digital PET/CT on pediatric patients by comparing image quality and SUV quantification of normal structures using multiple simulated time-per-bed position protocols.", "text": "Purpose or Case Report: MRI is an imaging modality that provides a paradigm shift in the diagnosis of pediatric acute appendicitis concerning reduced scan time, lack of radiation and avoidance of intravenous contrast.nancord-81391-zhrjo9w32019-04-0111341037
Interestingly, soluble IL-2 receptor levels improved dramatically with hydroxychloroquine.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "section": "Frequency of Specific Antibody Deficiency (SAD) and Respiratory Allergy in Patients with Recurrent Sinusitis"}, {"text": "(36) Submission ID#592574 Human NF-kappaB2 Defect Results in Defective Intrinsic B-cell Differentiation, Function and Class Switching Introduction/Background: Autosomal dominant heterozygous mutations in NFKB2 (encoding for the protein NF-kB2) have been identified in the etiology of a form of primary immunodeficiency disorder that presents with hypogammaglobulinemia, defects in B-cell maturation, endocrinopathy, and autoimmune manifestations.nancord-82268-n8mlxe7p2019-02-2610788637
text: "Data from this national ESC programme aligns with growing evidence that good supportive care, provided early to patients with incurable cancer, can improve quality of life, reduce symptom burden and benefit the health economy. "text": "Up to 70% of cancer-patients experience pain during the course of illness Physicians are facing different challenges to accurately assess pain NCCCR treating-physicians may prescribe analgesics to their patients or refer them to the Pain Management-Service (PMS) based on their evaluation or as requested by patients This study will explore the factors which might lead to under-treatment of cancer-pain in Qatar, it will focus on cancer-patients'' pain managementsatisfaction and PMS-awareness Methods we evaluated patients-perception via a validated Questionnaire (SF-MPQ-2-Arabic & English) & structured-interview by outpatient Pharmacists at a single point of time, to assess patients'' awareness towards PMS, if they are receiving pain medications, experiencing any pain, pain-severity, and patients'' level of satisfaction A sample of 400 patients was randomly selected from cancer-population visiting NCCCR-Pharmacy over a specific-period of time.nancord-88246-uje7bwrw2019-05-1819426339
text: "Improvement of Blood Pressure in Hypogonadal Men Receiving Long-Term Treatment with Testosterone Compared to a Hypogonadal Control Group: 6471 Patient-Years of Clinical Experience Introduction and Objective: Hypogonadism was added to the 2018 AUA Guidelines with 31 Statements, 3 of which mention cardiovascular related factors. "text": "Conclusion: Our study shows that HoLEP is a safe and effective operation for treatment of BPH in patients with huge prostates (>150cc) with excellent functional outcomes and a low complication rate.", "text": "Over the past few years, several studies have reported that the clinical value of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) increase in up to 40% of intravesical immunotherapy patients for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and return to baseline by 3~12 months.nancord-90824-av1gk3182019-10-1622825141
To compare the safety and efficacy of prophylactic DLI for prevention of relapse after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from haploidentical donors (HID-SCT) and matched-sibling donors (MSD-SCT) in patients with very high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we performed a retrospective, observational cohort study enrolled in 21 HID-SCT and 13 MSD-SCT recipients.", The aim of this study is to identify the prognostic impact of pre-transplant TIM3 levels on early and late transplant related complications as well as post-transplant relapse and survival Methods: A total of 177 hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients with an initial diagnosis of acute leukemia [median age: 36(16-66) years; male/ female: 111/66] were included in the study.nancord-97425-4057qib72019-07-0332675449
The positive NC group had more plasma transfusion (p-value 0.03) and a lower median hematocrit at 24 hrs (p-value 0.013), but similar hospital length of stay (p=0.17) and mortality rate (p=0.80) Conclusions: NC at ICU admission identifies subclinical AKI in TBI patients and it maight be used to predictclinical AKI. "text": "In patients with pneumonia requiring intensive care (ICU) admission, we hypothesise that abnormal right ventricular (RV) function is associated with an increased 90-day mortality. "text": "Patients with sepsis frequently develop delirium during their intensive care unit (ICU) stay, which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. "text": "Early albumin use in patients with septic shock is associated with a shorter hospital stay: real-world evidence in the United States Introduction: Septic shock is among the most common critical care illnesses and incidence is rising, with mortality in excess of 35%.nancord-98169-w81ysjf92020-03-2414394045
text: "Neurocritical care has become increasingly subspecialized.Yet, due to limited availability of dedicated Neurocritical Care units (NCCUs), often patients may need to be admitted to ICUs other than NCCUs. This survey based study was conducted to explore self-reported knowledge in recognizing and managing some common neurological emergencies such as stroke, status epilepticus, raised intracranial pressure etc among critical care nurses at a Comprehensive Stroke Center.", "text": "A retrospective analysis of the data related to severity of injuries, physiological parameters and laboratory investigation including CT scan of the head at the time of ED admission of each patients were assessed once they were diagnosed brain death. "text": "Retrospective, single center, cohort study including adult intracranial hemorrhage patients who received discharge between efficacy (defined by International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis criteria), thrombotic events, ICU and hospital length of stay, and mortality.nancord-108180-kck5e1ry2019-10-019606636
Methods: We evaluated the impact of a new hemoadsorption device (CytoSorb), used as adjunctive therapy, on hemodynamics and clinically relevant outcome parameters in 24 critically ill patients with septic shock and in need of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in Intensive Care Unit. "text": "In vitro synergism and anti-biofilm activity of dalbavancin antibiotic combinations against vancomycin-susceptible and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium Introduction: As a common sense, systemic inflammatory reactions as specially sepsis are an acute life-threatening condition with a high rate of death and very intensive treatment. "text": "Conclusions: In patients who met severe sepsis or septic shock due to different sources of infection we observed comparable 28-day mortality. Methods: All patients with sepsis and septic shock admitted to the intensive care unit during the study period of 3 years will be included in the treatment pathway.nancord-116134-bonq48bq2019-07-304935441
Timely management of sleep disturbances for critically ill patients is vital due to poor health outcomes such as the development of delirium, prolonged stays in the intensive care unit (ICU), and increased mortality 3-6 . Objectives: To assess 1) the effectiveness of MMA compared to placebo or alternative therapy for preventing and treating delirium in critically ill patients and to examine the effect of MMA administration on: 2) duration of delirium; 3) delirium-free and coma-free days; 4) duration of mechanical ventilation; 5) ICU and hospital length of stay; 6) mortality; 7) discharge disposition; 8) long term cognitive outcomes; and 9) adverse events. "title": "Prospective cohort study protocol to describe the transfer of patients from intensive care units to hospital wards", "title": "A multi-center prospective cohort study of patient transfers from the intensive care unit to the hospital ward", "title": "Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit",nancord-116446-3eq19uli2019-01-143007350
text: "Design: From 58 primary lung ASCs diagnosed between 2017 and 2019 at our institution, we identified 7 patients (mean age 72.1 years) with dual glandular and squamous differentiation within the same population of malignant tumor cells. "text": "The aim of this study was to explore the expression of piR-796 piRNA, which was identified by small RNAseq, in resected nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and to analyze the correlation with the clinic-pathological features.", "text": "Conclusions: Our data demonstrated that OTP expression was only rarely identified in non-pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors/carcinomas, which further validated the previous report of OTP to be a highly specific marker for diagnosing PCs. The diagnostic sensitivity for PCs in this study appears to be lower than the previous report, which is probably due to the small number of cases included.nancord-116746-1i3kf01j2020-03-053556843
text: "Design: From 58 primary lung ASCs diagnosed between 2017 and 2019 at our institution, we identified 7 patients (mean age 72.1 years) with dual glandular and squamous differentiation within the same population of malignant tumor cells. "text": "The aim of this study was to explore the expression of piR-796 piRNA, which was identified by small RNAseq, in resected nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and to analyze the correlation with the clinic-pathological features.", "text": "Conclusions: Our data demonstrated that OTP expression was only rarely identified in non-pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors/carcinomas, which further validated the previous report of OTP to be a highly specific marker for diagnosing PCs. The diagnostic sensitivity for PCs in this study appears to be lower than the previous report, which is probably due to the small number of cases included.nancord-116790-1994xpkw2020-03-053556843
text: "Meningitis is a rare complication of critically ill patients with severe pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia Paul Jaubert, Julien Charpentier, Jean-Daniel Chiche, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Pene, Alain Cariou, Guillaume Savary, Marine Paul, Jean-Paul Mira, Mathieu Jozwiak Cochin, Paris, France; 2 Mignot, Versailles, France Correspondence: Paul Jaubert (paul.jaubert@gmail.com) Ann. Intensive Care 2020, 10 (Suppl 1): Rationale: Severe pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (PCAP) is a frequent infection requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. "text": "T-piece versus sub-therapeutic pressure support for weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a comparative prospective study Amira Jamoussi, Fatma Jarraya, Samia Ayed, Takoua Merhabene, Jalila Ben Khelil, Mohamed Besbes Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia Correspondence: Amira Jamoussi (dr.amira.jamoussi@gmail.com) Ann. Intensive Care 2020, 10 (Suppl 1):F-058", Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Rationale: Acute respiratory failure is the leading reason for intensive care unit (ICU) admission in immunocompromised patients and the need for invasive mechanical ventilation has become a major clinical end-point in randomized controlled trials (RCT).nancord-117856-o2hr5mox2020-02-1113779049
nannancord-122640-ne60eiss2020-03-3111242041
text: "Consumption of raw milk and raw milk products has a zoonotic risk, and with regard to sheep, the main pathogens associated with such dairy products are: Brucella melitensis, Campylobacter spp., Listeria spp., Salmonella spp., Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, tick borne encephalitis virus, and Toxoplasma gondii. "text": "In the following paragraphs, we describe the main zoonotic micro-organisms with relevance to public health that are possibly associated with sheep and elaborate on their threat to public health via consumption of raw sheep milk and products made thereof. "text": "In raw sheep milk STEC is considered a main hazard (EFSA BIOHAZ Panel, 2015) , as is the case for products made thereof.", aureus and SET are present in and associated with outbreaks of raw drinking milk from cows, goats, sheep, horses and donkeys, it is not considered a main hazard in this product in the EU, based on incidence and/or severity of disease (EFSA BIOHAZ Panel, 2015) .",van den Brom, Renécord-84762-l66upbyw2020-05-152187563