Numerals

Numerals#

Objective: By the end of the chapter, you will be able to : • count in Moroccan Arabic • combine numbers with nouns to indicate amounts • ask and answer questions about time When we talk about numerals, we want to be able to do two things. First, we have to be able to count. That is, we have to learn our numbers. Second, we have to be able to use the numbers with objects. In other words, we have to be able to say things like “five apples” or “twenty-seven students” or “one hundred forty-three volunteers.” In English, we never think of these two tasks separately. We simply use a number in combination with the plural form of some object. In Arabic, however, we have to learn how to combine different numbers with objects, sometimes using a plural form, sometimes a singular, sometimes with a letter in between the two, sometimes not. As in all things Arabic, what seems difficult now becomes natural with time. Cardinal Numbers Cardinal numbers refer to the normal numbers we use (one, two, three…). They are different than ordinal numbers (first, second, third…) and fractions (one-half, one-third, one-fourth…). For now, we start with the cardinal numbers. We will work with ordinal numbers and fractions later. Numbers 1 thru 10 In Moroccan Arabic, there are two ways to combine the numbers 3 thru 10 with an object. We some- times use the “full” or normal form of the number, and sometimes we use a “short” form of the number. Here is a table listing the full form of numbers 1 thru 10 and the short form of numbers 3 thru 10. Full Forms mreeD Short Forms one (masc.)wa7d‫واحد‬ØØone (fem.)w7da‫وحدة‬ØØtwojuj‫جوج‬ØØthreetlata‫تالتة‬Tlt‫تلت‬ fourrb3a‫ربعة‬Rb‫ع‬‫ربع‬ fivekhmsa‫خمسة‬Khms‫خمس‬ sixstta‫ستّة‬Stt‫ست‬ ّ sevensb3a‫سبعة‬sb3‫سبع‬ eighttmnya‫تمنية‬Tmn‫تمن‬ ninets3ud‫تسعود‬Ts3‫تسع‬ ten3shra‫عشرة‬‫ع‬shr‫عشر‬Peace Corps / Morocco • 23 For the numbers 3 thru 10, we combine the full form of a number and a noun like this: number (full form) + d (‫)د‬ + plural noun with definite article For the numbers 3 thru 10, we combine the short form of a number and a noun like this: number (short form) + plural noun (no definite article) Eight books (using full form)tmnya d l-ktub‫الكتوب‬ ‫د‬ ‫تمنية‬ Five dirhams (using full form)khmsa d d-drahm‫الدراهم‬ ‫د‬ ‫خمسة‬ Five dirhams (using short form)khms drahm ‫دراهم‬ ‫خمس‬ The numbers one and two have some special qualities. The number one (wa7d/w7da) differs from all other numbers because in Arabic, it acts like an adjective. This means that it comes after a noun, like other adjectives, and that it must agree in gender with the noun, like other adjectives. one book (book is masc.)ktab wa7d‫واحد‬ ‫كتاب‬ one girl (girl is fem.)bnt w7da‫وحدة‬ ‫بنت‬ Sometimes, you may hear waнd (not wнda) used before a noun. In this case, it is not acting as a number, but rather as an indefinite article (like the English “a” or “an”). Don’t worry about it now, just be aware of it. INTERMEDIATE TOPIC a bookwa7d l-ktab‫الكتاب‬ ‫واحد‬ a girlwa7d l-bnt‫البنت‬ ‫واحد‬ The number two (juj) can be used as a full or short form with plural nouns. two booksjuj d l-ktub two booksjuj ktub ‫الكتوب‬ ‫د‬ ‫جوج‬ ‫كتوب‬ ‫جوج‬ However, when two is part of a compound number (as in twenty-two), a different form is used. Here, we use the form tnayn (‫ين‬‫)تن‬. َ This will be shown in the section on numbers from 20 thru 99. Dual noun forms In English, nouns have a singular and a plural form. In Arabic, nouns also have a singular and plural form, but a small number of nouns also have a dual form. The dual form is used for these nouns when we refer to two of something. For nouns that have a dual form, therefore, we don’t use juj. The dual form includes the idea of “two.” The dual form is usually made by adding “ayn” to the end of the singular form. In the following tables, the first three examples have dual forms, but the last two are normal and therefore use their plural form.24 • Moroccan Arabic Singular Form Dual Form dayYum‫يوم‬yumayn‫ين‬‫يوم‬ َ monthSh-hr‫شهر‬sh-hrayn‫ين‬‫شهر‬ َ year3am‫عام‬3amayn‫ين‬‫عام‬ َ But… Singular Form Plural Form weeksimana‫سيمانة‬juj d s-simanat minutedqiqa‫دقيقة‬juj dqayq ‫السيمانات‬ ‫د‬ ‫جوج‬ ‫دقايق‬ ‫جوج‬ Numbers 11 thru 19 The numbers 11 thru 19 do not have a short form. Only numbers 3 thru 10 have a short form. Eleven7Dash‫حضاش‬ TwelveTnaash‫طناش‬ ThirteentlTash‫تلطاش‬ Fourteenrb3Tash‫ربعطاش‬ FifteenkhmsTash‫خمسطاش‬ SixteensTaash‫اش‬‫ط‬ ّ‫س‬ Seventeensb3Tash‫سبعطاش‬ EighteentmnTash‫تمنطاش‬ Nineteents3Taash‫تسعطاش‬ For numbers 11 thru 19, we can combine a number and a noun like this: number + r (‫)ر‬ or l (‫)ل‬ + singular noun (no definite article) Yes — the singular! In Arabic, the plural form is only used for numbers 2 thru 10. The singular is used for everything else! sixteen yearssTTash r 3am‫عام‬ ‫ر‬ ‫سطّاش‬ sixteen yearssTTash l 3am‫عام‬ ‫ل‬ ‫سطّاش‬ eighteen girlstmnTash r bnt‫بنت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫تمنطاش‬ eighteen girlstmnTash l bnt‫بنت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫تمنطاش‬Peace Corps / Morocco • 25 Numbers 20, 30, 40 … 99 For a multiple of ten (20, 30, 40 etc.) in Arabic, we simply use the name for that number, like in English. For numbers such as 21, 22, or 23, however, it is not like English. In Arabic, the “ones” digit is pronounced first, followed by the word “and,” then followed by the “tens” digit. For example, in Arabic the number 21 is literally “one and twenty” while the number 47 is literally “seven and forty.” Also, remember that for the numbers 22, 32, 42, 52, 62, 72, 82, and 92, we do not use juj. Rather, we use tnayn. Here is a list of the multiples of ten, with examples of numbers between each multiple: 3shrin Twenty ‫عشرين‬ twenty-one literally: one and twentywa7d u 3shrin‫عشرين‬ ‫و‬ ‫واحد‬ twenty-two literally: two and twentytnayn u 3shrin‫عشرين‬ ‫و‬ ‫ين‬‫تن‬َ twenty-three literally: three and twentytlata u 3shrin‫عشرين‬ ‫و‬ ‫التة‬‫ت‬ twenty-fourrb3a u 3shrin‫عشرين‬ ‫و‬ ‫ربعة‬ Remember: “tnayn,” not “juj” Thirty tlatin ‫تالتين‬ thirty-onewaa7d u tlatin‫تالتين‬ ‫و‬ ‫واحد‬ thirty-twotnayn u tlatin‫تالتين‬ ‫و‬ ‫ين‬‫تن‬َ thirty-threetlaata u tlatin‫تالتين‬ ‫و‬ ‫تالتة‬ forty rb3in ‫ربعين‬ forty-onewa7d u rb3in‫ين‬‫ربع‬ ‫و‬ ‫واحد‬ forty-twotnayn u rb3in‫ربعين‬ ‫و‬ ‫ين‬‫تن‬َ fiftykhmsin‫خمسين‬ sixtysttin‫ستّين‬ seventysb3in‫سبعين‬ eightytmanin‫تمانين‬ ninetyts3in‫تسعين‬ ninety-nine ts3ud u ts3in ‫تسعين‬ ‫و‬ ‫تسعود‬ For numbers 20 thru 99, we can combine a number and a noun like this: number + singular noun (no definite article) forty-two yearstnayn u rb3in ‫ع‬am ninety dirhamsts3in drhm thirty-eight bookstmnya u tlatin ktab ‫عام‬ ‫ربعين‬ ‫و‬ ‫ين‬‫تن‬َ ‫درهم‬ ‫تسعين‬ ‫كتاب‬ ‫تالتين‬ ‫و‬ ‫تمنية‬26 • Moroccan Arabic Numbers 100, 200, 300 … 999 The Arabic word for 100 is miya. For 200, there is a dual form of miyatayn. For 300 thru 900, we use the short form of the numbers 3 thru 9 plus miya. For numbers such as 107 or 257, we will use the appropriate multiple of 100 followed by the word “and” and then the rest of the number. Some examples: ‫ـة‬‫ـي‬ّ ‫م‬ miya one hundred one hundred one literally: one hundred and one one hundred two literally: one hundred and two one hundred ten literally: one hundred and ten one hundred eleven one hundred twenty-one miya u wa7d‫واحد‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ miya u juj‫جوج‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ miya u 3shra‫عشرة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ miya u 7Dash‫حضاش‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ miya u wa7d u 3shrin‫عشرين‬ ‫و‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ literally: one hundred and two and twentymiya u tnayn u 3shrin‫عشرين‬ ‫و‬ ‫ين‬‫تن‬َ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ one hundred ninety-ninemiya u ts3ud u ts3in‫تسعين‬ ‫و‬ ‫تسعود‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ literally: one hundred and one and twenty one hundred twenty-two ‫ـتَـيـن‬‫ـي‬َّ ‫م‬ miyatayn two hundred two hundred fifty-seven miyatayn u sb3a u khmsin literally: two hundred and seven and fifty tlt miya three hundred three hundred forty-five literally: three hundred and five and forty tlt miya u khmsa u rb3in ‫خمسين‬ ‫و‬ ‫سبعة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ميَّتَين‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ‫تلت‬ ‫ربعين‬ ‫و‬ ‫خمسة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ‫تلت‬ four hundredrb3 miya‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ‫ربع‬ five hundredkhms miya‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ‫خمس‬ six hundredstt miya‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ّ ‫ست‬ seven hundredsb3 miya‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ‫سبع‬ eight hundredtmn miya‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ‫تمن‬ nine hundredts3 miya‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ‫تسع‬ nine hundred ninety-nine ts3 miya u ts3ud u ts3in ‫تسعين‬ ‫و‬ ‫تسعود‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ‫تسع‬ Exact multiples of 100 (100, 300, 400, etc. – not 137 or 278) are combined with a noun like this: number + t (‫)ت‬ + singular nounPeace Corps / Morocco • 27 four hundred chairsrb3 miyat kursi‫رسي‬‫ك‬ُ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ‫ربع‬ six hundred ryalstt miyat ryal‫لاير‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ّ ‫ست‬ But when a number between 100 and 999 is not an exact multiple of 100 (e.g. 167, 492, 504), we combine the number with a noun according to the rule for the final digits of the number. 105 books (use the rule for “5”) 214 books (use the rule for “14”) 657 books (use the rule for “57”) miya u khmsa d l-ktub miyatayn u rb3Tash r ktab stt miya u sb3a u khmsin ktab ‫الكتوب‬ ‫د‬ ‫خمسة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ‫كتاب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ربعطاش‬ ‫و‬ ‫ميَّتَين‬ ‫تاب‬‫ك‬ ‫خمسين‬ ‫و‬ ‫سبعة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ّ ‫ست‬ Exercise: Match the number with the correct Arabic translation. 199miya u ts3ud u rb3in 2ts3ud u sttin 11miya u stta u khmseen 149khmsa u sb3in 137miya u ts3ud u ts3in 757Dash 69miya u sb3a u tlatin 156juj ‫ربعين‬ ‫و‬ ‫تسعود‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ َ ‫ستّين‬ ‫و‬ ‫تسعود‬ ‫خمسين‬ ‫و‬ ‫ستّة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ‫سبعين‬ ‫و‬ ‫خمسة‬ ‫تسعين‬ ‫و‬ ‫تسعود‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ‫حضاش‬ ‫تالتين‬ ‫و‬ ‫سبعة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ‫جوج‬ Numbers 1000, 2000, 3000 … The word for “thousand” has the singular form alf, the dual form alfayn, and the plural form alaf. The plural form is used with the short form of the numbers 3 thru 10 from “3” thousand to “10” thousand. Then we return to the singular form (like we do for all Arabic nouns). Like the word for “hundred,” it is followed by “and” when the number is not an exact multiple of 1000 (e.g. 1027 or 4738). From 1000 onward: one thousand alf one thousand onealf u wa7d one thousand fifteenalf u khmsTash one thousand three hundred sixty-seven (literally: one thousand and three hundred and seven and sixty) two thousand two thousand twenty-two three thousand alf u tlt miya u sb3a u sttin alfayn alfayn u tnayn u 3shrin tlt alaf ‫ألف‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫و‬ ‫ألف‬ ‫خمسطاش‬ ‫و‬ ‫ألف‬ ‫ن‬‫ستّي‬ ‫و‬ ‫سبعة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ‫تلت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ألف‬ ‫ألفَين‬ ‫عشرين‬ ‫و‬ ‫ين‬‫تن‬َ ‫و‬ ‫ألفَين‬ ‫أالف‬ ‫تلت‬28 • Moroccan Arabic three thousand seven hundred and fifty tlt alaf u sb3 miya u khmsin ‫خمسين‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ‫سبع‬ ‫و‬ ‫أالف‬ ‫تلت‬ four thousandrb3 alaf‫أالف‬ ‫ربع‬ five thousandkhms alaf‫أالف‬ ‫خمس‬ six thousandstt alaf‫أالف‬ ‫ست‬ ّ seven thousandsb3 alaf‫أالف‬ ‫سبع‬ eight thousandtmn alaf‫أالف‬ ‫تمن‬ nine thousandts3 alaf‫أالف‬ ‫تسع‬ nine thousand nine hundred ninety-nine ts3 alaf u ts3 miya u ts3ud u ts3in ‫تسعين‬ ‫و‬ ‫تسعود‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ‫تسع‬ ‫و‬ ‫أالف‬ ‫تسع‬ ten thousand3shr alaf‫أالف‬ ‫عشر‬ eleven thousand7Dash r alf‫ألف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫حضاش‬ two hundred thousandmiyatayn alf‫ألف‬ ‫ميَّتَين‬ 999,999ts3 miya u ts3ud u ts3in alf u ts3 miya u ts3ud u ts3in ‫تسع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ألف‬ ‫تسعين‬ ‫و‬ ‫تسعود‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ ‫تسع‬ ‫تسعين‬ ‫و‬ ‫تسعود‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ّ Exact multiples of 1000 can be combined with nouns in two ways: number + singular noun Or… number + d (‫)د‬ + plural noun with definite article ‫ولد‬ ‫أالف‬ ‫خمس‬ five thousand boyskhms alaf wld five thousand boyskhms alaf d l-wlad ‫الوالد‬ ‫د‬ ‫أالف‬ ‫مس‬‫خ‬ Numbers larger than 1000 that are not exact multiples of 1000 are combined with nouns according to the rules for the final digits, as you saw with numbers that were not exact multiples of 100. Larger Numbers Singular Plural million(s)mlyun‫مليون‬mlayn‫مالين‬ billion(s)mlyar‫مليار‬mlayr‫مالير‬Peace Corps / Morocco • 29 Exercise: Correctly combine numbers with nouns by filling in the blanks using the following numbers and any necessary letters: 1, 3, 8, 13, 20, 400, or 1000. There may be more than one correct answer for each. 3 d l-bnat(the girls)‫البنات‬ Dar(house)‫دار‬ stilu(pen)‫ستيلو‬ Drahm(dirham)‫درهم‬ mutaTawwi3(volunteer)‫ع‬‫و‬ِّ َ‫تَط‬‫م‬ُ rjal(men)‫رجال‬ ustad(teacher)‫أُستاد‬ uTil(hotel)‫أُوطيل‬ magana(watch)‫مگانة‬ l-3yalat(the women)‫العياالت‬ ‫د‬3 Ordinal Numbers / Fractions Ordinal Numbers For numbers 1 thru 12, there is a separate form for cardinal and ordinal numbers. From 13 on there is no difference between the cardinal and ordinal number. Firstl-luwl‫ل‬‫اللو‬ ّ Secondt-tani‫التاني‬ Thirdt-talt‫التالت‬ Fourthr-rab3‫الرابع‬ Fifthl-khaams‫الخامس‬ Sixths-sat / s-saadsSevenths-sab3‫السابع‬ Eightht-tamn‫التامن‬ Nintht-tas3‫التاسع‬ Tenthl-3ashr‫العاشر‬ Eleventhl-7aDsh‫اضش‬‫الح‬ TwelfthT-Tansh‫الطانش‬ ‫السادس‬ / ‫السات‬30 • Moroccan Arabic Ordinal numbers act like adjectives, and therefore must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe. Listed are the masculine singular forms. To make the feminine form, add a (‫)ة‬ to the ordinal number. To make it plural, add in (‫)ين‬. first third Masculine l-luwlFeminine l-luwlaPlural l-luwlin ‫اللول‬‫اللولة‬‫اللولين‬ t-taltt-taltat-taltin ‫التالت‬‫التالتة‬‫التالتين‬ Fractions HalfnS‫نص‬ Thirdtulut‫تُلُت‬ Fourthrubu3 / rb3 ‫ربع‬ / ‫ع‬‫ب‬ُ‫ر‬ُ Time To express time, we use the demonstrative pronoun hadi and the appropriate number with the definite article (see page 143 for more info on the definite article). This means that for 1:00, 5:00, 10:00, and 11:00, we will use the letter l (‫)ل‬ before the number, while for the others, we will double the first consonant. onel-w7da‫الوحدة‬sevens-sb3a‫السبعة‬ twoj-juj‫الجوج‬eightt-tmnya‫التمنية‬ threet-tlata‫التالتة‬ninet-ts3ud‫التسعود‬ fourr-rb3a‫الربعة‬tenl-3shra‫العشرة‬ fivel-khmsa‫الخمسة‬elevenl-7Dash‫الحضاش‬ sixs-stta‫الستّة‬twelveT-Tnash‫الطناش‬ Like in English, Arabic uses certain words to express things like “quarter to five,” “half past seven,” etc. beforeQl‫قل‬twenty minutestulut‫تُلُت‬ andU‫و‬halfnS‫نص‬ exactlyNishan‫نيشان‬quarter tolla rub‫ب‬‫ر‬ُ ّ‫ال‬ quarterrb3‫ربع‬five minutesqSm‫قصم‬ ten minutesqSmayn ‫ين‬‫قصم‬ َPeace Corps / Morocco • 31 Some examples of asking and answering about time: What time is it?sh7al hadi f s-sa3a?‫؟‬‫الساعة‬ ‫ف‬ ‫دي‬‫ه‬َ ‫شحال‬ It is exactly one o’clock.hadi l-w7da nishan..‫نيشان‬ ‫الوحدة‬ ‫دي‬‫ه‬َ It is five minutes past two.hadi j-juj u qSm..‫قصم‬ ‫و‬ ‫الجوج‬ ‫دي‬‫ه‬َ It is ten minutes past three.hadi t-tlata u qSmayn.It is a quarter past four.hadi r-rb3a u rb3..‫ربع‬ ‫و‬ ‫الربعة‬ ‫دي‬‫ه‬َ It is twenty minutes past five.hadi l-xmsa u tulut.It is twenty-five minutes past six.hadi s-stta u khmsa u 3shrin..‫تُلُت‬ ‫و‬ ‫الخمسة‬ ‫دي‬‫ه‬َ It is seven thirty.hadi s-sb3a u nS.It is eight thirty-five.hadi tmnya u khmsa u tlatin.It is twenty minutes to nine.hadi t-ts3ud ql tulut..‫تُلُت‬ ‫قل‬ ‫التسعود‬ ‫دي‬‫ه‬َ It is a quarter to ten.hadi l-3shra lla rob..‫ب‬‫ر‬ُ ّ‫ال‬ ‫العشرة‬ ‫دي‬‫ه‬َ It is ten minutes to elevenhadi l-7Dash ql qSmayn.It is five minutes to twelve.hadi T-Tnash ql qSm..‫قصم‬ ‫قل‬ ‫الطناش‬ ‫دي‬‫ه‬َ 6:30 A.M.s-stta u nS d S-Sba7‫الصباح‬ ‫د‬ ‫نص‬ ‫و‬ ‫الستّة‬ 5:15 P.M.l-khmsa u rb3 d l-3shiya.‫العشية‬ ‫د‬ ‫ربع‬ ‫و‬ ‫الخمسة‬ .‫ين‬‫قصم‬ ‫و‬ ‫التالتة‬ ‫دي‬‫ه‬َ َ .‫عشرين‬ ‫و‬ ‫خمسة‬ ‫و‬ ‫الستّة‬ ‫دي‬‫ه‬َ .‫نص‬ ‫و‬ ‫السبعة‬ ‫دي‬‫ه‬َ .‫تالتين‬ ‫و‬ ‫خمسة‬ ‫و‬ ‫التمنية‬ ‫دي‬‫ه‬َ .‫ين‬‫قصم‬ ‫قل‬ ‫الحضاش‬ ‫دي‬‫ه‬َ َ Exercise: Match the times with the correct Arabic translation. ‫قصم‬ ‫و‬ ‫الوحدة‬ 10:30l-w7da u qSm12:00l-7Dash u qSmayn1:05T-Tnash nishan‫نيشان‬ ‫الطناش‬ 2:20l-3shra ql tulut‫تُلُت‬ ‫قل‬ ‫العشرة‬ 11:10l-3shra u nS‫نص‬ ‫و‬ ‫العشرة‬ 9:40j-juj u tulut‫تُلُت‬ ‫و‬ ‫الجوج‬ ‫ين‬‫قصم‬ ‫و‬ ‫الحضاش‬ َ