diff --git a/packages/react-dom/src/__tests__/ReactDOMServerIntegration-test.js b/packages/react-dom/src/__tests__/ReactDOMServerIntegration-test.js
index 06d8a0eef18c9..4d09d2e04a281 100644
--- a/packages/react-dom/src/__tests__/ReactDOMServerIntegration-test.js
+++ b/packages/react-dom/src/__tests__/ReactDOMServerIntegration-test.js
@@ -403,6 +403,55 @@ describe('ReactDOMServerIntegration', () => {
       expect(parent.childNodes[2].tagName).toBe('P');
     });
 
+    itRenders('a fragment with one child', async render => {
+      let e = await render(<React.Fragment><div>text1</div></React.Fragment>);
+      let parent = e.parentNode;
+      expect(parent.childNodes[0].tagName).toBe('DIV');
+    });
+
+    itRenders('a fragment with several children', async render => {
+      let Header = props => {
+        return <p>header</p>;
+      };
+      let Footer = props => {
+        return <React.Fragment><h2>footer</h2><h3>about</h3></React.Fragment>;
+      };
+      let e = await render(
+        <React.Fragment>
+          <div>text1</div>
+          <span>text2</span>
+          <Header />
+          <Footer />
+        </React.Fragment>,
+      );
+      let parent = e.parentNode;
+      expect(parent.childNodes[0].tagName).toBe('DIV');
+      expect(parent.childNodes[1].tagName).toBe('SPAN');
+      expect(parent.childNodes[2].tagName).toBe('P');
+      expect(parent.childNodes[3].tagName).toBe('H2');
+      expect(parent.childNodes[4].tagName).toBe('H3');
+    });
+
+    itRenders('a nested fragment', async render => {
+      let e = await render(
+        <React.Fragment>
+          <React.Fragment>
+            <div>text1</div>
+          </React.Fragment>
+          <span>text2</span>
+          <React.Fragment>
+            <React.Fragment>
+              <React.Fragment>{null}<p /></React.Fragment>{false}
+            </React.Fragment>
+          </React.Fragment>
+        </React.Fragment>,
+      );
+      let parent = e.parentNode;
+      expect(parent.childNodes[0].tagName).toBe('DIV');
+      expect(parent.childNodes[1].tagName).toBe('SPAN');
+      expect(parent.childNodes[2].tagName).toBe('P');
+    });
+
     itRenders('an iterable', async render => {
       const threeDivIterable = {
         '@@iterator': function() {
@@ -435,6 +484,7 @@ describe('ReactDOMServerIntegration', () => {
       // but server returns empty HTML. So we compare parent text.
       expect((await render(<div>{''}</div>)).textContent).toBe('');
 
+      expect(await render(<React.Fragment />)).toBe(null);
       expect(await render([])).toBe(null);
       expect(await render(false)).toBe(null);
       expect(await render(true)).toBe(null);
diff --git a/packages/react-dom/src/server/ReactPartialRenderer.js b/packages/react-dom/src/server/ReactPartialRenderer.js
index 62ea2e042824f..277eef8995943 100644
--- a/packages/react-dom/src/server/ReactPartialRenderer.js
+++ b/packages/react-dom/src/server/ReactPartialRenderer.js
@@ -31,6 +31,12 @@ var escapeTextContentForBrowser = require('../shared/escapeTextContentForBrowser
 var isCustomComponent = require('../shared/isCustomComponent');
 var omittedCloseTags = require('../shared/omittedCloseTags');
 
+var REACT_FRAGMENT_TYPE =
+  (typeof Symbol === 'function' &&
+    Symbol.for &&
+    Symbol.for('react.fragment')) ||
+  0xeacb;
+
 // Based on reading the React.Children implementation. TODO: type this somewhere?
 type ReactNode = string | number | ReactElement;
 type FlatReactChildren = Array<null | ReactNode>;
@@ -206,6 +212,22 @@ function getNonChildrenInnerMarkup(props) {
   return null;
 }
 
+function flattenTopLevelChildren(children: mixed): FlatReactChildren {
+  if (!React.isValidElement(children)) {
+    return toArray(children);
+  }
+  const element = ((children: any): ReactElement);
+  if (element.type !== REACT_FRAGMENT_TYPE) {
+    return [element];
+  }
+  const fragmentChildren = element.props.children;
+  if (!React.isValidElement(fragmentChildren)) {
+    return toArray(fragmentChildren);
+  }
+  const fragmentChildElement = ((fragmentChildren: any): ReactElement);
+  return [fragmentChildElement];
+}
+
 function flattenOptionChildren(children: mixed): string {
   var content = '';
   // Flatten children and warn if they aren't strings or numbers;
@@ -482,14 +504,8 @@ class ReactDOMServerRenderer {
   makeStaticMarkup: boolean;
 
   constructor(children: mixed, makeStaticMarkup: boolean) {
-    var flatChildren;
-    if (React.isValidElement(children)) {
-      // Safe because we just checked it's an element.
-      var element = ((children: any): ReactElement);
-      flatChildren = [element];
-    } else {
-      flatChildren = toArray(children);
-    }
+    const flatChildren = flattenTopLevelChildren(children);
+
     var topFrame: Frame = {
       // Assume all trees start in the HTML namespace (not totally true, but
       // this is what we did historically)
@@ -569,26 +585,42 @@ class ReactDOMServerRenderer {
       ({child: nextChild, context} = resolve(child, context));
       if (nextChild === null || nextChild === false) {
         return '';
-      } else {
-        if (React.isValidElement(nextChild)) {
-          // Safe because we just checked it's an element.
-          var nextElement = ((nextChild: any): ReactElement);
-          return this.renderDOM(nextElement, context, parentNamespace);
-        } else {
-          var nextChildren = toArray(nextChild);
-          var frame: Frame = {
-            domNamespace: parentNamespace,
-            children: nextChildren,
-            childIndex: 0,
-            context: context,
-            footer: '',
-          };
-          if (__DEV__) {
-            ((frame: any): FrameDev).debugElementStack = [];
-          }
-          this.stack.push(frame);
-          return '';
+      } else if (!React.isValidElement(nextChild)) {
+        const nextChildren = toArray(nextChild);
+        const frame: Frame = {
+          domNamespace: parentNamespace,
+          children: nextChildren,
+          childIndex: 0,
+          context: context,
+          footer: '',
+        };
+        if (__DEV__) {
+          ((frame: any): FrameDev).debugElementStack = [];
         }
+        this.stack.push(frame);
+        return '';
+      } else if (
+        ((nextChild: any): ReactElement).type === REACT_FRAGMENT_TYPE
+      ) {
+        const nextChildren = toArray(
+          ((nextChild: any): ReactElement).props.children,
+        );
+        const frame: Frame = {
+          domNamespace: parentNamespace,
+          children: nextChildren,
+          childIndex: 0,
+          context: context,
+          footer: '',
+        };
+        if (__DEV__) {
+          ((frame: any): FrameDev).debugElementStack = [];
+        }
+        this.stack.push(frame);
+        return '';
+      } else {
+        // Safe because we just checked it's an element.
+        var nextElement = ((nextChild: any): ReactElement);
+        return this.renderDOM(nextElement, context, parentNamespace);
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/packages/react-noop-renderer/src/ReactNoop.js b/packages/react-noop-renderer/src/ReactNoop.js
index 6624ce9f72b70..9ecbc80fd25df 100644
--- a/packages/react-noop-renderer/src/ReactNoop.js
+++ b/packages/react-noop-renderer/src/ReactNoop.js
@@ -512,7 +512,8 @@ var ReactNoop = {
       log(
         '  '.repeat(depth) +
           '- ' +
-          (fiber.type ? fiber.type.name || fiber.type : '[root]'),
+          // need to explicitly coerce Symbol to a string
+          (fiber.type ? fiber.type.name || fiber.type.toString() : '[root]'),
         '[' + fiber.expirationTime + (fiber.pendingProps ? '*' : '') + ']',
       );
       if (fiber.updateQueue) {
diff --git a/packages/react-reconciler/src/ReactChildFiber.js b/packages/react-reconciler/src/ReactChildFiber.js
index 994ef74e6a278..8c736de5fd857 100644
--- a/packages/react-reconciler/src/ReactChildFiber.js
+++ b/packages/react-reconciler/src/ReactChildFiber.js
@@ -103,14 +103,17 @@ const FAUX_ITERATOR_SYMBOL = '@@iterator'; // Before Symbol spec.
 var REACT_ELEMENT_TYPE;
 var REACT_CALL_TYPE;
 var REACT_RETURN_TYPE;
+var REACT_FRAGMENT_TYPE;
 if (typeof Symbol === 'function' && Symbol.for) {
   REACT_ELEMENT_TYPE = Symbol.for('react.element');
   REACT_CALL_TYPE = Symbol.for('react.call');
   REACT_RETURN_TYPE = Symbol.for('react.return');
+  REACT_FRAGMENT_TYPE = Symbol.for('react.fragment');
 } else {
   REACT_ELEMENT_TYPE = 0xeac7;
   REACT_CALL_TYPE = 0xeac8;
   REACT_RETURN_TYPE = 0xeac9;
+  REACT_FRAGMENT_TYPE = 0xeacb;
 }
 
 function getIteratorFn(maybeIterable: ?any): ?() => ?Iterator<*> {
@@ -385,17 +388,7 @@ function ChildReconciler(shouldClone, shouldTrackSideEffects) {
     element: ReactElement,
     expirationTime: ExpirationTime,
   ): Fiber {
-    if (current === null || current.type !== element.type) {
-      // Insert
-      const created = createFiberFromElement(
-        element,
-        returnFiber.internalContextTag,
-        expirationTime,
-      );
-      created.ref = coerceRef(current, element);
-      created.return = returnFiber;
-      return created;
-    } else {
+    if (current !== null && current.type === element.type) {
       // Move based on index
       const existing = useFiber(current, expirationTime);
       existing.ref = coerceRef(current, element);
@@ -406,6 +399,16 @@ function ChildReconciler(shouldClone, shouldTrackSideEffects) {
         existing._debugOwner = element._owner;
       }
       return existing;
+    } else {
+      // Insert
+      const created = createFiberFromElement(
+        element,
+        returnFiber.internalContextTag,
+        expirationTime,
+      );
+      created.ref = coerceRef(current, element);
+      created.return = returnFiber;
+      return created;
     }
   }
 
@@ -493,6 +496,7 @@ function ChildReconciler(shouldClone, shouldTrackSideEffects) {
     current: Fiber | null,
     fragment: Iterable<*>,
     expirationTime: ExpirationTime,
+    key: null | string,
   ): Fiber {
     if (current === null || current.tag !== Fragment) {
       // Insert
@@ -500,6 +504,7 @@ function ChildReconciler(shouldClone, shouldTrackSideEffects) {
         fragment,
         returnFiber.internalContextTag,
         expirationTime,
+        key,
       );
       created.return = returnFiber;
       return created;
@@ -533,14 +538,25 @@ function ChildReconciler(shouldClone, shouldTrackSideEffects) {
     if (typeof newChild === 'object' && newChild !== null) {
       switch (newChild.$$typeof) {
         case REACT_ELEMENT_TYPE: {
-          const created = createFiberFromElement(
-            newChild,
-            returnFiber.internalContextTag,
-            expirationTime,
-          );
-          created.ref = coerceRef(null, newChild);
-          created.return = returnFiber;
-          return created;
+          if (newChild.type === REACT_FRAGMENT_TYPE) {
+            const created = createFiberFromFragment(
+              newChild.props.children,
+              returnFiber.internalContextTag,
+              expirationTime,
+              newChild.key,
+            );
+            created.return = returnFiber;
+            return created;
+          } else {
+            const created = createFiberFromElement(
+              newChild,
+              returnFiber.internalContextTag,
+              expirationTime,
+            );
+            created.ref = coerceRef(null, newChild);
+            created.return = returnFiber;
+            return created;
+          }
         }
 
         case REACT_CALL_TYPE: {
@@ -580,6 +596,7 @@ function ChildReconciler(shouldClone, shouldTrackSideEffects) {
           newChild,
           returnFiber.internalContextTag,
           expirationTime,
+          null,
         );
         created.return = returnFiber;
         return created;
@@ -626,6 +643,15 @@ function ChildReconciler(shouldClone, shouldTrackSideEffects) {
       switch (newChild.$$typeof) {
         case REACT_ELEMENT_TYPE: {
           if (newChild.key === key) {
+            if (newChild.type === REACT_FRAGMENT_TYPE) {
+              return updateFragment(
+                returnFiber,
+                oldFiber,
+                newChild.props.children,
+                expirationTime,
+                key,
+              );
+            }
             return updateElement(
               returnFiber,
               oldFiber,
@@ -676,12 +702,17 @@ function ChildReconciler(shouldClone, shouldTrackSideEffects) {
       }
 
       if (isArray(newChild) || getIteratorFn(newChild)) {
-        // Fragments don't have keys so if the previous key is implicit we can
-        // update it.
         if (key !== null) {
           return null;
         }
-        return updateFragment(returnFiber, oldFiber, newChild, expirationTime);
+
+        return updateFragment(
+          returnFiber,
+          oldFiber,
+          newChild,
+          expirationTime,
+          null,
+        );
       }
 
       throwOnInvalidObjectType(returnFiber, newChild);
@@ -722,6 +753,15 @@ function ChildReconciler(shouldClone, shouldTrackSideEffects) {
             existingChildren.get(
               newChild.key === null ? newIdx : newChild.key,
             ) || null;
+          if (newChild.type === REACT_FRAGMENT_TYPE) {
+            return updateFragment(
+              returnFiber,
+              matchedFiber,
+              newChild.props.children,
+              expirationTime,
+              newChild.key,
+            );
+          }
           return updateElement(
             returnFiber,
             matchedFiber,
@@ -776,6 +816,7 @@ function ChildReconciler(shouldClone, shouldTrackSideEffects) {
           matchedFiber,
           newChild,
           expirationTime,
+          null,
         );
       }
 
@@ -1213,11 +1254,17 @@ function ChildReconciler(shouldClone, shouldTrackSideEffects) {
       // TODO: If key === null and child.key === null, then this only applies to
       // the first item in the list.
       if (child.key === key) {
-        if (child.type === element.type) {
+        if (
+          child.tag === Fragment
+            ? element.type === REACT_FRAGMENT_TYPE
+            : child.type === element.type
+        ) {
           deleteRemainingChildren(returnFiber, child.sibling);
           const existing = useFiber(child, expirationTime);
           existing.ref = coerceRef(child, element);
-          existing.pendingProps = element.props;
+          existing.pendingProps = element.type === REACT_FRAGMENT_TYPE
+            ? element.props.children
+            : element.props;
           existing.return = returnFiber;
           if (__DEV__) {
             existing._debugSource = element._source;
@@ -1234,14 +1281,25 @@ function ChildReconciler(shouldClone, shouldTrackSideEffects) {
       child = child.sibling;
     }
 
-    const created = createFiberFromElement(
-      element,
-      returnFiber.internalContextTag,
-      expirationTime,
-    );
-    created.ref = coerceRef(currentFirstChild, element);
-    created.return = returnFiber;
-    return created;
+    if (element.type === REACT_FRAGMENT_TYPE) {
+      const created = createFiberFromFragment(
+        element.props.children,
+        returnFiber.internalContextTag,
+        expirationTime,
+        element.key,
+      );
+      created.return = returnFiber;
+      return created;
+    } else {
+      const created = createFiberFromElement(
+        element,
+        returnFiber.internalContextTag,
+        expirationTime,
+      );
+      created.ref = coerceRef(currentFirstChild, element);
+      created.return = returnFiber;
+      return created;
+    }
   }
 
   function reconcileSingleCall(
@@ -1366,8 +1424,21 @@ function ChildReconciler(shouldClone, shouldTrackSideEffects) {
     // not as a fragment. Nested arrays on the other hand will be treated as
     // fragment nodes. Recursion happens at the normal flow.
 
+    // Handle top level unkeyed fragments as if they were arrays.
+    // This leads to an ambiguity between <>{[...]}</> and <>...</>.
+    // We treat the ambiguous cases above the same.
+    if (
+      typeof newChild === 'object' &&
+      newChild !== null &&
+      newChild.type === REACT_FRAGMENT_TYPE &&
+      newChild.key === null
+    ) {
+      newChild = newChild.props.children;
+    }
+
     // Handle object types
     const isObject = typeof newChild === 'object' && newChild !== null;
+
     if (isObject) {
       switch (newChild.$$typeof) {
         case REACT_ELEMENT_TYPE:
@@ -1398,7 +1469,6 @@ function ChildReconciler(shouldClone, shouldTrackSideEffects) {
               expirationTime,
             ),
           );
-
         case REACT_PORTAL_TYPE:
           return placeSingleChild(
             reconcileSinglePortal(
diff --git a/packages/react-reconciler/src/ReactFiber.js b/packages/react-reconciler/src/ReactFiber.js
index 1ee7867efdd07..079c50708e99f 100644
--- a/packages/react-reconciler/src/ReactFiber.js
+++ b/packages/react-reconciler/src/ReactFiber.js
@@ -301,62 +301,18 @@ exports.createFiberFromElement = function(
     owner = element._owner;
   }
 
-  const fiber = createFiberFromElementType(
-    element.type,
-    element.key,
-    internalContextTag,
-    owner,
-  );
-  fiber.pendingProps = element.props;
-  fiber.expirationTime = expirationTime;
-
-  if (__DEV__) {
-    fiber._debugSource = element._source;
-    fiber._debugOwner = element._owner;
-  }
-
-  return fiber;
-};
-
-exports.createFiberFromFragment = function(
-  elements: ReactFragment,
-  internalContextTag: TypeOfInternalContext,
-  expirationTime: ExpirationTime,
-): Fiber {
-  // TODO: Consider supporting keyed fragments. Technically, we accidentally
-  // support that in the existing React.
-  const fiber = createFiber(Fragment, null, internalContextTag);
-  fiber.pendingProps = elements;
-  fiber.expirationTime = expirationTime;
-  return fiber;
-};
-
-exports.createFiberFromText = function(
-  content: string,
-  internalContextTag: TypeOfInternalContext,
-  expirationTime: ExpirationTime,
-): Fiber {
-  const fiber = createFiber(HostText, null, internalContextTag);
-  fiber.pendingProps = content;
-  fiber.expirationTime = expirationTime;
-  return fiber;
-};
-
-function createFiberFromElementType(
-  type: mixed,
-  key: null | string,
-  internalContextTag: TypeOfInternalContext,
-  debugOwner: null | Fiber,
-): Fiber {
   let fiber;
+  const {type, key} = element;
   if (typeof type === 'function') {
     fiber = shouldConstruct(type)
       ? createFiber(ClassComponent, key, internalContextTag)
       : createFiber(IndeterminateComponent, key, internalContextTag);
     fiber.type = type;
+    fiber.pendingProps = element.props;
   } else if (typeof type === 'string') {
     fiber = createFiber(HostComponent, key, internalContextTag);
     fiber.type = type;
+    fiber.pendingProps = element.props;
   } else if (
     typeof type === 'object' &&
     type !== null &&
@@ -369,6 +325,7 @@ function createFiberFromElementType(
     // we don't know if we can reuse that fiber or if we need to clone it.
     // There is probably a clever way to restructure this.
     fiber = ((type: any): Fiber);
+    fiber.pendingProps = element.props;
   } else {
     let info = '';
     if (__DEV__) {
@@ -382,7 +339,7 @@ function createFiberFromElementType(
           ' You likely forgot to export your component from the file ' +
           "it's defined in.";
       }
-      const ownerName = debugOwner ? getComponentName(debugOwner) : null;
+      const ownerName = owner ? getComponentName(owner) : null;
       if (ownerName) {
         info += '\n\nCheck the render method of `' + ownerName + '`.';
       }
@@ -395,10 +352,41 @@ function createFiberFromElementType(
       info,
     );
   }
+
+  if (__DEV__) {
+    fiber._debugSource = element._source;
+    fiber._debugOwner = element._owner;
+  }
+
+  fiber.expirationTime = expirationTime;
+
+  return fiber;
+};
+
+function createFiberFromFragment(
+  elements: ReactFragment,
+  internalContextTag: TypeOfInternalContext,
+  expirationTime: ExpirationTime,
+  key: null | string,
+): Fiber {
+  const fiber = createFiber(Fragment, key, internalContextTag);
+  fiber.pendingProps = elements;
+  fiber.expirationTime = expirationTime;
   return fiber;
 }
 
-exports.createFiberFromElementType = createFiberFromElementType;
+exports.createFiberFromFragment = createFiberFromFragment;
+
+exports.createFiberFromText = function(
+  content: string,
+  internalContextTag: TypeOfInternalContext,
+  expirationTime: ExpirationTime,
+): Fiber {
+  const fiber = createFiber(HostText, null, internalContextTag);
+  fiber.pendingProps = content;
+  fiber.expirationTime = expirationTime;
+  return fiber;
+};
 
 exports.createFiberFromHostInstanceForDeletion = function(): Fiber {
   const fiber = createFiber(HostComponent, null, NoContext);
diff --git a/packages/react-reconciler/src/__tests__/ReactFragment-test.js b/packages/react-reconciler/src/__tests__/ReactFragment-test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..2083d8643cfc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/react-reconciler/src/__tests__/ReactFragment-test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,721 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2013-present, Facebook, Inc.
+ *
+ * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+ * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+ *
+ * @emails react-core
+ */
+'use strict';
+
+let React;
+let ReactNoop;
+
+describe('ReactFragment', () => {
+  beforeEach(function() {
+    jest.resetModules();
+    React = require('react');
+    ReactNoop = require('react-noop-renderer');
+  });
+
+  function span(prop) {
+    return {type: 'span', children: [], prop};
+  }
+
+  function text(val) {
+    return {text: val};
+  }
+
+  function div(...children) {
+    children = children.map(c => (typeof c === 'string' ? {text: c} : c));
+    return {type: 'div', children, prop: undefined};
+  }
+
+  it('should render a single child via noop renderer', () => {
+    const element = (
+      <React.Fragment>
+        <span>foo</span>
+      </React.Fragment>
+    );
+
+    ReactNoop.render(element);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([span()]);
+  });
+
+  it('should render zero children via noop renderer', () => {
+    const element = <React.Fragment />;
+
+    ReactNoop.render(element);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it('should render multiple children via noop renderer', () => {
+    const element = (
+      <React.Fragment>
+        hello <span>world</span>
+      </React.Fragment>
+    );
+
+    ReactNoop.render(element);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([text('hello '), span()]);
+  });
+
+  it('should render an iterable via noop renderer', () => {
+    const element = (
+      <React.Fragment>
+        {new Set([<span key="a">hi</span>, <span key="b">bye</span>])}
+      </React.Fragment>
+    );
+
+    ReactNoop.render(element);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([span(), span()]);
+  });
+
+  it('should preserve state of children with 1 level nesting', function() {
+    var ops = [];
+
+    class Stateful extends React.Component {
+      componentDidUpdate() {
+        ops.push('Update Stateful');
+      }
+
+      render() {
+        return <div>Hello</div>;
+      }
+    }
+
+    function Foo({condition}) {
+      return condition
+        ? <Stateful key="a" />
+        : <React.Fragment>
+            <Stateful key="a" />
+            <div key="b">World</div>
+          </React.Fragment>;
+    }
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={false} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual(['Update Stateful']);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div(), div()]);
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual(['Update Stateful', 'Update Stateful']);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+  });
+
+  it('should preserve state between top-level fragments', function() {
+    var ops = [];
+
+    class Stateful extends React.Component {
+      componentDidUpdate() {
+        ops.push('Update Stateful');
+      }
+
+      render() {
+        return <div>Hello</div>;
+      }
+    }
+
+    function Foo({condition}) {
+      return condition
+        ? <React.Fragment>
+            <Stateful />
+          </React.Fragment>
+        : <React.Fragment>
+            <Stateful />
+          </React.Fragment>;
+    }
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={false} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual(['Update Stateful']);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual(['Update Stateful', 'Update Stateful']);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+  });
+
+  it('should preserve state of children nested at same level', function() {
+    var ops = [];
+
+    class Stateful extends React.Component {
+      componentDidUpdate() {
+        ops.push('Update Stateful');
+      }
+
+      render() {
+        return <div>Hello</div>;
+      }
+    }
+
+    function Foo({condition}) {
+      return condition
+        ? <React.Fragment>
+            <React.Fragment>
+              <React.Fragment>
+                <Stateful key="a" />
+              </React.Fragment>
+            </React.Fragment>
+          </React.Fragment>
+        : <React.Fragment>
+            <React.Fragment>
+              <React.Fragment>
+                <div />
+                <Stateful key="a" />
+              </React.Fragment>
+            </React.Fragment>
+          </React.Fragment>;
+    }
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={false} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual(['Update Stateful']);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div(), div()]);
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual(['Update Stateful', 'Update Stateful']);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+  });
+
+  it('should not preserve state in non-top-level fragment nesting', function() {
+    var ops = [];
+
+    class Stateful extends React.Component {
+      componentDidUpdate() {
+        ops.push('Update Stateful');
+      }
+
+      render() {
+        return <div>Hello</div>;
+      }
+    }
+
+    function Foo({condition}) {
+      return condition
+        ? <React.Fragment>
+            <React.Fragment><Stateful key="a" /></React.Fragment>
+          </React.Fragment>
+        : <React.Fragment><Stateful key="a" /></React.Fragment>;
+    }
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={false} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+  });
+
+  it('should not preserve state of children if nested 2 levels without siblings', function() {
+    var ops = [];
+
+    class Stateful extends React.Component {
+      componentDidUpdate() {
+        ops.push('Update Stateful');
+      }
+
+      render() {
+        return <div>Hello</div>;
+      }
+    }
+
+    function Foo({condition}) {
+      return condition
+        ? <Stateful key="a" />
+        : <React.Fragment>
+            <React.Fragment>
+              <Stateful key="a" />
+            </React.Fragment>
+          </React.Fragment>;
+    }
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={false} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+  });
+
+  it('should not preserve state of children if nested 2 levels with siblings', function() {
+    var ops = [];
+
+    class Stateful extends React.Component {
+      componentDidUpdate() {
+        ops.push('Update Stateful');
+      }
+
+      render() {
+        return <div>Hello</div>;
+      }
+    }
+
+    function Foo({condition}) {
+      return condition
+        ? <Stateful key="a" />
+        : <React.Fragment>
+            <React.Fragment>
+              <Stateful key="a" />
+            </React.Fragment>
+            <div />
+          </React.Fragment>;
+    }
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={false} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div(), div()]);
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+  });
+
+  it('should preserve state between array nested in fragment and fragment', function() {
+    var ops = [];
+
+    class Stateful extends React.Component {
+      componentDidUpdate() {
+        ops.push('Update Stateful');
+      }
+
+      render() {
+        return <div>Hello</div>;
+      }
+    }
+
+    function Foo({condition}) {
+      return condition
+        ? <React.Fragment>
+            <Stateful key="a" />
+          </React.Fragment>
+        : <React.Fragment>
+            {[<Stateful key="a" />]}
+          </React.Fragment>;
+    }
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={false} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual(['Update Stateful']);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual(['Update Stateful', 'Update Stateful']);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+  });
+
+  it('should preserve state between top level fragment and array', function() {
+    var ops = [];
+
+    class Stateful extends React.Component {
+      componentDidUpdate() {
+        ops.push('Update Stateful');
+      }
+
+      render() {
+        return <div>Hello</div>;
+      }
+    }
+
+    function Foo({condition}) {
+      return condition
+        ? [<Stateful key="a" />]
+        : <React.Fragment>
+            <Stateful key="a" />
+          </React.Fragment>;
+    }
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={false} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual(['Update Stateful']);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual(['Update Stateful', 'Update Stateful']);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+  });
+
+  it('should not preserve state between array nested in fragment and double nested fragment', function() {
+    var ops = [];
+
+    class Stateful extends React.Component {
+      componentDidUpdate() {
+        ops.push('Update Stateful');
+      }
+
+      render() {
+        return <div>Hello</div>;
+      }
+    }
+
+    function Foo({condition}) {
+      return condition
+        ? <React.Fragment>{[<Stateful key="a" />]}</React.Fragment>
+        : <React.Fragment>
+            <React.Fragment><Stateful key="a" /></React.Fragment>
+          </React.Fragment>;
+    }
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={false} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+  });
+
+  it('should not preserve state between array nested in fragment and double nested array', function() {
+    var ops = [];
+
+    class Stateful extends React.Component {
+      componentDidUpdate() {
+        ops.push('Update Stateful');
+      }
+
+      render() {
+        return <div>Hello</div>;
+      }
+    }
+
+    function Foo({condition}) {
+      return condition
+        ? <React.Fragment>{[<Stateful key="a" />]}</React.Fragment>
+        : [[<Stateful key="a" />]];
+    }
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={false} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+  });
+
+  it('should preserve state between double nested fragment and double nested array', function() {
+    var ops = [];
+
+    class Stateful extends React.Component {
+      componentDidUpdate() {
+        ops.push('Update Stateful');
+      }
+
+      render() {
+        return <div>Hello</div>;
+      }
+    }
+
+    function Foo({condition}) {
+      return condition
+        ? <React.Fragment>
+            <React.Fragment><Stateful key="a" /></React.Fragment>
+          </React.Fragment>
+        : [[<Stateful key="a" />]];
+    }
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={false} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual(['Update Stateful']);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual(['Update Stateful', 'Update Stateful']);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+  });
+
+  it('should not preserve state of children when the keys are different', function() {
+    var ops = [];
+
+    class Stateful extends React.Component {
+      componentDidUpdate() {
+        ops.push('Update Stateful');
+      }
+
+      render() {
+        return <div>Hello</div>;
+      }
+    }
+
+    function Foo({condition}) {
+      return condition
+        ? <React.Fragment key="a">
+            <Stateful />
+          </React.Fragment>
+        : <React.Fragment key="b">
+            <Stateful />
+            <span>World</span>
+          </React.Fragment>;
+    }
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={false} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div(), span()]);
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+  });
+
+  it('should not preserve state between unkeyed and keyed fragment', function() {
+    var ops = [];
+
+    class Stateful extends React.Component {
+      componentDidUpdate() {
+        ops.push('Update Stateful');
+      }
+
+      render() {
+        return <div>Hello</div>;
+      }
+    }
+
+    function Foo({condition}) {
+      return condition
+        ? <React.Fragment key="a">
+            <Stateful />
+          </React.Fragment>
+        : <React.Fragment>
+            <Stateful />
+          </React.Fragment>;
+    }
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={false} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div()]);
+  });
+
+  it('should preserve state with reordering in multiple levels', function() {
+    var ops = [];
+
+    class Stateful extends React.Component {
+      componentDidUpdate() {
+        ops.push('Update Stateful');
+      }
+
+      render() {
+        return <div>Hello</div>;
+      }
+    }
+
+    function Foo({condition}) {
+      return condition
+        ? <div>
+            <React.Fragment key="c">
+              <span>foo</span>
+              <div key="b">
+                <Stateful key="a" />
+              </div>
+            </React.Fragment>
+            <span>boop</span>
+          </div>
+        : <div>
+            <span>beep</span>
+            <React.Fragment key="c">
+              <div key="b">
+                <Stateful key="a" />
+              </div>
+              <span>bar</span>
+            </React.Fragment>
+          </div>;
+    }
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={false} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual(['Update Stateful']);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div(span(), div(div()), span())]);
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual(['Update Stateful', 'Update Stateful']);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div(span(), div(div()), span())]);
+  });
+
+  it('should not preserve state when switching to a keyed fragment to an array', function() {
+    spyOn(console, 'error');
+    var ops = [];
+
+    class Stateful extends React.Component {
+      componentDidUpdate() {
+        ops.push('Update Stateful');
+      }
+
+      render() {
+        return <div>Hello</div>;
+      }
+    }
+
+    function Foo({condition}) {
+      return condition
+        ? <div>
+            {<React.Fragment key="foo"><Stateful /></React.Fragment>}<span />
+          </div>
+        : <div>{[<Stateful />]}<span /></div>;
+    }
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={false} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div(div(), span())]);
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([div(div(), span())]);
+    expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(1);
+    expectDev(console.error.calls.argsFor(0)[0]).toContain(
+      'Each child in an array or iterator should have a unique "key" prop.',
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should preserve state when it does not change positions', function() {
+    spyOn(console, 'error');
+    var ops = [];
+
+    class Stateful extends React.Component {
+      componentDidUpdate() {
+        ops.push('Update Stateful');
+      }
+
+      render() {
+        return <div>Hello</div>;
+      }
+    }
+
+    function Foo({condition}) {
+      return condition
+        ? [<span />, <React.Fragment><Stateful /></React.Fragment>]
+        : [<span />, <React.Fragment><Stateful /></React.Fragment>];
+    }
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={false} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual(['Update Stateful']);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([span(), div()]);
+
+    ReactNoop.render(<Foo condition={true} />);
+    ReactNoop.flush();
+
+    expect(ops).toEqual(['Update Stateful', 'Update Stateful']);
+    expect(ReactNoop.getChildren()).toEqual([span(), div()]);
+    expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(3);
+    for (let errorIndex = 0; errorIndex < 3; ++errorIndex) {
+      expectDev(console.error.calls.argsFor(errorIndex)[0]).toContain(
+        'Each child in an array or iterator should have a unique "key" prop.',
+      );
+    }
+  });
+});
diff --git a/packages/react/src/React.js b/packages/react/src/React.js
index fc718d8c9a5fd..eab0ced7f2344 100644
--- a/packages/react/src/React.js
+++ b/packages/react/src/React.js
@@ -25,6 +25,12 @@ if (__DEV__) {
   cloneElement = ReactElementValidator.cloneElement;
 }
 
+const REACT_FRAGMENT_TYPE =
+  (typeof Symbol === 'function' &&
+    Symbol.for &&
+    Symbol.for('react.fragment')) ||
+  0xeacb;
+
 var React = {
   Children: {
     map: ReactChildren.map,
@@ -37,6 +43,7 @@ var React = {
   Component: ReactBaseClasses.Component,
   PureComponent: ReactBaseClasses.PureComponent,
   unstable_AsyncComponent: ReactBaseClasses.AsyncComponent,
+  Fragment: REACT_FRAGMENT_TYPE,
 
   createElement: createElement,
   cloneElement: cloneElement,
diff --git a/packages/react/src/ReactElementValidator.js b/packages/react/src/ReactElementValidator.js
index 94400faf2f6fb..a48137da6cf5f 100644
--- a/packages/react/src/ReactElementValidator.js
+++ b/packages/react/src/ReactElementValidator.js
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ if (__DEV__) {
       return '#text';
     } else if (typeof element.type === 'string') {
       return element.type;
+    } else if (element.type === REACT_FRAGMENT_TYPE) {
+      return 'React.Fragment';
     } else {
       return element.type.displayName || element.type.name || 'Unknown';
     }
@@ -54,6 +56,14 @@ if (__DEV__) {
     stack += ReactDebugCurrentFrame.getStackAddendum() || '';
     return stack;
   };
+
+  var REACT_FRAGMENT_TYPE =
+    (typeof Symbol === 'function' &&
+      Symbol.for &&
+      Symbol.for('react.fragment')) ||
+    0xeacb;
+
+  var VALID_FRAGMENT_PROPS = new Map([['children', true], ['key', true]]);
 }
 
 var ITERATOR_SYMBOL = typeof Symbol === 'function' && Symbol.iterator;
@@ -226,9 +236,44 @@ function validatePropTypes(element) {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Given a fragment, validate that it can only be provided with fragment props
+ * @param {ReactElement} fragment
+ */
+function validateFragmentProps(fragment) {
+  currentlyValidatingElement = fragment;
+
+  for (const key of Object.keys(fragment.props)) {
+    if (!VALID_FRAGMENT_PROPS.has(key)) {
+      warning(
+        false,
+        'Invalid prop `%s` supplied to `React.Fragment`. ' +
+          'React.Fragment can only have `key` and `children` props.%s',
+        key,
+        getStackAddendum(),
+      );
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (fragment.ref !== null) {
+    warning(
+      false,
+      'Invalid attribute `ref` supplied to `React.Fragment`.%s',
+      getStackAddendum(),
+    );
+  }
+
+  currentlyValidatingElement = null;
+}
+
 var ReactElementValidator = {
   createElement: function(type, props, children) {
-    var validType = typeof type === 'string' || typeof type === 'function';
+    var validType =
+      typeof type === 'string' ||
+      typeof type === 'function' ||
+      typeof type === 'symbol' ||
+      typeof type === 'number';
     // We warn in this case but don't throw. We expect the element creation to
     // succeed and there will likely be errors in render.
     if (!validType) {
@@ -282,7 +327,11 @@ var ReactElementValidator = {
       }
     }
 
-    validatePropTypes(element);
+    if (typeof type === 'symbol' && type === REACT_FRAGMENT_TYPE) {
+      validateFragmentProps(element);
+    } else {
+      validatePropTypes(element);
+    }
 
     return element;
   },
diff --git a/packages/react/src/__tests__/ReactElementValidator-test.js b/packages/react/src/__tests__/ReactElementValidator-test.js
index 273669258ce86..a376e061d0ea4 100644
--- a/packages/react/src/__tests__/ReactElementValidator-test.js
+++ b/packages/react/src/__tests__/ReactElementValidator-test.js
@@ -267,10 +267,9 @@ describe('ReactElementValidator', () => {
     React.createElement(undefined);
     React.createElement(null);
     React.createElement(true);
-    React.createElement(123);
     React.createElement({x: 17});
     React.createElement({});
-    expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(6);
+    expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(5);
     expectDev(console.error.calls.argsFor(0)[0]).toBe(
       'Warning: React.createElement: type is invalid -- expected a string ' +
         '(for built-in components) or a class/function (for composite ' +
@@ -288,23 +287,18 @@ describe('ReactElementValidator', () => {
         'components) but got: boolean.',
     );
     expectDev(console.error.calls.argsFor(3)[0]).toBe(
-      'Warning: React.createElement: type is invalid -- expected a string ' +
-        '(for built-in components) or a class/function (for composite ' +
-        'components) but got: number.',
-    );
-    expectDev(console.error.calls.argsFor(4)[0]).toBe(
       'Warning: React.createElement: type is invalid -- expected a string ' +
         '(for built-in components) or a class/function (for composite ' +
         'components) but got: object.',
     );
-    expectDev(console.error.calls.argsFor(5)[0]).toBe(
+    expectDev(console.error.calls.argsFor(4)[0]).toBe(
       'Warning: React.createElement: type is invalid -- expected a string ' +
         '(for built-in components) or a class/function (for composite ' +
         'components) but got: object. You likely forgot to export your ' +
         "component from the file it's defined in.",
     );
     React.createElement('div');
-    expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(6);
+    expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(5);
   });
 
   it('includes the owner name when passing null, undefined, boolean, or number', () => {
diff --git a/packages/react/src/__tests__/ReactJSXElementValidator-test.js b/packages/react/src/__tests__/ReactJSXElementValidator-test.js
index 8cf5ee66dd7f0..025df94dac7fc 100644
--- a/packages/react/src/__tests__/ReactJSXElementValidator-test.js
+++ b/packages/react/src/__tests__/ReactJSXElementValidator-test.js
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 
 // TODO: All these warnings should become static errors using Flow instead
 // of dynamic errors when using JSX with Flow.
-
 var React;
 var ReactDOM;
 var ReactTestUtils;
@@ -51,7 +50,9 @@ describe('ReactJSXElementValidator', () => {
   it('warns for keys for arrays of elements in children position', () => {
     spyOn(console, 'error');
 
-    void <Component>{[<Component />, <Component />]}</Component>;
+    ReactTestUtils.renderIntoDocument(
+      <Component>{[<Component />, <Component />]}</Component>,
+    );
 
     expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(1);
     expectDev(console.error.calls.argsFor(0)[0]).toContain(
@@ -84,6 +85,49 @@ describe('ReactJSXElementValidator', () => {
     );
   });
 
+  it('warns for fragments with illegal attributes', () => {
+    spyOn(console, 'error');
+
+    class Foo extends React.Component {
+      render() {
+        return <React.Fragment a={1} b={2}>hello</React.Fragment>;
+      }
+    }
+
+    ReactTestUtils.renderIntoDocument(<Foo />);
+
+    expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(1);
+    expectDev(console.error.calls.argsFor(0)[0]).toContain('Invalid prop `');
+    expectDev(console.error.calls.argsFor(0)[0]).toContain(
+      '` supplied to `React.Fragment`. React.Fragment ' +
+        'can only have `key` and `children` props.',
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('warns for fragments with refs', () => {
+    spyOn(console, 'error');
+
+    class Foo extends React.Component {
+      render() {
+        return (
+          <React.Fragment
+            ref={bar => {
+              this.foo = bar;
+            }}>
+            hello
+          </React.Fragment>
+        );
+      }
+    }
+
+    ReactTestUtils.renderIntoDocument(<Foo />);
+
+    expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(1);
+    expectDev(console.error.calls.argsFor(0)[0]).toContain(
+      'Invalid attribute `ref` supplied to `React.Fragment`.',
+    );
+  });
+
   it('warns for keys for iterables of elements in rest args', () => {
     spyOn(console, 'error');
 
@@ -99,7 +143,7 @@ describe('ReactJSXElementValidator', () => {
       },
     };
 
-    void <Component>{iterable}</Component>;
+    ReactTestUtils.renderIntoDocument(<Component>{iterable}</Component>);
 
     expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(1);
     expectDev(console.error.calls.argsFor(0)[0]).toContain(
@@ -107,17 +151,43 @@ describe('ReactJSXElementValidator', () => {
     );
   });
 
-  it('does not warns for arrays of elements with keys', () => {
+  it('does not warn for fragments of multiple elements without keys', () => {
+    ReactTestUtils.renderIntoDocument(
+      <React.Fragment>
+        <span>1</span>
+        <span>2</span>
+      </React.Fragment>,
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('warns for fragments of multiple elements with same key', () => {
     spyOn(console, 'error');
 
-    void (
-      <Component>{[<Component key="#1" />, <Component key="#2" />]}</Component>
+    ReactTestUtils.renderIntoDocument(
+      <React.Fragment>
+        <span key="a">1</span>
+        <span key="a">2</span>
+        <span key="b">3</span>
+      </React.Fragment>,
+    );
+
+    expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(1);
+    expectDev(console.error.calls.argsFor(0)[0]).toContain(
+      'Encountered two children with the same key, `a`.',
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('does not warn for arrays of elements with keys', () => {
+    spyOn(console, 'error');
+
+    ReactTestUtils.renderIntoDocument(
+      <Component>{[<Component key="#1" />, <Component key="#2" />]}</Component>,
     );
 
     expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(0);
   });
 
-  it('does not warns for iterable elements with keys', () => {
+  it('does not warn for iterable elements with keys', () => {
     spyOn(console, 'error');
 
     var iterable = {
@@ -135,7 +205,7 @@ describe('ReactJSXElementValidator', () => {
       },
     };
 
-    void <Component>{iterable}</Component>;
+    ReactTestUtils.renderIntoDocument(<Component>{iterable}</Component>);
 
     expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(0);
   });
@@ -156,25 +226,22 @@ describe('ReactJSXElementValidator', () => {
     };
     iterable.entries = iterable['@@iterator'];
 
-    void <Component>{iterable}</Component>;
+    ReactTestUtils.renderIntoDocument(<Component>{iterable}</Component>);
 
     expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(0);
   });
 
   it('does not warn when the element is directly as children', () => {
-    spyOn(console, 'error');
-
-    void <Component><Component /><Component /></Component>;
-
-    expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(0);
+    ReactTestUtils.renderIntoDocument(
+      <Component>
+        <Component />
+        <Component />
+      </Component>,
+    );
   });
 
   it('does not warn when the child array contains non-elements', () => {
-    spyOn(console, 'error');
-
     void <Component>{[{}, {}]}</Component>;
-
-    expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(0);
   });
 
   it('should give context for PropType errors in nested components.', () => {
@@ -246,14 +313,12 @@ describe('ReactJSXElementValidator', () => {
     var Undefined = undefined;
     var Null = null;
     var True = true;
-    var Num = 123;
     var Div = 'div';
     spyOn(console, 'error');
     void <Undefined />;
     void <Null />;
     void <True />;
-    void <Num />;
-    expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(4);
+    expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(3);
     expectDev(normalizeCodeLocInfo(console.error.calls.argsFor(0)[0])).toBe(
       'Warning: React.createElement: type is invalid -- expected a string ' +
         '(for built-in components) or a class/function (for composite ' +
@@ -273,14 +338,8 @@ describe('ReactJSXElementValidator', () => {
         'components) but got: boolean.' +
         '\n\nCheck your code at **.',
     );
-    expectDev(normalizeCodeLocInfo(console.error.calls.argsFor(3)[0])).toBe(
-      'Warning: React.createElement: type is invalid -- expected a string ' +
-        '(for built-in components) or a class/function (for composite ' +
-        'components) but got: number.' +
-        '\n\nCheck your code at **.',
-    );
     void <Div />;
-    expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(4);
+    expectDev(console.error.calls.count()).toBe(3);
   });
 
   it('should check default prop values', () => {