diff --git a/.github/workflows/postmerge.yaml b/.github/workflows/postmerge.yaml
index 15835d76a..543f77c2c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/postmerge.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/postmerge.yaml
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v3
       - uses: actions/setup-node@v3
         with:
-          node-version: 16
+          node-version: 18
 
       - uses: google-github-actions/auth@v0
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yaml b/.github/workflows/test.yaml
index a02370d1f..686953002 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yaml
@@ -30,9 +30,8 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         node-version:
-          - 14.x
-          - 16.x
           - 18.x
+          - 20.x
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v1
       - uses: actions/setup-node@v1
@@ -51,9 +50,8 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         node-version:
-          - 14.x
-          - 16.x
           - 18.x
+          - 20.x
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v1
       - uses: actions/setup-node@v1
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 767a26aeb..e69de29bb 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-- Remove HTTP server shutdown message. (#1457)
-- Add features to task queue functions. (#1423)
-- Add traces to V2 Firestore trigger logs. (#1440)
diff --git a/integration_test/package.json.template b/integration_test/package.json.template
index 07585cbe2..42cdf121c 100644
--- a/integration_test/package.json.template
+++ b/integration_test/package.json.template
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
   "main": "lib/index.js",
   "devDependencies": {
     "@types/node-fetch": "^2.6.1",
-    "typescript": "~4.2.2"
+    "typescript": "^4.3.5"
   },
   "engines": {
     "node": "__NODE_VERSION__"
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index e4c6631e9..d311b8583 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
 {
   "name": "firebase-functions",
-  "version": "4.4.1",
+  "version": "5.0.1",
   "lockfileVersion": 2,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "firebase-functions",
-      "version": "4.4.1",
+      "version": "5.0.1",
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/cors": "^2.8.5",
         "@types/express": "4.17.3",
         "cors": "^2.8.5",
         "express": "^4.17.1",
-        "node-fetch": "^2.6.7",
         "protobufjs": "^7.2.2"
       },
       "bin": {
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@
         "eslint-config-prettier": "^8.3.0",
         "eslint-plugin-jsdoc": "^39.2.9",
         "eslint-plugin-prettier": "^4.0.0",
-        "firebase-admin": "^11.8.0",
+        "firebase-admin": "^12.1.0",
         "js-yaml": "^3.13.1",
         "jsdom": "^16.2.1",
         "jsonwebtoken": "^9.0.0",
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@
         "node": ">=14.10.0"
       },
       "peerDependencies": {
-        "firebase-admin": "^10.0.0 || ^11.0.0"
+        "firebase-admin": "^11.10.0 || ^12.0.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@babel/parser": {
@@ -182,13 +181,10 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@fastify/busboy": {
-      "version": "1.2.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@fastify/busboy/-/busboy-1.2.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-7PQA7EH43S0CxcOa9OeAnaeA0oQ+e/DHNPZwSQM9CQHW76jle5+OvLdibRp/Aafs9KXbLhxyjOTkRjWUbQEd3Q==",
+      "version": "2.1.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@fastify/busboy/-/busboy-2.1.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-vBZP4NlzfOlerQTnba4aqZoMhE/a9HY7HRqoOPaETQcSQuWEIyZMHGfVu6w9wGtGK5fED5qRs2DteVCjOH60sA==",
       "dev": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "text-decoding": "^1.0.0"
-      },
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14"
       }
@@ -230,6 +226,12 @@
         "js-yaml": "bin/js-yaml.js"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/@firebase/app-check-interop-types": {
+      "version": "0.3.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@firebase/app-check-interop-types/-/app-check-interop-types-0.3.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-xAxHPZPIgFXnI+vb4sbBjZcde7ZluzPPaSK7Lx3/nmuVk4TjZvnL8ONnkd4ERQKL8WePQySU+pRcWkh8rDf5Sg==",
+      "dev": true
+    },
     "node_modules/@firebase/app-types": {
       "version": "0.9.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@firebase/app-types/-/app-types-0.9.0.tgz",
@@ -253,11 +255,12 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@firebase/database": {
-      "version": "0.14.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@firebase/database/-/database-0.14.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-+Ea/IKGwh42jwdjCyzTmeZeLM3oy1h0mFPsTy6OqCWzcu/KFqRAr5Tt1HRCOBlNOdbh84JPZC47WLU18n2VbxQ==",
+      "version": "1.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@firebase/database/-/database-1.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-8X6NBJgUQzDz0xQVaCISoOLINKat594N2eBbMR3Mu/MH/ei4WM+aAMlsNzngF22eljXu1SILP5G3evkyvsG3Ng==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
+        "@firebase/app-check-interop-types": "0.3.0",
         "@firebase/auth-interop-types": "0.2.1",
         "@firebase/component": "0.6.4",
         "@firebase/logger": "0.4.0",
@@ -267,23 +270,23 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@firebase/database-compat": {
-      "version": "0.3.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@firebase/database-compat/-/database-compat-0.3.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-kuAW+l+sLMUKBThnvxvUZ+Q1ZrF/vFJ58iUY9kAcbX48U03nVzIF6Tmkf0p3WVQwMqiXguSgtOPIB6ZCeF+5Gg==",
+      "version": "1.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@firebase/database-compat/-/database-compat-1.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-09ryJnXDvuycsxn8aXBzLhBTuCos3HEnCOBWY6hosxfYlNCGnLvG8YMlbSAt5eNhf7/00B095AEfDsdrrLjxqA==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@firebase/component": "0.6.4",
-        "@firebase/database": "0.14.4",
-        "@firebase/database-types": "0.10.4",
+        "@firebase/database": "1.0.2",
+        "@firebase/database-types": "1.0.0",
         "@firebase/logger": "0.4.0",
         "@firebase/util": "1.9.3",
         "tslib": "^2.1.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@firebase/database-types": {
-      "version": "0.10.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@firebase/database-types/-/database-types-0.10.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-dPySn0vJ/89ZeBac70T+2tWWPiJXWbmRygYv0smT5TfE3hDrQ09eKMF3Y+vMlTdrMWq7mUdYW5REWPSGH4kAZQ==",
+      "version": "1.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@firebase/database-types/-/database-types-1.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-SjnXStoE0Q56HcFgNQ+9SsmJc0c8TqGARdI/T44KXy+Ets3r6x/ivhQozT66bMnCEjJRywYoxNurRTMlZF8VNg==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@firebase/app-types": "0.9.0",
@@ -309,25 +312,25 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@google-cloud/firestore": {
-      "version": "6.5.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@google-cloud/firestore/-/firestore-6.5.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-U0QwG6pEQxO5c0v0eUylswozmuvlvz7iXSW+I18jzqR2hAFrUq2Weu1wm3NaH8wGD4ZL7W9Be4cMHG5CYU8LuQ==",
+      "version": "7.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@google-cloud/firestore/-/firestore-7.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-kkTC0Sb9r2lONuFF8Tr2wFfBfk0DT1/EKcTKOhsuoXUVClv3jCqGYVPtHgQsHFjdOsubS+tx9G5D5WG+obB2DA==",
       "dev": true,
       "optional": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fast-deep-equal": "^3.1.1",
         "functional-red-black-tree": "^1.0.1",
-        "google-gax": "^3.5.7",
-        "protobufjs": "^7.0.0"
+        "google-gax": "^4.0.4",
+        "protobufjs": "^7.2.5"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12.0.0"
+        "node": ">=14.0.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@google-cloud/paginator": {
-      "version": "3.0.7",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@google-cloud/paginator/-/paginator-3.0.7.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-jJNutk0arIQhmpUUQJPJErsojqo834KcyB6X7a1mxuic8i1tKXxde8E69IZxNZawRIlZdIK2QY4WALvlK5MzYQ==",
+      "version": "5.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@google-cloud/paginator/-/paginator-5.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-87aeg6QQcEPxGCOthnpUjvw4xAZ57G7pL8FS0C4e/81fr3FjkpUpibf1s2v5XGyGhUVGF4Jfg7yEcxqn2iUw1w==",
       "dev": true,
       "optional": true,
       "dependencies": {
@@ -335,56 +338,56 @@
         "extend": "^3.0.2"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=10"
+        "node": ">=14.0.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@google-cloud/projectify": {
-      "version": "3.0.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@google-cloud/projectify/-/projectify-3.0.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-HRkZsNmjScY6Li8/kb70wjGlDDyLkVk3KvoEo9uIoxSjYLJasGiCch9+PqRVDOCGUFvEIqyogl+BeqILL4OJHA==",
+      "version": "4.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@google-cloud/projectify/-/projectify-4.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-MmaX6HeSvyPbWGwFq7mXdo0uQZLGBYCwziiLIGq5JVX+/bdI3SAq6bP98trV5eTWfLuvsMcIC1YJOF2vfteLFA==",
       "dev": true,
       "optional": true,
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12.0.0"
+        "node": ">=14.0.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@google-cloud/promisify": {
-      "version": "3.0.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@google-cloud/promisify/-/promisify-3.0.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-z1CjRjtQyBOYL+5Qr9DdYIfrdLBe746jRTYfaYU6MeXkqp7UfYs/jX16lFFVzZ7PGEJvqZNqYUEtb1mvDww4pA==",
+      "version": "4.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@google-cloud/promisify/-/promisify-4.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Orxzlfb9c67A15cq2JQEyVc7wEsmFBmHjZWZYQMUyJ1qivXyMwdyNOs9odi79hze+2zqdTtu1E19IM/FtqZ10g==",
       "dev": true,
       "optional": true,
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
+        "node": ">=14"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@google-cloud/storage": {
-      "version": "6.10.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@google-cloud/storage/-/storage-6.10.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-MaFNtMxPpnv6c43HcRsJTUiYhXgcjy+mshLyZpfGKMpE2vJ8C1mBFK/ZrlcPBt47ZK0tz9p/mNTyvi8dRsdKPw==",
+      "version": "7.7.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@google-cloud/storage/-/storage-7.7.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-EMCEY+6JiIkx7Dt8NXVGGjy1vRdSGdHkoqZoqjJw7cEBkT7ZkX0c7puedfn1MamnzW5SX4xoa2jVq5u7OWBmkQ==",
       "dev": true,
       "optional": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "@google-cloud/paginator": "^3.0.7",
-        "@google-cloud/projectify": "^3.0.0",
-        "@google-cloud/promisify": "^3.0.0",
+        "@google-cloud/paginator": "^5.0.0",
+        "@google-cloud/projectify": "^4.0.0",
+        "@google-cloud/promisify": "^4.0.0",
         "abort-controller": "^3.0.0",
         "async-retry": "^1.3.3",
         "compressible": "^2.0.12",
         "duplexify": "^4.0.0",
         "ent": "^2.2.0",
-        "extend": "^3.0.2",
-        "gaxios": "^5.0.0",
-        "google-auth-library": "^8.0.1",
+        "fast-xml-parser": "^4.3.0",
+        "gaxios": "^6.0.2",
+        "google-auth-library": "^9.0.0",
         "mime": "^3.0.0",
         "mime-types": "^2.0.8",
         "p-limit": "^3.0.1",
-        "retry-request": "^5.0.0",
-        "teeny-request": "^8.0.0",
+        "retry-request": "^7.0.0",
+        "teeny-request": "^9.0.0",
         "uuid": "^8.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
+        "node": ">=14"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@google-cloud/storage/node_modules/uuid": {
@@ -398,13 +401,13 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@grpc/grpc-js": {
-      "version": "1.8.14",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@grpc/grpc-js/-/grpc-js-1.8.14.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-w84maJ6CKl5aApCMzFll0hxtFNT6or9WwMslobKaqWUEf1K+zhlL43bSQhFreyYWIWR+Z0xnVFC1KtLm4ZpM/A==",
+      "version": "1.9.13",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@grpc/grpc-js/-/grpc-js-1.9.13.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-OEZZu9v9AA+7/tghMDE8o5DAMD5THVnwSqDWuh7PPYO5287rTyqy0xEHT6/e4pbqSrhyLPdQFsam4TwFQVVIIw==",
       "dev": true,
       "optional": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "@grpc/proto-loader": "^0.7.0",
+        "@grpc/proto-loader": "^0.7.8",
         "@types/node": ">=12.12.47"
       },
       "engines": {
@@ -412,16 +415,15 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@grpc/proto-loader": {
-      "version": "0.7.7",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@grpc/proto-loader/-/proto-loader-0.7.7.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-1TIeXOi8TuSCQprPItwoMymZXxWT0CPxUhkrkeCUH+D8U7QDwQ6b7SUz2MaLuWM2llT+J/TVFLmQI5KtML3BhQ==",
+      "version": "0.7.10",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@grpc/proto-loader/-/proto-loader-0.7.10.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-CAqDfoaQ8ykFd9zqBDn4k6iWT9loLAlc2ETmDFS9JCD70gDcnA4L3AFEo2iV7KyAtAAHFW9ftq1Fz+Vsgq80RQ==",
       "dev": true,
       "optional": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "@types/long": "^4.0.1",
         "lodash.camelcase": "^4.3.0",
-        "long": "^4.0.0",
-        "protobufjs": "^7.0.0",
+        "long": "^5.0.0",
+        "protobufjs": "^7.2.4",
         "yargs": "^17.7.2"
       },
       "bin": {
@@ -1084,6 +1086,13 @@
         "@types/node": "*"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/@types/caseless": {
+      "version": "0.12.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/caseless/-/caseless-0.12.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-hWtVTC2q7hc7xZ/RLbxapMvDMgUnDvKvMOpKal4DrMyfGBUfB1oKaZlIRr6mJL+If3bAP6sV/QneGzF6tJjZDg==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "optional": true
+    },
     "node_modules/@types/chai": {
       "version": "4.3.4",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/chai/-/chai-4.3.4.tgz",
@@ -1135,17 +1144,6 @@
         "@types/range-parser": "*"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/@types/glob": {
-      "version": "8.1.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/glob/-/glob-8.1.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-IO+MJPVhoqz+28h1qLAcBEH2+xHMK6MTyHJc7MTnnYb6wsoLR29POVGJ7LycmVXIqyy/4/2ShP5sUwTXuOwb/w==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "optional": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@types/minimatch": "^5.1.2",
-        "@types/node": "*"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/@types/json-schema": {
       "version": "7.0.11",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/json-schema/-/json-schema-7.0.11.tgz",
@@ -1195,13 +1193,6 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/mime/-/mime-3.0.1.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-Y4XFY5VJAuw0FgAqPNd6NNoV44jbq9Bz2L7Rh/J6jLTiHBSBJa9fxqQIvkIld4GsoDOcCbvzOUAbLPsSKKg+uA=="
     },
-    "node_modules/@types/minimatch": {
-      "version": "5.1.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/minimatch/-/minimatch-5.1.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-K0VQKziLUWkVKiRVrx4a40iPaxTUefQmjtkQofBkYRcoaaL/8rhwDWww9qWbrgicNOgnpIsMxyNIUM4+n6dUIA==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "optional": true
-    },
     "node_modules/@types/mocha": {
       "version": "5.2.7",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/mocha/-/mocha-5.2.7.tgz",
@@ -1251,15 +1242,32 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/range-parser/-/range-parser-1.2.4.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-EEhsLsD6UsDM1yFhAvy0Cjr6VwmpMWqFBCb9w07wVugF7w9nfajxLuVmngTIpgS6svCnm6Vaw+MZhoDCKnOfsw=="
     },
-    "node_modules/@types/rimraf": {
-      "version": "3.0.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/rimraf/-/rimraf-3.0.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-F3OznnSLAUxFrCEu/L5PY8+ny8DtcFRjx7fZZ9bycvXRi3KPTRS9HOitGZwvPg0juRhXFWIeKX58cnX5YqLohQ==",
+    "node_modules/@types/request": {
+      "version": "2.48.12",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/request/-/request-2.48.12.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-G3sY+NpsA9jnwm0ixhAFQSJ3Q9JkpLZpJbI3GMv0mIAT0y3mRabYeINzal5WOChIiaTEGQYlHOKgkaM9EisWHw==",
       "dev": true,
       "optional": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "@types/glob": "*",
-        "@types/node": "*"
+        "@types/caseless": "*",
+        "@types/node": "*",
+        "@types/tough-cookie": "*",
+        "form-data": "^2.5.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@types/request/node_modules/form-data": {
+      "version": "2.5.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/form-data/-/form-data-2.5.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-m21N3WOmEEURgk6B9GLOE4RuWOFf28Lhh9qGYeNlGq4VDXUlJy2th2slBNU8Gp8EzloYZOibZJ7t5ecIrFSjVA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "asynckit": "^0.4.0",
+        "combined-stream": "^1.0.6",
+        "mime-types": "^2.1.12"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 0.12"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@types/semver": {
@@ -1283,6 +1291,13 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-T+m89VdXj/eidZyejvmoP9jivXgBDdkOSBVQjU9kF349NEx10QdPNGxHeZUaj1IlJ32/ewdyXJjnJxyxJroYwg==",
       "dev": true
     },
+    "node_modules/@types/tough-cookie": {
+      "version": "4.0.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/tough-cookie/-/tough-cookie-4.0.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-/Ad8+nIOV7Rl++6f1BdKxFSMgmoqEoYbHRpPcx3JEfv8VRsQe9Z4mCXeJBzxs7mbHY/XOZZuXlRNfhpVPbs6ZA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "optional": true
+    },
     "node_modules/@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": {
       "version": "5.55.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin/-/eslint-plugin-5.55.0.tgz",
@@ -1836,13 +1851,12 @@
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     },
     "v8-compile-cache-lib": {
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 0c2c9b835..258be26ff 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "firebase-functions",
-  "version": "4.4.1",
+  "version": "5.0.1",
   "description": "Firebase SDK for Cloud Functions",
   "keywords": [
     "firebase",
@@ -110,6 +110,9 @@
       "v2": [
         "lib/v2"
       ],
+      "v2/core": [
+        "lib/v2/core"
+      ],
       "v2/alerts": [
         "lib/v2/providers/alerts"
       ],
@@ -198,7 +201,6 @@
     "@types/express": "4.17.3",
     "cors": "^2.8.5",
     "express": "^4.17.1",
-    "node-fetch": "^2.6.7",
     "protobufjs": "^7.2.2"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
@@ -225,7 +227,7 @@
     "eslint-config-prettier": "^8.3.0",
     "eslint-plugin-jsdoc": "^39.2.9",
     "eslint-plugin-prettier": "^4.0.0",
-    "firebase-admin": "^11.8.0",
+    "firebase-admin": "^12.1.0",
     "js-yaml": "^3.13.1",
     "jsdom": "^16.2.1",
     "jsonwebtoken": "^9.0.0",
@@ -245,7 +247,7 @@
     "yargs": "^15.3.1"
   },
   "peerDependencies": {
-    "firebase-admin": "^10.0.0 || ^11.0.0"
+    "firebase-admin": "^11.10.0 || ^12.0.0"
   },
   "engines": {
     "node": ">=14.10.0"
diff --git a/scripts/bin-test/run.sh b/scripts/bin-test/run.sh
index c3e3da673..aa10b4286 100755
--- a/scripts/bin-test/run.sh
+++ b/scripts/bin-test/run.sh
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ for f in scripts/bin-test/sources/*; do
     fi
 done
 
-## DEBUG
-ls -la scripts/bin-test/sources/commonjs/node_modules
+# Make sure firebase-functions binary is executable
+chmod +x ./lib/bin/firebase-functions.js
 
 mocha \
   --file ./scripts/bin-test/mocha-setup.ts \
diff --git a/scripts/bin-test/test.ts b/scripts/bin-test/test.ts
index b15012d70..efc5a5127 100644
--- a/scripts/bin-test/test.ts
+++ b/scripts/bin-test/test.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import { expect } from "chai";
 import * as yaml from "js-yaml";
 import fetch from "node-fetch";
 import * as portfinder from "portfinder";
-import * as semver from "semver";
 
 const TIMEOUT_XL = 20_000;
 const TIMEOUT_L = 10_000;
@@ -124,7 +123,7 @@ async function startBin(
       throw e;
     }
     return true;
-  }, TIMEOUT_M);
+  }, TIMEOUT_L);
 
   if (debug) {
     proc.stdout?.on("data", (data: unknown) => {
@@ -139,7 +138,7 @@ async function startBin(
   return {
     port,
     cleanup: async () => {
-      process.kill(proc.pid);
+      process.kill(proc.pid, 9);
       await retryUntil(async () => {
         try {
           process.kill(proc.pid, 0);
@@ -148,12 +147,15 @@ async function startBin(
           return Promise.resolve(true);
         }
         return Promise.resolve(false);
-      }, TIMEOUT_M);
+      }, TIMEOUT_L);
     },
   };
 }
 
-describe("functions.yaml", () => {
+describe("functions.yaml", function () {
+  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-invalid-this
+  this.timeout(TIMEOUT_XL);
+
   function runTests(tc: Testcase) {
     let port: number;
     let cleanup: () => Promise<void>;
@@ -168,7 +170,10 @@ describe("functions.yaml", () => {
       await cleanup?.();
     });
 
-    it("functions.yaml returns expected Manifest", async () => {
+    it("functions.yaml returns expected Manifest", async function () {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-invalid-this
+      this.timeout(TIMEOUT_M);
+
       const res = await fetch(`http://localhost:${port}/__/functions.yaml`);
       const text = await res.text();
       let parsed: any;
@@ -181,7 +186,10 @@ describe("functions.yaml", () => {
     });
   }
 
-  describe("commonjs", () => {
+  describe("commonjs", function () {
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-invalid-this
+    this.timeout(TIMEOUT_L);
+
     const testcases: Testcase[] = [
       {
         name: "basic",
@@ -250,34 +258,35 @@ describe("functions.yaml", () => {
         runTests(tc);
       });
     }
-  }).timeout(TIMEOUT_L);
+  });
 
-  if (semver.gt(process.versions.node, "13.2.0")) {
-    describe("esm", () => {
-      const testcases: Testcase[] = [
-        {
-          name: "basic",
-          modulePath: "./scripts/bin-test/sources/esm",
-          expected: BASE_STACK,
-        },
-        {
-          name: "with main",
+  describe("esm", function () {
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-invalid-this
+    this.timeout(TIMEOUT_L);
 
-          modulePath: "./scripts/bin-test/sources/esm-main",
-          expected: BASE_STACK,
-        },
-        {
-          name: "with .m extension",
-          modulePath: "./scripts/bin-test/sources/esm-ext",
-          expected: BASE_STACK,
-        },
-      ];
+    const testcases: Testcase[] = [
+      {
+        name: "basic",
+        modulePath: "./scripts/bin-test/sources/esm",
+        expected: BASE_STACK,
+      },
+      {
+        name: "with main",
 
-      for (const tc of testcases) {
-        describe(tc.name, () => {
-          runTests(tc);
-        });
-      }
-    }).timeout(TIMEOUT_L);
-  }
-}).timeout(TIMEOUT_XL);
+        modulePath: "./scripts/bin-test/sources/esm-main",
+        expected: BASE_STACK,
+      },
+      {
+        name: "with .m extension",
+        modulePath: "./scripts/bin-test/sources/esm-ext",
+        expected: BASE_STACK,
+      },
+    ];
+
+    for (const tc of testcases) {
+      describe(tc.name, () => {
+        runTests(tc);
+      });
+    }
+  });
+});
diff --git a/spec/common/providers/identity.spec.ts b/spec/common/providers/identity.spec.ts
index 2dfb6aa10..cfbaca770 100644
--- a/spec/common/providers/identity.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/common/providers/identity.spec.ts
@@ -210,8 +210,8 @@ describe("identity", () => {
 
   describe("parseMetadata", () => {
     const decodedMetadata = {
-      last_sign_in_time: 1476235905,
-      creation_time: 1476136676,
+      last_sign_in_time: 1476235905000,
+      creation_time: 1476136676000,
     };
     const metadata = {
       lastSignInTime: new Date(1476235905000).toUTCString(),
@@ -377,8 +377,8 @@ describe("identity", () => {
       photo_url: "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/1234567890/photo.jpg",
       tokens_valid_after_time: 1476136676,
       metadata: {
-        last_sign_in_time: 1476235905,
-        creation_time: 1476136676,
+        last_sign_in_time: 1476235905000,
+        creation_time: 1476136676000,
       },
       custom_claims: {
         admin: true,
@@ -640,8 +640,8 @@ describe("identity", () => {
           photo_url: "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/1234567890/photo.jpg",
           tokens_valid_after_time: 1476136676,
           metadata: {
-            last_sign_in_time: 1476235905,
-            creation_time: 1476136676,
+            last_sign_in_time: 1476235905000,
+            creation_time: 1476136676000,
           },
           custom_claims: {
             admin: true,
diff --git a/spec/v1/cloud-functions.spec.ts b/spec/v1/cloud-functions.spec.ts
index 6ee3abc41..d85afbe2f 100644
--- a/spec/v1/cloud-functions.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v1/cloud-functions.spec.ts
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import { expect } from "chai";
 
 import {
+  onInit,
   Event,
   EventContext,
   makeCloudFunction,
@@ -41,6 +42,34 @@ describe("makeCloudFunction", () => {
     legacyEventType: "providers/provider/eventTypes/event",
   };
 
+  it("calls init function", async () => {
+    const test: Event = {
+      context: {
+        eventId: "00000",
+        timestamp: "2016-11-04T21:29:03.496Z",
+        eventType: "provider.event",
+        resource: {
+          service: "provider",
+          name: "resource",
+        },
+      },
+      data: "data",
+    };
+    const cf = makeCloudFunction({
+      provider: "mock.provider",
+      eventType: "mock.event",
+      service: "service",
+      triggerResource: () => "resource",
+      handler: () => null,
+    });
+
+    let hello;
+    onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+    expect(hello).is.undefined;
+    await cf(test.data, test.context);
+    expect(hello).equals("world");
+  });
+
   it("should put a __trigger/__endpoint on the returned CloudFunction", () => {
     const cf = makeCloudFunction({
       provider: "mock.provider",
diff --git a/spec/v1/providers/analytics.spec.ts b/spec/v1/providers/analytics.spec.ts
index 90a617686..98db1702f 100644
--- a/spec/v1/providers/analytics.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v1/providers/analytics.spec.ts
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ describe("Analytics Functions", () => {
     });
 
     describe("#dataConstructor", () => {
-      it("should handle an event with the appropriate fields", () => {
+      it("should handle an event with the appropriate fields", async () => {
         const cloudFunction = analytics
           .event("first_open")
           .onLog((data: analytics.AnalyticsEvent) => data);
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ describe("Analytics Functions", () => {
           },
         };
 
-        return expect(cloudFunction(event.data, event.context)).to.eventually.deep.equal({
+        await expect(cloudFunction(event.data, event.context)).to.eventually.deep.equal({
           params: {},
           user: {
             userId: "hi!",
diff --git a/spec/v1/providers/database.spec.ts b/spec/v1/providers/database.spec.ts
index 874b1de29..18d973b1d 100644
--- a/spec/v1/providers/database.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v1/providers/database.spec.ts
@@ -458,6 +458,7 @@ describe("DataSnapshot", () => {
       populate(applyChange({ a: 23 }, { b: 33 }));
       expect(subject.child("a/b").val()).to.be.null;
       expect(subject.child("b/c").val()).to.be.null;
+      expect(subject.child("a/b/c").val()).to.be.null;
     });
 
     it("should return a leaf value", () => {
diff --git a/spec/v1/providers/https.spec.ts b/spec/v1/providers/https.spec.ts
index 3fc736952..c3a7671c0 100644
--- a/spec/v1/providers/https.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v1/providers/https.spec.ts
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ import {
 import { runHandler } from "../../helper";
 import { MINIMAL_V1_ENDPOINT } from "../../fixtures";
 import { CALLABLE_AUTH_HEADER, ORIGINAL_AUTH_HEADER } from "../../../src/common/providers/https";
+import { onInit } from "../../../src/v1";
 
 describe("CloudHttpsBuilder", () => {
   describe("#onRequest", () => {
@@ -70,6 +71,26 @@ describe("CloudHttpsBuilder", () => {
       expect(fn.__endpoint.timeoutSeconds).to.deep.equal(90);
       expect(fn.__endpoint.httpsTrigger.invoker).to.deep.equal(["private"]);
     });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      const fn = functions.https.onRequest((_req, res) => {
+        res.send(200);
+      });
+      const req = new MockRequest(
+        {
+          data: { foo: "bar" },
+        },
+        {
+          "content-type": "application/json",
+        }
+      );
+      req.method = "POST";
+      await runHandler(fn, req as any);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 });
 
@@ -114,7 +135,7 @@ describe("#onCall", () => {
     expect(fn.__endpoint.timeoutSeconds).to.deep.equal(90);
   });
 
-  it("has a .run method", () => {
+  it("has a .run method", async () => {
     const cf = https.onCall((d, c) => {
       return { data: d, context: c };
     });
@@ -127,7 +148,8 @@ describe("#onCall", () => {
         token: "token",
       },
     };
-    expect(cf.run(data, context)).to.deep.equal({ data, context });
+
+    await expect(cf.run(data, context)).to.eventually.deep.equal({ data, context });
   });
 
   // Regression test for firebase-functions#947
@@ -152,6 +174,25 @@ describe("#onCall", () => {
     expect(gotData).to.deep.equal({ foo: "bar" });
   });
 
+  it("should call initializer", async () => {
+    const func = https.onCall(() => null);
+    const req = new MockRequest(
+      {
+        data: {},
+      },
+      {
+        "content-type": "application/json",
+      }
+    );
+    req.method = "POST";
+
+    let hello;
+    onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+    expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+    await runHandler(func, req as any);
+    expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+  });
+
   // Test for firebase-tools#5210
   it("should create context.auth for v1 emulated functions", async () => {
     sinon.stub(debug, "isDebugFeatureEnabled").withArgs("skipTokenVerification").returns(true);
diff --git a/spec/v1/providers/remoteConfig.spec.ts b/spec/v1/providers/remoteConfig.spec.ts
index f5fb427e6..e207b5de3 100644
--- a/spec/v1/providers/remoteConfig.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v1/providers/remoteConfig.spec.ts
@@ -122,12 +122,14 @@ describe("RemoteConfig Functions", () => {
       delete process.env.GCLOUD_PROJECT;
     });
 
-    it("should unwrap the version in the event", () => {
-      return Promise.all([
-        cloudFunctionUpdate(event.data, event.context).then((data: any) => {
-          expect(data).to.deep.equal(constructVersion());
-        }),
-      ]);
+    it("should unwrap the version in the event", async () => {
+      let hello;
+      functions.onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await cloudFunctionUpdate(event.data, event.context).then((data: any) => {
+        expect(data).to.deep.equal(constructVersion());
+      });
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/spec/v2/providers/alerts/alerts.spec.ts b/spec/v2/providers/alerts/alerts.spec.ts
index 4476e121e..9f69f0555 100644
--- a/spec/v2/providers/alerts/alerts.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v2/providers/alerts/alerts.spec.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { expect } from "chai";
-import { CloudEvent } from "../../../../src/v2";
+import { CloudEvent, onInit } from "../../../../src/v2";
 import * as options from "../../../../src/v2/options";
 import * as alerts from "../../../../src/v2/providers/alerts";
 import { FULL_OPTIONS } from "../fixtures";
@@ -211,4 +211,21 @@ describe("alerts", () => {
       });
     });
   });
+
+  it("calls init function", async () => {
+    const event: CloudEvent<string> = {
+      specversion: "1.0",
+      id: "id",
+      source: "source",
+      type: "type",
+      time: "now",
+      data: "data",
+    };
+
+    let hello;
+    onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+    expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+    await alerts.onAlertPublished("alert", () => null)(event);
+    expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+  });
 });
diff --git a/spec/v2/providers/alerts/appDistribution.spec.ts b/spec/v2/providers/alerts/appDistribution.spec.ts
index 7e2b7d0c6..045b84448 100644
--- a/spec/v2/providers/alerts/appDistribution.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v2/providers/alerts/appDistribution.spec.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import * as alerts from "../../../../src/v2/providers/alerts";
 import * as appDistribution from "../../../../src/v2/providers/alerts/appDistribution";
 import { FULL_OPTIONS } from "../fixtures";
 import { FULL_ENDPOINT, MINIMAL_V2_ENDPOINT } from "../../../fixtures";
+import { onInit } from "../../../../src/v2/core";
 
 const APPID = "123456789";
 const myHandler = () => 42;
@@ -91,6 +92,16 @@ describe("appDistribution", () => {
 
       expect(res).to.equal("input");
     });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const func = appDistribution.onNewTesterIosDevicePublished(APPID, (event) => event);
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await func({ data: "test" } as any);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 
   describe("onInAppfeedbackPublished", () => {
@@ -172,6 +183,16 @@ describe("appDistribution", () => {
 
       expect(res).to.equal("input");
     });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const func = appDistribution.onInAppFeedbackPublished(APPID, (event) => event);
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await func({ data: "test" } as any);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 
   describe("getOptsAndApp", () => {
diff --git a/spec/v2/providers/alerts/billing.spec.ts b/spec/v2/providers/alerts/billing.spec.ts
index d4be3403d..a0020f83b 100644
--- a/spec/v2/providers/alerts/billing.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v2/providers/alerts/billing.spec.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import * as alerts from "../../../../src/v2/providers/alerts";
 import * as billing from "../../../../src/v2/providers/alerts/billing";
 import { FULL_OPTIONS } from "../fixtures";
 import { FULL_ENDPOINT, MINIMAL_V2_ENDPOINT } from "../../../fixtures";
+import { onInit } from "../../../../src/v2/core";
 
 const ALERT_TYPE = "new-alert-type";
 const myHandler = () => 42;
@@ -41,6 +42,16 @@ describe("billing", () => {
         },
       });
     });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const func = billing.onPlanAutomatedUpdatePublished((event) => event);
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await func({ data: "test" } as any);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 
   describe("onPlanAutomatedUpdatePublished", () => {
@@ -76,6 +87,16 @@ describe("billing", () => {
         },
       });
     });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const func = billing.onPlanAutomatedUpdatePublished((event) => event);
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await func({ data: "test" } as any);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 
   describe("onOperation", () => {
@@ -119,5 +140,15 @@ describe("billing", () => {
 
       expect(res).to.equal("input");
     });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const func = billing.onOperation(ALERT_TYPE, (event) => event, undefined);
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await func({ data: "test" } as any);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 });
diff --git a/spec/v2/providers/alerts/crashlytics.spec.ts b/spec/v2/providers/alerts/crashlytics.spec.ts
index fd4984b76..496f6f10c 100644
--- a/spec/v2/providers/alerts/crashlytics.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v2/providers/alerts/crashlytics.spec.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import * as alerts from "../../../../src/v2/providers/alerts";
 import * as crashlytics from "../../../../src/v2/providers/alerts/crashlytics";
 import { FULL_OPTIONS } from "../fixtures";
 import { FULL_ENDPOINT, MINIMAL_V2_ENDPOINT } from "../../../fixtures";
+import { onInit } from "../../../../src/v2/core";
 
 const ALERT_TYPE = "new-alert-type";
 const APPID = "123456789";
@@ -104,6 +105,16 @@ describe("crashlytics", () => {
           },
         });
       });
+
+      it("calls init function", async () => {
+        const func = crashlytics[method](APPID, myHandler);
+
+        let hello;
+        onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+        expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+        await func({ data: "crash" } as any);
+        expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+      });
     });
   }
 
diff --git a/spec/v2/providers/alerts/performance.spec.ts b/spec/v2/providers/alerts/performance.spec.ts
index 667aa7ba5..01004e3f6 100644
--- a/spec/v2/providers/alerts/performance.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v2/providers/alerts/performance.spec.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import * as alerts from "../../../../src/v2/providers/alerts";
 import * as performance from "../../../../src/v2/providers/alerts/performance";
 import { FULL_OPTIONS } from "../fixtures";
 import { FULL_ENDPOINT, MINIMAL_V2_ENDPOINT } from "../../../fixtures";
+import { CloudEvent, onInit } from "../../../../src/v2/core";
 
 const APPID = "123456789";
 const myHandler = () => 42;
@@ -45,6 +46,23 @@ describe("performance", () => {
           retry: false,
         },
       });
+
+      it("calls init function", async () => {
+        const event: CloudEvent<string> = {
+          specversion: "1.0",
+          id: "id",
+          source: "source",
+          type: "type",
+          time: "now",
+          data: "data",
+        };
+
+        let hello: string;
+        onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+        expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+        await performance.onThresholdAlertPublished(() => null)(event);
+        expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+      });
     });
 
     it("should create a function with appid in opts", () => {
diff --git a/spec/v2/providers/database.spec.ts b/spec/v2/providers/database.spec.ts
index acd87644d..c5e16f747 100644
--- a/spec/v2/providers/database.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v2/providers/database.spec.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import { PathPattern } from "../../../src/common/utilities/path-pattern";
 import * as database from "../../../src/v2/providers/database";
 import { expectType } from "../../common/metaprogramming";
 import { MINIMAL_V2_ENDPOINT } from "../../fixtures";
+import { CloudEvent, onInit } from "../../../src/v2/core";
 
 const RAW_RTDB_EVENT: database.RawRTDBCloudEvent = {
   data: {
@@ -409,6 +410,23 @@ describe("database", () => {
         },
       });
     });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const event: CloudEvent<string> = {
+        specversion: "1.0",
+        id: "id",
+        source: "source",
+        type: "type",
+        time: "now",
+        data: "data",
+      };
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await database.onValueWritten("path", () => null)(event);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 
   describe("onValueCreated", () => {
@@ -469,6 +487,23 @@ describe("database", () => {
         },
       });
     });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const event: CloudEvent<string> = {
+        specversion: "1.0",
+        id: "id",
+        source: "source",
+        type: "type",
+        time: "now",
+        data: "data",
+      };
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await database.onValueCreated("path", () => null)(event);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 
   describe("onValueUpdated", () => {
@@ -526,6 +561,23 @@ describe("database", () => {
         },
       });
     });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const event: CloudEvent<string> = {
+        specversion: "1.0",
+        id: "id",
+        source: "source",
+        type: "type",
+        time: "now",
+        data: "data",
+      };
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await database.onValueUpdated("path", () => null)(event);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 
   describe("onValueDeleted", () => {
@@ -583,5 +635,22 @@ describe("database", () => {
         },
       });
     });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const event: CloudEvent<string> = {
+        specversion: "1.0",
+        id: "id",
+        source: "source",
+        type: "type",
+        time: "now",
+        data: "data",
+      };
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await database.onValueDeleted("path", () => null)(event);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 });
diff --git a/spec/v2/providers/eventarc.spec.ts b/spec/v2/providers/eventarc.spec.ts
index feb42b458..28696319a 100644
--- a/spec/v2/providers/eventarc.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v2/providers/eventarc.spec.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import * as options from "../../../src/v2/options";
 import * as eventarc from "../../../src/v2/providers/eventarc";
 import { FULL_OPTIONS } from "./fixtures";
 import { FULL_ENDPOINT, MINIMAL_V2_ENDPOINT } from "../../fixtures";
+import { CloudEvent, onInit } from "../../../src/v2/core";
 
 const ENDPOINT_EVENT_TRIGGER = {
   eventType: "event-type",
@@ -149,5 +150,22 @@ describe("v2/eventarc", () => {
         },
       });
     });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const event: CloudEvent<string> = {
+        specversion: "1.0",
+        id: "id",
+        source: "source",
+        type: "type",
+        time: "now",
+        data: "data",
+      };
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await eventarc.onCustomEventPublished("type", () => null)(event);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 });
diff --git a/spec/v2/providers/firestore.spec.ts b/spec/v2/providers/firestore.spec.ts
index 555b2fd3b..e5406bdb3 100644
--- a/spec/v2/providers/firestore.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v2/providers/firestore.spec.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ import { google } from "../../../protos/compiledFirestore";
 import { Timestamp } from "firebase-admin/firestore";
 import * as firestore from "../../../src/v2/providers/firestore";
 import { PathPattern } from "../../../src/common/utilities/path-pattern";
+import { onInit } from "../../../src/v2/core";
+import * as params from "../../../src/params";
 
 /** static-complied protobuf */
 const DocumentEventData = google.events.cloud.firestore.v1.DocumentEventData;
@@ -39,9 +41,9 @@ const eventBase = {
   dataschema:
     "https://github.com/googleapis/google-cloudevents/blob/main/proto/google/events/cloud/firestore/v1/data.proto",
   id: "379ad868-5ef9-4c84-a8ba-f75f1b056663",
-  source: "//firestore.googleapis.com/projects/my-project/databases/my-db",
+  source: "projects/my-project/databases/my-db/documents/d",
   subject: "documents/foo/fGRodw71mHutZ4wGDuT8",
-  specversion: "1.0",
+  specversion: "1.0" as const,
   time: "2023-03-10T18:20:43.677647Z",
   type: "google.cloud.firestore.document.v1.created",
 };
@@ -82,6 +84,15 @@ function makeEvent(data?: any): firestore.RawFirestoreEvent {
   } as firestore.RawFirestoreEvent;
 }
 
+function makeAuthEvent(data?: any): firestore.RawFirestoreAuthEvent {
+  return {
+    ...eventBase,
+    data,
+    authid: "userId",
+    authtype: "unknown",
+  } as firestore.RawFirestoreAuthEvent;
+}
+
 const createdData = {
   value: {
     fields: {
@@ -147,6 +158,20 @@ const writtenData = {
 const writtenProto = DocumentEventData.create(writtenData);
 
 describe("firestore", () => {
+  let docParam: params.Expression<string>;
+  let nsParam: params.Expression<string>;
+  let dbParam: params.Expression<string>;
+
+  before(() => {
+    docParam = params.defineString("DOCUMENT");
+    nsParam = params.defineString("NAMESPACE");
+    dbParam = params.defineString("DATABASE");
+  });
+
+  after(() => {
+    params.clearParams();
+  });
+
   describe("onDocumentWritten", () => {
     it("should create a func", () => {
       const expectedEp = makeExpectedEp(
@@ -192,6 +217,46 @@ describe("firestore", () => {
       expect(func.run(true as any)).to.eq(2);
       expect(func.__endpoint).to.deep.eq(expectedEp);
     });
+
+    it("should create a func with param opts", () => {
+      const expectedEp = makeExpectedEp(
+        firestore.writtenEventType,
+        {
+          database: dbParam,
+          namespace: nsParam,
+        },
+        {
+          document: docParam,
+        }
+      );
+
+      const func = firestore.onDocumentWritten(
+        {
+          database: dbParam,
+          namespace: nsParam,
+          document: docParam,
+        },
+        () => true
+      );
+      expect(func.__endpoint).to.deep.eq(expectedEp);
+    });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const event: firestore.RawFirestoreEvent = {
+        ...eventBase,
+        datacontenttype: "application/json",
+        data: {
+          oldValue: null,
+          value: null,
+        },
+      };
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await firestore.onDocumentWritten("path", () => null)(event);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 
   describe("onDocumentCreated", () => {
@@ -239,6 +304,46 @@ describe("firestore", () => {
       expect(func.run(true as any)).to.eq(2);
       expect(func.__endpoint).to.deep.eq(expectedEp);
     });
+
+    it("should create a func with param opts", () => {
+      const expectedEp = makeExpectedEp(
+        firestore.createdEventType,
+        {
+          database: dbParam,
+          namespace: nsParam,
+        },
+        {
+          document: docParam,
+        }
+      );
+
+      const func = firestore.onDocumentCreated(
+        {
+          database: dbParam,
+          namespace: nsParam,
+          document: docParam,
+        },
+        () => true
+      );
+      expect(func.__endpoint).to.deep.eq(expectedEp);
+    });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const event: firestore.RawFirestoreEvent = {
+        ...eventBase,
+        datacontenttype: "application/json",
+        data: {
+          oldValue: null,
+          value: null,
+        },
+      };
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await firestore.onDocumentCreated("type", () => null)(event);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 
   describe("onDocumentUpdated", () => {
@@ -286,6 +391,46 @@ describe("firestore", () => {
       expect(func.run(true as any)).to.eq(2);
       expect(func.__endpoint).to.deep.eq(expectedEp);
     });
+
+    it("should create a func with param opts", () => {
+      const expectedEp = makeExpectedEp(
+        firestore.updatedEventType,
+        {
+          database: dbParam,
+          namespace: nsParam,
+        },
+        {
+          document: docParam,
+        }
+      );
+
+      const func = firestore.onDocumentUpdated(
+        {
+          database: dbParam,
+          namespace: nsParam,
+          document: docParam,
+        },
+        () => true
+      );
+      expect(func.__endpoint).to.deep.eq(expectedEp);
+    });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const event: firestore.RawFirestoreEvent = {
+        ...eventBase,
+        datacontenttype: "application/json",
+        data: {
+          oldValue: null,
+          value: null,
+        },
+      };
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await firestore.onDocumentUpdated("path", () => null)(event);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 
   describe("onDocumentDeleted", () => {
@@ -333,6 +478,302 @@ describe("firestore", () => {
       expect(func.run(true as any)).to.eq(2);
       expect(func.__endpoint).to.deep.eq(expectedEp);
     });
+
+    it("should create a func with param opts", () => {
+      const expectedEp = makeExpectedEp(
+        firestore.deletedEventType,
+        {
+          database: dbParam,
+          namespace: nsParam,
+        },
+        {
+          document: docParam,
+        }
+      );
+
+      const func = firestore.onDocumentDeleted(
+        {
+          database: dbParam,
+          namespace: nsParam,
+          document: docParam,
+        },
+        () => true
+      );
+      expect(func.__endpoint).to.deep.eq(expectedEp);
+    });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const event: firestore.RawFirestoreEvent = {
+        ...eventBase,
+        datacontenttype: "application/json",
+        data: {
+          oldValue: null,
+          value: null,
+        },
+      };
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await firestore.onDocumentDeleted("path", () => null)(event);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("onDocumentWrittenWithAuthContext", () => {
+    it("should create a func", () => {
+      const expectedEp = makeExpectedEp(
+        firestore.writtenEventWithAuthContextType,
+        {
+          database: "(default)",
+          namespace: "(default)",
+        },
+        {
+          document: "foo/{bar}",
+        }
+      );
+
+      const func = firestore.onDocumentWrittenWithAuthContext("foo/{bar}", () => 2);
+
+      expect(func.run(true as any)).to.eq(2);
+      expect(func.__endpoint).to.deep.eq(expectedEp);
+    });
+
+    it("should create a func with opts", () => {
+      const expectedEp = makeExpectedEp(
+        firestore.writtenEventWithAuthContextType,
+        {
+          database: "my-db",
+          namespace: "my-ns",
+        },
+        {
+          document: "foo/{bar}",
+        }
+      );
+      expectedEp["region"] = ["us-central1"];
+
+      const func = firestore.onDocumentWrittenWithAuthContext(
+        {
+          region: "us-central1",
+          document: "foo/{bar}",
+          database: "my-db",
+          namespace: "my-ns",
+        },
+        () => 2
+      );
+
+      expect(func.run(true as any)).to.eq(2);
+      expect(func.__endpoint).to.deep.eq(expectedEp);
+    });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const event: firestore.RawFirestoreEvent = {
+        ...eventBase,
+        datacontenttype: "application/json",
+        data: {
+          oldValue: null,
+          value: null,
+        },
+      };
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await firestore.onDocumentWrittenWithAuthContext("path", () => null)(event);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("onDocumentCreatedWithAuthContext", () => {
+    it("should create a func", () => {
+      const expectedEp = makeExpectedEp(
+        firestore.createdEventWithAuthContextType,
+        {
+          database: "(default)",
+          namespace: "(default)",
+        },
+        {
+          document: "foo/{bar}",
+        }
+      );
+
+      const func = firestore.onDocumentCreatedWithAuthContext("foo/{bar}", () => 2);
+
+      expect(func.run(true as any)).to.eq(2);
+      expect(func.__endpoint).to.deep.eq(expectedEp);
+    });
+
+    it("should create a func with opts", () => {
+      const expectedEp = makeExpectedEp(
+        firestore.createdEventWithAuthContextType,
+        {
+          database: "my-db",
+          namespace: "my-ns",
+        },
+        {
+          document: "foo/{bar}",
+        }
+      );
+      expectedEp["region"] = ["us-central1"];
+
+      const func = firestore.onDocumentCreatedWithAuthContext(
+        {
+          region: "us-central1",
+          document: "foo/{bar}",
+          database: "my-db",
+          namespace: "my-ns",
+        },
+        () => 2
+      );
+
+      expect(func.run(true as any)).to.eq(2);
+      expect(func.__endpoint).to.deep.eq(expectedEp);
+    });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const event: firestore.RawFirestoreEvent = {
+        ...eventBase,
+        datacontenttype: "application/json",
+        data: {
+          oldValue: null,
+          value: null,
+        },
+      };
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await firestore.onDocumentCreatedWithAuthContext("path", () => null)(event);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("onDocumentUpdatedWithAuthContext", () => {
+    it("should create a func", () => {
+      const expectedEp = makeExpectedEp(
+        firestore.updatedEventWithAuthContextType,
+        {
+          database: "(default)",
+          namespace: "(default)",
+        },
+        {
+          document: "foo/{bar}",
+        }
+      );
+
+      const func = firestore.onDocumentUpdatedWithAuthContext("foo/{bar}", () => 2);
+
+      expect(func.run(true as any)).to.eq(2);
+      expect(func.__endpoint).to.deep.eq(expectedEp);
+    });
+
+    it("should create a func with opts", () => {
+      const expectedEp = makeExpectedEp(
+        firestore.updatedEventWithAuthContextType,
+        {
+          database: "my-db",
+          namespace: "my-ns",
+        },
+        {
+          document: "foo/{bar}",
+        }
+      );
+      expectedEp["region"] = ["us-central1"];
+
+      const func = firestore.onDocumentUpdatedWithAuthContext(
+        {
+          region: "us-central1",
+          document: "foo/{bar}",
+          database: "my-db",
+          namespace: "my-ns",
+        },
+        () => 2
+      );
+
+      expect(func.run(true as any)).to.eq(2);
+      expect(func.__endpoint).to.deep.eq(expectedEp);
+    });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const event: firestore.RawFirestoreEvent = {
+        ...eventBase,
+        datacontenttype: "application/json",
+        data: {
+          oldValue: null,
+          value: null,
+        },
+      };
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await firestore.onDocumentUpdatedWithAuthContext("path", () => null)(event);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("onDocumentDeletedWithAuthContext", () => {
+    it("should create a func", () => {
+      const expectedEp = makeExpectedEp(
+        firestore.deletedEventWithAuthContextType,
+        {
+          database: "(default)",
+          namespace: "(default)",
+        },
+        {
+          document: "foo/{bar}",
+        }
+      );
+
+      const func = firestore.onDocumentDeletedWithAuthContext("foo/{bar}", () => 2);
+
+      expect(func.run(true as any)).to.eq(2);
+      expect(func.__endpoint).to.deep.eq(expectedEp);
+    });
+
+    it("should create a func with opts", () => {
+      const expectedEp = makeExpectedEp(
+        firestore.deletedEventWithAuthContextType,
+        {
+          database: "my-db",
+          namespace: "my-ns",
+        },
+        {
+          document: "foo/{bar}",
+        }
+      );
+      expectedEp["region"] = ["us-central1"];
+
+      const func = firestore.onDocumentDeletedWithAuthContext(
+        {
+          region: "us-central1",
+          document: "foo/{bar}",
+          database: "my-db",
+          namespace: "my-ns",
+        },
+        () => 2
+      );
+
+      expect(func.run(true as any)).to.eq(2);
+      expect(func.__endpoint).to.deep.eq(expectedEp);
+    });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const event: firestore.RawFirestoreEvent = {
+        ...eventBase,
+        datacontenttype: "application/json",
+        data: {
+          oldValue: null,
+          value: null,
+        },
+      };
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await firestore.onDocumentDeletedWithAuthContext("path", () => null)(event);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 
   describe("getOpts", () => {
@@ -544,6 +985,26 @@ describe("firestore", () => {
 
       expect(event.data.data()).to.deep.eq({ hello: "delete world" });
     });
+
+    it("should make event from a created event with auth context", () => {
+      const event = firestore.makeFirestoreEvent(
+        firestore.createdEventWithAuthContextType,
+        makeAuthEvent(makeEncodedProtobuf(createdProto)),
+        firestore.makeParams("foo/fGRodw71mHutZ4wGDuT8", new PathPattern("foo/{bar}"))
+      );
+
+      expect(event.data.data()).to.deep.eq({ hello: "create world" });
+    });
+
+    it("should include auth fields if provided in raw event", () => {
+      const event = firestore.makeFirestoreEvent(
+        firestore.createdEventWithAuthContextType,
+        makeAuthEvent(makeEncodedProtobuf(createdProto)),
+        firestore.makeParams("foo/fGRodw71mHutZ4wGDuT8", new PathPattern("foo/{bar}"))
+      );
+
+      expect(event).to.include({ authId: "userId", authType: "unknown" });
+    });
   });
 
   describe("makeChangedFirestoreEvent", () => {
@@ -577,6 +1038,15 @@ describe("firestore", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  it("should include auth fields if provided in raw event", () => {
+    const event = firestore.makeChangedFirestoreEvent(
+      makeAuthEvent(makeEncodedProtobuf(writtenProto)),
+      firestore.makeParams("foo/fGRodw71mHutZ4wGDuT8", new PathPattern("foo/{bar}"))
+    );
+
+    expect(event).to.include({ authId: "userId", authType: "unknown" });
+  });
+
   describe("makeEndpoint", () => {
     it("should make an endpoint with a document path pattern", () => {
       const expectedEp = makeExpectedEp(
@@ -594,7 +1064,7 @@ describe("firestore", () => {
       const ep = firestore.makeEndpoint(
         firestore.createdEventType,
         { region: "us-central1" },
-        new PathPattern("foo/{bar}"),
+        "foo/{bar}",
         "my-db",
         "my-ns"
       );
@@ -617,7 +1087,7 @@ describe("firestore", () => {
       const ep = firestore.makeEndpoint(
         firestore.createdEventType,
         { region: "us-central1" },
-        new PathPattern("foo/fGRodw71mHutZ4wGDuT8"),
+        "foo/fGRodw71mHutZ4wGDuT8",
         "my-db",
         "my-ns"
       );
diff --git a/spec/v2/providers/https.spec.ts b/spec/v2/providers/https.spec.ts
index 64a37c7eb..643044338 100644
--- a/spec/v2/providers/https.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v2/providers/https.spec.ts
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import * as https from "../../../src/v2/providers/https";
 import { expectedResponseHeaders, MockRequest } from "../../fixtures/mockrequest";
 import { runHandler } from "../../helper";
 import { FULL_ENDPOINT, MINIMAL_V2_ENDPOINT, FULL_OPTIONS, FULL_TRIGGER } from "./fixtures";
+import { onInit } from "../../../src/v2/core";
 
 describe("onRequest", () => {
   beforeEach(() => {
@@ -270,6 +271,28 @@ describe("onRequest", () => {
 
     sinon.restore();
   });
+
+  it("calls init function", async () => {
+    const func = https.onRequest((req, res) => {
+      res.status(200).send("Good");
+    });
+    const req = new MockRequest(
+      {
+        data: {},
+      },
+      {
+        "Access-Control-Request-Method": "POST",
+        "Access-Control-Request-Headers": "origin",
+        origin: "example.com",
+      }
+    );
+    req.method = "OPTIONS";
+    let hello;
+    onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+    expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+    await runHandler(func, req as any);
+    expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+  });
 });
 
 describe("onCall", () => {
@@ -363,7 +386,7 @@ describe("onCall", () => {
     });
   });
 
-  it("has a .run method", () => {
+  it("has a .run method", async () => {
     const cf = https.onCall((request) => {
       return request;
     });
@@ -376,7 +399,7 @@ describe("onCall", () => {
         token: "token",
       },
     };
-    expect(cf.run(request)).to.deep.equal(request);
+    await expect(cf.run(request)).to.eventually.deep.equal(request);
   });
 
   it("should be an express handler", async () => {
@@ -487,4 +510,25 @@ describe("onCall", () => {
     https.onCall((request: https.CallableRequest<string>) => `Hello, ${request.data}`);
     https.onCall((request: https.CallableRequest) => `Hello, ${request.data}`);
   });
+
+  it("calls init function", async () => {
+    const func = https.onCall(() => 42);
+
+    const req = new MockRequest(
+      {
+        data: {},
+      },
+      {
+        "content-type": "application/json",
+        origin: "example.com",
+      }
+    );
+    req.method = "POST";
+
+    let hello;
+    onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+    expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+    await runHandler(func, req as any);
+    expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+  });
 });
diff --git a/spec/v2/providers/identity.spec.ts b/spec/v2/providers/identity.spec.ts
index 7559a4133..bcd416d29 100644
--- a/spec/v2/providers/identity.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v2/providers/identity.spec.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 import { expect } from "chai";
 import * as identity from "../../../src/v2/providers/identity";
 import { MINIMAL_V2_ENDPOINT } from "../../fixtures";
+import { onInit } from "../../../src/v2/core";
+import { MockRequest } from "../../fixtures/mockrequest";
+import { runHandler } from "../../helper";
 
 const BEFORE_CREATE_TRIGGER = {
   eventType: "providers/cloud.auth/eventTypes/user.beforeCreate",
@@ -91,6 +94,27 @@ describe("identity", () => {
         },
       ]);
     });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const func = identity.beforeUserCreated(() => null);
+
+      const req = new MockRequest(
+        {
+          data: {},
+        },
+        {
+          "content-type": "application/json",
+          origin: "example.com",
+        }
+      );
+      req.method = "POST";
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await runHandler(func, req as any);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 
   describe("beforeUserSignedIn", () => {
@@ -135,6 +159,27 @@ describe("identity", () => {
         },
       ]);
     });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const func = identity.beforeUserSignedIn(() => null);
+
+      const req = new MockRequest(
+        {
+          data: {},
+        },
+        {
+          "content-type": "application/json",
+          origin: "example.com",
+        }
+      );
+      req.method = "POST";
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await runHandler(func, req as any);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 
   describe("beforeOperation", () => {
diff --git a/spec/v2/providers/pubsub.spec.ts b/spec/v2/providers/pubsub.spec.ts
index 3b712044e..d498b1b42 100644
--- a/spec/v2/providers/pubsub.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v2/providers/pubsub.spec.ts
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ describe("onMessagePublished", () => {
     expect(res).to.equal("input");
   });
 
-  it("should parse pubsub messages", () => {
+  it("should parse pubsub messages", async () => {
     let json: unknown;
     const messageJSON = {
       messageId: "uuid",
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ describe("onMessagePublished", () => {
       return event;
     });
 
-    const eventAgain = func(event);
+    const eventAgain = await func(event);
 
     // Deep equal uses JSON equality, so we'll still match even though
     // Message is a class and we passed an interface.
diff --git a/spec/v2/providers/remoteConfig.spec.ts b/spec/v2/providers/remoteConfig.spec.ts
index 5faf907ec..3b32ed111 100644
--- a/spec/v2/providers/remoteConfig.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v2/providers/remoteConfig.spec.ts
@@ -24,13 +24,14 @@ import { expect } from "chai";
 import * as remoteConfig from "../../../src/v2/providers/remoteConfig";
 import * as options from "../../../src/v2/options";
 import { MINIMAL_V2_ENDPOINT } from "../../fixtures";
+import { CloudEvent, onInit } from "../../../src/v2/core";
 
 describe("onConfigUpdated", () => {
   afterEach(() => {
     options.setGlobalOptions({});
   });
 
-  it("should create a function with a handler", () => {
+  it("should create a function with a handler", async () => {
     const fn = remoteConfig.onConfigUpdated(() => 2);
 
     expect(fn.__endpoint).to.deep.eq({
@@ -43,10 +44,10 @@ describe("onConfigUpdated", () => {
         retry: false,
       },
     });
-    expect(fn.run(1 as any)).to.eq(2);
+    await expect(fn(1 as any)).to.eventually.eq(2);
   });
 
-  it("should create a function with opts and a handler", () => {
+  it("should create a function with opts and a handler", async () => {
     options.setGlobalOptions({
       memory: "512MiB",
       region: "us-west1",
@@ -72,6 +73,23 @@ describe("onConfigUpdated", () => {
         retry: true,
       },
     });
-    expect(fn.run(1 as any)).to.eq(2);
+    await expect(fn(1 as any)).to.eventually.eq(2);
+  });
+
+  it("calls init function", async () => {
+    const event: CloudEvent<string> = {
+      specversion: "1.0",
+      id: "id",
+      source: "source",
+      type: "type",
+      time: "now",
+      data: "data",
+    };
+
+    let hello;
+    onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+    expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+    await remoteConfig.onConfigUpdated(() => null)(event);
+    expect(hello).to.equal("world");
   });
 });
diff --git a/spec/v2/providers/scheduler.spec.ts b/spec/v2/providers/scheduler.spec.ts
index 4f3e6f984..fcd03cf1f 100644
--- a/spec/v2/providers/scheduler.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v2/providers/scheduler.spec.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ import { ManifestEndpoint } from "../../../src/runtime/manifest";
 import * as options from "../../../src/v2/options";
 import * as schedule from "../../../src/v2/providers/scheduler";
 import { MINIMAL_V2_ENDPOINT } from "../../fixtures";
+import { onInit } from "../../../src/v2/core";
+import { MockRequest } from "../../fixtures/mockrequest";
+import { runHandler } from "../../helper";
 
 const MINIMAL_SCHEDULE_TRIGGER: ManifestEndpoint["scheduleTrigger"] = {
   schedule: "",
@@ -187,5 +190,26 @@ describe("schedule", () => {
         foo: "newBar",
       });
     });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const func = schedule.onSchedule("* * * * *", () => null);
+
+      const req = new MockRequest(
+        {
+          data: {},
+        },
+        {
+          "content-type": "application/json",
+          origin: "example.com",
+        }
+      );
+      req.method = "POST";
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await runHandler(func, req as any);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 });
diff --git a/spec/v2/providers/storage.spec.ts b/spec/v2/providers/storage.spec.ts
index d5a699d70..06324e9ab 100644
--- a/spec/v2/providers/storage.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v2/providers/storage.spec.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import * as config from "../../../src/common/config";
 import * as options from "../../../src/v2/options";
 import * as storage from "../../../src/v2/providers/storage";
 import { FULL_ENDPOINT, MINIMAL_V2_ENDPOINT, FULL_OPTIONS, FULL_TRIGGER } from "./fixtures";
+import { CloudEvent, onInit } from "../../../src/v2/core";
 
 const EVENT_TRIGGER = {
   eventType: "event-type",
@@ -312,6 +313,23 @@ describe("v2/storage", () => {
         region: ["us-west1"],
       });
     });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const event: CloudEvent<string> = {
+        specversion: "1.0",
+        id: "id",
+        source: "source",
+        type: "type",
+        time: "now",
+        data: "data",
+      };
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await storage.onObjectArchived("bucket", () => null)(event);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 
   describe("onObjectFinalized", () => {
@@ -429,6 +447,23 @@ describe("v2/storage", () => {
         region: ["us-west1"],
       });
     });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const event: CloudEvent<string> = {
+        specversion: "1.0",
+        id: "id",
+        source: "source",
+        type: "type",
+        time: "now",
+        data: "data",
+      };
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await storage.onObjectFinalized("bucket", () => null)(event);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 
   describe("onObjectDeleted", () => {
@@ -543,6 +578,23 @@ describe("v2/storage", () => {
         region: ["us-west1"],
       });
     });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const event: CloudEvent<string> = {
+        specversion: "1.0",
+        id: "id",
+        source: "source",
+        type: "type",
+        time: "now",
+        data: "data",
+      };
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await storage.onObjectDeleted("bucket", () => null)(event);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 
   describe("onObjectMetadataUpdated", () => {
@@ -661,5 +713,22 @@ describe("v2/storage", () => {
         region: ["us-west1"],
       });
     });
+
+    it("calls init function", async () => {
+      const event: CloudEvent<string> = {
+        specversion: "1.0",
+        id: "id",
+        source: "source",
+        type: "type",
+        time: "now",
+        data: "data",
+      };
+
+      let hello;
+      onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+      expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+      await storage.onObjectMetadataUpdated("bucket", () => null)(event);
+      expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+    });
   });
 });
diff --git a/spec/v2/providers/tasks.spec.ts b/spec/v2/providers/tasks.spec.ts
index 1597a1947..46ffd7a0a 100644
--- a/spec/v2/providers/tasks.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v2/providers/tasks.spec.ts
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import { onTaskDispatched, Request } from "../../../src/v2/providers/tasks";
 import { MockRequest } from "../../fixtures/mockrequest";
 import { runHandler } from "../../helper";
 import { FULL_ENDPOINT, MINIMAL_V2_ENDPOINT, FULL_OPTIONS, FULL_TRIGGER } from "./fixtures";
+import { onInit } from "../../../src/v2/core";
 
 const MINIMIAL_TASK_QUEUE_TRIGGER: ManifestEndpoint["taskQueueTrigger"] = {
   rateLimits: {
@@ -299,4 +300,25 @@ describe("onTaskDispatched", () => {
       console.log(`Hello, ${request.data}`);
     });
   });
+
+  it("calls init function", async () => {
+    const func = onTaskDispatched(() => null);
+
+    const req = new MockRequest(
+      {
+        data: {},
+      },
+      {
+        "content-type": "application/json",
+        origin: "example.com",
+      }
+    );
+    req.method = "POST";
+
+    let hello;
+    onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+    expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+    await runHandler(func, req as any);
+    expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+  });
 });
diff --git a/spec/v2/providers/testLab.spec.ts b/spec/v2/providers/testLab.spec.ts
index 15ff77248..15d649d44 100644
--- a/spec/v2/providers/testLab.spec.ts
+++ b/spec/v2/providers/testLab.spec.ts
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import { expect } from "chai";
 import * as testLab from "../../../src/v2/providers/testLab";
 import * as options from "../../../src/v2/options";
 import { MINIMAL_V2_ENDPOINT } from "../../fixtures";
+import { CloudEvent, onInit } from "../../../src/v2/core";
 
 describe("onTestMatrixCompleted", () => {
   afterEach(() => {
@@ -74,4 +75,21 @@ describe("onTestMatrixCompleted", () => {
     });
     expect(fn.run(1 as any)).to.eq(2);
   });
+
+  it("calls init function", async () => {
+    const event: CloudEvent<string> = {
+      specversion: "1.0",
+      id: "id",
+      source: "source",
+      type: "type",
+      time: "now",
+      data: "data",
+    };
+
+    let hello;
+    onInit(() => (hello = "world"));
+    expect(hello).to.be.undefined;
+    await testLab.onTestMatrixCompleted(() => null)(event);
+    expect(hello).to.equal("world");
+  });
 });
diff --git a/src/common/onInit.ts b/src/common/onInit.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e1b32ca64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/onInit.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import * as logger from "../logger";
+
+let initCallback: (() => unknown) | null = null;
+let didInit = false;
+
+/**
+ * Registers a callback that should be run when in a production environment
+ * before executing any functions code.
+ * Calling this function more than once leads to undefined behavior.
+ * @param callback initialization callback to be run before any function executes.
+ */
+export function onInit(callback: () => unknown) {
+  if (initCallback) {
+    logger.warn(
+      "Setting onInit callback more than once. Only the most recent callback will be called"
+    );
+  }
+  initCallback = callback;
+  didInit = false;
+}
+
+type Resolved<T> = T extends Promise<infer V> ? V : T;
+
+/** @internal */
+export function withInit<T extends (...args: unknown[]) => unknown>(func: T) {
+  return async (...args: Parameters<T>): Promise<Resolved<ReturnType<T>>> => {
+    if (!didInit) {
+      if (initCallback) {
+        await initCallback();
+      }
+      didInit = true;
+    }
+
+    // Note: This cast is actually inaccurate because it may be a promise, but
+    // it doesn't actually matter because the async function will promisify
+    // non-promises and forward promises.
+    return func(...args) as Resolved<ReturnType<T>>;
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/common/params.ts b/src/common/params.ts
index a35a870b3..e0b0b8537 100644
--- a/src/common/params.ts
+++ b/src/common/params.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 // OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
 // SOFTWARE.
 
+import { Expression } from "../params";
+
 /**
  * A type that splits literal string S with delimiter D.
  *
@@ -78,10 +80,17 @@ export type Extract<Part extends string> = Part extends `{${infer Param}=**}`
  *
  * For flexibility reasons, ParamsOf<string> is Record<string, string>
  */
-export type ParamsOf<PathPattern extends string> =
+export type ParamsOf<PathPattern extends string | Expression<string>> =
   // if we have lost type information, revert back to an untyped dictionary
-  string extends PathPattern
+  PathPattern extends Expression<string>
+    ? Record<string, string>
+    : string extends PathPattern
     ? Record<string, string>
     : {
-        [Key in Extract<Split<NullSafe<PathPattern>, "/">[number]>]: string;
+        // N.B. I'm not sure why PathPattern isn't detected to not be an
+        // Expression<string> per the check above. Since we have the check above
+        // The Exclude call should be safe.
+        [Key in Extract<
+          Split<NullSafe<Exclude<PathPattern, Expression<string>>>, "/">[number]
+        >]: string;
       };
diff --git a/src/common/providers/database.ts b/src/common/providers/database.ts
index 33250f4c0..d73bb5503 100644
--- a/src/common/providers/database.ts
+++ b/src/common/providers/database.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,14 @@ import * as database from "firebase-admin/database";
 import { firebaseConfig } from "../../common/config";
 import { joinPath, pathParts } from "../../common/utilities/path";
 
+/**
+ * Pulled from @firebase/database-types, make sure the interface is updated on dependencies upgrades.
+ * Represents a child snapshot of a `Reference` that is being iterated over. The key will never be undefined.
+ */
+interface IteratedDataSnapshot extends DataSnapshot {
+  key: string; // key of the location of this snapshot.
+}
+
 /**
  * Interface representing a Firebase Realtime database data snapshot.
  */
@@ -120,6 +128,9 @@ export class DataSnapshot implements database.DataSnapshot {
     let source = this._data;
     if (parts.length) {
       for (const part of parts) {
+        if (source[part] === undefined) {
+          return null;
+        }
         source = source[part];
       }
     }
@@ -204,7 +215,7 @@ export class DataSnapshot implements database.DataSnapshot {
    * @return `true` if enumeration was canceled due to your callback
    *   returning `true`.
    */
-  forEach(action: (a: DataSnapshot) => boolean | void): boolean {
+  forEach(action: (a: IteratedDataSnapshot) => boolean | void): boolean {
     const val = this.val() || {};
     if (typeof val === "object") {
       return Object.keys(val).some((key) => action(this.child(key)) === true);
diff --git a/src/common/providers/firestore.ts b/src/common/providers/firestore.ts
index 0f2e8b621..8a74b588a 100644
--- a/src/common/providers/firestore.ts
+++ b/src/common/providers/firestore.ts
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ function _getValueProto(data: any, resource: string, valueFieldName: string) {
 }
 
 /** @internal */
-export function createSnapshotFromProtobuf(data: Uint8Array, path: string) {
+export function createSnapshotFromProtobuf(data: Uint8Array, path: string, databaseId: string) {
   if (!firestoreInstance) {
-    firestoreInstance = firestore.getFirestore(getApp());
+    firestoreInstance = firestore.getFirestore(getApp(), databaseId);
   }
   try {
     const dataBuffer = Buffer.from(data);
@@ -68,9 +68,13 @@ export function createSnapshotFromProtobuf(data: Uint8Array, path: string) {
 }
 
 /** @internal */
-export function createBeforeSnapshotFromProtobuf(data: Uint8Array, path: string) {
+export function createBeforeSnapshotFromProtobuf(
+  data: Uint8Array,
+  path: string,
+  databaseId: string
+) {
   if (!firestoreInstance) {
-    firestoreInstance = firestore.getFirestore(getApp());
+    firestoreInstance = firestore.getFirestore(getApp(), databaseId);
   }
   try {
     const dataBuffer = Buffer.from(data);
@@ -88,10 +92,13 @@ export function createSnapshotFromJson(
   data: any,
   source: string,
   createTime: string | undefined,
-  updateTime: string | undefined
+  updateTime: string | undefined,
+  databaseId?: string
 ) {
   if (!firestoreInstance) {
-    firestoreInstance = firestore.getFirestore(getApp());
+    firestoreInstance = databaseId
+      ? firestore.getFirestore(getApp(), databaseId)
+      : firestore.getFirestore(getApp());
   }
   const valueProto = _getValueProto(data, source, "value");
   let timeString = createTime || updateTime;
@@ -110,11 +117,15 @@ export function createBeforeSnapshotFromJson(
   data: any,
   source: string,
   createTime: string | undefined,
-  updateTime: string | undefined
+  updateTime: string | undefined,
+  databaseId?: string
 ) {
   if (!firestoreInstance) {
-    firestoreInstance = firestore.getFirestore(getApp());
+    firestoreInstance = databaseId
+      ? firestore.getFirestore(getApp(), databaseId)
+      : firestore.getFirestore(getApp());
   }
+
   const oldValueProto = _getValueProto(data, source, "oldValue");
   const oldReadTime = dateToTimestampProto(createTime || updateTime);
   return firestoreInstance.snapshot_(oldValueProto, oldReadTime, "json");
diff --git a/src/common/providers/identity.ts b/src/common/providers/identity.ts
index 0368c08ad..e1fa3a196 100644
--- a/src/common/providers/identity.ts
+++ b/src/common/providers/identity.ts
@@ -69,18 +69,19 @@ const EVENT_MAPPING: Record<string, string> = {
 };
 
 /**
- * The UserRecord passed to Cloud Functions is the same UserRecord that is returned by the Firebase Admin
- * SDK.
+ * The `UserRecord` passed to Cloud Functions is the same
+ * {@link https://firebase.google.com/docs/reference/admin/node/firebase-admin.auth.userrecord | UserRecord}
+ * that is returned by the Firebase Admin SDK.
  */
 export type UserRecord = auth.UserRecord;
 
 /**
- * UserInfo that is part of the UserRecord
+ * `UserInfo` that is part of the `UserRecord`.
  */
 export type UserInfo = auth.UserInfo;
 
 /**
- * Helper class to create the user metadata in a UserRecord object
+ * Helper class to create the user metadata in a `UserRecord` object.
  */
 export class UserRecordMetadata implements auth.UserMetadata {
   constructor(public creationTime: string, public lastSignInTime: string) {}
@@ -95,9 +96,9 @@ export class UserRecordMetadata implements auth.UserMetadata {
 }
 
 /**
- * Helper function that creates a UserRecord Class from data sent over the wire.
+ * Helper function that creates a `UserRecord` class from data sent over the wire.
  * @param wireData data sent over the wire
- * @returns an instance of UserRecord with correct toJSON functions
+ * @returns an instance of `UserRecord` with correct toJSON functions
  */
 export function userRecordConstructor(wireData: Record<string, unknown>): UserRecord {
   // Falsey values from the wire format proto get lost when converted to JSON, this adds them back.
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ export function userRecordConstructor(wireData: Record<string, unknown>): UserRe
 }
 
 /**
- * User info that is part of the AuthUserRecord
+ * User info that is part of the `AuthUserRecord`.
  */
 export interface AuthUserInfo {
   /**
@@ -243,7 +244,7 @@ export interface AuthMultiFactorSettings {
 }
 
 /**
- * The UserRecord passed to auth blocking Cloud Functions from the identity platform.
+ * The `UserRecord` passed to auth blocking functions from the identity platform.
  */
 export interface AuthUserRecord {
   /**
@@ -340,7 +341,7 @@ export interface AuthEventContext extends EventContext {
   credential?: Credential;
 }
 
-/** Defines the auth event for v2 blocking events */
+/** Defines the auth event for 2nd gen blocking events */
 export interface AuthBlockingEvent extends AuthEventContext {
   data?: AuthUserRecord;
 }
@@ -362,7 +363,12 @@ export interface BeforeSmsResponse {
   smsType?: SmsType;
 }
 
-/** The handler response type for beforeCreate blocking events */
+/**
+ * The reCAPTCHA action options.
+ */
+export type RecaptchaActionOptions = "ALLOW" | "BLOCK";
+
+/** The handler response type for `beforeCreate` blocking events */
 export interface BeforeCreateResponse {
   displayName?: string;
   disabled?: boolean;
@@ -372,7 +378,7 @@ export interface BeforeCreateResponse {
   recaptchaActionOverride?: RecaptchaActionOptions;
 }
 
-/** The handler response type for beforeSignIn blocking events */
+/** The handler response type for `beforeSignIn` blocking events */
 export interface BeforeSignInResponse extends BeforeCreateResponse {
   sessionClaims?: object;
 }
@@ -498,7 +504,7 @@ type HandlerV2 = (
   | Promise<void>;
 
 /**
- * Checks for a valid identity platform web request, otherwise throws an HttpsError
+ * Checks for a valid identity platform web request, otherwise throws an HttpsError.
  * @internal
  */
 export function isValidRequest(req: express.Request): boolean {
@@ -534,15 +540,15 @@ function unsafeDecodeAuthBlockingToken(token: string): DecodedPayload {
 }
 
 /**
- * Helper function to parse the decoded metadata object into a UserMetaData object
+ * Helper function to parse the decoded metadata object into a `UserMetaData` object
  * @internal
  */
 export function parseMetadata(metadata: DecodedPayloadUserRecordMetadata): AuthUserMetadata {
   const creationTime = metadata?.creation_time
-    ? new Date(metadata.creation_time * 1000).toUTCString()
+    ? new Date(metadata.creation_time).toUTCString()
     : null;
   const lastSignInTime = metadata?.last_sign_in_time
-    ? new Date(metadata.last_sign_in_time * 1000).toUTCString()
+    ? new Date(metadata.last_sign_in_time).toUTCString()
     : null;
   return {
     creationTime,
@@ -551,7 +557,7 @@ export function parseMetadata(metadata: DecodedPayloadUserRecordMetadata): AuthU
 }
 
 /**
- * Helper function to parse the decoded user info array into an AuthUserInfo array
+ * Helper function to parse the decoded user info array into an `AuthUserInfo` array.
  * @internal
  */
 export function parseProviderData(
@@ -572,7 +578,7 @@ export function parseProviderData(
 }
 
 /**
- * Helper function to parse the date into a UTC string
+ * Helper function to parse the date into a UTC string.
  * @internal
  */
 export function parseDate(tokensValidAfterTime?: number): string | null {
@@ -665,7 +671,7 @@ export function parseAuthUserRecord(
   };
 }
 
-/** Helper to get the AdditionalUserInfo from the decoded jwt */
+/** Helper to get the `AdditionalUserInfo` from the decoded JWT */
 function parseAdditionalUserInfo(decodedJWT: DecodedPayload): AdditionalUserInfo {
   let profile;
   let username;
@@ -723,7 +729,7 @@ export function generateResponsePayload(
   return result;
 }
 
-/** Helper to get the Credential from the decoded jwt */
+/** Helper to get the Credential from the decoded JWT */
 function parseAuthCredential(decodedJWT: DecodedPayload, time: number): Credential {
   if (
     !decodedJWT.sign_in_attributes &&
diff --git a/src/common/providers/tasks.ts b/src/common/providers/tasks.ts
index 67ac1794a..4f2e82a78 100644
--- a/src/common/providers/tasks.ts
+++ b/src/common/providers/tasks.ts
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ export interface TaskContext {
   /**
    * The "short" name of the task, or, if no name was specified at creation, a unique
    * system-generated id.
-   * This is the my-task-id value in the complete task name, ie, task_name =
-   * projects/my-project-id/locations/my-location/queues/my-queue-id/tasks/my-task-id.
+   * This is the "my-task-id" value in the complete task name, such as "task_name =
+   * projects/my-project-id/locations/my-location/queues/my-queue-id/tasks/my-task-id."
    * Populated via the `X-CloudTasks-TaskName` header.
    */
   id: string;
diff --git a/src/params/index.ts b/src/params/index.ts
index 550ab9db9..15ae9ebd7 100644
--- a/src/params/index.ts
+++ b/src/params/index.ts
@@ -38,13 +38,23 @@ import {
   InternalExpression,
 } from "./types";
 
+export {
+  BUCKET_PICKER,
+  TextInput,
+  SelectInput,
+  SelectOptions,
+  MultiSelectInput,
+  select,
+  multiSelect,
+} from "./types";
+
 export { ParamOptions, Expression };
 
 type SecretOrExpr = Param<any> | SecretParam;
 export const declaredParams: SecretOrExpr[] = [];
 
 /**
- * Use a helper to manage the list such that params are uniquely
+ * Use a helper to manage the list such that parameters are uniquely
  * registered once only but order is preserved.
  * @internal
  */
@@ -66,7 +76,7 @@ export function clearParams() {
 }
 
 /**
- * A builtin param that resolves to the default RTDB database URL associated
+ * A built-in parameter that resolves to the default RTDB database URL associated
  * with the project, without prompting the deployer. Empty string if none exists.
  */
 export const databaseURL: Param<string> = new InternalExpression(
@@ -74,7 +84,7 @@ export const databaseURL: Param<string> = new InternalExpression(
   (env: NodeJS.ProcessEnv) => JSON.parse(env.FIREBASE_CONFIG)?.databaseURL || ""
 );
 /**
- * A builtin param that resolves to the Cloud project ID associated with
+ * A built-in parameter that resolves to the Cloud project ID associated with
  * the project, without prompting the deployer.
  */
 export const projectID: Param<string> = new InternalExpression(
@@ -82,7 +92,7 @@ export const projectID: Param<string> = new InternalExpression(
   (env: NodeJS.ProcessEnv) => JSON.parse(env.FIREBASE_CONFIG)?.projectId || ""
 );
 /**
- * A builtin param that resolves to the Cloud project ID, without prompting
+ * A built-in parameter that resolves to the Cloud project ID, without prompting
  * the deployer.
  */
 export const gcloudProject: Param<string> = new InternalExpression(
@@ -90,7 +100,7 @@ export const gcloudProject: Param<string> = new InternalExpression(
   (env: NodeJS.ProcessEnv) => JSON.parse(env.FIREBASE_CONFIG)?.projectId || ""
 );
 /**
- * A builtin param that resolves to the Cloud storage bucket associated
+ * A builtin parameter that resolves to the Cloud storage bucket associated
  * with the function, without prompting the deployer. Empty string if not
  * defined.
  */
@@ -101,12 +111,12 @@ export const storageBucket: Param<string> = new InternalExpression(
 
 /**
  * Declares a secret param, that will persist values only in Cloud Secret Manager.
- * Secrets are stored interally as bytestrings. Use ParamOptions.`as` to provide type
+ * Secrets are stored interally as bytestrings. Use `ParamOptions.as` to provide type
  * hinting during parameter resolution.
  *
- * @param name The name of the environment variable to use to load the param.
- * @param options Configuration options for the param.
- * @returns A Param with a `string` return type for `.value`.
+ * @param name The name of the environment variable to use to load the parameter.
+ * @param options Configuration options for the parameter.
+ * @returns A parameter with a `string` return type for `.value`.
  */
 export function defineSecret(name: string): SecretParam {
   const param = new SecretParam(name);
@@ -115,11 +125,11 @@ export function defineSecret(name: string): SecretParam {
 }
 
 /**
- * Declare a string param.
+ * Declare a string parameter.
  *
- * @param name The name of the environment variable to use to load the param.
- * @param options Configuration options for the param.
- * @returns A Param with a `string` return type for `.value`.
+ * @param name The name of the environment variable to use to load the parameter.
+ * @param options Configuration options for the parameter.
+ * @returns A parameter with a `string` return type for `.value`.
  */
 export function defineString(name: string, options: ParamOptions<string> = {}): StringParam {
   const param = new StringParam(name, options);
@@ -128,11 +138,11 @@ export function defineString(name: string, options: ParamOptions<string> = {}):
 }
 
 /**
- * Declare a boolean param.
+ * Declare a boolean parameter.
  *
- * @param name The name of the environment variable to use to load the param.
- * @param options Configuration options for the param.
- * @returns A Param with a `boolean` return type for `.value`.
+ * @param name The name of the environment variable to use to load the parameter.
+ * @param options Configuration options for the parameter.
+ * @returns A parameter with a `boolean` return type for `.value`.
  */
 export function defineBoolean(name: string, options: ParamOptions<boolean> = {}): BooleanParam {
   const param = new BooleanParam(name, options);
@@ -141,11 +151,11 @@ export function defineBoolean(name: string, options: ParamOptions<boolean> = {})
 }
 
 /**
- * Declare an integer param.
+ * Declare an integer parameter.
  *
- * @param name The name of the environment variable to use to load the param.
- * @param options Configuration options for the param.
- * @returns A Param with a `number` return type for `.value`.
+ * @param name The name of the environment variable to use to load the parameter.
+ * @param options Configuration options for the parameter.
+ * @returns A parameter with a `number` return type for `.value`.
  */
 export function defineInt(name: string, options: ParamOptions<number> = {}): IntParam {
   const param = new IntParam(name, options);
@@ -154,11 +164,11 @@ export function defineInt(name: string, options: ParamOptions<number> = {}): Int
 }
 
 /**
- * Declare a float param.
+ * Declare a float parameter.
  *
- * @param name The name of the environment variable to use to load the param.
- * @param options Configuration options for the param.
- * @returns A Param with a `number` return type for `.value`.
+ * @param name The name of the environment variable to use to load the parameter.
+ * @param options Configuration options for the parameter.
+ * @returns A parameter with a `number` return type for `.value`.
  *
  * @internal
  */
@@ -169,11 +179,11 @@ export function defineFloat(name: string, options: ParamOptions<number> = {}): F
 }
 
 /**
- * Declare a list param.
+ * Declare a list parameter.
  *
- * @param name The name of the environment variable to use to load the param.
- * @param options Configuration options for the param.
- * @returns A Param with a `string[]` return type for `.value`.
+ * @param name The name of the environment variable to use to load the parameter.
+ * @param options Configuration options for the parameter.
+ * @returns A parameter with a `string[]` return type for `.value`.
  */
 export function defineList(name: string, options: ParamOptions<string[]> = {}): ListParam {
   const param = new ListParam(name, options);
diff --git a/src/params/types.ts b/src/params/types.ts
index 1eaf553f2..42292d767 100644
--- a/src/params/types.ts
+++ b/src/params/types.ts
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ import * as logger from "../logger";
  * an Expression<number> as the value of an option that normally accepts numbers.
  */
 export abstract class Expression<T extends string | number | boolean | string[]> {
-  /** Returns the Expression's runtime value, based on the CLI's resolution of params. */
+  /** Returns the expression's runtime value, based on the CLI's resolution of parameters. */
   value(): T {
     if (process.env.FUNCTIONS_CONTROL_API === "true") {
       logger.warn(
@@ -47,11 +47,12 @@ export abstract class Expression<T extends string | number | boolean | string[]>
     throw new Error("Not implemented");
   }
 
-  /** Returns the Expression's representation as a braced CEL expression. */
+  /** Returns the expression's representation as a braced CEL expression. */
   toCEL(): string {
     return `{{ ${this.toString()} }}`;
   }
 
+  /** Returns the expression's representation as JSON. */
   toJSON(): string {
     return this.toString();
   }
@@ -61,8 +62,8 @@ function valueOf<T extends string | number | boolean | string[]>(arg: T | Expres
   return arg instanceof Expression ? arg.runtimeValue() : arg;
 }
 /**
- * Returns how an entity (either an Expression or a literal value) should be represented in CEL.
- * - Expressions delegate to the .toString() method, which is used by the WireManifest
+ * Returns how an entity (either an `Expression` or a literal value) should be represented in CEL.
+ * - Expressions delegate to the `.toString()` method, which is used by the WireManifest
  * - Strings have to be quoted explicitly
  * - Arrays are represented as []-delimited, parsable JSON
  * - Numbers and booleans are not quoted explicitly
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ export class CompareExpression<
     return `${this.lhs} ${this.cmp} ${rhsStr}`;
   }
 
-  /** Returns a TernaryExpression which can resolve to one of two values, based on the resolution of this comparison. */
+  /** Returns a `TernaryExpression` which can resolve to one of two values, based on the resolution of this comparison. */
   thenElse<retT extends string | number | boolean | string[]>(
     ifTrue: retT | Expression<retT>,
     ifFalse: retT | Expression<retT>
@@ -171,63 +172,120 @@ export class CompareExpression<
 /** @hidden */
 type ParamValueType = "string" | "list" | "boolean" | "int" | "float" | "secret";
 
+/** Create a select input from a series of values. */
+export function select<T>(options: T[]): SelectInput<T>;
+
+/** Create a select input from a map of labels to vaues. */
+export function select<T>(optionsWithLabels: Record<string, T>): SelectInput<T>;
+
+/** Create a select input from a series of values or a map of labels to values */
+export function select<T>(options: T[] | Record<string, T>): SelectInput<T> {
+  let wireOpts: SelectOptions<T>[];
+  if (Array.isArray(options)) {
+    wireOpts = options.map((opt) => ({ value: opt }));
+  } else {
+    wireOpts = Object.entries(options).map(([label, value]) => ({ label, value }));
+  }
+  return {
+    select: {
+      options: wireOpts,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/** Create a multi-select input from a series of values. */
+export function multiSelect(options: string[]): MultiSelectInput;
+
+/** Create a multi-select input from map of labels to values. */
+export function multiSelect(options: Record<string, string>): MultiSelectInput;
+
+/** Create a multi-select input from a series of values or map of labels to values. */
+export function multiSelect(options: string[] | Record<string, string>): MultiSelectInput {
+  let wireOpts: SelectOptions<string>[];
+  if (Array.isArray(options)) {
+    wireOpts = options.map((opt) => ({ value: opt }));
+  } else {
+    wireOpts = Object.entries(options).map(([label, value]) => ({ label, value }));
+  }
+  return {
+    multiSelect: {
+      options: wireOpts,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
 type ParamInput<T> =
-  | { text: TextInput<T> }
-  | { select: SelectInput<T> }
-  | { multiSelect: MultiSelectInput }
-  | { resource: ResourceInput };
+  | TextInput<T>
+  | SelectInput<T>
+  | (T extends string[] ? MultiSelectInput : never)
+  | (T extends string ? ResourceInput : never);
 
 /**
- * Specifies that a Param's value should be determined by prompting the user
- * to type it in interactively at deploy-time. Input that does not match the
+ * Specifies that a parameter's value should be determined by prompting the user
+ * to type it in interactively at deploy time. Input that does not match the
  * provided validationRegex, if present, will be retried.
  */
 // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars
 export interface TextInput<T = unknown> {
-  example?: string;
-  /**
-   * A regular expression (or an escaped string to compile into a regular
-   * expression) which the prompted text must satisfy; the prompt will retry
-   * until input matching the regex is provided.
-   */
-  validationRegex?: string | RegExp;
-  /**
-   * A custom error message to display when retrying the prompt based on input
-   * failing to conform to the validationRegex,
-   */
-  validationErrorMessage?: string;
+  text: {
+    example?: string;
+    /**
+     * A regular expression (or an escaped string to compile into a regular
+     * expression) which the prompted text must satisfy; the prompt will retry
+     * until input matching the regex is provided.
+     */
+    validationRegex?: string | RegExp;
+    /**
+     * A custom error message to display when retrying the prompt based on input
+     * failing to conform to the validationRegex,
+     */
+    validationErrorMessage?: string;
+  };
 }
 
 /**
- * Specifies that a Param's value should be determined by having the user
+ * Specifies that a parameter's value should be determined by having the user
  * select from a list containing all the project's resources of a certain
  * type. Currently, only type:"storage.googleapis.com/Bucket" is supported.
  */
 export interface ResourceInput {
   resource: {
-    type: string;
+    type: "storage.googleapis.com/Bucket";
   };
 }
 
 /**
- * Specifies that a Param's value should be determined by having the user select
- * from a list of pre-canned options interactively at deploy-time.
+ * Autogenerate a list of buckets in a project that a user can select from.
+ */
+export const BUCKET_PICKER: ResourceInput = {
+  resource: {
+    type: "storage.googleapis.com/Bucket",
+  },
+};
+
+/**
+ * Specifies that a parameter's value should be determined by having the user select
+ * from a list of pre-canned options interactively at deploy time.
  */
 export interface SelectInput<T = unknown> {
-  options: Array<SelectOptions<T>>;
+  select: {
+    options: Array<SelectOptions<T>>;
+  };
 }
 
 /**
- * Specifies that a Param's value should be determined by having the user select
- * a subset from a list of pre-canned options interactively at deploy-time.
- * Will result in errors if used on Params of type other than string[].
+ * Specifies that a parameter's value should be determined by having the user select
+ * a subset from a list of pre-canned options interactively at deploy time.
+ * Will result in errors if used on parameters of type other than `string[]`.
  */
 export interface MultiSelectInput {
-  options: Array<SelectOptions<string>>;
+  multiSelect: {
+    options: Array<SelectOptions<string>>;
+  };
 }
 
 /**
- * One of the options provided to a SelectInput, containing a value and
+ * One of the options provided to a `SelectInput`, containing a value and
  * optionally a human-readable label to display in the selection interface.
  */
 export interface SelectOptions<T = unknown> {
@@ -235,19 +293,19 @@ export interface SelectOptions<T = unknown> {
   value: T;
 }
 
-/** The wire representation of a Param when it's sent to the CLI. A superset of ParamOptions. */
+/** The wire representation of a parameter when it's sent to the CLI. A superset of `ParamOptions`. */
 export type ParamSpec<T extends string | number | boolean | string[]> = {
   /** The name of the parameter which will be stored in .env files. Use UPPERCASE. */
   name: string;
   /** An optional default value to be used while prompting for input. Can be a literal or another parametrized expression. */
   default?: T | Expression<T>;
-  /** An optional human-readable string to be used as a replacement for the Param's name when prompting. */
+  /** An optional human-readable string to be used as a replacement for the parameter's name when prompting. */
   label?: string;
-  /** An optional long-form description of the Param to be displayed while prompting. */
+  /** An optional long-form description of the parameter to be displayed while prompting. */
   description?: string;
   /** @internal */
   type: ParamValueType;
-  /** The way in which the Firebase CLI will prompt for the value of this Param. Defaults to a TextInput. */
+  /** The way in which the Firebase CLI will prompt for the value of this parameter. Defaults to a TextInput. */
   input?: ParamInput<T>;
 };
 
@@ -268,7 +326,7 @@ export type WireParamSpec<T extends string | number | boolean | string[]> = {
   input?: ParamInput<T>;
 };
 
-/** Configuration options which can be used to customize the prompting behavior of a Param. */
+/** Configuration options which can be used to customize the prompting behavior of a parameter. */
 export type ParamOptions<T extends string | number | boolean | string[]> = Omit<
   ParamSpec<T>,
   "name" | "type"
@@ -291,43 +349,43 @@ export abstract class Param<T extends string | number | boolean | string[]> exte
     throw new Error("Not implemented");
   }
 
-  /** Returns a parametrized expression of Boolean type, based on comparing the value of this param to a literal or a different expression. */
+  /** Returns a parametrized expression of Boolean type, based on comparing the value of this parameter to a literal or a different expression. */
   cmp(cmp: "==" | "!=" | ">" | ">=" | "<" | "<=", rhs: T | Expression<T>) {
     return new CompareExpression<T>(cmp, this, rhs);
   }
 
-  /** Returns a parametrized expression of Boolean type, based on comparing the value of this param to a literal or a different expression. */
+  /** Returns a parametrized expression of Boolean type, based on comparing the value of this parameter to a literal or a different expression. */
   equals(rhs: T | Expression<T>) {
     return this.cmp("==", rhs);
   }
 
-  /** Returns a parametrized expression of Boolean type, based on comparing the value of this param to a literal or a different expression. */
+  /** Returns a parametrized expression of Boolean type, based on comparing the value of this parameter to a literal or a different expression. */
   notEquals(rhs: T | Expression<T>) {
     return this.cmp("!=", rhs);
   }
 
-  /** Returns a parametrized expression of Boolean type, based on comparing the value of this param to a literal or a different expression. */
+  /** Returns a parametrized expression of Boolean type, based on comparing the value of this parameter to a literal or a different expression. */
   greaterThan(rhs: T | Expression<T>) {
     return this.cmp(">", rhs);
   }
 
-  /** Returns a parametrized expression of Boolean type, based on comparing the value of this param to a literal or a different expression. */
+  /** Returns a parametrized expression of Boolean type, based on comparing the value of this parameter to a literal or a different expression. */
   greaterThanOrEqualTo(rhs: T | Expression<T>) {
     return this.cmp(">=", rhs);
   }
 
-  /** Returns a parametrized expression of Boolean type, based on comparing the value of this param to a literal or a different expression. */
+  /** Returns a parametrized expression of Boolean type, based on comparing the value of this parameter to a literal or a different expression. */
   lessThan(rhs: T | Expression<T>) {
     return this.cmp("<", rhs);
   }
 
-  /** Returns a parametrized expression of Boolean type, based on comparing the value of this param to a literal or a different expression. */
+  /** Returns a parametrized expression of Boolean type, based on comparing the value of this parameter to a literal or a different expression. */
   lessThanOrEqualTo(rhs: T | Expression<T>) {
     return this.cmp("<=", rhs);
   }
 
   /**
-   * Returns a parametrized expression of Boolean type, based on comparing the value of this param to a literal or a different expression.
+   * Returns a parametrized expression of Boolean type, based on comparing the value of this parameter to a literal or a different expression.
    * @deprecated A typo. Use lessThanOrEqualTo instead.
    */
   lessThanorEqualTo(rhs: T | Expression<T>) {
@@ -420,7 +478,7 @@ export class StringParam extends Param<string> {
 /**
  * A CEL expression which represents an internal Firebase variable. This class
  * cannot be instantiated by developers, but we provide several canned instances
- * of it to make available params that will never have to be defined at
+ * of it to make available parameters that will never have to be defined at
  * deployment time, and can always be read from process.env.
  * @internal
  */
diff --git a/src/v1/cloud-functions.ts b/src/v1/cloud-functions.ts
index 7909fc10d..d66539fb7 100644
--- a/src/v1/cloud-functions.ts
+++ b/src/v1/cloud-functions.ts
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ import {
 } from "../runtime/manifest";
 import { ResetValue } from "../common/options";
 import { SecretParam } from "../params/types";
+import { withInit } from "../common/onInit";
 
 export { Change } from "../common/change";
 
@@ -366,6 +367,7 @@ export function makeCloudFunction<EventData>({
   service,
   triggerResource,
 }: MakeCloudFunctionArgs<EventData>): CloudFunction<EventData> {
+  handler = withInit(handler ?? contextOnlyHandler);
   const cloudFunction: any = (data: any, context: any) => {
     if (legacyEventType && context.eventType === legacyEventType) {
       /*
diff --git a/src/v1/function-configuration.ts b/src/v1/function-configuration.ts
index 5e74143da..90aa391fc 100644
--- a/src/v1/function-configuration.ts
+++ b/src/v1/function-configuration.ts
@@ -252,7 +252,8 @@ export interface RuntimeOptions {
    *
    * @remarks
    * Set this to true to enable the App Check replay protection feature by consuming the App Check token on callable
-   * request. Tokens that are found to be already consumed will have request.app.alreadyConsumed property set true.
+   * request. Tokens that are found to be already consumed will have the `request.app.alreadyConsumed` property set
+   * to true.
    *
    *
    * Tokens are only considered to be consumed if it is sent to the App Check service by setting this option to true.
@@ -263,10 +264,10 @@ export interface RuntimeOptions {
    * performance and can potentially deplete your attestation providers' quotas faster. Use this feature only for
    * protecting low volume, security critical, or expensive operations.
    *
-   * This option does not affect the enforceAppCheck option. Setting the latter to true will cause the callable function
-   * to automatically respond with a 401 Unauthorized status code when request includes an invalid App Check token.
-   * When request includes valid but consumed App Check tokens, requests will not be automatically rejected. Instead,
-   * the request.app.alreadyConsumed property will be set to true and pass the execution to the handler code for making
+   * This option does not affect the `enforceAppCheck` option. Setting the latter to true will cause the callable function
+   * to automatically respond with a 401 Unauthorized status code when the request includes an invalid App Check token.
+   * When the request includes valid but consumed App Check tokens, requests will not be automatically rejected. Instead,
+   * the `request.app.alreadyConsumed` property will be set to true and pass the execution to the handler code for making
    * further decisions, such as requiring additional security checks or rejecting the request.
    */
   consumeAppCheckToken?: boolean;
diff --git a/src/v1/index.ts b/src/v1/index.ts
index 8e75bff8d..7f3f9e10b 100644
--- a/src/v1/index.ts
+++ b/src/v1/index.ts
@@ -59,3 +59,5 @@ export * from "./function-configuration";
 // NOTE: Equivalent to `export * as params from "../params"` but api-extractor doesn't support that syntax.
 import * as params from "../params";
 export { params };
+
+export { onInit } from "../common/onInit";
diff --git a/src/v1/providers/https.ts b/src/v1/providers/https.ts
index 3c2340071..e9cd5d132 100644
--- a/src/v1/providers/https.ts
+++ b/src/v1/providers/https.ts
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ import {
 import { HttpsFunction, optionsToEndpoint, optionsToTrigger, Runnable } from "../cloud-functions";
 import { DeploymentOptions } from "../function-configuration";
 import { initV1Endpoint } from "../../runtime/manifest";
+import { withInit } from "../../common/onInit";
+import { wrapTraceContext } from "../../v2/trace";
 
 export { Request, CallableContext, FunctionsErrorCode, HttpsError };
 
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ export function _onRequestWithOptions(
 ): HttpsFunction {
   // lets us add __endpoint without altering handler:
   const cloudFunction: any = (req: Request, res: express.Response) => {
-    return handler(req, res);
+    return wrapTraceContext(withInit(handler))(req, res);
   };
   cloudFunction.__trigger = {
     ...optionsToTrigger(options),
@@ -103,14 +105,18 @@ export function _onCallWithOptions(
   // onCallHandler sniffs the function length of the passed-in callback
   // and the user could have only tried to listen to data. Wrap their handler
   // in another handler to avoid accidentally triggering the v2 API
-  const fixedLen = (data: any, context: CallableContext) => handler(data, context);
-  const func: any = onCallHandler(
-    {
-      enforceAppCheck: options.enforceAppCheck,
-      consumeAppCheckToken: options.consumeAppCheckToken,
-      cors: { origin: true, methods: "POST" },
-    },
-    fixedLen
+  const fixedLen = (data: any, context: CallableContext) => {
+    return withInit(handler)(data, context);
+  };
+  const func: any = wrapTraceContext(
+    onCallHandler(
+      {
+        enforceAppCheck: options.enforceAppCheck,
+        consumeAppCheckToken: options.consumeAppCheckToken,
+        cors: { origin: true, methods: "POST" },
+      },
+      fixedLen
+    )
   );
 
   func.__trigger = {
@@ -128,7 +134,7 @@ export function _onCallWithOptions(
     callableTrigger: {},
   };
 
-  func.run = handler;
+  func.run = fixedLen;
 
   return func;
 }
diff --git a/src/v2/core.ts b/src/v2/core.ts
index fb7fc1e32..3d2e33748 100644
--- a/src/v2/core.ts
+++ b/src/v2/core.ts
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import { ManifestEndpoint } from "../runtime/manifest";
 export { Change };
 
 export { ParamsOf } from "../common/params";
+export { onInit } from "../common/onInit";
 
 /** @internal */
 export interface TriggerAnnotation {
diff --git a/src/v2/index.ts b/src/v2/index.ts
index 7a1d89ef6..4a1b34263 100644
--- a/src/v2/index.ts
+++ b/src/v2/index.ts
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ export {
   EventHandlerOptions,
 } from "./options";
 
-export { CloudFunction, CloudEvent, ParamsOf } from "./core";
+export { CloudFunction, CloudEvent, ParamsOf, onInit } from "./core";
 export { Change } from "../common/change";
 // NOTE: Equivalent to `export * as params from "../params"` but api-extractor doesn't support that syntax.
 import * as params from "../params";
diff --git a/src/v2/providers/alerts/alerts.ts b/src/v2/providers/alerts/alerts.ts
index 5dbde4f74..09e0885ca 100644
--- a/src/v2/providers/alerts/alerts.ts
+++ b/src/v2/providers/alerts/alerts.ts
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import { Expression } from "../../../params";
 import { wrapTraceContext } from "../../trace";
 import * as options from "../../options";
 import { SecretParam } from "../../../params/types";
+import { withInit } from "../../../common/onInit";
 
 /**
  * The CloudEvent data emitted by Firebase Alerts.
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ export function onAlertPublished<T extends { ["@type"]: string } = any>(
   const [opts, alertType, appId] = getOptsAndAlertTypeAndApp(alertTypeOrOpts);
 
   const func = (raw: CloudEvent<unknown>) => {
-    return wrapTraceContext(handler)(convertAlertAndApp(raw) as AlertEvent<T>);
+    return wrapTraceContext(withInit(handler))(convertAlertAndApp(raw) as AlertEvent<T>);
   };
 
   func.run = handler;
diff --git a/src/v2/providers/alerts/appDistribution.ts b/src/v2/providers/alerts/appDistribution.ts
index 239233d73..d4ebdfe2e 100644
--- a/src/v2/providers/alerts/appDistribution.ts
+++ b/src/v2/providers/alerts/appDistribution.ts
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import { wrapTraceContext } from "../../trace";
 import { convertAlertAndApp, FirebaseAlertData, getEndpointAnnotation } from "./alerts";
 import * as options from "../../options";
 import { SecretParam } from "../../../params/types";
+import { withInit } from "../../../common/onInit";
 
 /**
  * The internal payload object for adding a new tester device to app distribution.
@@ -250,7 +251,7 @@ export function onNewTesterIosDevicePublished(
   const [opts, appId] = getOptsAndApp(appIdOrOptsOrHandler);
 
   const func = (raw: CloudEvent<unknown>) => {
-    return wrapTraceContext(handler)(
+    return wrapTraceContext(withInit(handler))(
       convertAlertAndApp(raw) as AppDistributionEvent<NewTesterDevicePayload>
     );
   };
@@ -315,7 +316,7 @@ export function onInAppFeedbackPublished(
   const [opts, appId] = getOptsAndApp(appIdOrOptsOrHandler);
 
   const func = (raw: CloudEvent<unknown>) => {
-    return wrapTraceContext(handler)(
+    return wrapTraceContext(withInit(handler))(
       convertAlertAndApp(raw) as AppDistributionEvent<InAppFeedbackPayload>
     );
   };
diff --git a/src/v2/providers/alerts/billing.ts b/src/v2/providers/alerts/billing.ts
index 3b2af87b5..8bdb10d3d 100644
--- a/src/v2/providers/alerts/billing.ts
+++ b/src/v2/providers/alerts/billing.ts
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import { CloudEvent, CloudFunction } from "../../core";
 import { wrapTraceContext } from "../../trace";
 import { convertAlertAndApp, FirebaseAlertData, getEndpointAnnotation } from "./alerts";
 import * as options from "../../options";
+import { withInit } from "../../../common/onInit";
 
 /**
  * The internal payload object for billing plan updates.
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ export function onOperation<T>(
   }
 
   const func = (raw: CloudEvent<unknown>) => {
-    return wrapTraceContext(handler)(convertAlertAndApp(raw) as BillingEvent<T>);
+    return wrapTraceContext(withInit(handler))(convertAlertAndApp(raw) as BillingEvent<T>);
   };
 
   func.run = handler;
diff --git a/src/v2/providers/alerts/crashlytics.ts b/src/v2/providers/alerts/crashlytics.ts
index 0e9cb7d8d..07aa7d892 100644
--- a/src/v2/providers/alerts/crashlytics.ts
+++ b/src/v2/providers/alerts/crashlytics.ts
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import { wrapTraceContext } from "../../trace";
 import { convertAlertAndApp, FirebaseAlertData, getEndpointAnnotation } from "./alerts";
 import * as options from "../../options";
 import { SecretParam } from "../../../params/types";
+import { withInit } from "../../../common/onInit";
 
 /** Generic Crashlytics issue interface */
 export interface Issue {
@@ -581,7 +582,7 @@ export function onOperation<T>(
   const [opts, appId] = getOptsAndApp(appIdOrOptsOrHandler);
 
   const func = (raw: CloudEvent<unknown>) => {
-    return wrapTraceContext(handler(convertAlertAndApp(raw) as CrashlyticsEvent<T>));
+    return wrapTraceContext(withInit(handler))(convertAlertAndApp(raw) as CrashlyticsEvent<T>);
   };
 
   func.run = handler;
diff --git a/src/v2/providers/alerts/performance.ts b/src/v2/providers/alerts/performance.ts
index 56912d596..9ee3f7beb 100644
--- a/src/v2/providers/alerts/performance.ts
+++ b/src/v2/providers/alerts/performance.ts
@@ -25,8 +25,10 @@
  * @packageDocumentation
  */
 
+import { withInit } from "../../../common/onInit";
 import { CloudEvent, CloudFunction } from "../../core";
 import { EventHandlerOptions } from "../../options";
+import { wrapTraceContext } from "../../trace";
 import { convertAlertAndApp, FirebaseAlertData, getEndpointAnnotation } from "./alerts";
 
 /**
@@ -137,7 +139,7 @@ export function onThresholdAlertPublished(
     const event = convertAlertAndApp(raw) as PerformanceEvent<ThresholdAlertPayload>;
     const convertedPayload = convertPayload(event.data.payload);
     event.data.payload = convertedPayload;
-    return handler(event);
+    return wrapTraceContext(withInit(handler(event)));
   };
 
   func.run = handler;
diff --git a/src/v2/providers/database.ts b/src/v2/providers/database.ts
index c3318855c..50400bdcf 100644
--- a/src/v2/providers/database.ts
+++ b/src/v2/providers/database.ts
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ import { Expression } from "../../params";
 import { wrapTraceContext } from "../trace";
 import * as options from "../options";
 import { SecretParam } from "../../params/types";
+import { withInit } from "../../common/onInit";
 
 export { DataSnapshot };
 
@@ -468,7 +469,9 @@ export function onChangedOperation<Ref extends string>(
     const instanceUrl = getInstance(event);
     const params = makeParams(event, pathPattern, instancePattern) as unknown as ParamsOf<Ref>;
     const databaseEvent = makeChangedDatabaseEvent(event, instanceUrl, params);
-    return wrapTraceContext(handler)(databaseEvent);
+    // Intentionally put init in the context of traces in case there is something
+    // expensive to observe.
+    return wrapTraceContext(withInit(handler))(databaseEvent);
   };
 
   func.run = handler;
@@ -496,7 +499,7 @@ export function onOperation<Ref extends string>(
     const params = makeParams(event, pathPattern, instancePattern) as unknown as ParamsOf<Ref>;
     const data = eventType === deletedEventType ? event.data.data : event.data.delta;
     const databaseEvent = makeDatabaseEvent(event, data, instanceUrl, params);
-    return handler(databaseEvent);
+    return wrapTraceContext(withInit(handler))(databaseEvent);
   };
 
   func.run = handler;
diff --git a/src/v2/providers/eventarc.ts b/src/v2/providers/eventarc.ts
index 6d980e2f9..3ad523b6d 100644
--- a/src/v2/providers/eventarc.ts
+++ b/src/v2/providers/eventarc.ts
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ import { wrapTraceContext } from "../trace";
 import { Expression } from "../../params";
 import * as options from "../options";
 import { SecretParam } from "../../params/types";
+import { withInit } from "../../common/onInit";
 
 /** Options that can be set on an Eventarc trigger. */
 export interface EventarcTriggerOptions extends options.EventHandlerOptions {
@@ -194,7 +195,7 @@ export function onCustomEventPublished<T = any>(
     opts = eventTypeOrOpts;
   }
   const func = (raw: CloudEvent<unknown>) => {
-    return wrapTraceContext(handler)(raw as CloudEvent<T>);
+    return wrapTraceContext(withInit(handler))(raw as CloudEvent<T>);
   };
 
   func.run = handler;
diff --git a/src/v2/providers/firestore.ts b/src/v2/providers/firestore.ts
index 619e089e3..f351cc755 100644
--- a/src/v2/providers/firestore.ts
+++ b/src/v2/providers/firestore.ts
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ import {
   createSnapshotFromProtobuf,
 } from "../../common/providers/firestore";
 import { wrapTraceContext } from "../trace";
+import { withInit } from "../../common/onInit";
+import { Expression } from "../../params";
 
 export { Change };
 
@@ -50,6 +52,22 @@ export const updatedEventType = "google.cloud.firestore.document.v1.updated";
 /** @internal */
 export const deletedEventType = "google.cloud.firestore.document.v1.deleted";
 
+/** @internal */
+export const writtenEventWithAuthContextType =
+  "google.cloud.firestore.document.v1.written.withAuthContext";
+
+/** @internal */
+export const createdEventWithAuthContextType =
+  "google.cloud.firestore.document.v1.created.withAuthContext";
+
+/** @internal */
+export const updatedEventWithAuthContextType =
+  "google.cloud.firestore.document.v1.updated.withAuthContext";
+
+/** @internal */
+export const deletedEventWithAuthContextType =
+  "google.cloud.firestore.document.v1.deleted.withAuthContext";
+
 // https://github.com/googleapis/google-cloudevents-nodejs/blob/main/cloud/firestore/v1/DocumentEventData.ts
 /** @internal */
 export interface RawFirestoreDocument {
@@ -77,12 +95,28 @@ export interface RawFirestoreEvent extends CloudEvent<Uint8Array | RawFirestoreD
   dataschema: string;
 }
 
+/** @internal */
+export interface RawFirestoreAuthEvent extends RawFirestoreEvent {
+  authtype?: AuthType;
+  authid?: string;
+}
+
 /** A Firestore DocumentSnapshot */
 export type DocumentSnapshot = firestore.DocumentSnapshot;
 
 /** A Firestore QueryDocumentSnapshot */
 export type QueryDocumentSnapshot = firestore.QueryDocumentSnapshot;
 
+/**
+ * AuthType defines the possible values for the authType field in a Firestore event with auth context.
+ * - service_account: a non-user principal used to identify a workload or machine user.
+ * - api_key: a non-user client API key.
+ * - system: an obscured identity used when Cloud Platform or another system triggered the event. Examples include a database record which was deleted based on a TTL.
+ * - unauthenticated: an unauthenticated action.
+ * - unknown: a general type to capture all other principals not captured in the other auth types.
+ */
+export type AuthType = "service_account" | "api_key" | "system" | "unauthenticated" | "unknown";
+
 /** A CloudEvent that contains a DocumentSnapshot or a Change<DocumentSnapshot> */
 export interface FirestoreEvent<T, Params = Record<string, string>> extends CloudEvent<T> {
   /** The location of the Firestore instance */
@@ -102,18 +136,26 @@ export interface FirestoreEvent<T, Params = Record<string, string>> extends Clou
   params: Params;
 }
 
+export interface FirestoreAuthEvent<T, Params = Record<string, string>>
+  extends FirestoreEvent<T, Params> {
+  /** The type of principal that triggered the event */
+  authType: AuthType;
+  /** The unique identifier for the principal */
+  authId?: string;
+}
+
 /** DocumentOptions extend EventHandlerOptions with provided document and optional database and namespace.  */
 export interface DocumentOptions<Document extends string = string> extends EventHandlerOptions {
   /** The document path */
-  document: Document;
+  document: Document | Expression<string>;
   /** The Firestore database */
-  database?: string;
+  database?: string | Expression<string>;
   /** The Firestore namespace */
-  namespace?: string;
+  namespace?: string | Expression<string>;
 }
 
 /**
- * Event handler which triggers when a document is created, updated, or deleted in Firestore.
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is created, updated, or deleted in Firestore.
  *
  * @param document - The Firestore document path to trigger on.
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore create, update, or delete occurs.
@@ -126,7 +168,7 @@ export function onDocumentWritten<Document extends string>(
 ): CloudFunction<FirestoreEvent<Change<DocumentSnapshot> | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>>;
 
 /**
- * Event handler which triggers when a document is created, updated, or deleted in Firestore.
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is created, updated, or deleted in Firestore.
  *
  * @param opts - Options that can be set on an individual event-handling function.
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore create, update, or delete occurs.
@@ -139,7 +181,7 @@ export function onDocumentWritten<Document extends string>(
 ): CloudFunction<FirestoreEvent<Change<DocumentSnapshot> | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>>;
 
 /**
- * Event handler which triggers when a document is created, updated, or deleted in Firestore.
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is created, updated, or deleted in Firestore.
  *
  * @param documentOrOpts - Options or a string document path.
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore create, update, or delete occurs.
@@ -154,7 +196,51 @@ export function onDocumentWritten<Document extends string>(
 }
 
 /**
- * Event handler which triggers when a document is created in Firestore.
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is created, updated, or deleted in Firestore.
+ * This trigger also provides the authentication context of the principal who triggered the event.
+ *
+ * @param document - The Firestore document path to trigger on.
+ * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore create, update, or delete occurs.
+ */
+export function onDocumentWrittenWithAuthContext<Document extends string>(
+  document: Document,
+  handler: (
+    event: FirestoreAuthEvent<Change<DocumentSnapshot> | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>
+  ) => any | Promise<any>
+): CloudFunction<FirestoreAuthEvent<Change<DocumentSnapshot> | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>>;
+
+/**
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is created, updated, or deleted in Firestore.
+ * This trigger also provides the authentication context of the principal who triggered the event.
+ *
+ * @param opts - Options that can be set on an individual event-handling function.
+ * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore create, update, or delete occurs.
+ */
+export function onDocumentWrittenWithAuthContext<Document extends string>(
+  opts: DocumentOptions<Document>,
+  handler: (
+    event: FirestoreAuthEvent<Change<DocumentSnapshot> | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>
+  ) => any | Promise<any>
+): CloudFunction<FirestoreAuthEvent<Change<DocumentSnapshot> | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>>;
+
+/**
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is created, updated, or deleted in Firestore.
+ * This trigger also provides the authentication context of the principal who triggered the event.
+ *
+ * @param opts - Options or a string document path.
+ * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore create, update, or delete occurs.
+ */
+export function onDocumentWrittenWithAuthContext<Document extends string>(
+  documentOrOpts: Document | DocumentOptions<Document>,
+  handler: (
+    event: FirestoreAuthEvent<Change<DocumentSnapshot> | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>
+  ) => any | Promise<any>
+): CloudFunction<FirestoreAuthEvent<Change<DocumentSnapshot> | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>> {
+  return onChangedOperation(writtenEventWithAuthContextType, documentOrOpts, handler);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is created in Firestore.
  *
  * @param document - The Firestore document path to trigger on.
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore create occurs.
@@ -167,7 +253,7 @@ export function onDocumentCreated<Document extends string>(
 ): CloudFunction<FirestoreEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>>;
 
 /**
- * Event handler which triggers when a document is created in Firestore.
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is created in Firestore.
  *
  * @param opts - Options that can be set on an individual event-handling function.
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore create occurs.
@@ -180,7 +266,7 @@ export function onDocumentCreated<Document extends string>(
 ): CloudFunction<FirestoreEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>>;
 
 /**
- * Event handler which triggers when a document is created in Firestore.
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is created in Firestore.
  *
  * @param documentOrOpts - Options or a string document path.
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore create occurs.
@@ -195,7 +281,50 @@ export function onDocumentCreated<Document extends string>(
 }
 
 /**
- * Event handler which triggers when a document is updated in Firestore.
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is created in Firestore.
+ * This trigger also provides the authentication context of the principal who triggered the event.
+ *
+ * @param document - The Firestore document path to trigger on.
+ * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore create occurs.
+ */
+export function onDocumentCreatedWithAuthContext<Document extends string>(
+  document: Document,
+  handler: (
+    event: FirestoreAuthEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>
+  ) => any | Promise<any>
+): CloudFunction<FirestoreAuthEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>>;
+
+/**
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is created in Firestore.
+ * This trigger also provides the authentication context of the principal who triggered the event.
+ *
+ * @param opts - Options that can be set on an individual event-handling function.
+ * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore create occurs.
+ */
+export function onDocumentCreatedWithAuthContext<Document extends string>(
+  opts: DocumentOptions<Document>,
+  handler: (
+    event: FirestoreAuthEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>
+  ) => any | Promise<any>
+): CloudFunction<FirestoreAuthEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>>;
+
+/**
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is created in Firestore.
+ *
+ * @param documentOrOpts - Options or a string document path.
+ * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore create occurs.
+ */
+export function onDocumentCreatedWithAuthContext<Document extends string>(
+  documentOrOpts: Document | DocumentOptions<Document>,
+  handler: (
+    event: FirestoreAuthEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>
+  ) => any | Promise<any>
+): CloudFunction<FirestoreAuthEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>> {
+  return onOperation(createdEventWithAuthContextType, documentOrOpts, handler);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is updated in Firestore.
  *
  * @param document - The Firestore document path to trigger on.
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore update occurs.
@@ -207,7 +336,7 @@ export function onDocumentUpdated<Document extends string>(
   ) => any | Promise<any>
 ): CloudFunction<FirestoreEvent<Change<QueryDocumentSnapshot> | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>>;
 /**
- * Event handler which triggers when a document is updated in Firestore.
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is updated in Firestore.
  *
  * @param opts - Options that can be set on an individual event-handling function.
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore update occurs.
@@ -220,7 +349,7 @@ export function onDocumentUpdated<Document extends string>(
 ): CloudFunction<FirestoreEvent<Change<QueryDocumentSnapshot> | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>>;
 
 /**
- * Event handler which triggers when a document is updated in Firestore.
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is updated in Firestore.
  *
  * @param documentOrOpts - Options or a string document path.
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore update occurs.
@@ -235,7 +364,52 @@ export function onDocumentUpdated<Document extends string>(
 }
 
 /**
- * Event handler which triggers when a document is deleted in Firestore.
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is updated in Firestore.
+ * This trigger also provides the authentication context of the principal who triggered the event.
+ *
+ * @param document - The Firestore document path to trigger on.
+ * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore update occurs.
+ */
+export function onDocumentUpdatedWithAuthContext<Document extends string>(
+  document: Document,
+  handler: (
+    event: FirestoreAuthEvent<Change<QueryDocumentSnapshot> | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>
+  ) => any | Promise<any>
+): CloudFunction<FirestoreAuthEvent<Change<QueryDocumentSnapshot> | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>>;
+
+/**
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is updated in Firestore.
+ * This trigger also provides the authentication context of the principal who triggered the event.
+ *
+ * @param opts - Options that can be set on an individual event-handling function.
+ * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore update occurs.
+ */
+export function onDocumentUpdatedWithAuthContext<Document extends string>(
+  opts: DocumentOptions<Document>,
+  handler: (
+    event: FirestoreAuthEvent<Change<QueryDocumentSnapshot> | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>
+  ) => any | Promise<any>
+): CloudFunction<FirestoreAuthEvent<Change<QueryDocumentSnapshot> | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>>;
+
+/**
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is updated in Firestore.
+ *
+ * @param documentOrOpts - Options or a string document path.
+ * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore update occurs.
+ */
+export function onDocumentUpdatedWithAuthContext<Document extends string>(
+  documentOrOpts: Document | DocumentOptions<Document>,
+  handler: (
+    event: FirestoreAuthEvent<Change<QueryDocumentSnapshot> | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>
+  ) => any | Promise<any>
+): CloudFunction<
+  FirestoreAuthEvent<Change<QueryDocumentSnapshot> | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>
+> {
+  return onChangedOperation(updatedEventWithAuthContextType, documentOrOpts, handler);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is deleted in Firestore.
  *
  * @param document - The Firestore document path to trigger on.
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore delete occurs.
@@ -248,7 +422,7 @@ export function onDocumentDeleted<Document extends string>(
 ): CloudFunction<FirestoreEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>>;
 
 /**
- * Event handler which triggers when a document is deleted in Firestore.
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is deleted in Firestore.
  *
  * @param opts - Options that can be set on an individual event-handling function.
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore delete occurs.
@@ -261,7 +435,7 @@ export function onDocumentDeleted<Document extends string>(
 ): CloudFunction<FirestoreEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>>;
 
 /**
- * Event handler which triggers when a document is deleted in Firestore.
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is deleted in Firestore.
  *
  * @param documentOrOpts - Options or a string document path.
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore delete occurs.
@@ -275,11 +449,54 @@ export function onDocumentDeleted<Document extends string>(
   return onOperation(deletedEventType, documentOrOpts, handler);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is deleted in Firestore.
+ * This trigger also provides the authentication context of the principal who triggered the event.
+ *
+ * @param document - The Firestore document path to trigger on.
+ * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore delete occurs.
+ */
+export function onDocumentDeletedWithAuthContext<Document extends string>(
+  document: Document,
+  handler: (
+    event: FirestoreAuthEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>
+  ) => any | Promise<any>
+): CloudFunction<FirestoreAuthEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>>;
+
+/**
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is deleted in Firestore.
+ * This trigger also provides the authentication context of the principal who triggered the event.
+ *
+ * @param opts - Options that can be set on an individual event-handling function.
+ * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore delete occurs.
+ */
+export function onDocumentDeletedWithAuthContext<Document extends string>(
+  opts: DocumentOptions<Document>,
+  handler: (
+    event: FirestoreAuthEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>
+  ) => any | Promise<any>
+): CloudFunction<FirestoreAuthEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>>;
+
+/**
+ * Event handler that triggers when a document is deleted in Firestore.
+ *
+ * @param documentOrOpts - Options or a string document path.
+ * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Firestore delete occurs.
+ */
+export function onDocumentDeletedWithAuthContext<Document extends string>(
+  documentOrOpts: Document | DocumentOptions<Document>,
+  handler: (
+    event: FirestoreAuthEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>
+  ) => any | Promise<any>
+): CloudFunction<FirestoreAuthEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot | undefined, ParamsOf<Document>>> {
+  return onOperation(deletedEventWithAuthContextType, documentOrOpts, handler);
+}
+
 /** @internal */
 export function getOpts(documentOrOpts: string | DocumentOptions) {
-  let document: string;
-  let database: string;
-  let namespace: string;
+  let document: string | Expression<string>;
+  let database: string | Expression<string>;
+  let namespace: string | Expression<string>;
   let opts: EventHandlerOptions;
   if (typeof documentOrOpts === "string") {
     document = normalizePath(documentOrOpts);
@@ -287,7 +504,10 @@ export function getOpts(documentOrOpts: string | DocumentOptions) {
     namespace = "(default)";
     opts = {};
   } else {
-    document = normalizePath(documentOrOpts.document);
+    document =
+      typeof documentOrOpts.document === "string"
+        ? normalizePath(documentOrOpts.document)
+        : documentOrOpts.document;
     database = documentOrOpts.database || "(default)";
     namespace = documentOrOpts.namespace || "(default)";
     opts = { ...documentOrOpts };
@@ -312,13 +532,14 @@ function getPath(event: RawFirestoreEvent): string {
 /** @internal */
 export function createSnapshot(event: RawFirestoreEvent): QueryDocumentSnapshot {
   if (event.datacontenttype?.includes("application/protobuf") || Buffer.isBuffer(event.data)) {
-    return createSnapshotFromProtobuf(event.data as Uint8Array, getPath(event));
+    return createSnapshotFromProtobuf(event.data as Uint8Array, getPath(event), event.database);
   } else if (event.datacontenttype?.includes("application/json")) {
     return createSnapshotFromJson(
       event.data,
       event.source,
       (event.data as RawFirestoreData).value?.createTime,
-      (event.data as RawFirestoreData).value?.updateTime
+      (event.data as RawFirestoreData).value?.updateTime,
+      event.database
     );
   } else {
     logger.error(
@@ -331,13 +552,18 @@ export function createSnapshot(event: RawFirestoreEvent): QueryDocumentSnapshot
 /** @internal */
 export function createBeforeSnapshot(event: RawFirestoreEvent): QueryDocumentSnapshot {
   if (event.datacontenttype?.includes("application/protobuf") || Buffer.isBuffer(event.data)) {
-    return createBeforeSnapshotFromProtobuf(event.data as Uint8Array, getPath(event));
+    return createBeforeSnapshotFromProtobuf(
+      event.data as Uint8Array,
+      getPath(event),
+      event.database
+    );
   } else if (event.datacontenttype?.includes("application/json")) {
     return createBeforeSnapshotFromJson(
       event.data,
       event.source,
       (event.data as RawFirestoreData).oldValue?.createTime,
-      (event.data as RawFirestoreData).oldValue?.updateTime
+      (event.data as RawFirestoreData).oldValue?.updateTime,
+      event.database
     );
   } else {
     logger.error(
@@ -357,11 +583,13 @@ export function makeParams(document: string, documentPattern: PathPattern) {
 /** @internal */
 export function makeFirestoreEvent<Params>(
   eventType: string,
-  event: RawFirestoreEvent,
+  event: RawFirestoreEvent | RawFirestoreAuthEvent,
   params: Params
-): FirestoreEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot | undefined, Params> {
+):
+  | FirestoreEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot | undefined, Params>
+  | FirestoreAuthEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot | undefined, Params> {
   const data = event.data
-    ? eventType === createdEventType
+    ? eventType === createdEventType || eventType === createdEventWithAuthContextType
       ? createSnapshot(event)
       : createBeforeSnapshot(event)
     : undefined;
@@ -370,16 +598,31 @@ export function makeFirestoreEvent<Params>(
     params,
     data,
   };
+
   delete (firestoreEvent as any).datacontenttype;
   delete (firestoreEvent as any).dataschema;
+
+  if ("authtype" in event) {
+    const eventWithAuth = {
+      ...firestoreEvent,
+      authType: event.authtype,
+      authId: event.authid,
+    };
+    delete (eventWithAuth as any).authtype;
+    delete (eventWithAuth as any).authid;
+    return eventWithAuth;
+  }
+
   return firestoreEvent;
 }
 
 /** @internal */
 export function makeChangedFirestoreEvent<Params>(
-  event: RawFirestoreEvent,
+  event: RawFirestoreEvent | RawFirestoreAuthEvent,
   params: Params
-): FirestoreEvent<Change<QueryDocumentSnapshot> | undefined, Params> {
+):
+  | FirestoreEvent<Change<DocumentSnapshot> | undefined, Params>
+  | FirestoreAuthEvent<Change<DocumentSnapshot> | undefined, Params> {
   const data = event.data
     ? Change.fromObjects(createBeforeSnapshot(event), createSnapshot(event))
     : undefined;
@@ -390,6 +633,18 @@ export function makeChangedFirestoreEvent<Params>(
   };
   delete (firestoreEvent as any).datacontenttype;
   delete (firestoreEvent as any).dataschema;
+
+  if ("authtype" in event) {
+    const eventWithAuth = {
+      ...firestoreEvent,
+      authType: event.authtype,
+      authId: event.authid,
+    };
+    delete (eventWithAuth as any).authtype;
+    delete (eventWithAuth as any).authid;
+    return eventWithAuth;
+  }
+
   return firestoreEvent;
 }
 
@@ -397,21 +652,25 @@ export function makeChangedFirestoreEvent<Params>(
 export function makeEndpoint(
   eventType: string,
   opts: EventHandlerOptions,
-  document: PathPattern,
-  database: string,
-  namespace: string
+  document: string | Expression<string>,
+  database: string | Expression<string>,
+  namespace: string | Expression<string>
 ): ManifestEndpoint {
   const baseOpts = optionsToEndpoint(getGlobalOptions());
   const specificOpts = optionsToEndpoint(opts);
 
-  const eventFilters: Record<string, string> = {
+  const eventFilters: Record<string, string | Expression<string>> = {
     database,
     namespace,
   };
-  const eventFilterPathPatterns: Record<string, string> = {};
-  document.hasWildcards()
-    ? (eventFilterPathPatterns.document = document.getValue())
-    : (eventFilters.document = document.getValue());
+  const eventFilterPathPatterns: Record<string, string | Expression<string>> = {};
+  const maybePattern =
+    typeof document === "string" ? new PathPattern(document).hasWildcards() : true;
+  if (maybePattern) {
+    eventFilterPathPatterns.document = document;
+  } else {
+    eventFilters.document = document;
+  }
 
   return {
     ...initV2Endpoint(getGlobalOptions(), opts),
@@ -432,53 +691,59 @@ export function makeEndpoint(
 }
 
 /** @internal */
-export function onOperation<Document extends string>(
+export function onOperation<
+  Document extends string,
+  Event extends FirestoreEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot, ParamsOf<Document>>
+>(
   eventType: string,
   documentOrOpts: Document | DocumentOptions<Document>,
-  handler: (event: FirestoreEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot, ParamsOf<Document>>) => any | Promise<any>
-): CloudFunction<FirestoreEvent<QueryDocumentSnapshot, ParamsOf<Document>>> {
+  handler: (event: Event) => any | Promise<any>
+): CloudFunction<Event> {
   const { document, database, namespace, opts } = getOpts(documentOrOpts);
 
-  const documentPattern = new PathPattern(document);
-
   // wrap the handler
   const func = (raw: CloudEvent<unknown>) => {
-    const event = raw as RawFirestoreEvent;
+    const event = raw as RawFirestoreEvent | RawFirestoreAuthEvent;
+    const documentPattern = new PathPattern(
+      typeof document === "string" ? document : document.value()
+    );
     const params = makeParams(event.document, documentPattern) as unknown as ParamsOf<Document>;
     const firestoreEvent = makeFirestoreEvent(eventType, event, params);
-    return wrapTraceContext(handler)(firestoreEvent);
+    return wrapTraceContext(withInit(handler))(firestoreEvent);
   };
 
   func.run = handler;
 
-  func.__endpoint = makeEndpoint(eventType, opts, documentPattern, database, namespace);
+  func.__endpoint = makeEndpoint(eventType, opts, document, database, namespace);
 
   return func;
 }
 
 /** @internal */
-export function onChangedOperation<Document extends string>(
+export function onChangedOperation<
+  Document extends string,
+  Event extends FirestoreEvent<Change<DocumentSnapshot>, ParamsOf<Document>>
+>(
   eventType: string,
   documentOrOpts: Document | DocumentOptions<Document>,
-  handler: (
-    event: FirestoreEvent<Change<QueryDocumentSnapshot>, ParamsOf<Document>>
-  ) => any | Promise<any>
-): CloudFunction<FirestoreEvent<Change<QueryDocumentSnapshot>, ParamsOf<Document>>> {
+  handler: (event: Event) => any | Promise<any>
+): CloudFunction<Event> {
   const { document, database, namespace, opts } = getOpts(documentOrOpts);
 
-  const documentPattern = new PathPattern(document);
-
   // wrap the handler
   const func = (raw: CloudEvent<unknown>) => {
-    const event = raw as RawFirestoreEvent;
+    const event = raw as RawFirestoreEvent | RawFirestoreAuthEvent;
+    const documentPattern = new PathPattern(
+      typeof document === "string" ? document : document.value()
+    );
     const params = makeParams(event.document, documentPattern) as unknown as ParamsOf<Document>;
     const firestoreEvent = makeChangedFirestoreEvent(event, params);
-    return handler(firestoreEvent);
+    return wrapTraceContext(withInit(handler))(firestoreEvent);
   };
 
   func.run = handler;
 
-  func.__endpoint = makeEndpoint(eventType, opts, documentPattern, database, namespace);
+  func.__endpoint = makeEndpoint(eventType, opts, document, database, namespace);
 
   return func;
 }
diff --git a/src/v2/providers/https.ts b/src/v2/providers/https.ts
index 466160d62..311323f46 100644
--- a/src/v2/providers/https.ts
+++ b/src/v2/providers/https.ts
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ import { GlobalOptions, SupportedRegion } from "../options";
 import { Expression } from "../../params";
 import { SecretParam } from "../../params/types";
 import * as options from "../options";
+import { withInit } from "../../common/onInit";
 
 export { Request, CallableRequest, FunctionsErrorCode, HttpsError };
 
@@ -264,19 +265,26 @@ export function onRequest(
       // Respect `cors: false` to turn off cors even if debug feature is enabled.
       origin = opts.cors === false ? false : true;
     }
+    // Arrays cause the access-control-allow-origin header to be dynamic based
+    // on the origin header of the request. If there is only one element in the
+    // array, this is unnecessary.
+    if (Array.isArray(origin) && origin.length === 1) {
+      origin = origin[0];
+    }
+    const middleware = cors({ origin });
 
     const userProvidedHandler = handler;
     handler = (req: Request, res: express.Response): void | Promise<void> => {
       return new Promise((resolve) => {
         res.on("finish", resolve);
-        cors({ origin })(req, res, () => {
+        middleware(req, res, () => {
           resolve(userProvidedHandler(req, res));
         });
       });
     };
   }
 
-  handler = wrapTraceContext(handler);
+  handler = wrapTraceContext(withInit(handler));
 
   Object.defineProperty(handler, "__trigger", {
     get: () => {
@@ -340,7 +348,8 @@ export function onRequest(
 export function onCall<T = any, Return = any | Promise<any>>(
   opts: CallableOptions,
   handler: (request: CallableRequest<T>) => Return
-): CallableFunction<T, Return>;
+): CallableFunction<T, Return extends Promise<unknown> ? Return : Promise<Return>>;
+
 /**
  * Declares a callable method for clients to call using a Firebase SDK.
  * @param handler - A function that takes a {@link https.CallableRequest}.
@@ -348,11 +357,11 @@ export function onCall<T = any, Return = any | Promise<any>>(
  */
 export function onCall<T = any, Return = any | Promise<any>>(
   handler: (request: CallableRequest<T>) => Return
-): CallableFunction<T, Return>;
+): CallableFunction<T, Return extends Promise<unknown> ? Return : Promise<Return>>;
 export function onCall<T = any, Return = any | Promise<any>>(
   optsOrHandler: CallableOptions | ((request: CallableRequest<T>) => Return),
   handler?: (request: CallableRequest<T>) => Return
-): CallableFunction<T, Return> {
+): CallableFunction<T, Return extends Promise<unknown> ? Return : Promise<Return>> {
   let opts: CallableOptions;
   if (arguments.length === 1) {
     opts = {};
@@ -361,12 +370,18 @@ export function onCall<T = any, Return = any | Promise<any>>(
     opts = optsOrHandler as CallableOptions;
   }
 
-  const origin = isDebugFeatureEnabled("enableCors") ? true : "cors" in opts ? opts.cors : true;
+  let origin = isDebugFeatureEnabled("enableCors") ? true : "cors" in opts ? opts.cors : true;
+  // Arrays cause the access-control-allow-origin header to be dynamic based
+  // on the origin header of the request. If there is only one element in the
+  // array, this is unnecessary.
+  if (Array.isArray(origin) && origin.length === 1) {
+    origin = origin[1];
+  }
 
   // onCallHandler sniffs the function length to determine which API to present.
   // fix the length to prevent api versions from being mismatched.
-  const fixedLen = (req: CallableRequest<T>) => handler(req);
-  const func: any = onCallHandler(
+  const fixedLen = (req: CallableRequest<T>) => withInit(handler)(req);
+  let func: any = onCallHandler(
     {
       cors: { origin, methods: "POST" },
       enforceAppCheck: opts.enforceAppCheck ?? options.getGlobalOptions().enforceAppCheck,
@@ -375,6 +390,8 @@ export function onCall<T = any, Return = any | Promise<any>>(
     fixedLen
   );
 
+  func = wrapTraceContext(func);
+
   Object.defineProperty(func, "__trigger", {
     get: () => {
       const baseOpts = options.optionsToTriggerAnnotations(options.getGlobalOptions());
@@ -413,6 +430,6 @@ export function onCall<T = any, Return = any | Promise<any>>(
     callableTrigger: {},
   };
 
-  func.run = handler;
+  func.run = withInit(handler);
   return func;
 }
diff --git a/src/v2/providers/identity.ts b/src/v2/providers/identity.ts
index adb561437..753b05f0e 100644
--- a/src/v2/providers/identity.ts
+++ b/src/v2/providers/identity.ts
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ import { Expression } from "../../params";
 import { initV2Endpoint } from "../../runtime/manifest";
 import * as options from "../options";
 import { SecretParam } from "../../params/types";
+import { withInit } from "../../common/onInit";
 
 export { AuthUserRecord, AuthBlockingEvent, HttpsError };
 
@@ -376,7 +377,7 @@ export function beforeOperation(
   // Create our own function that just calls the provided function so we know for sure that
   // handler takes one argument. This is something common/providers/identity depends on.
   const wrappedHandler = (event: AuthBlockingEvent) => handler(event);
-  const func: any = wrapTraceContext(wrapHandler(eventType, wrappedHandler));
+  const func: any = wrapTraceContext(withInit(wrapHandler(eventType, wrappedHandler)));
 
   const legacyEventType = `providers/cloud.auth/eventTypes/user.${eventType}`;
 
diff --git a/src/v2/providers/pubsub.ts b/src/v2/providers/pubsub.ts
index 19e368d41..0cee195ea 100644
--- a/src/v2/providers/pubsub.ts
+++ b/src/v2/providers/pubsub.ts
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ import { wrapTraceContext } from "../trace";
 import { Expression } from "../../params";
 import * as options from "../options";
 import { SecretParam } from "../../params/types";
+import { withInit } from "../../common/onInit";
 
 /**
  * Google Cloud Pub/Sub is a globally distributed message bus that automatically scales as you need it.
@@ -303,7 +304,7 @@ export function onMessagePublished<T = any>(
       subscription: string;
     };
     messagePublishedData.message = new Message(messagePublishedData.message);
-    return wrapTraceContext(handler)(raw as CloudEvent<MessagePublishedData<T>>);
+    return wrapTraceContext(withInit(handler))(raw as CloudEvent<MessagePublishedData<T>>);
   };
 
   func.run = handler;
diff --git a/src/v2/providers/remoteConfig.ts b/src/v2/providers/remoteConfig.ts
index f6ff45172..23707dea2 100644
--- a/src/v2/providers/remoteConfig.ts
+++ b/src/v2/providers/remoteConfig.ts
@@ -20,9 +20,11 @@
 // OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
 // SOFTWARE.
 
+import { withInit } from "../../common/onInit";
 import { initV2Endpoint, ManifestEndpoint } from "../../runtime/manifest";
 import { CloudEvent, CloudFunction } from "../core";
 import { EventHandlerOptions, getGlobalOptions, optionsToEndpoint } from "../options";
+import { wrapTraceContext } from "../trace";
 
 /** @internal */
 export const eventType = "google.firebase.remoteconfig.remoteConfig.v1.updated";
@@ -128,9 +130,11 @@ export function onConfigUpdated(
   const baseOpts = optionsToEndpoint(getGlobalOptions());
   const specificOpts = optionsToEndpoint(optsOrHandler);
 
-  const func: any = (raw: CloudEvent<unknown>) => {
-    return handler(raw as CloudEvent<ConfigUpdateData>);
-  };
+  const func: any = wrapTraceContext(
+    withInit((raw: CloudEvent<unknown>) => {
+      return handler(raw as CloudEvent<ConfigUpdateData>);
+    })
+  );
   func.run = handler;
 
   const ep: ManifestEndpoint = {
diff --git a/src/v2/providers/scheduler.ts b/src/v2/providers/scheduler.ts
index 9346c451c..1f8f33c31 100644
--- a/src/v2/providers/scheduler.ts
+++ b/src/v2/providers/scheduler.ts
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ import { wrapTraceContext } from "../trace";
 import { Expression } from "../../params";
 import * as logger from "../../logger";
 import * as options from "../options";
+import { withInit } from "../../common/onInit";
 
 /** @hidden */
 interface SeparatedOpts {
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@ export function onSchedule(
       res.status(500).send();
     }
   };
-  const func: any = wrapTraceContext(httpFunc);
+  const func: any = wrapTraceContext(withInit(httpFunc));
   func.run = handler;
 
   const globalOpts = options.getGlobalOptions();
diff --git a/src/v2/providers/storage.ts b/src/v2/providers/storage.ts
index 451a257b5..582a3db7e 100644
--- a/src/v2/providers/storage.ts
+++ b/src/v2/providers/storage.ts
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ import { wrapTraceContext } from "../trace";
 import { Expression } from "../../params";
 import * as options from "../options";
 import { SecretParam } from "../../params/types";
+import { withInit } from "../../common/onInit";
 
 /**
  * An object within Google Cloud Storage.
@@ -201,7 +202,7 @@ export const metadataUpdatedEvent = "google.cloud.storage.object.v1.metadataUpda
 /** StorageOptions extend EventHandlerOptions with a bucket name  */
 export interface StorageOptions extends options.EventHandlerOptions {
   /** The name of the bucket containing this object. */
-  bucket?: string;
+  bucket?: string | Expression<string>;
 
   /**
    * If true, do not deploy or emulate this function.
@@ -324,7 +325,7 @@ export function onObjectArchived(
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Google Cloud Storage archival occurs.
  */
 export function onObjectArchived(
-  bucket: string,
+  bucket: string | Expression<string>,
   handler: (event: StorageEvent) => any | Promise<any>
 ): CloudFunction<StorageEvent>;
 
@@ -352,7 +353,11 @@ export function onObjectArchived(
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Google Cloud Storage archival occurs.
  */
 export function onObjectArchived(
-  bucketOrOptsOrHandler: string | StorageOptions | ((event: StorageEvent) => any | Promise<any>),
+  bucketOrOptsOrHandler:
+    | string
+    | Expression<string>
+    | StorageOptions
+    | ((event: StorageEvent) => any | Promise<any>),
   handler?: (event: StorageEvent) => any | Promise<any>
 ): CloudFunction<StorageEvent> {
   return onOperation(archivedEvent, bucketOrOptsOrHandler, handler);
@@ -384,7 +389,7 @@ export function onObjectFinalized(
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Google Cloud Storage object creation occurs.
  */
 export function onObjectFinalized(
-  bucket: string,
+  bucket: string | Expression<string>,
   handler: (event: StorageEvent) => any | Promise<any>
 ): CloudFunction<StorageEvent>;
 
@@ -416,7 +421,11 @@ export function onObjectFinalized(
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Google Cloud Storage object creation occurs.
  */
 export function onObjectFinalized(
-  bucketOrOptsOrHandler: string | StorageOptions | ((event: StorageEvent) => any | Promise<any>),
+  bucketOrOptsOrHandler:
+    | string
+    | Expression<string>
+    | StorageOptions
+    | ((event: StorageEvent) => any | Promise<any>),
   handler?: (event: StorageEvent) => any | Promise<any>
 ): CloudFunction<StorageEvent> {
   return onOperation(finalizedEvent, bucketOrOptsOrHandler, handler);
@@ -450,7 +459,7 @@ export function onObjectDeleted(
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Google Cloud Storage object deletion occurs.
  */
 export function onObjectDeleted(
-  bucket: string,
+  bucket: string | Expression<string>,
   handler: (event: StorageEvent) => any | Promise<any>
 ): CloudFunction<StorageEvent>;
 
@@ -484,7 +493,11 @@ export function onObjectDeleted(
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Google Cloud Storage object deletion occurs.
  */
 export function onObjectDeleted(
-  bucketOrOptsOrHandler: string | StorageOptions | ((event: StorageEvent) => any | Promise<any>),
+  bucketOrOptsOrHandler:
+    | string
+    | Expression<string>
+    | StorageOptions
+    | ((event: StorageEvent) => any | Promise<any>),
   handler?: (event: StorageEvent) => any | Promise<any>
 ): CloudFunction<StorageEvent> {
   return onOperation(deletedEvent, bucketOrOptsOrHandler, handler);
@@ -509,7 +522,7 @@ export function onObjectMetadataUpdated(
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Google Cloud Storage object metadata update occurs.
  */
 export function onObjectMetadataUpdated(
-  bucket: string,
+  bucket: string | Expression<string>,
   handler: (event: StorageEvent) => any | Promise<any>
 ): CloudFunction<StorageEvent>;
 
@@ -533,7 +546,11 @@ export function onObjectMetadataUpdated(
  * @param handler - Event handler which is run every time a Google Cloud Storage object metadata update occurs.
  */
 export function onObjectMetadataUpdated(
-  bucketOrOptsOrHandler: string | StorageOptions | ((event: StorageEvent) => any | Promise<any>),
+  bucketOrOptsOrHandler:
+    | string
+    | Expression<string>
+    | StorageOptions
+    | ((event: StorageEvent) => any | Promise<any>),
   handler?: (event: StorageEvent) => any | Promise<any>
 ): CloudFunction<StorageEvent> {
   return onOperation(metadataUpdatedEvent, bucketOrOptsOrHandler, handler);
@@ -542,7 +559,11 @@ export function onObjectMetadataUpdated(
 /** @internal */
 export function onOperation(
   eventType: string,
-  bucketOrOptsOrHandler: string | StorageOptions | ((event: StorageEvent) => any | Promise<any>),
+  bucketOrOptsOrHandler:
+    | string
+    | Expression<string>
+    | StorageOptions
+    | ((event: StorageEvent) => any | Promise<any>),
   handler: (event: StorageEvent) => any | Promise<any>
 ): CloudFunction<StorageEvent> {
   if (typeof bucketOrOptsOrHandler === "function") {
@@ -553,7 +574,7 @@ export function onOperation(
   const [opts, bucket] = getOptsAndBucket(bucketOrOptsOrHandler);
 
   const func = (raw: CloudEvent<unknown>) => {
-    return wrapTraceContext(handler)(raw as StorageEvent);
+    return wrapTraceContext(withInit(handler))(raw as StorageEvent);
   };
 
   func.run = handler;
@@ -616,11 +637,12 @@ export function onOperation(
 
 /** @internal */
 export function getOptsAndBucket(
-  bucketOrOpts: string | StorageOptions
-): [options.EventHandlerOptions, string] {
-  let bucket: string;
+  bucketOrOpts: string | Expression<string> | StorageOptions
+): [options.EventHandlerOptions, string | Expression<string>] {
+  let bucket: string | Expression<string>;
   let opts: options.EventHandlerOptions;
-  if (typeof bucketOrOpts === "string") {
+  // If bucket is a string or Expression<string>
+  if (typeof bucketOrOpts === "string" || "value" in bucketOrOpts) {
     bucket = bucketOrOpts;
     opts = {};
   } else {
@@ -635,7 +657,7 @@ export function getOptsAndBucket(
         " by providing bucket name directly in the event handler or by setting process.env.FIREBASE_CONFIG."
     );
   }
-  if (!/^[a-z\d][a-z\d\\._-]{1,230}[a-z\d]$/.test(bucket)) {
+  if (typeof bucket === "string" && !/^[a-z\d][a-z\d\\._-]{1,230}[a-z\d]$/.test(bucket)) {
     throw new Error(`Invalid bucket name ${bucket}`);
   }
 
diff --git a/src/v2/providers/tasks.ts b/src/v2/providers/tasks.ts
index 795939e1b..49d73bb39 100644
--- a/src/v2/providers/tasks.ts
+++ b/src/v2/providers/tasks.ts
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ import { HttpsFunction } from "./https";
 import { Expression } from "../../params";
 import { SecretParam } from "../../params/types";
 import { initV2Endpoint, initTaskQueueTrigger } from "../../runtime/manifest";
+import { withInit } from "../../common/onInit";
 
 export { AuthData, Request, RateLimits, RetryConfig };
 
@@ -210,7 +211,7 @@ export function onTaskDispatched<Args = any>(
   // onDispatchHandler sniffs the function length to determine which API to present.
   // fix the length to prevent api versions from being mismatched.
   const fixedLen = (req: Request<Args>) => handler(req);
-  const func: any = wrapTraceContext(onDispatchHandler(fixedLen));
+  const func: any = wrapTraceContext(withInit(onDispatchHandler(fixedLen)));
 
   Object.defineProperty(func, "__trigger", {
     get: () => {
diff --git a/src/v2/providers/testLab.ts b/src/v2/providers/testLab.ts
index 0283a0280..cdf0c85f1 100644
--- a/src/v2/providers/testLab.ts
+++ b/src/v2/providers/testLab.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 // OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
 // SOFTWARE.
 
+import { withInit } from "../../common/onInit";
 import { initV2Endpoint, ManifestEndpoint } from "../../runtime/manifest";
 import { CloudEvent, CloudFunction } from "../core";
 import { EventHandlerOptions, getGlobalOptions, optionsToEndpoint } from "../options";
@@ -190,7 +191,7 @@ export function onTestMatrixCompleted(
   const specificOpts = optionsToEndpoint(optsOrHandler);
 
   const func: any = (raw: CloudEvent<unknown>) => {
-    return wrapTraceContext(handler)(raw as CloudEvent<TestMatrixCompletedData>);
+    return wrapTraceContext(withInit(handler))(raw as CloudEvent<TestMatrixCompletedData>);
   };
   func.run = handler;