diff --git a/sanskrit/brief_introduction_to_sounds_and_sound_changes.textile b/sanskrit/brief_introduction_to_sounds_and_sound_changes.textile index 5c5e531..154e900 100644 --- a/sanskrit/brief_introduction_to_sounds_and_sound_changes.textile +++ b/sanskrit/brief_introduction_to_sounds_and_sound_changes.textile @@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ However, given that Sanskrit and especially has a large number of sound changes This will, potentially, help you understand the "why" of the sandhi and this understanding may facilitate use. Moreover, it will be helpful, should you learn other later Indo-European languages, to understand the types of sound changes that occur as a family of languages evolves. + *Here are the types of sounds you will find in Sanskrit:* *General Types:* @@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ p((. Palatal: formed by pressing the tongue against the hard palate at the roo p((. Guttural: formed from back of throat (English "k", "g") -p((. Click/Lingual: with tip of tongue at top of palate ("r" in very) +p((. Click (In Perry, Lingual): with tip of tongue at top of palate ("r" in very) p(. Fricative: sound formed by forcing air through a narrow channel, as in the tongue top of the palate ("ch" in Bach) or tongue against the front teeth (english "f"). diff --git a/sanskrit/resources-blogs.textile b/sanskrit/resources-blogs.textile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ec8ac6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sanskrit/resources-blogs.textile @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +http://sanskritvoice.com/2009/10/13/sanskrit-blogs/ + diff --git a/sanskrit/resources-ocr.textile b/sanskrit/resources-ocr.textile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..61a8243 --- /dev/null +++ b/sanskrit/resources-ocr.textile @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + +Sanskrit and Hindi OCR + +http://www.indsenz.com/int/index.php \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sanskrit/sandhi.textile b/sanskrit/sandhi.textile index 74907e2..6098855 100644 --- a/sanskrit/sandhi.textile +++ b/sanskrit/sandhi.textile @@ -1,9 +1,7 @@ In order of introduction in Perry, with paragraph number. Explanatory notes includes from W. Sidney Allen's book Sandhi where additional explanation may be helpful. - 95 -s, r -> h (end of word) NOTE: the final syllable is commonly pronounced with the vowel sound of the previous sylable. According to MW, this is because the pure "h" sound is difficult for many speakers of S.Asian languages to pronounce. - +final s/r -> h (end of phrase or before k/kh/p/ph/ç/s) NOTE: the final syllable is commonly pronounced with the vowel sound of the previous sylable. According to MW, this is because the pure "h" sound is difficult for many speakers of S.Asian languages to pronounce. 104 a/aa + a = aa @@ -17,9 +15,107 @@ a/aa + o/au = au s -> r (voiced) r -> s (voiceless) -148 final: +118 +final as -> o (before voiced consonant or a) NOTE: initial "a" in following word,if exists, is dropped and replaced with apostrophe + +120 +final as -> a (before vowel other than a) + +121 +final aas -> aa (before any voiced vowel or consonant) + +122 +final r -> h + +123 +rr -> elongated vowel + r (e.g. punar raamah -> punaa raamah) + +129 +final s -> ç (before c, ch) +final s -> s. (before t.,t.h) extremely rare + +138 +final n -> ñ (before j and ç), in second case usually also ç -> ch + +139 +final n -> ňl (before l) (e.g. taan lokaan -> taaňl lokaan) + +140 +final n + (c/ch/ṭ/ṭh/t/th) -> (see below) + n (anusvara) (e.g. taan ca -> taaṅç ca) +c/ch -> ç +ṭ/ṭh -> ṣ +t/th -> s + +EX: voiceless stop (palatal, lingual, dental) -> corresponding sibilant + +149 +final t + c/ch/j/jh/ṭ/ṭh/ḍ/ḍh/l -> doubles (e.g. meghaat jalam -> meghaaj jalam) + +NOTE: Appears to be an error here AHHHHHH + +EX: palatals + linguals + l + +148 final +final t -> g/gh/d/dh/b/bh -> d + +EX: before voiced ex. palatals and nasals + +150 +final t + ç -> c + ch (e.g. nrpaat çatruh -> nrpaac chatruh) + +151 +final t + nn/ñ/ṇ/n/m (nasals) -> n + nasal +NOTE: in rare cases instead t -> d + +156 +final short/long vowel + initial short/long vowel -> vowel +e.g. +i/ii + i/ii -> ii + +157 +i/ii/u/uu/ṛ + other vowel/dipthong -> corresponding semivowel (y/v/r) +(e.g. tiṣṭhatii atra -> tiṣṭhaty atra) + +158 +final e/o + a -> e/o + nul (a disappears) + +159 +final i/u of dipthong -> y/v +EXCEPT: when 158 applies + +160 +final long vowel (e/) -> shortened form + +161 +Exceptions to 160: + +(1) Dual endings do not change. +(2) Final, or only, vowel of an interjection (he indra) + +164 +final aai and au -> aay/aav (before vowel/dipthong). y/v may be dropped. + +165 +words (aa/ma) to/don't + initial ch -> cch +RARE + +166 +final r + initial n -> r + ṅ + +167 +anu +ava + + + +n + n + + + + + -final t -> d (before voiced ex. palatals and nasals) +.. +22 rules -as -> o (before voiced consanent or a) diff --git a/sanskrit/sanskrit_letters.textile b/sanskrit/sanskrit_letters.textile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87e6520 --- /dev/null +++ b/sanskrit/sanskrit_letters.textile @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +characters you may need to use: + +ñ +ṇ +ň +ṅ diff --git a/sanskrit/vocab/perry_1-10_comb.textile b/sanskrit/vocab/perry_1-10_comb.textile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..29944e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/sanskrit/vocab/perry_1-10_comb.textile @@ -0,0 +1,256 @@ +atas hence +itas hence +atra here +iha here +ittham in this way, so +kutas why? +adhunaa now +adya today +evam so, thus +eva just, exactly +tatas fore +tatra there +tathaa in that way, so +kutra wehre +kva where +tadaa then +sarvatra everywhere +iti so, thus; ends quotation +ca (postpos.) and -que +yatas whence, wherefrom +yatra where +yathaa in which way, as +katham how? +kadaa when? +yadaa when, if +sadaa always +tu but, however +punar again, but + +Verbs + +car go, wander, graze (intr); perform, commit (tr) +jiv live +tyaj leave, abandon +dah burn +dhaav run +nam bow, bend one's self (intr); honor, reverence (tr) +pac cook +pat fall; fly +yaj sacrifice +raks protect +vad speak, say +vas dwell +vah carry, bear (tr); flow, blow, proceed (intr) +çans praise + +II + +gam (gacchati) go. +ghraa (jighrati) smell +ji conquer, win. +dru run. +nii lead, guide +paa (pibati) drink. +bhuu become, be, exist. +yam (yacchati) furnish, give. +vrs rain, give rain; shower down; overwhelm +smr remember, think on +stha (tisthati) stand. + +M. Noun + +gaja elephant +gandha odor +graama village +nara man +nrpa king +putra son + +N. Noun + +ksiira milk +grha house +jala water +daana gift, present +nagara city + +Inter. +he O, ho + +III + +a-accent +is (icchati) wish, desire +krs (krsati) plough +ksip (ksipati) hurl, cast, throw +dic (dicati) show, point out +prach (prcchati) ask, ask about +vic (vicati) enter +sic (siñcati) drip, drop; moisten +srj (srjati) let go; create +sprç (sprçati) touch; wash + +a-class +guh (guuhati) hide, conceal +sad (siidati) sit + + +M. Noun + +kata mat +kunta spear +baala child boy +maarga road, way, street +megha cloud +çara arrow +hasta hand + +N. Noun + +ksetra field +dhana money, riches +lanngala plough +visa poison +sukha fortune, luck, happiness + +IV + +krt (krntati) cut, cut off +muc (muñcati) free, deliver, release +ruh (rohati) grow +lip (limpati) smear +lup (lumpati) break to pieces, devastate, plunder + + + +M. Noun + +agni fire +ari enemy +asi sword +rsi seer +kavi poet +giri mountain +jana man (pl.) people +paan.i +raama name of hero +vrksa tree +çiva name of god +hari name of god + +N. Noun + +duhkha misery, misfortune +paapa sin +satya truth, righteousness + +V + +as (asyati) throw, hurl +kup (kupyati) be angry (+ gen or dat) +krudh (krudhyati) be angry (+ gen or dat) +agam (agacchati) come +tr (tarati) cross over +nac (nacyati) perish +paç (paçyati) see +ruh (rohati) rise, spring up, grow +aruh (arohati) climb, mount, ascend +likh (likhati) scratch; write +lubh (lubhyati) desire, covet (+ dat or gen) +çus (çusyati) dry up +snih (snihyati) feel inclined to, love (+ gen or loc) +huu/hvaa (hvayati) call + +M. Noun + +açva horse +udadhi ocean +guru teacher +paraçu axe +paada foot; quarter; ray, beam +baahu arm +bindu drop +bhaanu sun +mani jewel +raaçi heap +vaayu wind +visnu name of a god +çatru enemy +çikhara summit +çisya pupil, scholar + +N. Noun + +anna food, fodder +pattra leaf, letter +ratna jewel +suukta Vedic hymn + + +VI + +r (rcchati) go to; fall to one's lot, fall upon +akram (aakraamati) stride up to; attack +aacam (aacaamati) sip, drink, rinse the mouth +tam (taamyati) be sad +tus (tusyati) rejoice, take pleasure in (+ inst) +diiv (diivyati) play +bhram (bhraamyati) wander about +mad (maadyati) get drunk +vyadh (vidhyati) hit, pierce +çam (çaamyati) become quiet, be extinguihed, go out +çram (çraamyati) become weary +hr (harati) take away, steal, plunder. + +noun + +aksa die, dice (m.) +adharma injustice, wrong (m.) +ali bee (m.) +açru tear (n.) +rksa bear (m.) +kopa anger (m.) +ksatriya warrior (m.) +nrpati king (m.) +netra eye (n.) +madhu honey (n.) +mukha mouth, face (n.) +mrtyu death (m.) +vasu wealth, money (n.) + + +VII + +kathaya (dathayati) relate, tell +ksal (ksaalayati) wash +ganaya (ganayati) number, count +cur (corayati) steal +tad (taadayati) strike, beat +tul (tolayati) weigh +dandaya (dandayati) punish +aanii (aanayati) bring +piid (piidayati) torment +puuj (puujayati) honor +pr (paarayati) overcome evils; prevail + + + +noun + +janaka father (m.) +danda stick, punishment (m.) +punya merit (n.) +phala fruit; reward (n.) +raamaayana a noted poem (n) +ruupaka gold-piece (n.) +loka world, people (sing and pl) (m.) +saadhu holy man, saint (m.) +suvarna gold (n.) +suuta driver, charioteer (m.) +stena thief (m.) + +adverb + +iva as, like + diff --git a/sanskrit/vocab/perry_1-10_nouns.textile b/sanskrit/vocab/perry_1-10_nouns.textile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d490429 --- /dev/null +++ b/sanskrit/vocab/perry_1-10_nouns.textile @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +açva horse (m.) +agni fire (m.) +anna food, fodder (n.) +ari enemy (m.) +asi sword (m.) +baahu arm (m.) +baala child boy (m.) +bindu drop (m.) +bhaanu sun (m.) +çatru enemy (m.) +çikhara summit (m.) +çisya pupil, scholar (m.) +çiva name of god (m.) +çara arrow (m.) +daana gift, present (n.) +dhana money, riches (n.) +duhkha misery, misfortune (n.) +gaja elephant (m.) +gandha odor (m.) +graama village (m.) +giri mountain (m.) +grha house (n.) +guru teacher (m.) +hari name of god (m.) +hasta hand (m.) +jala water (n.) +jana man (pl.) people (m.) +kata mat (m.) +kavi poet (m.) +ksetra field (n.) +ksiira milk (n.) +kunta spear (m.) +lanngala plough (n.) +mani jewel (m.) +maarga road, way, street (m.) +megha cloud (m.) +nagara city (n.) +nara man (m.) +nrpa king (m.) +paada foot; quarter; ray, beam (m.) +paan.i hand (m.) +paapa sin (n.) +paraçu axe (m.) +putra son (m.) +pattra leaf, letter (n.) +raaçi heap (m.) +raama name of hero (m.) +ratna jewel (n.) +rsi seer (m.) +satya truth, righteousness (n.) +sukha fortune, luck, happiness (n.) +suukta Vedic hymn (n.) +udadhi ocean (m.) +vaayu wind (m.) +visa poison (n.) +visnu name of a god (m.) +vrksa tree (m.) diff --git a/sanskrit/vocab/perry_1-10_other.textile b/sanskrit/vocab/perry_1-10_other.textile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..99ef4b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/sanskrit/vocab/perry_1-10_other.textile @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +adhunaa now +adya today +atas hence +atra here +ca (postpos.) -que +eva just, exactly +evam so, thus +he O, ho +iha here +itas hence +iti so, thus; ends quotation +ittham in this way, so +katham how? +kadaa when? +kutas why? +kutra wehre +kva where +sarvatra everywhere +tadaa then +tatas therefore +tatra there +tathaa in that way, so +yatas whence, wherefrom +yatra where +yathaa in which way, as +yadaa when, if +sadaa always +tu but, however +punar again, but diff --git a/sanskrit/vocab/perry_1-10_verbs.textile b/sanskrit/vocab/perry_1-10_verbs.textile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e80b24 --- /dev/null +++ b/sanskrit/vocab/perry_1-10_verbs.textile @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ + +agam (agacchati) come +aruh (arohati) climb, mount, ascend +as (asyati) throw, hurl +bhuu become, be, exist. +çans praise +car go, wander, graze (intr); perform, commit (tr) +çus (çusyati) dry up +dah burn +dhaav run +dic (dicati) show, point out +dru run +gam (gacchati) go. +ghraa (jighrati) smell +guh (guuhati) hide, conceal +huu/hvaa (hvayati) call +ji conquer, win. +jiv live +is (icchati) wish, desire +krt (krntati) cut, cut off +krs (krsati) plough +krudh (krudhyati) be angry (+ gen or dat) +ksip (ksipati) hurl, cast, throw +kup (kupyati) be angry (+ gen or dat) +likh (likhati) scratch; write +lip (limpati) smear +lubh (lubhyati) desire, covet (+ dat or gen) +lup (lumpati) break to pieces, devastate, plunder +muc (muñcati) free, deliver, release +nac (nacyati) perish +nam bow, bend one's self (intr); honor, reverence (tr) +nii lead, guide +paa (pibati) drink. +pac cook +paç (paçyati) see +pat fall; fly +prach (prcchati) ask, ask about +raks protect +ruh (rohati) rise, spring up, grow +sad (siidati) sit +smr remember, think on +snih (snihyati) feel inclined to, love (+ gen or loc) +stha (tisthati) stand. +tr (tarati) cross over +tyaj leave, abandon +vad speak, sayr +vas dwell +vah carry, bear (tr); flow, blow, proceed (intr) +vic (vicati) enter +vrs rain, give rain; shower down; overwhelm +yaj sacrifice +yam (yacchati) furnish, give.