Daily 1-KM resolution PM2.5 for Contiguous US from 2005 to 2021

High-resolution daily PM₂․₅ maps (1 km) for the contiguous United States (2005-08-25 ➜ 2021-12-31),
generated with a Bi-LSTM-Attention model described in Wang et al., Remote Sensing 17(1):126, 2025.

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Table of Contents

1. Dataset overview
2. Quick start (under construction)
3. Install & environment
4. Data sources
5. Citation
6. License

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Dataset overview

• Spatial coverage: CONUS (lower 48 + DC)
• Spatial resolution: 0.01° (~1 km) MODIS sinusoidal grid
• Temporal coverage: 2005-08-25 → 2021-12-31 (2 392 days)

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Quick start 

# 1. Clone & install
git clone https://github.com/air-lab/pm25-1km.git
cd pm25-1km
mamba env create -f environment.yml
conda activate pm25-1km

# 2. Download a 3-day sample (~25 MB)
python scripts/download_sample.py --dest data/sample

# 3. Run inference for 2020-07-05
python scripts/infer.py --date 2020-07-05 --input data/sample \
                        --checkpoint checkpoints/bi_lstm_attention.pth \
                        --output outputs/pm25_2020-07-05.nc

# 4. Visualise
python notebooks/plot_example.py outputs/pm25_2020-07-05.nc

Install & environment

Prerequisites

• Conda ≥ 4.12 (or the drop-in replacement Mamba for faster solves).
  Miniconda download: https://docs.conda.io/en/latest/miniconda.html
• Python 3.8 (pinned inside the env file).
• Git to clone this repository.
• GPU (optional)
  Inference works on CPU; training the full 17-year model requires an NVIDIA card with ≥ 10 GB VRAM and CUDA 11.4.

Create the Conda environment

# with Conda
conda env create -f environment.yml

# …or with Mamba (recommended: ~5× faster)
mamba env create -f environment.yml

conda activate pm25-1km        # activate the new env

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Data Sources

Data Source	Variable	Description	Temporal Resolution	Spatial Resolution
MODIS MCD19A2.061	AOD 047 and AOD 055	MODIS Terra and Aqua combined Multi-angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) Land Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) gridded Level 2 product produced daily at 1 km resolution.	Daily	1-km
MODIS MCD43A4_006_NDVI	NDVI	NDVI generated from the MODIS/006/MCD43A4 surface reflectance composites.	16-Day	0.5-km
Daymet	Day Length, Pricipitation, Shortwave Radiation, Max and Min Temperature, and Vapor Pressue	Daily Surface Weather and Climatological Summaries	Daily	1-km
gridMet	Wind direction and velocity	A dataset of daily high-spatial resolution (~4-km, 1/24th degree) surface meteorological data covering the contiguous US from 1979-yesterday.	Daily	1/24th degree ~4-km
GMTED	DEM	The Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010).	Static (2010)	1-km
NOAA Hazard Mapping System	Wildfire Smoke Density	NOAA's Hazard Mapping System (HMS) Smoke Product	Daily	1-km

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Citation

If you use this repository or the derived 1-km PM₂․₅ dataset in your work, please cite:

@article{wang2025high,
  title   = {High-Resolution Estimation of Daily PM2.5 Levels in the Contiguous US Using Bi-LSTM with Attention},
  author  = {Wang, Zhongying and Crooks, James L. and Regan, Elizabeth Anne and Karimzadeh, Morteza},
  journal = {Remote Sensing},
  volume  = {17},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {126},
  year    = {2025},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  doi     = {10.3390/rs17010126}
}

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License

Distributed under the Apache License 2.0.