diff --git a/adapter/specs/insert.go b/adapter/specs/insert.go
index 1026ab2f..fe899979 100644
--- a/adapter/specs/insert.go
+++ b/adapter/specs/insert.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package specs
 
 import (
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/go-rel/rel"
 	"github.com/go-rel/rel/where"
@@ -144,17 +145,19 @@ func Inserts(t *testing.T, repo rel.Repository) {
 
 	repo.MustInsert(ctx, &user)
 
+	now := time.Now()
+
 	tests := []interface{}{
 		&User{},
 		&User{Name: "insert", Age: 100},
 		&User{Name: "insert", Age: 100, Note: &note},
 		&User{Note: &note},
-		&User{ID: 123, Name: "insert", Age: 100, Note: &note},
+		&User{ID: 123, Name: "insert", Age: 100, Note: &note, CreatedAt: now},
 		&Address{},
 		&Address{Name: "work"},
 		&Address{UserID: &user.ID},
 		&Address{Name: "work", UserID: &user.ID},
-		&Address{ID: 123, Name: "work", UserID: &user.ID},
+		&Address{ID: 123, Name: "work", UserID: &user.ID, CreatedAt: now},
 		&Composite{Primary1: 1, Primary2: 2, Data: "data-1-2"},
 	}
 
@@ -192,19 +195,21 @@ func InsertAll(t *testing.T, repo rel.Repository) {
 
 	repo.MustInsert(ctx, &user)
 
+	now := time.Now()
+
 	tests := []interface{}{
 		&[]User{{}},
 		&[]User{{Name: "insert", Age: 100}},
 		&[]User{{Name: "insert", Age: 100, Note: &note}},
 		&[]User{{Note: &note}},
 		&[]User{{Name: "insert", Age: 100}, {Name: "insert too"}},
-		&[]User{{ID: 224, Name: "insert", Age: 100}, {ID: 234, Name: "insert too"}},
+		&[]User{{ID: 224, Name: "insert", Age: 100, CreatedAt: now}, {ID: 234, Name: "insert too", CreatedAt: now}},
 		&[]Address{{}},
 		&[]Address{{Name: "work"}},
 		&[]Address{{UserID: &user.ID}},
 		&[]Address{{Name: "work", UserID: &user.ID}},
 		&[]Address{{Name: "work"}, {Name: "home"}},
-		&[]Address{{ID: 233, Name: "work"}, {ID: 235, Name: "home"}},
+		&[]Address{{ID: 233, Name: "work", CreatedAt: now}, {ID: 235, Name: "home", CreatedAt: now}},
 	}
 
 	for _, record := range tests {
@@ -217,10 +222,13 @@ func InsertAll(t *testing.T, repo rel.Repository) {
 
 // InsertAllPartialCustomPrimary tests insert multiple specifications.
 func InsertAllPartialCustomPrimary(t *testing.T, repo rel.Repository) {
+
+	now := time.Now()
+
 	tests := []interface{}{
-		&[]User{{ID: 300, Name: "insert 300", Age: 100}, {Name: "insert 300+?"}},
-		&[]User{{Name: "insert 305-?", Age: 100}, {ID: 305, Name: "insert 305+?"}},
-		&[]User{{Name: "insert 310-?"}, {ID: 310, Name: "insert 310", Age: 100}, {Name: "insert 300+?"}},
+		&[]User{{ID: 300, Name: "insert 300", Age: 100, CreatedAt: now}, {Name: "insert 300+?"}},
+		&[]User{{Name: "insert 305-?", Age: 100}, {ID: 305, Name: "insert 305+?", CreatedAt: now}},
+		&[]User{{Name: "insert 310-?"}, {ID: 310, Name: "insert 310", Age: 100, CreatedAt: now}, {Name: "insert 300+?"}},
 	}
 
 	for _, record := range tests {
diff --git a/repository_test.go b/repository_test.go
index 2c8d5afd..75c4354e 100644
--- a/repository_test.go
+++ b/repository_test.go
@@ -1255,7 +1255,6 @@ func TestRepository_Update_saveBelongsTo(t *testing.T) {
 			ID:        1,
 			Name:      "name",
 			UpdatedAt: now(),
-			CreatedAt: now(),
 		},
 	}, profile)
 
@@ -1345,7 +1344,6 @@ func TestRepository_Update_saveHasOne(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, User{
 		ID:        userID,
 		UpdatedAt: now(),
-		CreatedAt: now(),
 		Address: Address{
 			ID:     1,
 			Street: "street",
@@ -1377,7 +1375,6 @@ func TestRepository_Update_saveHasOneCascadeDisabled(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, User{
 		ID:        userID,
 		UpdatedAt: now(),
-		CreatedAt: now(),
 		Address: Address{
 			ID:     1,
 			Street: "street",
@@ -1434,7 +1431,6 @@ func TestRepository_Update_saveHasMany(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Nil(t, repo.Update(context.TODO(), &user))
 	assert.Equal(t, User{
 		ID:        10,
-		CreatedAt: now(),
 		UpdatedAt: now(),
 		UserRoles: []UserRole{
 			{UserID: 10, RoleID: 2},
@@ -1461,7 +1457,6 @@ func TestRepository_Update_saveHasManyCascadeDisabled(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Nil(t, repo.Update(context.TODO(), &user, Cascade(false)))
 	assert.Equal(t, User{
 		ID:        10,
-		CreatedAt: now(),
 		UpdatedAt: now(),
 		UserRoles: []UserRole{
 			{RoleID: 2},
@@ -2241,7 +2236,6 @@ func TestRepository_saveHasMany_replace(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Nil(t, repo.(*repository).saveHasMany(cw, doc, &mutation, false))
 	assert.Equal(t, User{
 		ID:        1,
-		CreatedAt: now(),
 		UpdatedAt: now(),
 		Emails: []Email{
 			{ID: 3, UserID: 1, Email: "email3@gmail.com"},
diff --git a/structset.go b/structset.go
index 9531b832..86593c69 100644
--- a/structset.go
+++ b/structset.go
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ func (s Structset) Apply(doc *Document, mut *Mutation) {
 		switch field {
 		case "created_at", "inserted_at":
 			if doc.Flag(HasCreatedAt) {
-				if value, ok := doc.Value(field); ok && value.(time.Time).IsZero() {
+				if value, ok := doc.Value(field); ok && value.(time.Time).IsZero() && isZero(doc.PrimaryValue()) {
 					s.set(doc, mut, field, t, true)
 					continue
 				}
diff --git a/structset_test.go b/structset_test.go
index 374a8057..41ddce95 100644
--- a/structset_test.go
+++ b/structset_test.go
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func TestStructset(t *testing.T) {
 				"id":         Set("id", 1),
 				"name":       Set("name", "Luffy"),
 				"age":        Set("age", 0),
-				"created_at": Set("created_at", now()),
+				"created_at": Set("created_at", time.Time{}),
 				"updated_at": Set("updated_at", now()),
 			},
 		}
@@ -85,7 +85,6 @@ func TestStructset_skipZero(t *testing.T) {
 			Mutates: map[string]Mutate{
 				"id":         Set("id", 1),
 				"name":       Set("name", "Luffy"),
-				"created_at": Set("created_at", now()),
 				"updated_at": Set("updated_at", now()),
 			},
 		}