runtime: memmove sometimes faster than memclrNoHeapPointers

[alandonovan]

Memory allocation using make([]int, K) is surprisingly slow compared to append(nil, ...), even though append does strictly more work, such as copying.

$ cat a_test.go
package main

import "testing"

const K = 1e6
var escape []int

func BenchmarkMake(b *testing.B) {
	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
		escape = make([]int, K)
	}
}

var empty [K]int

func BenchmarkAppend(b *testing.B) {
	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
		escape = append([]int(nil), empty[:]...)
	}
}

$ go version
go version devel +6317adeed7 Tue Jan 2 13:39:20 2018 +0000 linux/amd64

$ go test -bench=. a_test.go
BenchmarkAppend-12    	    1000	   1208800 ns/op
BenchmarkMake-12      	    1000	   1473106 ns/op

While reporting this issue, I initially used an older runtime from December 18 in which the effect was much stronger: 10x-20x slowdown. But that seems to have been fixed.

Curiously, this issue is the exact opposite of the problem reported in #14718 (now closed).

[bcmills]

append does strictly more work, such as copying.

append has to copy, but make has to zero, and either of those operations may be hardware-accelerated. It's not obvious that either is strictly more work than the other.

Are you sure that the escape analysis is working as you expect? Since the escape variable is package-local the compiler could reasonably see through it (and hoist the allocations out of either or both of those loops).

[mdempsky]

Here's a benchmark of the underlying memory copying/clearing primitives (you'll need to put this in its own package directory, along with an empty .s file to workaround #23311):

package main

import (
    "testing"
    "unsafe"
)

//go:linkname memclrNoHeapPointers runtime.memclrNoHeapPointers
func memclrNoHeapPointers(ptr unsafe.Pointer, n uintptr)

//go:linkname memmove runtime.memmove
func memmove(to, from unsafe.Pointer, n uintptr)

const K = 6e5

var a1, a2 [K]int

func BenchmarkMemclr(b *testing.B) {
    for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
            memclrNoHeapPointers(unsafe.Pointer(&a1), unsafe.Sizeof(a1))
    }
}

func BenchmarkMemmove(b *testing.B) {
    for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
            memmove(unsafe.Pointer(&a1), unsafe.Pointer(&a2), unsafe.Sizeof(a1))
    }
}

On my laptop, the relative performance seems very sensitive to the exact value of K. For example, at K=6e5, I get:

BenchmarkMemclr-4           5000            322261 ns/op
BenchmarkMemmove-4          5000            305383 ns/op

But at K=1e7, I get:

BenchmarkMemclr-4            300           4485500 ns/op
BenchmarkMemmove-4           300           5060492 ns/op

[josharian]

Probably unrelated, but this reminds me of 4k aliasing: https://lemire.me/blog/2018/01/04/dont-make-it-appear-like-you-are-reading-your-own-recent-writes/

[TocarIP]

For original benchmark memmove and memclr use different strategies. Memmove switches to non-temporal movs, while memclr uses regular movs. Changing non-temporal mov threshould in memmove to match memclr makes append faster:

Make-6    1.58ms ± 1%  1.58ms ± 1%     ~     (p=0.912 n=10+10)
Append-6  1.36ms ± 1%  1.89ms ± 1%  +39.07%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)

However, for memmove tests from runtime switching to regular movs makes benchmark slower for larger sizes:

Memmove/65536-6                 14.9GB/s ± 0%  14.9GB/s ± 0%   +0.16%  (p=0.028 n=9+10)
Memmove/1048576-6               8.67GB/s ± 1%  8.26GB/s ± 2%   -4.80%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
Memmove/4194304-6               8.51GB/s ± 2%  8.20GB/s ± 3%   -3.74%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
Memmove/8388608-6               8.55GB/s ± 2%  6.31GB/s ± 4%  -26.28%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
Memmove/16777216-6              7.92GB/s ± 1%  4.33GB/s ± 2%  -45.30%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
Memmove/67108864-6              6.56GB/s ± 2%  6.59GB/s ± 1%     ~     (p=0.315 n=10+9)

MemmoveUnalignedDst/65536-6     14.5GB/s ± 1%  14.5GB/s ± 0%     ~     (p=1.000 n=10+7)
MemmoveUnalignedDst/1048576-6   8.70GB/s ± 2%  8.14GB/s ± 1%   -6.48%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MemmoveUnalignedDst/4194304-6   8.64GB/s ± 2%  8.13GB/s ± 2%   -5.92%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MemmoveUnalignedDst/8388608-6   8.55GB/s ± 3%  6.24GB/s ± 3%  -27.00%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MemmoveUnalignedDst/16777216-6  7.93GB/s ± 3%  4.36GB/s ± 1%  -45.08%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MemmoveUnalignedDst/67108864-6  6.66GB/s ± 1%  6.76GB/s ± 2%   +1.49%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)

MemmoveUnalignedSrc/65536-6     14.5GB/s ± 1%  14.5GB/s ± 1%     ~     (p=0.796 n=10+10)
MemmoveUnalignedSrc/1048576-6   8.57GB/s ± 1%  8.20GB/s ± 2%   -4.29%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MemmoveUnalignedSrc/4194304-6   8.54GB/s ± 2%  8.19GB/s ± 2%   -4.18%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MemmoveUnalignedSrc/8388608-6   8.53GB/s ± 2%  6.25GB/s ± 4%  -26.66%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MemmoveUnalignedSrc/16777216-6  8.02GB/s ± 2%  4.36GB/s ± 2%  -45.67%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MemmoveUnalignedSrc/67108864-6  6.73GB/s ± 2%  6.82GB/s ± 2%   +1.32%  (p=0.035 n=10+10)

[go101]

It looks this problem has been solved in Go Toolchain 1.15.

[go101]

Sorry, I mean make+copy is specially optimized in Go 1.15, so that it is more efficient than a single make (also more efficient than append in any case). Single make call is still not optimized.