diff --git a/docs/production.md b/docs/production.md
index 1968ba909..8d5eecf29 100644
--- a/docs/production.md
+++ b/docs/production.md
@@ -251,6 +251,8 @@ DB_APIKEY_SIGNATURE_KEY="gSEGlr482MSTm0eGRm2VvS86iQin3+/+80ALBkKKBYgu2EJyhGkvi8B
 Note: Removing any of the keys from this list will invalidate API keys signed by
 that version.
 
+If you are using Terraform, increment the `db_apikey_sig_hmac_count` by 1.
+
 
 ### API Key database HMAC keys
 
@@ -277,6 +279,8 @@ DB_APIKEY_SIGNATURE_KEY="1do5HM96Bk9WD15BQC3qbW9e3T2V6T0DHn2i1xGJRKX8tZubxuaeziv
 Note: Removing any of the keys from this list will invalidate API keys HMACed by
 that version.
 
+If you are using Terraform, increment the `db_apikey_db_hmac_count` by 1.
+
 
 ### Verification Code database HMAC keys
 
@@ -305,6 +309,8 @@ Note: Removing any of the keys from this list will invalidate verification codes
 HMACed by that version. However, given verification a verification code's
 lifetime is short, it is probably safe to remove the key beyond 30 days.
 
+If you are using Terraform, increment the `db_verification_code_hmac_count` by 1.
+
 
 ### Certificate and token signing keys
 
diff --git a/terraform/database.tf b/terraform/database.tf
index 1d12c6570..0bb6db493 100644
--- a/terraform/database.tf
+++ b/terraform/database.tf
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ resource "google_secret_manager_secret_version" "db-secret-version" {
 
 # Create secret for the database HMAC for API keys
 resource "random_id" "db-apikey-db-hmac" {
+  count       = var.db_apikey_db_hmac_count
   byte_length = 128
 }
 
@@ -137,11 +138,12 @@ resource "google_secret_manager_secret" "db-apikey-db-hmac" {
 
 resource "google_secret_manager_secret_version" "db-apikey-db-hmac" {
   secret      = google_secret_manager_secret.db-apikey-db-hmac.id
-  secret_data = random_id.db-apikey-db-hmac.b64_std
+  secret_data = join(",", reverse(random_id.db-apikey-db-hmac.*.b64_std))
 }
 
 # Create secret for signature HMAC for api keys
 resource "random_id" "db-apikey-sig-hmac" {
+  count       = var.db_apikey_sig_hmac_count
   byte_length = 128
 }
 
@@ -159,11 +161,12 @@ resource "google_secret_manager_secret" "db-apikey-sig-hmac" {
 
 resource "google_secret_manager_secret_version" "db-apikey-sig-hmac" {
   secret      = google_secret_manager_secret.db-apikey-sig-hmac.id
-  secret_data = random_id.db-apikey-sig-hmac.b64_std
+  secret_data = join(",", reverse(random_id.db-apikey-sig-hmac.*.b64_std))
 }
 
 # Create secret for the database HMAC for verification codes
 resource "random_id" "db-verification-code-hmac" {
+  count       = var.db_verification_code_hmac_count
   byte_length = 128
 }
 
@@ -181,7 +184,7 @@ resource "google_secret_manager_secret" "db-verification-code-hmac" {
 
 resource "google_secret_manager_secret_version" "db-verification-code-hmac" {
   secret      = google_secret_manager_secret.db-verification-code-hmac.id
-  secret_data = random_id.db-verification-code-hmac.b64_std
+  secret_data = join(",", reverse(random_id.db-verification-code-hmac.*.b64_std))
 }
 
 
diff --git a/terraform/variables.tf b/terraform/variables.tf
index 4aa0e7c2a..8a2032d30 100644
--- a/terraform/variables.tf
+++ b/terraform/variables.tf
@@ -175,11 +175,25 @@ variable "enx_redirect_domain_map" {
   description = "Redirect domains and environments."
 }
 
-variable "prevent_destroy" {
-  type    = bool
-  default = true
+variable "db_apikey_db_hmac_count" {
+  type    = number
+  default = 1
+
+  description = "Number of HMAC keys to create for HMACing API keys in the database. Increase by 1 to force a rotation."
+}
+
+variable "db_apikey_sig_hmac_count" {
+  type    = number
+  default = 1
+
+  description = "Number of HMAC keys to create for HMACing API key signatures. Increase by 1 to force a rotation."
+}
+
+variable "db_verification_code_hmac_count" {
+  type    = number
+  default = 1
 
-  description = "Prevent destruction of critical resources. Set this to false to actually destroy everything."
+  description = "Number of HMAC keys to create for HMACing verification codes in the database. Increase by 1 to force a rotation."
 }
 
 terraform {