diff --git a/google-cloud-spanner/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/AbstractStatementParser.java b/google-cloud-spanner/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/AbstractStatementParser.java
index 1330118145..9793a50c63 100644
--- a/google-cloud-spanner/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/AbstractStatementParser.java
+++ b/google-cloud-spanner/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/AbstractStatementParser.java
@@ -634,36 +634,33 @@ public static class ParametersInfo {
 
   /**
    * Converts all positional parameters (?) in the given sql string into named parameters. The
-   * parameters are named @p1, @p2, etc. This method is used when converting a JDBC statement that
-   * uses positional parameters to a Cloud Spanner {@link Statement} instance that requires named
-   * parameters. The input SQL string may not contain any comments, except for PostgreSQL-dialect
-   * SQL strings.
+   * parameters are named @p1, @p2, etc. for GoogleSQL, and $1, $2, etc. for PostgreSQL. This method
+   * is used when converting a JDBC statement that uses positional parameters to a Cloud Spanner
+   * {@link Statement} instance that requires named parameters.
    *
-   * @param sql The sql string that should be converted
-   * @return A {@link ParametersInfo} object containing a string with named parameters instead of
-   *     positional parameters and the number of parameters.
-   * @throws SpannerException If the input sql string contains an unclosed string/byte literal.
-   */
-  @InternalApi
-  abstract ParametersInfo convertPositionalParametersToNamedParametersInternal(
-      char paramChar, String sql);
-
-  /**
-   * Converts all positional parameters (?) in the given sql string into named parameters. The
-   * parameters are named @p1, @p2, etc. This method is used when converting a JDBC statement that
-   * uses positional parameters to a Cloud Spanner {@link Statement} instance that requires named
-   * parameters. The input SQL string may not contain any comments. There is an exception case if
-   * the statement starts with a GSQL comment which forces it to be interpreted as a GoogleSql
-   * statement.
-   *
-   * @param sql The sql string without comments that should be converted
+   * @param sql The sql string that should be converted to use named parameters
    * @return A {@link ParametersInfo} object containing a string with named parameters instead of
    *     positional parameters and the number of parameters.
    * @throws SpannerException If the input sql string contains an unclosed string/byte literal.
    */
   @InternalApi
   public ParametersInfo convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(char paramChar, String sql) {
-    return convertPositionalParametersToNamedParametersInternal(paramChar, sql);
+    Preconditions.checkNotNull(sql);
+    final String namedParamPrefix = getQueryParameterPrefix();
+    StringBuilder named = new StringBuilder(sql.length() + countOccurrencesOf(paramChar, sql));
+    int index = 0;
+    int paramIndex = 1;
+    while (index < sql.length()) {
+      char c = sql.charAt(index);
+      if (c == paramChar) {
+        named.append(namedParamPrefix).append(paramIndex);
+        paramIndex++;
+        index++;
+      } else {
+        index = skip(sql, index, named);
+      }
+    }
+    return new ParametersInfo(paramIndex - 1, named.toString());
   }
 
   /** Convenience method that is used to estimate the number of parameters in a SQL statement. */
@@ -700,7 +697,8 @@ public boolean checkReturningClause(String sql) {
   }
 
   /**
-   * <<<<<<< HEAD Returns true if this dialect supports nested comments.
+   * <<<<<<< HEAD Returns true if this dialect supports nested comments. ======= <<<<<<< HEAD
+   * Returns true if this dialect supports nested comments. >>>>>>> main
    *
    * <ul>
    *   <li>This method should return false for dialects that consider this to be a valid comment:
@@ -755,6 +753,9 @@ public boolean checkReturningClause(String sql) {
    */
   abstract boolean supportsLineFeedInQuotedString();
 
+  /** Returns the query parameter prefix that should be used for this dialect. */
+  abstract String getQueryParameterPrefix();
+
   /**
    * Returns true for characters that can be used as the first character in unquoted identifiers.
    */
diff --git a/google-cloud-spanner/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/PostgreSQLStatementParser.java b/google-cloud-spanner/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/PostgreSQLStatementParser.java
index 6b0c69d40a..be4aa9d7f4 100644
--- a/google-cloud-spanner/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/PostgreSQLStatementParser.java
+++ b/google-cloud-spanner/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/PostgreSQLStatementParser.java
@@ -88,6 +88,11 @@ boolean supportsLineFeedInQuotedString() {
     return true;
   }
 
+  @Override
+  String getQueryParameterPrefix() {
+    return "$";
+  }
+
   /**
    * Removes comments from and trims the given sql statement. PostgreSQL supports two types of
    * comments:
@@ -181,27 +186,6 @@ String removeStatementHint(String sql) {
     return sql;
   }
 
-  @InternalApi
-  @Override
-  ParametersInfo convertPositionalParametersToNamedParametersInternal(char paramChar, String sql) {
-    Preconditions.checkNotNull(sql);
-    final String namedParamPrefix = "$";
-    StringBuilder named = new StringBuilder(sql.length() + countOccurrencesOf(paramChar, sql));
-    int index = 0;
-    int paramIndex = 1;
-    while (index < sql.length()) {
-      char c = sql.charAt(index);
-      if (c == paramChar) {
-        named.append(namedParamPrefix).append(paramIndex);
-        paramIndex++;
-        index++;
-      } else {
-        index = skip(sql, index, named);
-      }
-    }
-    return new ParametersInfo(paramIndex - 1, named.toString());
-  }
-
   /**
    * Note: This is an internal API and breaking changes can be made without prior notice.
    *
diff --git a/google-cloud-spanner/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/SpannerStatementParser.java b/google-cloud-spanner/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/SpannerStatementParser.java
index 1c5cdda7b0..892672ad0d 100644
--- a/google-cloud-spanner/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/SpannerStatementParser.java
+++ b/google-cloud-spanner/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/SpannerStatementParser.java
@@ -90,6 +90,11 @@ boolean supportsLineFeedInQuotedString() {
     return false;
   }
 
+  @Override
+  String getQueryParameterPrefix() {
+    return "@p";
+  }
+
   /**
    * Removes comments from and trims the given sql statement. Spanner supports three types of
    * comments:
@@ -250,68 +255,6 @@ String removeStatementHint(String sql) {
     return sql;
   }
 
-  @InternalApi
-  @Override
-  ParametersInfo convertPositionalParametersToNamedParametersInternal(char paramChar, String sql) {
-    boolean isInQuoted = false;
-    char startQuote = 0;
-    boolean lastCharWasEscapeChar = false;
-    boolean isTripleQuoted = false;
-    int paramIndex = 1;
-    StringBuilder named = new StringBuilder(sql.length() + countOccurrencesOf(paramChar, sql));
-    for (int index = 0; index < sql.length(); index++) {
-      char c = sql.charAt(index);
-      if (isInQuoted) {
-        if ((c == '\n' || c == '\r') && !isTripleQuoted) {
-          throw SpannerExceptionFactory.newSpannerException(
-              ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT, "SQL statement contains an unclosed literal: " + sql);
-        } else if (c == startQuote) {
-          if (lastCharWasEscapeChar) {
-            lastCharWasEscapeChar = false;
-          } else if (isTripleQuoted) {
-            if (sql.length() > index + 2
-                && sql.charAt(index + 1) == startQuote
-                && sql.charAt(index + 2) == startQuote) {
-              isInQuoted = false;
-              startQuote = 0;
-              isTripleQuoted = false;
-            }
-          } else {
-            isInQuoted = false;
-            startQuote = 0;
-          }
-        } else if (c == '\\') {
-          lastCharWasEscapeChar = true;
-        } else {
-          lastCharWasEscapeChar = false;
-        }
-        named.append(c);
-      } else {
-        if (c == paramChar) {
-          named.append("@p" + paramIndex);
-          paramIndex++;
-        } else {
-          if (c == SINGLE_QUOTE || c == DOUBLE_QUOTE || c == BACKTICK_QUOTE) {
-            isInQuoted = true;
-            startQuote = c;
-            // check whether it is a triple-quote
-            if (sql.length() > index + 2
-                && sql.charAt(index + 1) == startQuote
-                && sql.charAt(index + 2) == startQuote) {
-              isTripleQuoted = true;
-            }
-          }
-          named.append(c);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    if (isInQuoted) {
-      throw SpannerExceptionFactory.newSpannerException(
-          ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT, "SQL statement contains an unclosed literal: " + sql);
-    }
-    return new ParametersInfo(paramIndex - 1, named.toString());
-  }
-
   private boolean isReturning(String sql, int index) {
     return (index >= 1)
         && (index + 12 <= sql.length())
diff --git a/google-cloud-spanner/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/SpannerStatementParserTest.java b/google-cloud-spanner/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/SpannerStatementParserTest.java
index d4dc76d48b..5cec5d838d 100644
--- a/google-cloud-spanner/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/SpannerStatementParserTest.java
+++ b/google-cloud-spanner/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/SpannerStatementParserTest.java
@@ -16,9 +16,11 @@
 
 package com.google.cloud.spanner.connection;
 
+import static com.google.cloud.spanner.connection.StatementParserTest.assertUnclosedLiteral;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 
 import com.google.cloud.spanner.Dialect;
+import com.google.cloud.spanner.connection.StatementParserTest.CommentInjector;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
@@ -80,4 +82,158 @@ public void testSkip() {
     assertEquals("'foo\\''", skip("r'foo\\''  ", 1));
     assertEquals("'''foo\\'\\'\\'bar'''", skip("'''foo\\'\\'\\'bar'''  ", 0));
   }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testConvertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters() {
+    AbstractStatementParser parser =
+        AbstractStatementParser.getInstance(Dialect.GOOGLE_STANDARD_SQL);
+
+    for (String comment :
+        new String[] {
+          "-- test comment\n",
+          "/* another test comment */",
+          "/* comment\nwith\nmultiple\nlines\n */",
+          "/* comment /* with nested */ comment */"
+        }) {
+      for (CommentInjector injector : CommentInjector.values()) {
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("select * %sfrom foo where name=@p1", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("select * %sfrom foo where name=?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("@p1%s'?test?\"?test?\"?'@p2", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("?%s'?test?\"?test?\"?'?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("@p1'?it\\'?s'%s@p2", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("?'?it\\'?s'%s?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("@p1'?it\\\"?s'%s@p2", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("?'?it\\\"?s'%s?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("@p1\"?it\\\"?s\"%s@p2", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("?\"?it\\\"?s\"%s?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("@p1%s'''?it\\''?s'''@p2", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("?%s'''?it\\''?s'''?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("@p1\"\"\"?it\\\"\"?s\"\"\"%s@p2", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("?\"\"\"?it\\\"\"?s\"\"\"%s?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+
+        // GoogleSQL does not support dollar-quoted strings, so these are all ignored.
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("@p1$$@p2it$@p3s$$%s@p4", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("?$$?it$?s$$%s?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("@p1$tag$@p2it$$@p3s$tag$%s@p4", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("?$tag$?it$$?s$tag$%s?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("@p1%s$$@p2it\\'?s \t ?it\\'?s'$$@p3", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("?%s$$?it\\'?s \t ?it\\'?s'$$?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+
+        // Note: GoogleSQL does not allowa a single-quoted string literal to contain line feeds.
+        assertUnclosedLiteral(parser, injector.inject("?'?it\\''?s \n ?it\\''?s'%s?", comment));
+        assertEquals(
+            "@p1'?it\\''@p2s \n @p3it\\''@p4s@p5",
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "?'?it\\''?s \n ?it\\''?s?")
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("@p1%s'''?it\\''?s \n ?it\\''?s'''@p2", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("?%s'''?it\\''?s \n ?it\\''?s'''?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject(
+                "select 1, @p1, 'test?test', \"test?test\", %sfoo.* from `foo` where col1=@p2 and col2='test' and col3=@p3 and col4='?' and col5=\"?\" and col6='?''?''?'",
+                comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?',
+                    injector.inject(
+                        "select 1, ?, 'test?test', \"test?test\", %sfoo.* from `foo` where col1=? and col2='test' and col3=? and col4='?' and col5=\"?\" and col6='?''?''?'",
+                        comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject(
+                "select * "
+                    + "%sfrom foo "
+                    + "where name=@p1 "
+                    + "and col2 like @p2 "
+                    + "and col3 > @p3",
+                comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?',
+                    injector.inject(
+                        "select * "
+                            + "%sfrom foo "
+                            + "where name=? "
+                            + "and col2 like ? "
+                            + "and col3 > ?",
+                        comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("select * " + "from foo " + "where id between @p1%s and @p2", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?',
+                    injector.inject(
+                        "select * " + "from foo " + "where id between ?%s and ?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("select * " + "from foo " + "limit @p1 %s offset @p2", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?',
+                    injector.inject("select * " + "from foo " + "limit ? %s offset ?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject(
+                "select * "
+                    + "from foo "
+                    + "where col1=@p1 "
+                    + "and col2 like @p2 "
+                    + " %s "
+                    + "and col3 > @p3 "
+                    + "and col4 < @p4 "
+                    + "and col5 != @p5 "
+                    + "and col6 not in (@p6, @p7, @p8) "
+                    + "and col7 in (@p9, @p10, @p11) "
+                    + "and col8 between @p12 and @p13",
+                comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?',
+                    injector.inject(
+                        "select * "
+                            + "from foo "
+                            + "where col1=? "
+                            + "and col2 like ? "
+                            + " %s "
+                            + "and col3 > ? "
+                            + "and col4 < ? "
+                            + "and col5 != ? "
+                            + "and col6 not in (?, ?, ?) "
+                            + "and col7 in (?, ?, ?) "
+                            + "and col8 between ? and ?",
+                        comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+      }
+    }
+  }
 }
diff --git a/google-cloud-spanner/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/StatementParserTest.java b/google-cloud-spanner/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/StatementParserTest.java
index c60550c3ba..3739aa1106 100644
--- a/google-cloud-spanner/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/StatementParserTest.java
+++ b/google-cloud-spanner/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/connection/StatementParserTest.java
@@ -17,12 +17,11 @@
 package com.google.cloud.spanner.connection;
 
 import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
-import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.equalTo;
-import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.is;
 import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
@@ -1066,85 +1065,86 @@ private <T extends ClientSideStatementImpl> void testParseStatementWithOneParame
   public void testGoogleStandardSQLDialectConvertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters() {
     assumeTrue(dialect == Dialect.GOOGLE_STANDARD_SQL);
 
-    assertThat(
-            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
-                    '?', "select * from foo where name=?")
-                .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-        .isEqualTo("select * from foo where name=@p1");
-    assertThat(
-            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "?'?test?\"?test?\"?'?")
-                .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-        .isEqualTo("@p1'?test?\"?test?\"?'@p2");
-    assertThat(
-            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "?'?it\\'?s'?")
-                .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-        .isEqualTo("@p1'?it\\'?s'@p2");
-    assertThat(
-            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "?'?it\\\"?s'?")
-                .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-        .isEqualTo("@p1'?it\\\"?s'@p2");
-    assertThat(
-            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "?\"?it\\\"?s\"?")
-                .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-        .isEqualTo("@p1\"?it\\\"?s\"@p2");
-    assertThat(
-            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "?'''?it\\'?s'''?")
-                .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-        .isEqualTo("@p1'''?it\\'?s'''@p2");
-    assertThat(
-            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "?\"\"\"?it\\\"?s\"\"\"?")
-                .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-        .isEqualTo("@p1\"\"\"?it\\\"?s\"\"\"@p2");
+    assertEquals(
+        "select * from foo where name=@p1",
+        parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "select * from foo where name=?")
+            .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+    assertEquals(
+        "@p1'?test?\"?test?\"?'@p2",
+        parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "?'?test?\"?test?\"?'?")
+            .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+    assertEquals(
+        "@p1'?it\\'?s'@p2",
+        parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "?'?it\\'?s'?")
+            .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+    assertEquals(
+        "@p1'?it\\\"?s'@p2",
+        parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "?'?it\\\"?s'?")
+            .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+    assertEquals(
+        "@p1\"?it\\\"?s\"@p2",
+        parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "?\"?it\\\"?s\"?")
+            .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+    assertEquals(
+        "@p1'''?it\\'?s'''@p2",
+        parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "?'''?it\\'?s'''?")
+            .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+    assertEquals(
+        "@p1\"\"\"?it\\\"?s\"\"\"@p2",
+        parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "?\"\"\"?it\\\"?s\"\"\"?")
+            .sqlWithNamedParameters);
 
-    assertThat(
-            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "?`?it\\`?s`?")
-                .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-        .isEqualTo("@p1`?it\\`?s`@p2");
-    assertThat(
-            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "?```?it\\`?s```?")
-                .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-        .isEqualTo("@p1```?it\\`?s```@p2");
-    assertThat(
-            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "?'''?it\\'?s \n ?it\\'?s'''?")
-                .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-        .isEqualTo("@p1'''?it\\'?s \n ?it\\'?s'''@p2");
+    assertEquals(
+        "@p1`?it\\`?s`@p2",
+        parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "?`?it\\`?s`?")
+            .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+    assertEquals(
+        "@p1```?it\\`?s```@p2",
+        parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "?```?it\\`?s```?")
+            .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+    assertEquals(
+        "@p1'''?it\\'?s \n ?it\\'?s'''@p2",
+        parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', "?'''?it\\'?s \n ?it\\'?s'''?")
+            .sqlWithNamedParameters);
 
-    assertUnclosedLiteral("?'?it\\'?s \n ?it\\'?s'?");
-    assertUnclosedLiteral("?'?it\\'?s \n ?it\\'?s?");
-    assertUnclosedLiteral("?'''?it\\'?s \n ?it\\'?s'?");
+    assertUnclosedLiteral(parser, "?'?it\\'?s \n ?it\\'?s'?");
+    assertUnclosedLiteral(parser, "?'?it\\'?s \n ?it\\'?s?");
+    assertUnclosedLiteral(parser, "?'''?it\\'?s \n ?it\\'?s'?");
 
-    assertThat(
+    assertEquals(
+        "select 1, @p1, 'test?test', \"test?test\", foo.* from `foo` where col1=@p2 and col2='test' and col3=@p3 and col4='?' and col5=\"?\" and col6='?''?''?'",
         parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
                 '?',
                 "select 1, ?, 'test?test', \"test?test\", foo.* from `foo` where col1=? and col2='test' and col3=? and col4='?' and col5=\"?\" and col6='?''?''?'")
-            .sqlWithNamedParameters,
-        is(
-            equalTo(
-                "select 1, @p1, 'test?test', \"test?test\", foo.* from `foo` where col1=@p2 and col2='test' and col3=@p3 and col4='?' and col5=\"?\" and col6='?''?''?'")));
+            .sqlWithNamedParameters);
 
-    assertThat(
+    assertEquals(
+        "select * " + "from foo " + "where name=@p1 " + "and col2 like @p2 " + "and col3 > @p3",
         parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
                 '?',
                 "select * " + "from foo " + "where name=? " + "and col2 like ? " + "and col3 > ?")
-            .sqlWithNamedParameters,
-        is(
-            equalTo(
-                "select * "
-                    + "from foo "
-                    + "where name=@p1 "
-                    + "and col2 like @p2 "
-                    + "and col3 > @p3")));
-    assertThat(
+            .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+    assertEquals(
+        "select * " + "from foo " + "where id between @p1 and @p2",
         parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
                 '?', "select * " + "from foo " + "where id between ? and ?")
-            .sqlWithNamedParameters,
-        is(equalTo("select * " + "from foo " + "where id between @p1 and @p2")));
-    assertThat(
+            .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+    assertEquals(
+        "select * " + "from foo " + "limit @p1 offset @p2",
         parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
                 '?', "select * " + "from foo " + "limit ? offset ?")
-            .sqlWithNamedParameters,
-        is(equalTo("select * " + "from foo " + "limit @p1 offset @p2")));
-    assertThat(
+            .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+    assertEquals(
+        "select * "
+            + "from foo "
+            + "where col1=@p1 "
+            + "and col2 like @p2 "
+            + "and col3 > @p3 "
+            + "and col4 < @p4 "
+            + "and col5 != @p5 "
+            + "and col6 not in (@p6, @p7, @p8) "
+            + "and col7 in (@p9, @p10, @p11) "
+            + "and col8 between @p12 and @p13",
         parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
                 '?',
                 "select * "
@@ -1157,22 +1157,10 @@ public void testGoogleStandardSQLDialectConvertPositionalParametersToNamedParame
                     + "and col6 not in (?, ?, ?) "
                     + "and col7 in (?, ?, ?) "
                     + "and col8 between ? and ?")
-            .sqlWithNamedParameters,
-        is(
-            equalTo(
-                "select * "
-                    + "from foo "
-                    + "where col1=@p1 "
-                    + "and col2 like @p2 "
-                    + "and col3 > @p3 "
-                    + "and col4 < @p4 "
-                    + "and col5 != @p5 "
-                    + "and col6 not in (@p6, @p7, @p8) "
-                    + "and col7 in (@p9, @p10, @p11) "
-                    + "and col8 between @p12 and @p13")));
+            .sqlWithNamedParameters);
   }
 
-  private enum CommentInjector {
+  enum CommentInjector {
     NONE {
       @Override
       String inject(String sql, String comment) {
@@ -1213,57 +1201,57 @@ public void testPostgreSQLDialectDialectConvertPositionalParametersToNamedParame
           "/* comment /* with nested */ comment */"
         }) {
       for (CommentInjector injector : CommentInjector.values()) {
-        assertThat(
-                parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
-                        '?', injector.inject("select * %sfrom foo where name=?", comment))
-                    .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-            .isEqualTo(injector.inject("select * %sfrom foo where name=$1", comment));
-        assertThat(
-                parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
-                        '?', injector.inject("?%s'?test?\"?test?\"?'?", comment))
-                    .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-            .isEqualTo(injector.inject("$1%s'?test?\"?test?\"?'$2", comment));
-        assertThat(
-                parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
-                        '?', injector.inject("?'?it\\''?s'%s?", comment))
-                    .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-            .isEqualTo(injector.inject("$1'?it\\''?s'%s$2", comment));
-        assertThat(
-                parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
-                        '?', injector.inject("?'?it\\\"?s'%s?", comment))
-                    .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-            .isEqualTo(injector.inject("$1'?it\\\"?s'%s$2", comment));
-        assertThat(
-                parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
-                        '?', injector.inject("?\"?it\\\"\"?s\"%s?", comment))
-                    .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-            .isEqualTo(injector.inject("$1\"?it\\\"\"?s\"%s$2", comment));
-        assertThat(
-                parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
-                        '?', injector.inject("?%s'''?it\\''?s'''?", comment))
-                    .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-            .isEqualTo(injector.inject("$1%s'''?it\\''?s'''$2", comment));
-        assertThat(
-                parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
-                        '?', injector.inject("?\"\"\"?it\\\"\"?s\"\"\"%s?", comment))
-                    .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-            .isEqualTo(injector.inject("$1\"\"\"?it\\\"\"?s\"\"\"%s$2", comment));
-
-        assertThat(
-                parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
-                        '?', injector.inject("?$$?it$?s$$%s?", comment))
-                    .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-            .isEqualTo(injector.inject("$1$$?it$?s$$%s$2", comment));
-        assertThat(
-                parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
-                        '?', injector.inject("?$tag$?it$$?s$tag$%s?", comment))
-                    .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-            .isEqualTo(injector.inject("$1$tag$?it$$?s$tag$%s$2", comment));
-        assertThat(
-                parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
-                        '?', injector.inject("?%s$$?it\\'?s \n ?it\\'?s$$?", comment))
-                    .sqlWithNamedParameters)
-            .isEqualTo(injector.inject("$1%s$$?it\\'?s \n ?it\\'?s$$$2", comment));
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("select * %sfrom foo where name=$1", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("select * %sfrom foo where name=?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("$1%s'?test?\"?test?\"?'$2", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("?%s'?test?\"?test?\"?'?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("$1'?it\\''?s'%s$2", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("?'?it\\''?s'%s?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("$1'?it\\\"?s'%s$2", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("?'?it\\\"?s'%s?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("$1\"?it\\\"\"?s\"%s$2", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("?\"?it\\\"\"?s\"%s?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("$1%s'''?it\\''?s'''$2", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("?%s'''?it\\''?s'''?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("$1\"\"\"?it\\\"\"?s\"\"\"%s$2", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("?\"\"\"?it\\\"\"?s\"\"\"%s?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("$1$$?it$?s$$%s$2", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("?$$?it$?s$$%s?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("$1$tag$?it$$?s$tag$%s$2", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("?$tag$?it$$?s$tag$%s?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("$1%s$$?it\\'?s \n ?it\\'?s$$$2", comment),
+            parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
+                    '?', injector.inject("?%s$$?it\\'?s \n ?it\\'?s$$?", comment))
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
 
         // Note: PostgreSQL allows a single-quoted string literal to contain line feeds.
         assertEquals(
@@ -1271,27 +1259,32 @@ public void testPostgreSQLDialectDialectConvertPositionalParametersToNamedParame
             parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
                     '?', injector.inject("?'?it\\''?s \n ?it\\''?s'%s?", comment))
                 .sqlWithNamedParameters);
-        assertUnclosedLiteral("?'?it\\''?s \n ?it\\''?s?");
+        assertUnclosedLiteral(parser, "?'?it\\''?s \n ?it\\''?s?");
         assertEquals(
             injector.inject("$1%s'''?it\\''?s \n ?it\\''?s'$2", comment),
             parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
                     '?', injector.inject("?%s'''?it\\''?s \n ?it\\''?s'?", comment))
                 .sqlWithNamedParameters);
 
-        assertThat(
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject(
+                "select 1, $1, 'test?test', \"test?test\", %sfoo.* from `foo` where col1=$2 and col2='test' and col3=$3 and col4='?' and col5=\"?\" and col6='?''?''?'",
+                comment),
             parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
                     '?',
                     injector.inject(
                         "select 1, ?, 'test?test', \"test?test\", %sfoo.* from `foo` where col1=? and col2='test' and col3=? and col4='?' and col5=\"?\" and col6='?''?''?'",
                         comment))
-                .sqlWithNamedParameters,
-            is(
-                equalTo(
-                    injector.inject(
-                        "select 1, $1, 'test?test', \"test?test\", %sfoo.* from `foo` where col1=$2 and col2='test' and col3=$3 and col4='?' and col5=\"?\" and col6='?''?''?'",
-                        comment))));
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
 
-        assertThat(
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject(
+                "select * "
+                    + "%sfrom foo "
+                    + "where name=$1 "
+                    + "and col2 like $2 "
+                    + "and col3 > $3",
+                comment),
             parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
                     '?',
                     injector.inject(
@@ -1301,36 +1294,34 @@ public void testPostgreSQLDialectDialectConvertPositionalParametersToNamedParame
                             + "and col2 like ? "
                             + "and col3 > ?",
                         comment))
-                .sqlWithNamedParameters,
-            is(
-                equalTo(
-                    injector.inject(
-                        "select * "
-                            + "%sfrom foo "
-                            + "where name=$1 "
-                            + "and col2 like $2 "
-                            + "and col3 > $3",
-                        comment))));
-        assertThat(
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("select * " + "from foo " + "where id between $1%s and $2", comment),
             parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
                     '?',
                     injector.inject(
                         "select * " + "from foo " + "where id between ?%s and ?", comment))
-                .sqlWithNamedParameters,
-            is(
-                equalTo(
-                    injector.inject(
-                        "select * " + "from foo " + "where id between $1%s and $2", comment))));
-        assertThat(
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject("select * " + "from foo " + "limit $1 %s offset $2", comment),
             parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
                     '?',
                     injector.inject("select * " + "from foo " + "limit ? %s offset ?", comment))
-                .sqlWithNamedParameters,
-            is(
-                equalTo(
-                    injector.inject(
-                        "select * " + "from foo " + "limit $1 %s offset $2", comment))));
-        assertThat(
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
+        assertEquals(
+            injector.inject(
+                "select * "
+                    + "from foo "
+                    + "where col1=$1 "
+                    + "and col2 like $2 "
+                    + " %s "
+                    + "and col3 > $3 "
+                    + "and col4 < $4 "
+                    + "and col5 != $5 "
+                    + "and col6 not in ($6, $7, $8) "
+                    + "and col7 in ($9, $10, $11) "
+                    + "and col8 between $12 and $13",
+                comment),
             parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters(
                     '?',
                     injector.inject(
@@ -1346,22 +1337,7 @@ public void testPostgreSQLDialectDialectConvertPositionalParametersToNamedParame
                             + "and col7 in (?, ?, ?) "
                             + "and col8 between ? and ?",
                         comment))
-                .sqlWithNamedParameters,
-            is(
-                equalTo(
-                    injector.inject(
-                        "select * "
-                            + "from foo "
-                            + "where col1=$1 "
-                            + "and col2 like $2 "
-                            + " %s "
-                            + "and col3 > $3 "
-                            + "and col4 < $4 "
-                            + "and col5 != $5 "
-                            + "and col6 not in ($6, $7, $8) "
-                            + "and col7 in ($9, $10, $11) "
-                            + "and col8 between $12 and $13",
-                        comment))));
+                .sqlWithNamedParameters);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1714,18 +1690,20 @@ public void testStatementCache_ParameterizedStatement() {
     assertEquals(1, stats.hitCount());
   }
 
-  private void assertUnclosedLiteral(String sql) {
-    try {
-      parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', sql);
-      fail("missing expected exception");
-    } catch (SpannerException e) {
-      assertThat(e.getErrorCode()).isSameInstanceAs(ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT);
-      assertThat(e.getMessage())
-          .startsWith(
-              ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT.name()
-                  + ": SQL statement contains an unclosed literal: "
-                  + sql);
-    }
+  static void assertUnclosedLiteral(AbstractStatementParser parser, String sql) {
+    SpannerException exception =
+        assertThrows(
+            SpannerException.class,
+            () -> parser.convertPositionalParametersToNamedParameters('?', sql));
+    assertEquals(ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT, exception.getErrorCode());
+    assertTrue(
+        exception.getMessage(),
+        exception
+            .getMessage()
+            .startsWith(
+                ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT.name()
+                    + ": SQL statement contains an unclosed literal: "
+                    + sql));
   }
 
   @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")