diff --git a/vector/src/Data/Vector/Generic/Mutable.hs b/vector/src/Data/Vector/Generic/Mutable.hs
index 7ccf21dc..45326f3c 100644
--- a/vector/src/Data/Vector/Generic/Mutable.hs
+++ b/vector/src/Data/Vector/Generic/Mutable.hs
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ module Data.Vector.Generic.Mutable (
 ) where
 
 import           Control.Monad ((<=<))
+import           Control.Monad.ST
 import           Data.Vector.Generic.Mutable.Base
 import qualified Data.Vector.Generic.Base as V
 
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ import           Data.Vector.Fusion.Bundle.Size
 import           Data.Vector.Fusion.Util        ( delay_inline )
 import           Data.Vector.Internal.Check
 
-import Control.Monad.Primitive ( PrimMonad(..), RealWorld, stToPrim )
+import Control.Monad.Primitive ( PrimMonad(..), stToPrim )
 
 import Prelude
   ( Ord, Monad, Bool(..), Int, Maybe(..), Either(..), Ordering(..)
@@ -106,8 +107,7 @@ import Data.Bits ( Bits(shiftR) )
 -- Internal functions
 -- ------------------
 
-unsafeAppend1 :: (PrimMonad m, MVector v a)
-        => v (PrimState m) a -> Int -> a -> m (v (PrimState m) a)
+unsafeAppend1 :: (MVector v a) => v s a -> Int -> a -> ST s (v s a)
 {-# INLINE_INNER unsafeAppend1 #-}
     -- NOTE: The case distinction has to be on the outside because
     -- GHC creates a join point for the unsafeWrite even when everything
@@ -122,8 +122,7 @@ unsafeAppend1 v i x
                      checkIndex Internal i (length v') $ unsafeWrite v' i x
                      return v'
 
-unsafePrepend1 :: (PrimMonad m, MVector v a)
-        => v (PrimState m) a -> Int -> a -> m (v (PrimState m) a, Int)
+unsafePrepend1 :: (MVector v a) => v s a -> Int -> a -> ST s (v s a, Int)
 {-# INLINE_INNER unsafePrepend1 #-}
 unsafePrepend1 v i x
   | i /= 0    = do
@@ -207,7 +206,7 @@ unstream :: (PrimMonad m, MVector v a)
          => Bundle u a -> m (v (PrimState m) a)
 -- NOTE: replace INLINE_FUSED by INLINE? (also in unstreamR)
 {-# INLINE_FUSED unstream #-}
-unstream s = munstream (Bundle.lift s)
+unstream s = stToPrim $ munstream (Bundle.lift s)
 
 -- | Create a new mutable vector and fill it with elements from the monadic
 -- stream. The vector will grow exponentially if the maximum size of the stream
@@ -243,9 +242,8 @@ munstreamUnknown s
              $ unsafeSlice 0 n v'
   where
     {-# INLINE_INNER put #-}
-    put (v,i) x = do
-                    v' <- unsafeAppend1 v i x
-                    return (v',i+1)
+    put (v,i) x = stToPrim $ do v' <- unsafeAppend1 v i x
+                                return (v',i+1)
 
 
 -- | Create a new mutable vector and fill it with elements from the 'Bundle'.
@@ -255,7 +253,7 @@ vunstream :: (PrimMonad m, V.Vector v a)
          => Bundle v a -> m (V.Mutable v (PrimState m) a)
 -- NOTE: replace INLINE_FUSED by INLINE? (also in unstreamR)
 {-# INLINE_FUSED vunstream #-}
-vunstream s = vmunstream (Bundle.lift s)
+vunstream s = stToPrim $ vmunstream (Bundle.lift s)
 
 -- | Create a new mutable vector and fill it with elements from the monadic
 -- stream. The vector will grow exponentially if the maximum size of the stream
@@ -311,7 +309,7 @@ unstreamR :: (PrimMonad m, MVector v a)
           => Bundle u a -> m (v (PrimState m) a)
 -- NOTE: replace INLINE_FUSED by INLINE? (also in unstream)
 {-# INLINE_FUSED unstreamR #-}
-unstreamR s = munstreamR (Bundle.lift s)
+unstreamR s = stToPrim $ munstreamR (Bundle.lift s)
 
 -- | Create a new mutable vector and fill it with elements from the monadic
 -- stream from right to left. The vector will grow exponentially if the maximum
@@ -350,7 +348,7 @@ munstreamRUnknown s
              $ unsafeSlice i (n-i) v'
   where
     {-# INLINE_INNER put #-}
-    put (v,i) x = unsafePrepend1 v i x
+    put (v,i) x = stToPrim $ unsafePrepend1 v i x
 
 -- Length
 -- ------
@@ -563,10 +561,9 @@ enlarge_delta :: MVector v a => v s a -> Int
 enlarge_delta v = max (length v) 1
 
 -- | Grow a vector logarithmically.
-enlarge :: (PrimMonad m, MVector v a)
-        => v (PrimState m) a -> m (v (PrimState m) a)
+enlarge :: (MVector v a) => v s a -> ST s (v s a)
 {-# INLINE enlarge #-}
-enlarge v = stToPrim $ do
+enlarge v = do
   vnew <- unsafeGrow v by
   basicInitialize $ basicUnsafeSlice (length v) by vnew
   return vnew
@@ -996,10 +993,10 @@ unsafeMove dst src = check Unsafe "length mismatch" (length dst == length src)
 accum :: forall m v a b u. (HasCallStack, PrimMonad m, MVector v a)
       => (a -> b -> a) -> v (PrimState m) a -> Bundle u (Int, b) -> m ()
 {-# INLINE accum #-}
-accum f !v s = Bundle.mapM_ upd s
+accum f !v s = stToPrim $ Bundle.mapM_ upd s
   where
     {-# INLINE_INNER upd #-}
-    upd :: HasCallStack => (Int, b) -> m ()
+    upd :: HasCallStack => (Int, b) -> ST (PrimState m) ()
     upd (i,b) = do
                   a <- checkIndex Bounds i n $ unsafeRead v i
                   unsafeWrite v i (f a b)
@@ -1008,10 +1005,10 @@ accum f !v s = Bundle.mapM_ upd s
 update :: forall m v a u. (HasCallStack, PrimMonad m, MVector v a)
        => v (PrimState m) a -> Bundle u (Int, a) -> m ()
 {-# INLINE update #-}
-update !v s = Bundle.mapM_ upd s
+update !v s = stToPrim $ Bundle.mapM_ upd s
   where
     {-# INLINE_INNER upd #-}
-    upd :: HasCallStack => (Int, a) -> m ()
+    upd :: HasCallStack => (Int, a) -> ST (PrimState m) ()
     upd (i,b) = checkIndex Bounds i n $ unsafeWrite v i b
 
     !n = length v
@@ -1019,7 +1016,7 @@ update !v s = Bundle.mapM_ upd s
 unsafeAccum :: (PrimMonad m, MVector v a)
             => (a -> b -> a) -> v (PrimState m) a -> Bundle u (Int, b) -> m ()
 {-# INLINE unsafeAccum #-}
-unsafeAccum f !v s = Bundle.mapM_ upd s
+unsafeAccum f !v s = stToPrim $ Bundle.mapM_ upd s
   where
     {-# INLINE_INNER upd #-}
     upd (i,b) = do
@@ -1028,9 +1025,9 @@ unsafeAccum f !v s = Bundle.mapM_ upd s
     !n = length v
 
 unsafeUpdate :: (PrimMonad m, MVector v a)
-                        => v (PrimState m) a -> Bundle u (Int, a) -> m ()
+             => v (PrimState m) a -> Bundle u (Int, a) -> m ()
 {-# INLINE unsafeUpdate #-}
-unsafeUpdate !v s = Bundle.mapM_ upd s
+unsafeUpdate !v s = stToPrim $ Bundle.mapM_ upd s
   where
     {-# INLINE_INNER upd #-}
     upd (i,b) = checkIndex Unsafe i n $ unsafeWrite v i b
@@ -1038,7 +1035,7 @@ unsafeUpdate !v s = Bundle.mapM_ upd s
 
 reverse :: (PrimMonad m, MVector v a) => v (PrimState m) a -> m ()
 {-# INLINE reverse #-}
-reverse !v = reverse_loop 0 (length v - 1)
+reverse !v = stToPrim $ reverse_loop 0 (length v - 1)
   where
     reverse_loop i j | i < j = do
                                  unsafeSwap v i j
@@ -1048,11 +1045,11 @@ reverse !v = reverse_loop 0 (length v - 1)
 unstablePartition :: forall m v a. (PrimMonad m, MVector v a)
                   => (a -> Bool) -> v (PrimState m) a -> m Int
 {-# INLINE unstablePartition #-}
-unstablePartition f !v = from_left 0 (length v)
+unstablePartition f !v = stToPrim $ from_left 0 (length v)
   where
     -- NOTE: GHC 6.10.4 panics without the signatures on from_left and
     -- from_right
-    from_left :: Int -> Int -> m Int
+    from_left :: Int -> Int -> ST (PrimState m) Int
     from_left i j
       | i == j    = return i
       | otherwise = do
@@ -1061,7 +1058,7 @@ unstablePartition f !v = from_left 0 (length v)
                         then from_left (i+1) j
                         else from_right i (j-1)
 
-    from_right :: Int -> Int -> m Int
+    from_right :: Int -> Int -> ST (PrimState m) Int
     from_right i j
       | i == j    = return i
       | otherwise = do
@@ -1078,7 +1075,8 @@ unstablePartitionBundle :: (PrimMonad m, MVector v a)
         => (a -> Bool) -> Bundle u a -> m (v (PrimState m) a, v (PrimState m) a)
 {-# INLINE unstablePartitionBundle #-}
 unstablePartitionBundle f s
-  = case upperBound (Bundle.size s) of
+  = stToPrim
+  $ case upperBound (Bundle.size s) of
       Just n  -> unstablePartitionMax f s n
       Nothing -> partitionUnknown f s
 
@@ -1087,7 +1085,7 @@ unstablePartitionMax :: (PrimMonad m, MVector v a)
         -> m (v (PrimState m) a, v (PrimState m) a)
 {-# INLINE unstablePartitionMax #-}
 unstablePartitionMax f s n
-  = do
+  = stToPrim $ do
       v <- checkLength Internal n $ unsafeNew n
       let {-# INLINE_INNER put #-}
           put (i, j) x
@@ -1105,15 +1103,15 @@ partitionBundle :: (PrimMonad m, MVector v a)
         => (a -> Bool) -> Bundle u a -> m (v (PrimState m) a, v (PrimState m) a)
 {-# INLINE partitionBundle #-}
 partitionBundle f s
-  = case upperBound (Bundle.size s) of
+  = stToPrim
+  $ case upperBound (Bundle.size s) of
       Just n  -> partitionMax f s n
       Nothing -> partitionUnknown f s
 
 partitionMax :: (PrimMonad m, MVector v a)
   => (a -> Bool) -> Bundle u a -> Int -> m (v (PrimState m) a, v (PrimState m) a)
 {-# INLINE partitionMax #-}
-partitionMax f s n
-  = do
+partitionMax f s n = stToPrim $ do
       v <- checkLength Internal n $ unsafeNew n
 
       let {-# INLINE_INNER put #-}
@@ -1138,8 +1136,7 @@ partitionMax f s n
 partitionUnknown :: (PrimMonad m, MVector v a)
         => (a -> Bool) -> Bundle u a -> m (v (PrimState m) a, v (PrimState m) a)
 {-# INLINE partitionUnknown #-}
-partitionUnknown f s
-  = do
+partitionUnknown f s = stToPrim $ do
       v1 <- unsafeNew 0
       v2 <- unsafeNew 0
       (v1', n1, v2', n2) <- Bundle.foldM' put (v1, 0, v2, 0) s
@@ -1165,7 +1162,8 @@ partitionWithBundle :: (PrimMonad m, MVector v a, MVector v b, MVector v c)
         => (a -> Either b c) -> Bundle u a -> m (v (PrimState m) b, v (PrimState m) c)
 {-# INLINE partitionWithBundle #-}
 partitionWithBundle f s
-  = case upperBound (Bundle.size s) of
+  = stToPrim
+  $ case upperBound (Bundle.size s) of
       Just n  -> partitionWithMax f s n
       Nothing -> partitionWithUnknown f s
 
@@ -1173,7 +1171,7 @@ partitionWithMax :: (PrimMonad m, MVector v a, MVector v b, MVector v c)
   => (a -> Either b c) -> Bundle u a -> Int -> m (v (PrimState m) b, v (PrimState m) c)
 {-# INLINE partitionWithMax #-}
 partitionWithMax f s n
-  = do
+  = stToPrim $ do
       v1 <- unsafeNew n
       v2 <- unsafeNew n
       let {-# INLINE_INNER put #-}
@@ -1194,7 +1192,7 @@ partitionWithUnknown :: forall m v u a b c.
   => (a -> Either b c) -> Bundle u a -> m (v (PrimState m) b, v (PrimState m) c)
 {-# INLINE partitionWithUnknown #-}
 partitionWithUnknown f s
-  = do
+  = stToPrim $ do
       v1 <- unsafeNew 0
       v2 <- unsafeNew 0
       (v1', n1, v2', n2) <- Bundle.foldM' put (v1, 0, v2, 0) s
@@ -1204,14 +1202,14 @@ partitionWithUnknown f s
   where
     put :: (v (PrimState m) b, Int, v (PrimState m) c, Int)
         -> a
-        -> m (v (PrimState m) b, Int, v (PrimState m) c, Int)
+        -> ST (PrimState m) (v (PrimState m) b, Int, v (PrimState m) c, Int)
     {-# INLINE_INNER put #-}
     put (v1, i1, v2, i2) x = case f x of
       Left b -> do
-        v1' <- unsafeAppend1 v1 i1 b
+        v1' <- stToPrim $ unsafeAppend1 v1 i1 b
         return (v1', i1+1, v2, i2)
       Right c -> do
-        v2' <- unsafeAppend1 v2 i2 c
+        v2' <- stToPrim $ unsafeAppend1 v2 i2 c
         return (v1, i1, v2', i2+1)
 
 -- Modifying vectors