diff --git a/src/BackendConnector.js b/src/BackendConnector.js
index ba4e7437..20dd0a58 100644
--- a/src/BackendConnector.js
+++ b/src/BackendConnector.js
@@ -30,9 +30,7 @@ class Connector extends EventEmitter {
     this.state = {};
     this.queue = [];
 
-    if (this.backend && this.backend.init) {
-      this.backend.init(services, options.backend, options);
-    }
+    this.backend?.init?.(services, options.backend, options);
   }
 
   queueLoad(languages, namespaces, options, callback) {
@@ -234,9 +232,8 @@ class Connector extends EventEmitter {
 
   saveMissing(languages, namespace, key, fallbackValue, isUpdate, options = {}, clb = () => {}) {
     if (
-      this.services.utils &&
-      this.services.utils.hasLoadedNamespace &&
-      !this.services.utils.hasLoadedNamespace(namespace)
+      this.services?.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace &&
+      !this.services?.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace(namespace)
     ) {
       this.logger.warn(
         `did not save key "${key}" as the namespace "${namespace}" was not yet loaded`,
@@ -248,7 +245,7 @@ class Connector extends EventEmitter {
     // ignore non valid keys
     if (key === undefined || key === null || key === '') return;
 
-    if (this.backend && this.backend.create) {
+    if (this.backend?.create) {
       const opts = {
         ...options,
         isUpdate,
diff --git a/src/Formatter.js b/src/Formatter.js
index 411f6ba4..9d6030fa 100644
--- a/src/Formatter.js
+++ b/src/Formatter.js
@@ -111,9 +111,7 @@ class Formatter {
         let formatted = mem;
         try {
           // options passed explicit for that formatted value
-          const valOptions =
-            (options && options.formatParams && options.formatParams[options.interpolationkey]) ||
-            {};
+          const valOptions = options?.formatParams?.[options.interpolationkey] || {};
 
           // language
           const l = valOptions.locale || valOptions.lng || options.locale || options.lng || lng;
diff --git a/src/Interpolator.js b/src/Interpolator.js
index 3d4e47f6..1f6d8439 100644
--- a/src/Interpolator.js
+++ b/src/Interpolator.js
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class Interpolator {
     this.logger = baseLogger.create('interpolator');
 
     this.options = options;
-    this.format = (options.interpolation && options.interpolation.format) || ((value) => value);
+    this.format = options.interpolation?.format || ((value) => value);
     this.init(options);
   }
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class Interpolator {
 
   resetRegExp() {
     const getOrResetRegExp = (existingRegExp, pattern) => {
-      if (existingRegExp && existingRegExp.source === pattern) {
+      if (existingRegExp?.source === pattern) {
         existingRegExp.lastIndex = 0;
         return existingRegExp;
       }
@@ -154,10 +154,10 @@ class Interpolator {
     this.resetRegExp();
 
     const missingInterpolationHandler =
-      (options && options.missingInterpolationHandler) || this.options.missingInterpolationHandler;
+      options?.missingInterpolationHandler || this.options.missingInterpolationHandler;
 
     const skipOnVariables =
-      options && options.interpolation && options.interpolation.skipOnVariables !== undefined
+      options?.interpolation?.skipOnVariables !== undefined
         ? options.interpolation.skipOnVariables
         : this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables;
 
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class Interpolator {
       const matchedSingleQuotes = optionsString.match(/'/g);
       const matchedDoubleQuotes = optionsString.match(/"/g);
       if (
-        (matchedSingleQuotes && matchedSingleQuotes.length % 2 === 0 && !matchedDoubleQuotes) ||
+        ((matchedSingleQuotes?.length ?? 0) % 2 === 0 && !matchedDoubleQuotes) ||
         matchedDoubleQuotes.length % 2 !== 0
       ) {
         optionsString = optionsString.replace(/'/g, '"');
diff --git a/src/PluralResolver.js b/src/PluralResolver.js
index 19be65d7..51b01e7d 100644
--- a/src/PluralResolver.js
+++ b/src/PluralResolver.js
@@ -124,10 +124,10 @@ class PluralResolver {
     const rule = this.getRule(code, options);
 
     if (this.shouldUseIntlApi()) {
-      return rule && rule.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.length > 1;
+      return rule?.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.length > 1;
     }
 
-    return rule && rule.numbers.length > 1;
+    return rule?.numbers.length > 1;
   }
 
   getPluralFormsOfKey(code, key, options = {}) {
diff --git a/src/ResourceStore.js b/src/ResourceStore.js
index f6b0612a..bbb3d09a 100644
--- a/src/ResourceStore.js
+++ b/src/ResourceStore.js
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class ResourceStore extends EventEmitter {
     }
     if (result || !ignoreJSONStructure || typeof key !== 'string') return result;
 
-    return utils.deepFind(this.data && this.data[lng] && this.data[lng][ns], key, keySeparator);
+    return utils.deepFind(this.data?.[lng]?.[ns], key, keySeparator);
   }
 
   addResource(lng, ns, key, value, options = { silent: false }) {
diff --git a/src/Translator.js b/src/Translator.js
index 5c6e6cb9..d9e28422 100644
--- a/src/Translator.js
+++ b/src/Translator.js
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
     }
 
     const resolved = this.resolve(key, options);
-    return resolved && resolved.res !== undefined;
+    return resolved?.res !== undefined;
   }
 
   extractFromKey(key, options) {
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
     const lng = options.lng || this.language;
     const appendNamespaceToCIMode =
       options.appendNamespaceToCIMode || this.options.appendNamespaceToCIMode;
-    if (lng && lng.toLowerCase() === 'cimode') {
+    if (lng?.toLowerCase() === 'cimode') {
       if (appendNamespaceToCIMode) {
         const nsSeparator = options.nsSeparator || this.options.nsSeparator;
         if (returnDetails) {
@@ -142,9 +142,9 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
 
     // resolve from store
     const resolved = this.resolve(keys, options);
-    let res = resolved && resolved.res;
-    const resUsedKey = (resolved && resolved.usedKey) || key;
-    const resExactUsedKey = (resolved && resolved.exactUsedKey) || key;
+    let res = resolved?.res;
+    const resUsedKey = resolved?.usedKey || key;
+    const resExactUsedKey = resolved?.exactUsedKey || key;
 
     const resType = Object.prototype.toString.apply(res);
     const noObject = ['[object Number]', '[object Function]', '[object RegExp]'];
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
               updateMissing,
               options,
             );
-          } else if (this.backendConnector && this.backendConnector.saveMissing) {
+          } else if (this.backendConnector?.saveMissing) {
             this.backendConnector.saveMissing(
               l,
               namespace,
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
   }
 
   extendTranslation(res, key, options, resolved, lastKey) {
-    if (this.i18nFormat && this.i18nFormat.parse) {
+    if (this.i18nFormat?.parse) {
       res = this.i18nFormat.parse(
         res,
         { ...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables, ...options },
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
         });
       const skipOnVariables =
         typeof res === 'string' &&
-        (options && options.interpolation && options.interpolation.skipOnVariables !== undefined
+        (options?.interpolation?.skipOnVariables !== undefined
           ? options.interpolation.skipOnVariables
           : this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables);
       let nestBef;
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
         res = this.interpolator.nest(
           res,
           (...args) => {
-            if (lastKey && lastKey[0] === args[0] && !options.context) {
+            if (lastKey?.[0] === args[0] && !options.context) {
               this.logger.warn(
                 `It seems you are nesting recursively key: ${args[0]} in key: ${key[0]}`,
               );
@@ -421,8 +421,7 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
     if (
       res !== undefined &&
       res !== null &&
-      postProcessorNames &&
-      postProcessorNames.length &&
+      postProcessorNames?.length &&
       options.applyPostProcessor !== false
     ) {
       res = postProcessor.handle(
@@ -481,9 +480,8 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
 
         if (
           !checkedLoadedFor[`${codes[0]}-${ns}`] &&
-          this.utils &&
-          this.utils.hasLoadedNamespace &&
-          !this.utils.hasLoadedNamespace(usedNS)
+          this.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace &&
+          !this.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace(usedNS)
         ) {
           checkedLoadedFor[`${codes[0]}-${ns}`] = true;
           this.logger.warn(
@@ -500,7 +498,7 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
 
           const finalKeys = [key];
 
-          if (this.i18nFormat && this.i18nFormat.addLookupKeys) {
+          if (this.i18nFormat?.addLookupKeys) {
             this.i18nFormat.addLookupKeys(finalKeys, key, code, ns, options);
           } else {
             let pluralSuffix;
@@ -566,8 +564,7 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
   }
 
   getResource(code, ns, key, options = {}) {
-    if (this.i18nFormat && this.i18nFormat.getResource)
-      return this.i18nFormat.getResource(code, ns, key, options);
+    if (this.i18nFormat?.getResource) return this.i18nFormat.getResource(code, ns, key, options);
     return this.resourceStore.getResource(code, ns, key, options);
   }
 
diff --git a/src/defaults.js b/src/defaults.js
index 1ea14258..cf757e95 100644
--- a/src/defaults.js
+++ b/src/defaults.js
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ export function transformOptions(options) {
   if (typeof options.fallbackNS === 'string') options.fallbackNS = [options.fallbackNS];
 
   // extend supportedLngs with cimode
-  if (options.supportedLngs && options.supportedLngs.indexOf('cimode') < 0) {
+  if (options.supportedLngs?.indexOf?.('cimode') < 0) {
     options.supportedLngs = options.supportedLngs.concat(['cimode']);
   }
 
diff --git a/src/i18next.js b/src/i18next.js
index 2873b6ce..3700940d 100644
--- a/src/i18next.js
+++ b/src/i18next.js
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
     if (typeof language === 'function') usedCallback = language;
 
     if (!this.options.resources || this.options.partialBundledLanguages) {
-      if (usedLng && usedLng.toLowerCase() === 'cimode' && (!this.options.preload || this.options.preload.length === 0)) return usedCallback(); // avoid loading resources for cimode
+      if (usedLng?.toLowerCase() === 'cimode' && (!this.options.preload || this.options.preload.length === 0)) return usedCallback(); // avoid loading resources for cimode
 
       const toLoad = [];
 
@@ -242,9 +242,7 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
         append(usedLng);
       }
 
-      if (this.options.preload) {
-        this.options.preload.forEach(l => append(l));
-      }
+      this.options.preload?.forEach?.(l => append(l));
 
       this.services.backendConnector.load(toLoad, this.options.ns, (e) => {
         if (!e && !this.resolvedLanguage && this.language) this.setResolvedLanguage(this.language);
@@ -355,7 +353,7 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
         }
         if (!this.translator.language) this.translator.changeLanguage(l);
 
-        if (this.services.languageDetector && this.services.languageDetector.cacheUserLanguage) this.services.languageDetector.cacheUserLanguage(l);
+        this.services.languageDetector?.cacheUserLanguage?.(l);
       }
 
       this.loadResources(l, err => {
@@ -412,11 +410,11 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
   }
 
   t(...args) {
-    return this.translator && this.translator.translate(...args);
+    return this.translator?.translate(...args);
   }
 
   exists(...args) {
-    return this.translator && this.translator.exists(...args);
+    return this.translator?.exists(...args);
   }
 
   setDefaultNamespace(ns) {
@@ -507,7 +505,7 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
   }
 
   dir(lng) {
-    if (!lng) lng = this.resolvedLanguage || (this.languages && this.languages.length > 0 ? this.languages[0] : this.language);
+    if (!lng) lng = this.resolvedLanguage || (this.languages?.length > 0 ? this.languages[0] : this.language);
     if (!lng) return 'rtl';
 
     const rtlLngs = [
@@ -575,7 +573,7 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
       'ckb'
     ];
 
-    const languageUtils = (this.services && this.services.languageUtils) || new LanguageUtils(getDefaults()) // for uninitialized usage
+    const languageUtils = this.services?.languageUtils || new LanguageUtils(getDefaults()) // for uninitialized usage
 
     return rtlLngs.indexOf(languageUtils.getLanguagePartFromCode(lng)) > -1 || lng.toLowerCase().indexOf('-arab') > 1
       ? 'rtl'
diff --git a/src/logger.js b/src/logger.js
index dcc395fc..43d88dcf 100644
--- a/src/logger.js
+++ b/src/logger.js
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ const consoleLogger = {
 
   output(type, args) {
     /* eslint no-console: 0 */
-    if (console && console[type]) console[type].apply(console, args);
+    console?.[type]?.apply?.(console, args);
   },
 };
 
diff --git a/src/postProcessor.js b/src/postProcessor.js
index 7e134ce6..f0eaeba7 100644
--- a/src/postProcessor.js
+++ b/src/postProcessor.js
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ export default {
 
   handle(processors, value, key, options, translator) {
     processors.forEach((processor) => {
-      if (this.processors[processor])
-        value = this.processors[processor].process(value, key, options, translator);
+      value = this.processors[processor]?.process(value, key, options, translator) ?? value;
     });
 
     return value;
diff --git a/src/utils.js b/src/utils.js
index e5673933..db4fde5c 100644
--- a/src/utils.js
+++ b/src/utils.js
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ export function setPath(object, path, newValue) {
     e = `${p[p.length - 1]}.${e}`;
     p = p.slice(0, p.length - 1);
     last = getLastOfPath(object, p, Object);
-    if (last && last.obj && typeof last.obj[`${last.k}.${e}`] !== 'undefined') {
+    if (last?.obj && typeof last.obj[`${last.k}.${e}`] !== 'undefined') {
       last.obj = undefined;
     }
   }
@@ -251,6 +251,6 @@ export function deepFind(obj, path, keySeparator = '.') {
 }
 
 export function getCleanedCode(code) {
-  if (code && code.indexOf('_') > 0) return code.replace('_', '-');
+  if (code?.indexOf('_') > 0) return code.replace('_', '-');
   return code;
 }