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version 1.1

Introduction

JSON API is a specification for how a client should request that resources be fetched or modified, and how a server should respond to those requests.

JSON API is designed to minimize both the number of requests and the amount of data transmitted between clients and servers. This efficiency is achieved without compromising readability, flexibility, or discoverability.

JSON API requires use of the JSON API media type (application/vnd.api+json) for exchanging data.

Conventions

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

Content Negotiation

Client Responsibilities

Clients MUST send all JSON API data in request documents with the header Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json without any media type parameters.

Clients that include the JSON API media type in their Accept header MUST specify the media type there at least once without any media type parameters.

Clients MUST ignore any parameters for the application/vnd.api+json media type received in the Content-Type header of response documents.

Server Responsibilities

Servers MUST send all JSON API data in response documents with the header Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json without any media type parameters.

Servers MUST respond with a 415 Unsupported Media Type status code if a request specifies the header Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json with any media type parameters.

Servers MUST respond with a 406 Not Acceptable status code if a request's Accept header contains the JSON API media type and all instances of that media type are modified with media type parameters.

Note: The content negotiation requirements exist to allow future versions of this specification to use media type parameters for extension negotiation and versioning.

Document Structure

This section describes the structure of a JSON API document, which is identified by the media type application/vnd.api+json. JSON API documents are defined in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) [RFC7159].

Although the same media type is used for both request and response documents, certain aspects are only applicable to one or the other. These differences are called out below.

Unless otherwise noted, objects defined by this specification MUST NOT contain any additional members. Client and server implementations MUST ignore members not recognized by this specification.

Note: These conditions allow this specification to evolve through additive changes.

Top Level

A JSON object MUST be at the root of every JSON API request and response containing data. This object defines a document's "top level".

A document MUST contain at least one of the following top-level members:

The data member MUST NOT coexist with either the errors or operations members in the same document.

The operations member MUST NOT coexist with the errors member in the same document.

A document MAY contain any of these top-level members:

  • jsonapi: an object describing the server's implementation
  • links: a links object related to the primary data.
  • included: an array of resource objects that are related to the primary data and/or each other ("included resources").

If a document does not contain a top-level data key, the included member MUST NOT be present either.

The top-level links object MAY contain the following members:

  • self: the link that generated the current response document.
  • related: a related resource link when the primary data represents a resource relationship.
  • pagination links for the primary data.

The document's "primary data" is a representation of the resource or collection of resources targeted by a request.

Primary data MUST be either:

For example, the following primary data is a single resource object:

{
  "data": {
    "type": "articles",
    "id": "1",
    "attributes": {
      // ... this article's attributes
    },
    "relationships": {
      // ... this article's relationships
    }
  }
}

The following primary data is a single resource identifier object that references the same resource:

{
  "data": {
    "type": "articles",
    "id": "1"
  }
}

A logical collection of resources MUST be represented as an array, even if it only contains one item or is empty.

Resource Objects

"Resource objects" appear in a JSON API document to represent resources.

A resource object MUST contain at least the following top-level members:

  • id
  • type

Exception: The id member is not required when the resource object originates at the client and represents a new resource to be created on the server.

In addition, a resource object MAY contain any of these top-level members:

  • attributes: an attributes object representing some of the resource's data.
  • relationships: a relationships object describing relationships between the resource and other JSON API resources.
  • links: a links object containing links related to the resource.
  • meta: a meta object containing non-standard meta-information about a resource that can not be represented as an attribute or relationship.
  • lid: a local identifier that, together with type, uniquely identifies a resource within the document.

Here's how an article (i.e. a resource of type "articles") might appear in a document:

// ...
{
  "type": "articles",
  "id": "1",
  "attributes": {
    "title": "Rails is Omakase"
  },
  "relationships": {
    "author": {
      "links": {
        "self": "/articles/1/relationships/author",
        "related": "/articles/1/author"
      },
      "data": { "type": "people", "id": "9" }
    }
  }
}
// ...

Identification

As noted above, every resource object MUST contain a type member. Every resource object MUST also contain an id member, except when the resource object originates at the client and represents a new resource to be created on the server. The values of the id and type members MUST be strings.

A resource object MAY contain a lid member that, together with type, uniquely identifies the resource locally within the document. If a resource object contains a lid member, then every representation of that resource, including other resource objects and [resource identifier objects], MUST also contain the lid member with the same value. The value of the lid member MUST be a string.

Within a given API, each resource object's type and id pair MUST identify a single, unique resource. (The set of URIs controlled by a server, or multiple servers acting as one, constitute an API.)

The type member is used to describe resource objects that share common attributes and relationships.

The values of type members MUST adhere to the same constraints as member names.

Note: This spec is agnostic about inflection rules, so the value of type can be either plural or singular. However, the same value should be used consistently throughout an implementation.

Fields

A resource object's attributes and its relationships are collectively called its "fields".

Fields for a resource object MUST share a common namespace with each other and with type and id. In other words, a resource can not have an attribute and relationship with the same name, nor can it have an attribute or relationship named type or id.

Attributes

The value of the attributes key MUST be an object (an "attributes object"). Members of the attributes object ("attributes") represent information about the resource object in which it's defined.

Attributes may contain any valid JSON value.

Complex data structures involving JSON objects and arrays are allowed as attribute values. However, any object that constitutes or is contained in an attribute MUST NOT contain a relationships or links member, as those members are reserved by this specification for future use.

Although has-one foreign keys (e.g. author_id) are often stored internally alongside other information to be represented in a resource object, these keys SHOULD NOT appear as attributes.

Note: See fields and member names for more restrictions on this container.

Relationships

The value of the relationships key MUST be an object (a "relationships object"). Members of the relationships object ("relationships") represent references from the resource object in which it's defined to other resource objects.

Relationships may be to-one or to-many.

A "relationship object" MUST contain at least one of the following:

  • links: a links object containing at least one of the following:
    • self: a link for the relationship itself (a "relationship link"). This link allows the client to directly manipulate the relationship. For example, removing an author through an article's relationship URL would disconnect the person from the article without deleting the people resource itself. When fetched successfully, this link returns the linkage for the related resources as its primary data. (See Fetching Relationships.)
    • related: a related resource link
  • data: resource linkage
  • meta: a meta object that contains non-standard meta-information about the relationship.

A relationship object that represents a to-many relationship MAY also contain pagination links under the links member, as described below.

Note: See fields and member names for more restrictions on this container.

Related Resource Links

A "related resource link" provides access to resource objects linked in a relationship. When fetched, the related resource object(s) are returned as the response's primary data.

For example, an article's comments relationship could specify a link that returns a collection of comment resource objects when retrieved through a GET request.

If present, a related resource link MUST reference a valid URL, even if the relationship isn't currently associated with any target resources. Additionally, a related resource link MUST NOT change because its relationship's content changes.

Resource Linkage

Resource linkage in a compound document allows a client to link together all of the included resource objects without having to GET any URLs via links.

Resource linkage MUST be represented as one of the following:

Note: The spec does not impart meaning to order of resource identifier objects in linkage arrays of to-many relationships, although implementations may do that. Arrays of resource identifier objects may represent ordered or unordered relationships, and both types can be mixed in one response object.

For example, the following article is associated with an author:

// ...
{
  "type": "articles",
  "id": "1",
  "attributes": {
    "title": "Rails is Omakase"
  },
  "relationships": {
    "author": {
      "links": {
        "self": "http://example.com/articles/1/relationships/author",
        "related": "http://example.com/articles/1/author"
      },
      "data": { "type": "people", "id": "9" }
    }
  },
  "links": {
    "self": "http://example.com/articles/1"
  }
}
// ...

The author relationship includes a link for the relationship itself (which allows the client to change the related author directly), a related resource link to fetch the resource objects, and linkage information.

Resource Links

The optional links member within each resource object contains links related to the resource.

If present, this links object MAY contain a self link that identifies the resource represented by the resource object.

// ...
{
  "type": "articles",
  "id": "1",
  "attributes": {
    "title": "Rails is Omakase"
  },
  "links": {
    "self": "http://example.com/articles/1"
  }
}
// ...

A server MUST respond to a GET request to the specified URL with a response that includes the resource as the primary data.

Resource Identifier Objects

A "resource identifier object" is an object that identifies an individual resource.

A "resource identifier object" MUST contain a type member. A resource identifier object MUST also contain an id member, except when it contains a lid that identifies it as matching a new resource to be created on the server.

A "resource identifier object" MAY contain a lid member. If id is omitted due to the exception described above, a lid member MUST be included. A lid member MUST also be included if the referenced resource is represented elsewhere in the document with a lid. The value of a lid member MUST be identical for every representation of the resource in the document.

The values of the id, lid, and type members MUST be strings.

A "resource identifier object" MAY also include a meta member, whose value is a meta object that contains non-standard meta-information.

Compound Documents

To reduce the number of HTTP requests, servers MAY allow responses that include related resources along with the requested primary resources. Such responses are called "compound documents".

In a compound document, all included resources MUST be represented as an array of resource objects in a top-level included member.

Compound documents require "full linkage", meaning that every included resource MUST be identified by at least one resource identifier object in the same document. These resource identifier objects could either be primary data or represent resource linkage contained within primary or included resources.

The only exception to the full linkage requirement is when relationship fields that would otherwise contain linkage data are excluded via sparse fieldsets.

Note: Full linkage ensures that included resources are related to either the primary data (which could be resource objects or resource identifier objects) or to each other.

A complete example document with multiple included relationships:

{
  "data": [{
    "type": "articles",
    "id": "1",
    "attributes": {
      "title": "JSON API paints my bikeshed!"
    },
    "links": {
      "self": "http://example.com/articles/1"
    },
    "relationships": {
      "author": {
        "links": {
          "self": "http://example.com/articles/1/relationships/author",
          "related": "http://example.com/articles/1/author"
        },
        "data": { "type": "people", "id": "9" }
      },
      "comments": {
        "links": {
          "self": "http://example.com/articles/1/relationships/comments",
          "related": "http://example.com/articles/1/comments"
        },
        "data": [
          { "type": "comments", "id": "5" },
          { "type": "comments", "id": "12" }
        ]
      }
    }
  }],
  "included": [{
    "type": "people",
    "id": "9",
    "attributes": {
      "first-name": "Dan",
      "last-name": "Gebhardt",
      "twitter": "dgeb"
    },
    "links": {
      "self": "http://example.com/people/9"
    }
  }, {
    "type": "comments",
    "id": "5",
    "attributes": {
      "body": "First!"
    },
    "relationships": {
      "author": {
        "data": { "type": "people", "id": "2" }
      }
    },
    "links": {
      "self": "http://example.com/comments/5"
    }
  }, {
    "type": "comments",
    "id": "12",
    "attributes": {
      "body": "I like XML better"
    },
    "relationships": {
      "author": {
        "data": { "type": "people", "id": "9" }
      }
    },
    "links": {
      "self": "http://example.com/comments/12"
    }
  }]
}

A compound document MUST NOT include more than one resource object for each type and id pair.

Note: In a single document, you can think of the type and id as a composite key that uniquely references resource objects in another part of the document.

Note: For resources that do not contain an id member but do contain a lid, the type and lid are sufficient to establish resource identity and thus linkage between resource objects and resource identifier objects throughout the document.

Note: This approach ensures that a single canonical resource object is returned with each response, even when the same resource is referenced multiple times.

Meta Information

Where specified, a meta member can be used to include non-standard meta-information. The value of each meta member MUST be an object (a "meta object").

Any members MAY be specified within meta objects.

For example:

{
  "meta": {
    "copyright": "Copyright 2015 Example Corp.",
    "authors": [
      "Yehuda Katz",
      "Steve Klabnik",
      "Dan Gebhardt",
      "Tyler Kellen"
    ]
  },
  "data": {
    // ...
  }
}

Links

Where specified, a links member can be used to represent links. The value of each links member MUST be an object (a "links object").

Each member of a links object is a "link". A link MUST be represented as either:

  • a string containing the link's URL.
  • an object ("link object") which can contain the following members:
    • href: a string containing the link's URL.
    • meta: a meta object containing non-standard meta-information about the link.

The following self link is simply a URL:

"links": {
  "self": "http://example.com/posts"
}

The following related link includes a URL as well as meta-information about a related resource collection:

"links": {
  "related": {
    "href": "http://example.com/articles/1/comments",
    "meta": {
      "count": 10
    }
  }
}

Note: Additional members may be specified for links objects and link objects in the future. It is also possible that the allowed values of additional members will be expanded (e.g. a collection link may support an array of values, whereas a self link does not).

JSON API Object

A JSON API document MAY include information about its implementation under a top level jsonapi member. If present, the value of the jsonapi member MUST be an object (a "jsonapi object"). The jsonapi object MAY contain a version member whose value is a string indicating the highest JSON API version supported. This object MAY also contain a meta member, whose value is a meta object that contains non-standard meta-information.

{
  "jsonapi": {
    "version": "1.1"
  }
}

If the version member is not present, clients should assume the server implements at least version 1.0 of the specification.

Note: Because JSON API is committed to making additive changes only, the version string primarily indicates which new features a server may support.

Member Names

All member names used in a JSON API document MUST be treated as case sensitive by clients and servers, and they MUST meet all of the following conditions:

  • Member names MUST contain at least one character.
  • Member names MUST contain only the allowed characters listed below.
  • Member names MUST start and end with a "globally allowed character", as defined below.

To enable an easy mapping of member names to URLs, it is RECOMMENDED that member names use only non-reserved, URL safe characters specified in RFC 3986.

Allowed Characters

The following "globally allowed characters" MAY be used anywhere in a member name:

  • U+0061 to U+007A, "a-z"
  • U+0041 to U+005A, "A-Z"
  • U+0030 to U+0039, "0-9"
  • U+0080 and above (non-ASCII Unicode characters; not recommended, not URL safe)

Additionally, the following characters are allowed in member names, except as the first or last character:

  • U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, "-"
  • U+005F LOW LINE, "_"
  • U+0020 SPACE, " " (not recommended, not URL safe)

Reserved Characters

The following characters MUST NOT be used in member names:

  • U+002B PLUS SIGN, "+" (used for ordering)
  • U+002C COMMA, "," (used as a separator between relationship paths)
  • U+002E PERIOD, "." (used as a separator within relationship paths)
  • U+005B LEFT SQUARE BRACKET, "[" (used in sparse fieldsets)
  • U+005D RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET, "]" (used in sparse fieldsets)
  • U+0021 EXCLAMATION MARK, "!"
  • U+0022 QUOTATION MARK, '"'
  • U+0023 NUMBER SIGN, "#"
  • U+0024 DOLLAR SIGN, "$"
  • U+0025 PERCENT SIGN, "%"
  • U+0026 AMPERSAND, "&"
  • U+0027 APOSTROPHE, "'"
  • U+0028 LEFT PARENTHESIS, "("
  • U+0029 RIGHT PARENTHESIS, ")"
  • U+002A ASTERISK, "*"
  • U+002F SOLIDUS, "/"
  • U+003A COLON, ":"
  • U+003B SEMICOLON, ";"
  • U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN, "<"
  • U+003D EQUALS SIGN, "="
  • U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN, ">"
  • U+003F QUESTION MARK, "?"
  • U+0040 COMMERCIAL AT, "@"
  • U+005C REVERSE SOLIDUS, "\"
  • U+005E CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT, "^"
  • U+0060 GRAVE ACCENT, "`"
  • U+007B LEFT CURLY BRACKET, "{"
  • U+007C VERTICAL LINE, "|"
  • U+007D RIGHT CURLY BRACKET, "}"
  • U+007E TILDE, "~"
  • U+007F DELETE
  • U+0000 to U+001F (C0 Controls)

@-Members

Member names MAY also begin with an at sign (U+0040 COMMERCIAL AT, "@"). Members named this way are called "@-Members". @-Members MAY appear anywhere in a JSON API document.

However, JSON API processors MUST completely ignore @-Members (i.e. not treat them as JSON API data).

Moreover, the existence of @-Members MUST be ignored when interpreting all JSON API definitions and processing instructions given outside of this subsection. For example, an attribute is defined above as any member of the attributes object. However, because @-Members must be ignored when interpreting that definition, an @-Member that occurs in an attributes object is not an attribute.

Note: Among other things, "@" members can be used to add JSON-LD data to a JSON API document. Such documents should be served with an extra header to convey to JSON-LD clients that they contain JSON-LD data.

Fetching Data

Data, including resources and relationships, can be fetched by sending a GET request to an endpoint.

Responses can be further refined with the optional features described below.

Fetching Resources

A server MUST support fetching resource data for every URL provided as:

  • a self link as part of the top-level links object
  • a self link as part of a resource-level links object
  • a related link as part of a relationship-level links object

For example, the following request fetches a collection of articles:

GET /articles HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

The following request fetches an article:

GET /articles/1 HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

And the following request fetches an article's author:

GET /articles/1/author HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

Responses

200 OK

A server MUST respond to a successful request to fetch an individual resource or resource collection with a 200 OK response.

A server MUST respond to a successful request to fetch a resource collection with an array of resource objects or an empty array ([]) as the response document's primary data.

For example, a GET request to a collection of articles could return:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "links": {
    "self": "http://example.com/articles"
  },
  "data": [{
    "type": "articles",
    "id": "1",
    "attributes": {
      "title": "JSON API paints my bikeshed!"
    }
  }, {
    "type": "articles",
    "id": "2",
    "attributes": {
      "title": "Rails is Omakase"
    }
  }]
}

A similar response representing an empty collection would be:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "links": {
    "self": "http://example.com/articles"
  },
  "data": []
}

A server MUST respond to a successful request to fetch an individual resource with a resource object or null provided as the response document's primary data.

null is only an appropriate response when the requested URL is one that might correspond to a single resource, but doesn't currently.

Note: Consider, for example, a request to fetch a to-one related resource link. This request would respond with null when the relationship is empty (such that the link is corresponding to no resources) but with the single related resource's resource object otherwise.

For example, a GET request to an individual article could return:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "links": {
    "self": "http://example.com/articles/1"
  },
  "data": {
    "type": "articles",
    "id": "1",
    "attributes": {
      "title": "JSON API paints my bikeshed!"
    },
    "relationships": {
      "author": {
        "links": {
          "related": "http://example.com/articles/1/author"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

If the above article's author is missing, then a GET request to that related resource would return:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "links": {
    "self": "http://example.com/articles/1/author"
  },
  "data": null
}
404 Not Found

A server MUST respond with 404 Not Found when processing a request to fetch a single resource that does not exist, except when the request warrants a 200 OK response with null as the primary data (as described above).

Other Responses

A server MAY respond with other HTTP status codes.

A server MAY include error details with error responses.

A server MUST prepare responses, and a client MUST interpret responses, in accordance with HTTP semantics.

Fetching Relationships

A server MUST support fetching relationship data for every relationship URL provided as a self link as part of a relationship's links object.

For example, the following request fetches data about an article's comments:

GET /articles/1/relationships/comments HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

And the following request fetches data about an article's author:

GET /articles/1/relationships/author HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

Responses

200 OK

A server MUST respond to a successful request to fetch a relationship with a 200 OK response.

The primary data in the response document MUST match the appropriate value for resource linkage, as described above for relationship objects.

The top-level links object MAY contain self and related links, as described above for relationship objects.

For example, a GET request to a URL from a to-one relationship link could return:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "links": {
    "self": "/articles/1/relationships/author",
    "related": "/articles/1/author"
  },
  "data": {
    "type": "people",
    "id": "12"
  }
}

If the above relationship is empty, then a GET request to the same URL would return:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "links": {
    "self": "/articles/1/relationships/author",
    "related": "/articles/1/author"
  },
  "data": null
}

A GET request to a URL from a to-many relationship link could return:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "links": {
    "self": "/articles/1/relationships/tags",
    "related": "/articles/1/tags"
  },
  "data": [
    { "type": "tags", "id": "2" },
    { "type": "tags", "id": "3" }
  ]
}

If the above relationship is empty, then a GET request to the same URL would return:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "links": {
    "self": "/articles/1/relationships/tags",
    "related": "/articles/1/tags"
  },
  "data": []
}
404 Not Found

A server MUST return 404 Not Found when processing a request to fetch a relationship link URL that does not exist.

Note: This can happen when the parent resource of the relationship does not exist. For example, when /articles/1 does not exist, request to /articles/1/relationships/tags returns 404 Not Found.

If a relationship link URL exists but the relationship is empty, then 200 OK MUST be returned, as described above.

Other Responses

A server MAY respond with other HTTP status codes.

A server MAY include error details with error responses.

A server MUST prepare responses, and a client MUST interpret responses, in accordance with HTTP semantics.

Inclusion of Related Resources

An endpoint MAY return resources related to the primary data by default.

An endpoint MAY also support an include request parameter to allow the client to customize which related resources should be returned.

If an endpoint does not support the include parameter, it MUST respond with 400 Bad Request to any requests that include it.

If an endpoint supports the include parameter and a client supplies it:

  • The server's response MUST be a compound document with an included key — even if that included key holds an empty array (because the requested relationships are empty).
  • The server MUST NOT include unrequested resource objects in the included section of the compound document.

The value of the include parameter MUST be a comma-separated (U+002C COMMA, ",") list of relationship paths. A relationship path is a dot-separated (U+002E FULL-STOP, ".") list of relationship names.

If a server is unable to identify a relationship path or does not support inclusion of resources from a path, it MUST respond with 400 Bad Request.

Note: For example, a relationship path could be comments.author, where comments is a relationship listed under a articles resource object, and author is a relationship listed under a comments resource object.

For instance, comments could be requested with an article:

GET /articles/1?include=comments HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

In order to request resources related to other resources, a dot-separated path for each relationship name can be specified:

GET /articles/1?include=comments.author HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

Note: Because compound documents require full linkage (except when relationship linkage is excluded by sparse fieldsets), intermediate resources in a multi-part path must be returned along with the leaf nodes. For example, a response to a request for comments.author should include comments as well as the author of each of those comments.

Note: A server may choose to expose a deeply nested relationship such as comments.author as a direct relationship with an alias such as comment-authors. This would allow a client to request /articles/1?include=comment-authors instead of /articles/1?include=comments.author. By abstracting the nested relationship with an alias, the server can still provide full linkage in compound documents without including potentially unwanted intermediate resources.

Multiple related resources can be requested in a comma-separated list:

GET /articles/1?include=author,comments.author HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

Furthermore, related resources can be requested from a relationship endpoint:

GET /articles/1/relationships/comments?include=comments.author HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

In this case, the primary data would be a collection of resource identifier objects that represent linkage to comments for an article, while the full comments and comment authors would be returned as included data.

Note: This section applies to any endpoint that responds with primary data, regardless of the request type. For instance, a server could support the inclusion of related resources along with a POST request to create a resource or relationship.

Sparse Fieldsets

A client MAY request that an endpoint return only specific fields in the response on a per-type basis by including a fields[TYPE] parameter.

The value of the fields parameter MUST be a comma-separated (U+002C COMMA, ",") list that refers to the name(s) of the fields to be returned.

If a client requests a restricted set of fields for a given resource type, an endpoint MUST NOT include additional fields in resource objects of that type in its response.

GET /articles?include=author&fields[articles]=title,body&fields[people]=name HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

Note: The above example URI shows unencoded [ and ] characters simply for readability. In practice, these characters must be percent-encoded, per the requirements in RFC 3986.

Note: This section applies to any endpoint that responds with resources as primary or included data, regardless of the request type. For instance, a server could support sparse fieldsets along with a POST request to create a resource.

Sorting

A server MAY choose to support requests to sort resource collections according to one or more criteria ("sort fields").

Note: Although recommended, sort fields do not necessarily need to correspond to resource attribute and association names.

Note: It is recommended that dot-separated (U+002E FULL-STOP, ".") sort fields be used to request sorting based upon relationship attributes. For example, a sort field of author.name could be used to request that the primary data be sorted based upon the name attribute of the author relationship.

An endpoint MAY support requests to sort the primary data with a sort query parameter. The value for sort MUST represent sort fields.

GET /people?sort=age HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

An endpoint MAY support multiple sort fields by allowing comma-separated (U+002C COMMA, ",") sort fields. Sort fields SHOULD be applied in the order specified.

GET /people?sort=age,name HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

The sort order for each sort field MUST be ascending unless it is prefixed with a minus (U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, "-"), in which case it MUST be descending.

GET /articles?sort=-created,title HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

The above example should return the newest articles first. Any articles created on the same date will then be sorted by their title in ascending alphabetical order.

If the server does not support sorting as specified in the query parameter sort, it MUST return 400 Bad Request.

If sorting is supported by the server and requested by the client via query parameter sort, the server MUST return elements of the top-level data array of the response ordered according to the criteria specified. The server MAY apply default sorting rules to top-level data if request parameter sort is not specified.

Note: This section applies to any endpoint that responds with a resource collection as primary data, regardless of the request type.

Pagination

A server MAY choose to limit the number of resources returned in a response to a subset ("page") of the whole set available.

A server MAY provide links to traverse a paginated data set ("pagination links").

Pagination links MUST appear in the links object that corresponds to a collection. To paginate the primary data, supply pagination links in the top-level links object. To paginate an included collection returned in a compound document, supply pagination links in the corresponding links object.

The following keys MUST be used for pagination links:

  • first: the first page of data
  • last: the last page of data
  • prev: the previous page of data
  • next: the next page of data

Keys MUST either be omitted or have a null value to indicate that a particular link is unavailable.

Concepts of order, as expressed in the naming of pagination links, MUST remain consistent with JSON API's sorting rules.

The page query parameter is reserved for pagination. Servers and clients SHOULD use this key for pagination operations.

Note: JSON API is agnostic about the pagination strategy used by a server. Effective pagination strategies include (but are not limited to): page-based, offset-based, and cursor-based. The page query parameter can be used as a basis for any of these strategies. For example, a page-based strategy might use query parameters such as page[number] and page[size], an offset-based strategy might use page[offset] and page[limit], while a cursor-based strategy might use page[cursor].

Note: The example query parameters above use unencoded [ and ] characters simply for readability. In practice, these characters must be percent-encoded, per the requirements in RFC 3986.

Note: This section applies to any endpoint that responds with a resource collection as primary data, regardless of the request type.

Filtering

The filter query parameter is reserved for filtering data. Servers and clients SHOULD use this key for filtering operations.

Note: JSON API is agnostic about the strategies supported by a server. The filter query parameter can be used as the basis for any number of filtering strategies.

Creating, Updating and Deleting Resources

A server MAY allow resources of a given type to be created. It MAY also allow existing resources to be modified or deleted.

A request MUST completely succeed or fail (in a single "transaction"). No partial updates are allowed.

If a resource object or resource identifier object in a request document includes a lid member, then the server MUST include the matching lid member and value in every representation of that resource or resource identifier in the response document.

Note: The type member is required in every resource object throughout requests and responses in JSON API. There are some cases, such as when POSTing to an endpoint representing heterogenous data, when the type could not be inferred from the endpoint. However, picking and choosing when it is required would be confusing; it would be hard to remember when it was required and when it was not. Therefore, to improve consistency and minimize confusion, type is always required.

Creating Resources

A resource can be created by sending a POST request to a URL that represents a collection of resources. The request MUST include a single resource object as primary data. The resource object MUST contain at least a type member.

For instance, a new photo might be created with the following request:

POST /photos HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "data": {
    "type": "photos",
    "attributes": {
      "title": "Ember Hamster",
      "src": "http://example.com/images/productivity.png"
    },
    "relationships": {
      "photographer": {
        "data": { "type": "people", "id": "9" }
      }
    }
  }
}

If a relationship is provided in the relationships member of the resource object, its value MUST be a relationship object with a data member. The value of this key represents the linkage the new resource is to have.

Client-Generated IDs

A server MAY accept a client-generated ID along with a request to create a resource. An ID MUST be specified with an id key, the value of which MUST be a universally unique identifier. The client SHOULD use a properly generated and formatted UUID as described in RFC 4122 [RFC4122].

NOTE: In some use-cases, such as importing data from another source, it may be possible to use something other than a UUID that is still guaranteed to be globally unique. Do not use anything other than a UUID unless you are 100% confident that the strategy you are using indeed generates globally unique identifiers.

For example:

POST /photos HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "data": {
    "type": "photos",
    "id": "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000",
    "attributes": {
      "title": "Ember Hamster",
      "src": "http://example.com/images/productivity.png"
    }
  }
}

A server MUST return 403 Forbidden in response to an unsupported request to create a resource with a client-generated ID.

Responses

201 Created

If a POST request did not include a Client-Generated ID and the requested resource has been created successfully, the server MUST return a 201 Created status code.

The response SHOULD include a Location header identifying the location of the newly created resource, in order to comply with RFC 7231.

The response MUST also include a document that contains the primary resource created.

If the resource object returned by the response contains a self key in its links member and a Location header is provided, the value of the self member MUST match the value of the Location header.

HTTP/1.1 201 Created
Location: http://example.com/photos/550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "data": {
    "type": "photos",
    "id": "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000",
    "attributes": {
      "title": "Ember Hamster",
      "src": "http://example.com/images/productivity.png"
    },
    "links": {
      "self": "http://example.com/photos/550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"
    }
  }
}
202 Accepted

If a request to create a resource has been accepted for processing, but the processing has not been completed by the time the server responds, the server MUST return a 202 Accepted status code.

204 No Content

If a POST request did include a Client-Generated ID and the requested resource has been created successfully, the server MUST return either a 201 Created status code and response document (as described above) or a 204 No Content status code with no response document.

Note: If a 204 response is received the client should consider the resource object sent in the request to be accepted by the server, as if the server had returned it back in a 201 response.

403 Forbidden

A server MAY return 403 Forbidden in response to an unsupported request to create a resource.

404 Not Found

A server MUST return 404 Not Found when processing a request that references a related resource that does not exist.

409 Conflict

A server MUST return 409 Conflict when processing a POST request to create a resource with a client-generated ID that already exists.

A server MUST return 409 Conflict when processing a POST request in which the resource object's type is not among the type(s) that constitute the collection represented by the endpoint.

A server SHOULD include error details and provide enough information to recognize the source of the conflict.

Other Responses

A server MAY respond with other HTTP status codes.

A server MAY include error details with error responses.

A server MUST prepare responses, and a client MUST interpret responses, in accordance with HTTP semantics.

Updating Resources

A resource can be updated by sending a PATCH request to the URL that represents the resource.

The URL for a resource can be obtained in the self link of the resource object. Alternatively, when a GET request returns a single resource object as primary data, the same request URL can be used for updates.

The PATCH request MUST include a single resource object as primary data. The resource object MUST contain type and id members.

For example:

PATCH /articles/1 HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "data": {
    "type": "articles",
    "id": "1",
    "attributes": {
      "title": "To TDD or Not"
    }
  }
}

Updating a Resource's Attributes

Any or all of a resource's attributes MAY be included in the resource object included in a PATCH request.

If a request does not include all of the attributes for a resource, the server MUST interpret the missing attributes as if they were included with their current values. The server MUST NOT interpret missing attributes as null values.

For example, the following PATCH request is interpreted as a request to update only the title and text attributes of an article:

PATCH /articles/1 HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "data": {
    "type": "articles",
    "id": "1",
    "attributes": {
      "title": "To TDD or Not",
      "text": "TLDR; It's complicated... but check your test coverage regardless."
    }
  }
}

Updating a Resource's Relationships

Any or all of a resource's relationships MAY be included in the resource object included in a PATCH request.

If a request does not include all of the relationships for a resource, the server MUST interpret the missing relationships as if they were included with their current values. It MUST NOT interpret them as null or empty values.

If a relationship is provided in the relationships member of a resource object in a PATCH request, its value MUST be a relationship object with a data member. The relationship's value will be replaced with the value specified in this member.

For instance, the following PATCH request will update the author relationship of an article:

PATCH /articles/1 HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "data": {
    "type": "articles",
    "id": "1",
    "relationships": {
      "author": {
        "data": { "type": "people", "id": "1" }
      }
    }
  }
}

Likewise, the following PATCH request performs a complete replacement of the tags for an article:

PATCH /articles/1 HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "data": {
    "type": "articles",
    "id": "1",
    "relationships": {
      "tags": {
        "data": [
          { "type": "tags", "id": "2" },
          { "type": "tags", "id": "3" }
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}

A server MAY reject an attempt to do a full replacement of a to-many relationship. In such a case, the server MUST reject the entire update, and return a 403 Forbidden response.

Note: Since full replacement may be a very dangerous operation, a server may choose to disallow it. For example, a server may reject full replacement if it has not provided the client with the full list of associated objects, and does not want to allow deletion of records the client has not seen.

Responses

202 Accepted

If an update request has been accepted for processing, but the processing has not been completed by the time the server responds, the server MUST return a 202 Accepted status code.

200 OK

If a server accepts an update but also changes the resource(s) in ways other than those specified by the request (for example, updating the updated-at attribute or a computed sha), it MUST return a 200 OK response. The response document MUST include a representation of the updated resource(s) as if a GET request was made to the request URL.

A server MUST return a 200 OK status code if an update is successful, the client's current attributes remain up to date, and the server responds only with top-level meta data. In this case the server MUST NOT include a representation of the updated resource(s).

204 No Content

If an update is successful and the server doesn't update any attributes besides those provided, the server MUST return either a 200 OK status code and response document (as described above) or a 204 No Content status code with no response document.

403 Forbidden

A server MUST return 403 Forbidden in response to an unsupported request to update a resource or relationship.

404 Not Found

A server MUST return 404 Not Found when processing a request to modify a resource that does not exist.

A server MUST return 404 Not Found when processing a request that references a related resource that does not exist.

409 Conflict

A server MAY return 409 Conflict when processing a PATCH request to update a resource if that update would violate other server-enforced constraints (such as a uniqueness constraint on a property other than id).

A server MUST return 409 Conflict when processing a PATCH request in which the resource object's type and id do not match the server's endpoint.

A server SHOULD include error details and provide enough information to recognize the source of the conflict.

Other Responses

A server MAY respond with other HTTP status codes.

A server MAY include error details with error responses.

A server MUST prepare responses, and a client MUST interpret responses, in accordance with HTTP semantics.

Updating Relationships

Although relationships can be modified along with resources (as described above), JSON API also supports updating of relationships independently at URLs from relationship links.

Note: Relationships are updated without exposing the underlying server semantics, such as foreign keys. Furthermore, relationships can be updated without necessarily affecting the related resources. For example, if an article has many authors, it is possible to remove one of the authors from the article without deleting the person itself. Similarly, if an article has many tags, it is possible to add or remove tags. Under the hood on the server, the first of these examples might be implemented with a foreign key, while the second could be implemented with a join table, but the JSON API protocol would be the same in both cases.

Note: A server may choose to delete the underlying resource if a relationship is deleted (as a garbage collection measure).

Updating To-One Relationships

A server MUST respond to PATCH requests to a URL from a to-one relationship link as described below.

The PATCH request MUST include a top-level member named data containing one of:

For example, the following request updates the author of an article:

PATCH /articles/1/relationships/author HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "data": { "type": "people", "id": "12" }
}

And the following request clears the author of the same article:

PATCH /articles/1/relationships/author HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "data": null
}

If the relationship is updated successfully then the server MUST return a successful response.

Updating To-Many Relationships

A server MUST respond to PATCH, POST, and DELETE requests to a URL from a to-many relationship link as described below.

For all request types, the body MUST contain a data member whose value is an empty array or an array of resource identifier objects.

If a client makes a PATCH request to a URL from a to-many relationship link, the server MUST either completely replace every member of the relationship, return an appropriate error response if some resources can not be found or accessed, or return a 403 Forbidden response if complete replacement is not allowed by the server.

For example, the following request replaces every tag for an article:

PATCH /articles/1/relationships/tags HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "data": [
    { "type": "tags", "id": "2" },
    { "type": "tags", "id": "3" }
  ]
}

And the following request clears every tag for an article:

PATCH /articles/1/relationships/tags HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "data": []
}

If a client makes a POST request to a URL from a relationship link, the server MUST add the specified members to the relationship unless they are already present. If a given type and id is already in the relationship, the server MUST NOT add it again.

Note: This matches the semantics of databases that use foreign keys for has-many relationships. Document-based storage should check the has-many relationship before appending to avoid duplicates.

If all of the specified resources can be added to, or are already present in, the relationship then the server MUST return a successful response.

Note: This approach ensures that a request is successful if the server's state matches the requested state, and helps avoid pointless race conditions caused by multiple clients making the same changes to a relationship.

In the following example, the comment with ID 123 is added to the list of comments for the article with ID 1:

POST /articles/1/relationships/comments HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "data": [
    { "type": "comments", "id": "123" }
  ]
}

If the client makes a DELETE request to a URL from a relationship link the server MUST delete the specified members from the relationship or return a 403 Forbidden response. If all of the specified resources are able to be removed from, or are already missing from, the relationship then the server MUST return a successful response.

Note: As described above for POST requests, this approach helps avoid pointless race conditions between multiple clients making the same changes.

Relationship members are specified in the same way as in the POST request.

In the following example, comments with IDs of 12 and 13 are removed from the list of comments for the article with ID 1:

DELETE /articles/1/relationships/comments HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "data": [
    { "type": "comments", "id": "12" },
    { "type": "comments", "id": "13" }
  ]
}

Note: RFC 7231 specifies that a DELETE request may include a body, but that a server may reject the request. This spec defines the semantics of a server, and we are defining its semantics for JSON API.

Responses

202 Accepted

If a relationship update request has been accepted for processing, but the processing has not been completed by the time the server responds, the server MUST return a 202 Accepted status code.

204 No Content

A server MUST return a 204 No Content status code if an update is successful and the representation of the resource in the request matches the result.

Note: This is the appropriate response to a POST request sent to a URL from a to-many relationship link when that relationship already exists. It is also the appropriate response to a DELETE request sent to a URL from a to-many relationship link when that relationship does not exist.

200 OK

If a server accepts an update but also changes the targeted relationship(s) in other ways than those specified by the request, it MUST return a 200 OK response. The response document MUST include a representation of the updated relationship(s).

A server MUST return a 200 OK status code if an update is successful, the client's current data remain up to date, and the server responds only with top-level meta data. In this case the server MUST NOT include a representation of the updated relationship(s).

403 Forbidden

A server MUST return 403 Forbidden in response to an unsupported request to update a relationship.

Other Responses

A server MAY respond with other HTTP status codes.

A server MAY include error details with error responses.

A server MUST prepare responses, and a client MUST interpret responses, in accordance with HTTP semantics.

Deleting Resources

An individual resource can be deleted by making a DELETE request to the resource's URL:

DELETE /photos/1 HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/vnd.api+json

Responses

202 Accepted

If a deletion request has been accepted for processing, but the processing has not been completed by the time the server responds, the server MUST return a 202 Accepted status code.

204 No Content

A server MUST return a 204 No Content status code if a deletion request is successful and no content is returned.

200 OK

A server MUST return a 200 OK status code if a deletion request is successful and the server responds with only top-level meta data.

404 NOT FOUND

A server SHOULD return a 404 Not Found status code if a deletion request fails due to the resource not existing.

Other Responses

A server MAY respond with other HTTP status codes.

A server MAY include error details with error responses.

A server MUST prepare responses, and a client MUST interpret responses, in accordance with HTTP semantics.

Query Parameters

Implementation specific query parameter names MUST adhere to the same constraints as member names, with the additional requirement that they MUST contain at least one non a-z character (i.e., outside U+0061 to U+007A).

It is RECOMMENDED that a U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS ("-"), U+005F LOW LINE ("_"), or capital letter (e.g. camelCasing) be used to satisfy the above requirement.

If a server encounters a query parameter that does not follow the naming conventions above, and the server does not know how to process it as a query parameter from this specification, it MUST return 400 Bad Request.

Note: This is to preserve the ability of JSON API to make additive additions to standard query parameters without conflicting with existing implementations.

Errors

Processing Errors

A server MAY choose to stop processing as soon as a problem is encountered, or it MAY continue processing and encounter multiple problems. For instance, a server might process multiple attributes and then return multiple validation problems in a single response.

When a server encounters multiple problems for a single request, the most generally applicable HTTP error code SHOULD be used in the response. For instance, 400 Bad Request might be appropriate for multiple 4xx errors or 500 Internal Server Error might be appropriate for multiple 5xx errors.

Error Objects

Error objects provide additional information about problems encountered while performing an operation. Error objects MUST be returned as an array keyed by errors in the top level of a JSON API document.

An error object MAY have the following members:

  • id: a unique identifier for this particular occurrence of the problem.
  • links: a links object containing the following members:
    • about: a link that leads to further details about this particular occurrence of the problem.
  • status: the HTTP status code applicable to this problem, expressed as a string value.
  • code: an application-specific error code, expressed as a string value.
  • title: a short, human-readable summary of the problem that SHOULD NOT change from occurrence to occurrence of the problem, except for purposes of localization.
  • detail: a human-readable explanation specific to this occurrence of the problem. Like title, this field's value can be localized.
  • source: an object containing references to the source of the error, optionally including any of the following members:
    • pointer: a JSON Pointer [RFC6901] to the value in the request document that caused the error [e.g. "/data" for a primary data object, or "/data/attributes/title" for a specific attribute]. This MUST point to a value in the request document that exists; if it doesn't, the client SHOULD simply ignore the pointer.
    • parameter: a string indicating which URI query parameter caused the error.
  • meta: a meta object containing non-standard meta-information about the error.

Operations

A server MAY support usage of the operations array to complete one or more fetch or mutation operations in a single request.

All HTTP requests that include an operations array MUST be issued with PATCH.

For the sake of clarity, requests that include operations are called "operations requests" while requests that perform a single fetch or mutation are called "singular requests".

Operation Objects

An operation object MAY contain any of the following members:

  • op: an operation code, expressed as a string, that indicates the type of operation to perform. Valid values include:

    • "get": fetches a resource, resource identity, collection of resources, or collection of resource identitities
    • "add": creates a new resource or relationship
    • "update": updates a resource or relationship
    • "remove": removes a resource or relationship

  • data: the operation's "primary data".

  • included: an array of resource objects that are related to the operation's primary data and/or each other ("included resources").

  • ref: the resource or resource collection that is the target of the operation. This member serves to disambiguate the target at a particular endpoint if that endpoint represents multiple resources. ref MUST be expressed as an object that MAY contain any of the following members:

    • type: resource type
    • id or lid: resource identifier or local identifier
    • relationship: the name of the relationship

  • params: all of the query parameters allowed for singular requests can be represented in JSON form in an operation's params object. Possible members include:

    • include
    • sort
    • filter
    • page
    • fields

  • links: a links object related to the operation's primary data.

  • meta: a meta object that contains non-standard meta-information about the operation.

Different members are required for processing different types of operations, as described below.

Note: op codes are used instead of the HTTP methods prescribed for singular requests. The values "get", "add", "update", and "remove" align with the HTTP methods GET, POST, PATCH, and DELETE used for singular requests.

Processing Operations

A server MUST perform operations in the order they appear in the operations array.

All operations in a request MUST be performed atomically, so that a failure to perform any operation MUST invalidate any effects of preceding operations.

A successful operation's data and included members MUST conform with the requirements for the analogous singular request and response.

A server MUST respond to successful operations requests with 200 OK if any operations are required to have data in a response. An array of resultant operation objects MUST be returned that correspond positionally to the requested operations.

A server MAY respond to successful requests that include operations with 204 No Content and no response document if no operations are required to return data.

If any operation in a request fails, the server MUST respond as described in [Errors].

Note: An empty object ({}) is a valid operation object, and thus can be returned as a result to an operation request.

Note: The server can decide which operations and target resources are allowed at each endpoint. Servers may use resource-specific endpoints like /articles and /authors or generic endpoints for all resources like /operations or /bulk.

Fetching Data

An operation for fetching a resource, resource collection, resource identity, or resource identity collection MUST include an op code of "get".

Fetching Resources

An operation that fetches an individual resource MUST target that resource either through the request endpoint or the operation's ref object.

For example:

PATCH /bulk HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "operations": [{
    "op": "get",
    "ref": {
      "type": "articles",
      "id": "1"
    }
  }]
}

An example response:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "operations": [{
    "links": {
      "self": "http://example.com/articles/1"
    },
    "data": {
      "type": "articles",
      "id": "1",
      "attributes": {
        "title": "JSON API paints my bikeshed!"
      }
    }
  }]
}

An operation that fetches a resource collection MUST target that collection either through the request endpoint or the operation's ref object.

For example:

PATCH /bulk HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "operations": [{
    "op": "get",
    "ref": {
      "type": "articles"
    }
  }]
}

An example response:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "operations": [{
    "links": {
      "self": "http://example.com/articles"
    },
    "data": [{
      "type": "articles",
      "id": "1",
      "attributes": {
        "title": "JSON API paints my bikeshed!"
      }
    }, {
      "type": "articles",
      "id": "2",
      "attributes": {
        "title": "Rails is Omakase"
      }
    }]
  }]
}

Fetching Relationships

An operation that fetches relationship data MUST target a relationship either through the request endpoint or the operation's ref object. For example:

PATCH /bulk HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "operations": [{
    "op": "get",
    "ref": {
      "type": "articles",
      "id": "1",
      "relationship": "author"
    }
  }]
}

An example response:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "operations": [{
    "links": {
      "self": "http://example.com/articles/1/relationships/author"
    },
    "data": {
      "type": "people",
      "id": "9"
    }
  }]
}

Creating Resources

An operation that creates a resource MUST target a resource collection either through the request endpoint or the operation's ref object. The operation MUST include an op code of "add".

For example:

PATCH /bulk HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "operations": [{
    "op": "add",
    "ref": {
      "type": "articles"
    },
    "data": {
      "type": "articles",
      "attributes": {
        "title": "JSON API paints my bikeshed!"
      }
    }
  }]
}

An example response:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "operations": [{
    "links": {
      "self": "http://example.com/articles/13"
    },
    "data": {
      "type": "articles",
      "id": "13",
      "attributes": {
        "title": "JSON API paints my bikeshed!"
      }
    }
  }]
}

Updating Resources

An operation that updates a resource MUST target that resource either through the request endpoint or the operation's ref object. The operation MUST include an op code of "update".

For example:

PATCH /bulk HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "operations": [{
    "op": "update",
    "ref": {
      "type": "articles",
      "id": "13"
    },
    "data": {
      "type": "articles",
      "id": "13",
      "attributes": {
        "title": "To TDD or Not"
      }
    }
  }]
}

A server could respond with 204 No Content.

Deleting Resources

An operation that deletes a resource MUST target that resource either through the request endpoint or the operation's ref object. The operation MUST include an op code of "remove".

For example:

PATCH /bulk HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "operations": [{
    "op": "remove",
    "ref": {
      "type": "articles",
      "id": "13"
    }
  }]
}

A server could respond with 204 No Content.

Updating To-One Relationships

An operation that updates a resource's to-one relationship MUST target that relationship either through the request endpoint or the operation's ref object. The operation MUST include an op code of "update".

For example, the following request adds a to-one relationship:

PATCH /bulk HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "operations": [{
    "op": "update",
    "ref": {
      "type": "articles",
      "id": "13",
      "relationship": "author"
    },
    "data": {
      "type": "people",
      "id": "9"
    }
  }]
}

And the following request removes a to-one relationship:

PATCH /bulk HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "operations": [{
    "op": "update",
    "ref": {
      "type": "articles",
      "id": "13",
      "relationship": "author"
    },
    "data": null
  }]
}

A server could respond to either request with 204 No Content.

Updating To-Many Relationships

An operation that updates a resource's to-many relationship MUST target that relationship either through the request endpoint or the operation's ref object.

To add members to a to-many relationship, the operation MUST include an op code of "add". For example:

PATCH /bulk HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "operations": [{
    "op": "add",
    "ref": {
      "type": "articles",
      "id": "1",
      "relationship": "comments"
    },
    "data": [
      { "type": "comments", "id": "123" }
    ]
  }]
}

To replace all the members of a to-many relationship, the operation MUST include an op code of "update". For example:

PATCH /bulk HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "operations": [{
    "op": "update",
    "ref": {
      "type": "articles",
      "id": "1",
      "relationship": "tags"
    },
    "data": [
      { "type": "tags", "id": "2" },
      { "type": "tags", "id": "3" }
    ]
  }]
}

To remove members from a to-many relationship, the operation MUST include an op code of "remove". For example:

PATCH /bulk HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "operations": [{
    "op": "remove",
    "ref": {
      "type": "articles",
      "id": "1",
      "relationship": "comments"
    },
    "data": [
      { "type": "comments", "id": "12" },
      { "type": "comments", "id": "13" }
    ]
  }]
}

A server could respond to any of these requests with 204 No Content.

Performing Multiple Operations

The above examples all perform a single operation that aligns with an equivalent singular request. The primary value of operations is that they unlock the ability to perform more than one action serially and transactionally.

Here's an example request that adds two resources in one request, including a relationship between them:

PATCH /bulk HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "operations": [{
    "op": "add",
    "ref": {
      "type": "authors"
    },
    "data": {
      "type": "authors",
      "lid": "a",
      "attributes": {
        "name": "dgeb"
      }
    }
  }, {
    "op": "add",
    "ref": {
      "type": "articles"
    },
    "data": {
      "type": "articles",
      "attributes": {
        "title": "JSON API paints my bikeshed!"
      },
      "relationships": {
        "author": {
          "data": {
            "type": "authors",
            "lid": "a"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }]
}

An example response:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json

{
  "operations": [{
    "links": {
      "self": "http://example.com/authors/9"
    },
    "data": {
      "type": "authors",
      "lid": "a",
      "id": "9",
      "attributes": {
        "name": "dgeb"
      }
    }
  }, {
    "links": {
      "self": "http://example.com/articles/13"
    },
    "data": {
      "type": "articles",
      "id": "13",
      "attributes": {
        "title": "JSON API paints my bikeshed!"
      },
      "relationships": {
        "author": {
          "links": {
            "self": "http://example.com/articles/13/relationships/author",
            "related": "http://example.com/articles/13/author"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }]
}

Note that this operations request could also have been structured to add the author, then add the article, then add the relationship between them.