Ractor is designed to provide a parallel execution feature fo Ruby without thread-safety concerns.
You can make multiple Ractors and they run in parallel.
- Ractors run in parallel.
- Interpreter invokes with the first Ractor (called main Ractor).
- If main Ractor terminated, all Ractors receive terminate request like Threads (if main thread (first invoked Thread), Ruby interpreter sends all running threads to terminate execution).
- Each Ractor has 1 or more Threads.
- Threads in a Ractor shares a Ractor-wide global lock like GIL (GVL in MRI terminology), so they can't run in parallel (without releasing GVL explicitly in C-level).
- The overhead of creating a Ractor is similar to overhead of one Thread creation.
Ractors don't share everything, unlike threads.
- Most of objects are Unshareable objects, so you don't need to care about thread-safety problem which is caused by sharing.
- Some objects are Shareable objects.
- Immutable objects: frozen object which doesn't refer unshareable-objects.
i = 123
:i
is an immutable object.s = "str".freeze
:s
is an immutable object.a = [1, [2], 3].freeze
:a
is not an immutable object becausea
refer unshareable-object[2]
(which is not frozen).
- Class/Module objects
- Special shareable objects
- Ractor object itself.
- And more...
- Immutable objects: frozen object which doesn't refer unshareable-objects.
Ractors communicate each other and synchronize the execution by message exchanging between Ractors. There are two message exchange protocol: push type (message passing) and pull type.
- Push type message passing:
Ractor#send(obj)
andRactor.receive()
pair.- Sender ractor passes the
obj
to receiver Ractor. - Sender knows a destination Ractor (the receiver of
r.send(obj)
) and receiver does not know the sender (accept all message from any ractors). - Receiver has infinite queue and sender enqueues the message. Sender doesn't block to put message.
- This type is based on actor model
- Sender ractor passes the
- Pull type communication:
Ractor.yield(obj)
andRactor#take()
pair.- Sender ractor declare to yield the
obj
and receiver Ractor take it. - Sender doesn't know a destination Ractor and receiver knows the sender (the receiver of
r.take
). - Sender or receiver will block if there is no other side.
- Sender ractor declare to yield the
To send unshareable objects as messages, objects are copied or moved.
- Copy: use deep-copy (like dRuby)
- Move: move membership
- Sender can not access to the moved object after moving the object.
- Guarantee that at least only 1 Ractor can access the object.
Ractor helps to write a thread-safe program, but we can make thread-unsafe programs with Ractors.
- GOOD: Sharing limitation
- Most of objects are unshareable, so we can't make data-racy and race-conditional programs.
- Shareable objects are protected by an interpreter or locking mechanism.
- BAD: Class/Module can violate this assumption
- To make compatible with old behavior, classes and modules can introduce data-race and so on.
- Ruby programmer should take care if they modify class/module objects on multi Ractor programs.
- BAD: Ractor can't solve all thread-safety problems
- There are several blocking operations (waiting send, waiting yield and waiting take) so you can make a program which has dead-lock and live-lock issues.
- Some kind of shareable objects can introduce transactions (STM, for example). However, misusing transactions will generate inconsistent state.
Without Ractor, we need to trace all of state-mutations to debug thread-safety issues. With Ractor, you can concentrate to suspicious
Ractor.new do expr end
generates another Ractor.
# Ractor.new with a block creates new Ractor
r = Ractor.new do
# This block will be run in parallel
end
# You can name a Ractor with `name:` argument.
r = Ractor.new name: 'test-name' do
end
# and Ractor#name returns its name.
r.name #=> 'test-name'
The Ractor execute given expr
in a given block.
Given block will be isolated from outer scope by Proc#isolate
.
# To prevent sharing unshareable objects between ractors,
# block outer-variables, `self` and other information are isolated.
# Given block will be isolated by `Proc#isolate` method.
# `Proc#isolate` is called at Ractor creation timing (`Ractor.new` is called)
# and it can cause an error if block accesses outer variables.
begin
a = true
r = Ractor.new do
a #=> ArgumentError because this block accesses `a`.
end
r.take # see later
rescue ArgumentError
end
- The
self
of the given block isRactor
object itself.
r = Ractor.new do
self.object_id
end
r.take == self.object_id #=> false
Passed arguments to Ractor.new()
becomes block parameters for the given block. However, an interpreter does not pass the parameter object references, but send as messages (see bellow for details).
r = Ractor.new 'ok' do |msg|
msg #=> 'ok'
end
r.take #=> 'ok'
# almost similar to the last example
r = Ractor.new do
msg = Ractor.recv
msg
end
r.send 'ok'
r.take #=> 'ok'
Return value of the given block becomes an outgoing message (see bellow for details).
r = Ractor.new do
'ok'
end
r.take #=> `ok`
# almost similar to the last example
r = Ractor.new do
Ractor.yield 'ok'
end
r.take #=> 'ok'
Error in the given block will be propagated to the receiver of an outgoing message.
r = Ractor.new do
raise 'ok' # exception will be transferred receiver
end
begin
r.take
rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
e.cause.class #=> RuntimeError
e.cause.message #=> 'ok'
e.ractor #=> r
end
Communication between Ractors is achieved by sending and receiving messages.
- (1) Message sending/receiving
- (1-1) push type send/recv (sender knows receiver). similar to the Actor model.
- (1-2) pull type yield/take (receiver knows sender).
- (2) Using shareable container objects (not implemented yet)
Users can control blocking on (1), but should not control on (2) (only manage as critical section).
- (1-1) send/recv (push type)
Ractor#send(obj)
(Ractor#<<(obj)
is an aliases) send a message to the Ractor's incoming port. Incoming port is connected to the infinite size incoming queue soRactor#send
will never block.Ractor.recv
dequeue a message from own incoming queue. If the incoming queue is empty,Ractor.recv
calling will block.
- (1-2) yield/take (pull type)
Ractor.yield(obj)
send an message to a Ractor which are callingRactor#take
via outgoing port . If no Ractors are waiting for it, theRactor.yield(obj)
will block. If multiple Ractors are waiting forRactor.yield(obj)
, only one Ractor can receive the message.Ractor#take
receives a message which is waiting byRactor.yield(obj)
method from the specified Ractor. If the Ractor does not callRactor.yield
yet, theRactor#take
call will block.
Ractor.select()
can wait for the success oftake
,yield
andrecv
.- You can close the incoming port or outgoing port.
- You can close then with
Ractor#close_incoming
andRactor#close_outgoing
. - If the incoming port is closed for a Ractor, you can't
send
to the Ractor. IfRactor.recv
is blocked for the closed incoming port, then it will raise an exception. - If the outgoing port is closed for a Ractor, you can't call
Ractor#take
andRactor.yield
on the Ractor. IfRactor#take
is blocked for the Ractor, then it will raise an exception. - When a Ractor is terminated, the Ractor's ports are closed.
- You can close then with
- There are 3 methods to send an object as a message
- (1) Send a reference: Send a shareable object, send only a reference to the object (fast)
- (2) Copy an object: Send an unshareable object by copying deeply and send copied object (slow). Note that you can not send an object which is not support deep copy. Current implementation uses Marshal protocol to get deep copy.
- (3) Move an object: Send an unshareable object reference with a membership. Sender Ractor can not access moved objects anymore (raise an exception). Current implementation makes new object as a moved object for receiver Ractor and copy references of sending object to moved object.
- You can choose "Copy" and "Send" as a keyword for
Ractor#send(obj)
andRactor.yield(obj)
(default is "Copy").
Each Ractor has incoming-port and outgoing-port. Incoming-port is connected to the infinite sized incoming queue.
Ractor r
+-------------------------------------------+
| incoming outgoing |
| port port |
r.send(obj) ->*->[incoming queue] Ractor.yield(obj) ->*-> r.take
| | |
| v |
| Ractor.recv |
+-------------------------------------------+
Connection example: r2.send obj on r1、Ractor.recv on r2
+----+ +----+
* r1 |-----* r2 *
+----+ +----+
Connection example: Ractor.yield(obj) on r1, r1.take on r2
+----+ +----+
* r1 *------ r2 *
+----+ +----+
Connection example: Ractor.yield(obj) on r1 and r2,
and waiting for both simultaneously by Ractor.select(r1, r2)
+----+
* r1 *------+
+----+ |
+----- Ractor.select(r1, r2)
+----+ |
* r2 *------|
+----+
r = Ractor.new do
msg = Ractor.recv # Receive from r's incoming queue
msg # send back msg as block return value
end
r.send 'ok' # Send 'ok' to r's incoming port -> incoming queue
r.take # Receive from r's outgoing port
# Actual argument 'ok' for `Ractor.new()` will be send to created Ractor.
r = Ractor.new 'ok' do |msg|
# Values for formal parameters will be received from incoming queue.
# Similar to: msg = Ractor.recv
msg # Return value of the given block will be sent via outgoing port
end
# receive from the r's outgoing port.
r.take #=> `ok`
You can wait multiple Ractor's yield
with Ractor.select(*ractors)
.
The return value of Ractor.select()
is [r, msg]
where r
is yielding Ractor and msg
is yielded message.
Wait for a single ractor (same as Ractor.take
):
r1 = Ractor.new{'r1'}
r, obj = Ractor.select(r1)
r == r1 and obj == 'r1' #=> true
Wait for two ractors:
r1 = Ractor.new{'r1'}
r2 = Ractor.new{'r2'}
rs = [r1, r2]
as = []
# Wait for r1 or r2's Ractor.yield
r, obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
rs.delete(r)
as << obj
# Second try (rs only contain not-closed ractors)
r, obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
rs.delete(r)
as << obj
as.sort == ['r1', 'r2'] #=> true
Complex example:
pipe = Ractor.new do
loop do
Ractor.yield Ractor.recv
end
end
RN = 10
rs = RN.times.map{|i|
Ractor.new pipe, i do |pipe, i|
msg = pipe.take
msg # ping-pong
end
}
RN.times{|i|
pipe << i
}
RN.times.map{
r, n = Ractor.select(*rs)
rs.delete r
n
}.sort #=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Multiple Ractors can send to one Ractor.
# Create 10 ractors and they send objects to pipe ractor.
# pipe ractor yield received objects
pipe = Ractor.new do
loop do
Ractor.yield Ractor.recv
end
end
RN = 10
rs = RN.times.map{|i|
Ractor.new pipe, i do |pipe, i|
pipe << i
end
}
RN.times.map{
pipe.take
}.sort #=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
TODO: Current Ractor.select()
has same issue of select(2)
, so this interface should be refined.
TODO: select
syntax of go-language uses round-robbin technique to make fair scheduling. Now Ractor.select()
doesn't use it.
Ractor#close_incoming/outgoing
close incoming/outgoing ports (similar toQueue#close
).Ractor#close_incoming
r.send(obj)
wherer
's incoming port is closed, will raise an exception.- When the incoming queue is empty and incoming port is closed,
Ractor.recv
raise an exception. If incoming queue is not empty, it dequeues an object.
Ractor#close_outgoing
Ractor.yield
on a Ractor which closed the outgoing port, it will raise an exception.Ractor#take
for a Ractor which closed the outgoing port, it will raise an exception. IfRactor#take
is blocking, it will raise an exception.
- When a Ractor terminates, the ports are closed automatically.
- Return value of the Ractor's block will be yield as
Ractor.yield(ret_val)
, even if the implementation terminate the based native thread.
- Return value of the Ractor's block will be yield as
Example (try to take from closed Ractor):
r = Ractor.new do
'finish'
end
r.take # success (will return 'finish')
begin
o = r.take # try to take from closed Ractor
rescue Ractor::ClosedError
'ok'
else
"ng: #{o}"
end
Example (try to send to closed (terminated) Ractor):
r = Ractor.new do
end
r.take # wait terminate
begin
r.send(1)
rescue Ractor::ClosedError
'ok'
else
'ng'
end
When multiple Ractors waiting for Ractor.yield()
, Ractor#close_outgoing
will cancel all blocking by raise an exception (ClosedError
).
Ractor#send(obj)
or Ractor.yield(obj)
copy obj
deeply if obj
is an unshareable object.
obj = 'str'.dup
r = Ractor.new obj do |msg|
# return received msg's object_id
msg.object_id
end
obj.object_id == r.take #=> false
Current implementation uses Marshal protocol (similar to dRuby). We can not send Marshal unsupported objects.
obj = Thread.new{}
begin
Ractor.new obj do |msg|
msg
end
rescue TypeError => e
e.message #=> no _dump_data is defined for class Thread
else
'ng' # unreachable here
end
Ractor#send(obj, move: true)
or Ractor.yield(obj, move: true)
move obj
to the destination Ractor.
If the source Ractor touches the moved object (for example, call the method like obj.foo()
), it will be an error.
# move with Ractor#send
r = Ractor.new do
obj = Ractor.recv
obj << ' world'
end
str = 'hello'
r.send str, move: true
modified = r.take #=> 'hello world'
# str is moved, and accessing str from this Ractor is prohibited
begin
# Error because it touches moved str.
str << ' exception' # raise Ractor::MovedError
rescue Ractor::MovedError
modified #=> 'hello world'
else
raise 'unreachable'
end
# move with Ractor.yield
r = Ractor.new do
obj = 'hello'
Ractor.yield obj, move: true
obj << 'world' # raise Ractor::MovedError
end
str = r.take
begin
r.take
rescue Ractor::RemoteError
p str #=> "hello"
end
Now only T_FILE
, T_STRING
and T_ARRAY
objects are supported.
T_FILE
(IO
,File
): support to send accepted socket etc.T_STRING
(String
): support to send a huge string without copying (fast).T_ARRAY
(`Array'): support to send a huge Array without re-allocating the array's buffer. However, all of referred objects from the array should be moved, so it is not so fast.
To achieve the access prohibition for moved objects, class replacement technique is used to implement it.
The following objects are shareable.
- Immutable objects
- Small integers, some symbols,
true
,false
,nil
(a.k.a.SPECIAL_CONST_P()
objects in internal) - Frozen native objects
- Numeric objects:
Float
,Complex
,Rational
, big integers (T_BIGNUM
in internal) - All Symbols.
- Numeric objects:
- Frozen
String
andRegexp
objects (which does not have instance variables) - In future, "Immutable" objects (frozen and only refer shareable objects) will be supported (TODO: introduce an
immutable
flag for objects?)
- Small integers, some symbols,
- Class, Module objects (
T_CLASS
,T_MODULE
andT_ICLASS
in internal) Ractor
and other objects which care about synchronization.
Implementation: Now shareable objects (RVALUE
) have FL_SHAREABLE
flag. This flag can be added lazily.
r = Ractor.new do
while v = Ractor.recv
Ractor.yield v
end
end
class C
end
shareable_objects = [1, :sym, 'xyzzy'.to_sym, 'frozen'.freeze, 1+2r, 3+4i, /regexp/, C]
shareable_objects.map{|o|
r << o
o2 = r.take
[o, o.object_id == o2.object_id]
}
#=> [[1, true], [:sym, true], [:xyzzy, true], [\"frozen\", true], [(3/1), true], [(3+4i), true], [/regexp/, true], [C, true]]
unshareable_objects = ['mutable str'.dup, [:array], {hash: true}].map{|o|
r << o
o2 = r.take
[o, o.object_id == o2.object_id]
}
#+> "[[\"mutable str\", false], [[:array], false], [{:hash=>true}, false]]]"
To isolate unshareable objects between Ractors, we introduced additional language semantics on multi-Ractor.
Note that without using Ractors, these additional semantics is not needed (100% compatible with Ruby 2).
Only main Ractor (a Ractor created at starting of interpreter) can access global variables.
$gv = 1
r = Ractor.new do
$gv
end
begin
r.take
rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
e.cause.message #=> 'can not access global variables from non-main Ractors'
end
Only main Ractor can access instance variables of shareable objects.
class C
@iv = 'str'
end
r = Ractor.new do
class C
p @iv
end
end
begin
r.take
rescue => e
e.class #=> RuntimeError
end
shared = Ractor.new{}
shared.instance_variable_set(:@iv, 'str')
r = Ractor.new shared do |shared|
p shared.instance_variable_get(:@iv)
end
begin
r.take
rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
e.cause.message #=> can not access instance variables of shareable objects from non-main Ractors
end
Note that instance variables for class/module objects are also prohibited on Ractors.
Only main Ractor can access class variables.
class C
@@cv = 'str'
end
r = Ractor.new do
class C
p @@cv
end
end
begin
r.take
rescue => e
e.class #=> RuntimeError
end
Only main Ractor can read constants which refer to the unshareable object.
class C
CONST = 'str'
end
r = Ractor.new do
C::CONST
end
begin
r.take
rescue => e
e.class #=> NameError
end
Only main Ractor can define constants which refer to the unshareable object.
class C
end
r = Ractor.new do
C::CONST = 'str'
end
begin
r.take
rescue => e
e.class #=> NameError
end
- Each Ractor has its own thread, it means each Ractor has at least 1 native thread.
- Each Ractor has its own ID (
rb_ractor_t::id
).- On debug mode, all unshareable objects are labeled with current Ractor's id, and it is checked to detect unshareable object leak (access an object from different Ractor) in VM.
RN = 1000
CR = Ractor.current
r = Ractor.new do
p Ractor.recv
CR << :fin
end
RN.times{
Ractor.new r do |next_r|
next_r << Ractor.recv
end
}
p :setup_ok
r << 1
p Ractor.recv
def fib n
if n < 2
1
else
fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
end
end
RN = 10
rs = (1..RN).map do |i|
Ractor.new i do |i|
[i, fib(i)]
end
end
until rs.empty?
r, v = Ractor.select(*rs)
rs.delete r
p answer: v
end
require 'prime'
pipe = Ractor.new do
loop do
Ractor.yield Ractor.recv
end
end
N = 1000
RN = 10
workers = (1..RN).map do
Ractor.new pipe do |pipe|
while n = pipe.take
Ractor.yield [n, n.prime?]
end
end
end
(1..N).each{|i|
pipe << i
}
pp (1..N).map{
_r, (n, b) = Ractor.select(*workers)
[n, b]
}.sort_by{|(n, b)| n}
# pipeline with yield/take
r1 = Ractor.new do
'r1'
end
r2 = Ractor.new r1 do |r1|
r1.take + 'r2'
end
r3 = Ractor.new r2 do |r2|
r2.take + 'r3'
end
p r3.take #=> 'r1r2r3'
# pipeline with send/recv
r3 = Ractor.new Ractor.current do |cr|
cr.send Ractor.recv + 'r3'
end
r2 = Ractor.new r3 do |r3|
r3.send Ractor.recv + 'r2'
end
r1 = Ractor.new r2 do |r2|
r2.send Ractor.recv + 'r1'
end
r1 << 'r0'
p Ractor.recv #=> "r0r1r2r3"
# ring example again
r = Ractor.current
(1..10).map{|i|
r = Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
r.send Ractor.recv + "r#{i}"
end
}
r.send "r0"
p Ractor.recv #=> "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"
# ring example with an error
r = Ractor.current
rs = (1..10).map{|i|
r = Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
loop do
msg = Ractor.recv
raise if /e/ =~ msg
r.send msg + "r#{i}"
end
end
}
r.send "r0"
p Ractor.recv #=> "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"
r.send "r0"
p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current) #=> [:recv, "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"]
[:recv, "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"]
r.send "e0"
p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
#=>
#<Thread:0x000056262de28bd8 run> terminated with exception (report_on_exception is true):
Traceback (most recent call last):
2: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `block (2 levels) in <main>'
1: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `loop'
/home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:9:in `block (3 levels) in <main>': unhandled exception
Traceback (most recent call last):
2: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `block (2 levels) in <main>'
1: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `loop'
/home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:9:in `block (3 levels) in <main>': unhandled exception
1: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:21:in `<main>'
<internal:ractor>:69:in `select': thrown by remote Ractor. (Ractor::RemoteError)
# resend non-error message
r = Ractor.current
rs = (1..10).map{|i|
r = Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
loop do
msg = Ractor.recv
raise if /e/ =~ msg
r.send msg + "r#{i}"
end
end
}
r.send "r0"
p Ractor.recv #=> "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"
r.send "r0"
p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
[:recv, "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"]
msg = 'e0'
begin
r.send msg
p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
rescue Ractor::RemoteError
msg = 'r0'
retry
end
#=> <internal:ractor>:100:in `send': The incoming-port is already closed (Ractor::ClosedError)
# because r == r[-1] is terminated.
# ring example with supervisor and re-start
def make_ractor r, i
Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
loop do
msg = Ractor.recv
raise if /e/ =~ msg
r.send msg + "r#{i}"
end
end
end
r = Ractor.current
rs = (1..10).map{|i|
r = make_ractor(r, i)
}
msg = 'e0' # error causing message
begin
r.send msg
p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
rescue Ractor::RemoteError
r = rs[-1] = make_ractor(rs[-2], rs.size-1)
msg = 'x0'
retry
end
#=> [:recv, "x0r9r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"]