CFS quotas can lead to unnecessary throttling #67577

bobrik · 2018-08-20T04:06:20Z

/kind bug

This is not a bug in Kubernets per se, it's more of a heads-up.

I've read this great blog post:

https://kubernetes.io/blog/2018/07/24/feature-highlight-cpu-manager/

From the blog post I learned that k8s is using cfs quotas to enforce CPU limits. Unfortunately, those can lead to unnecessary throttling, especially for well behaved tenants.

See this unresolved bug in Linux kernel I filed a while back:

https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=198197

There's an open and stalled patch that addresses the issue (I've not verified if it works):

https://lore.kernel.org/patchwork/cover/907448/

cc @ConnorDoyle @balajismaniam

neolit123 · 2018-08-20T13:15:24Z

/sig node
/kind bug

liggitt · 2018-08-20T14:44:28Z

is this a duplicate of #51135?

bobrik · 2018-08-21T23:04:15Z

It's similar in spirit, but it seems to miss the fact that there's an actual bug in the kernel rather than just some configuration tradeoff in CFS quota period. I've liked #51135 back here to give people there more context.

hjacobs · 2018-08-22T07:18:54Z

As far as I understand this is another reason to either disable CFS quota (--cpu-cfs-quota=false) or make it configurable (#63437).

I also find this gist (linked from Kernel patch) very interesting to see (to gauge the impact): https://gist.github.com/bobrik/2030ff040fad360327a5fab7a09c4ff1

vishh · 2018-08-23T00:30:19Z

cc @adityakali

juliantaylor · 2018-08-30T13:35:44Z

Another issue with quotas is that the kubelet counts hyperthreads as "cpus". When a cluster becomes so loaded that two threads are scheduled on the same core and the process has a cpu quota quota one of them will only perform with a small fraction of the available processing power (it will only do something when something on the other thread stalls) but still consume quota as if it had a physical core for itself. So it consumes double the quota that it should without doing significantly more work.
This has the effect that on a fully loaded node node with hyperthreading enabled the performance will be half of what it would be with hyperthreading or quotas disabled.

Imo the kubelet should not consider hyperthreads as real cpus to avoid this situation.

vishh · 2018-08-30T18:33:53Z

@juliantaylor As I mentioned in #51135 turning off CPU quota might be the best approach for most k8s clusters running trusted workloads.

prune998 · 2018-11-26T14:34:33Z

Is this considered as a bug ?

If some pods are throttled while not really exhausting their CPU limit, it sound like a bug to me.

On my cluster, most of the over-quota pods are related to metrics (heapster, metrics-collector, node-exporter...) or Operators, which obviously have the kind of workload that is in problem here : do nothing most of the time and wake up to reconcile every once and a while.

The strange thing here is that I tried to raise the limit, going from 40m to 100m or 200m, and the processes were still throttled.
I can't see any other metrics pointing out a workload that could trigger this throttling.

I've removed the limits on these pods for now... it's getting better, but, well, that really sounds like a bug and we should come with a better solution than disabling the Limits

hjacobs · 2018-11-27T08:30:26Z

@prune998 see @vishh's comment and this gist: the Kernel over-aggressively throttles, even if the math tells you it should not. We (Zalando) decided to disable CFS quota (CPU throttling) in our clusters: https://www.slideshare.net/try_except_/optimizing-kubernetes-resource-requestslimits-for-costefficiency-and-latency-highload

prune998 · 2018-11-27T12:34:58Z

Thanks @hjacobs.
I'm on Google GKE and I see no easy way to disable it, but I keep searching....

timoreimann · 2018-11-27T12:59:24Z

@prune998 AFAIK, Google hasn't exposed the necessary knobs yet. We filed a feature request right after the possibility to disable CFS landed in upstream, haven't heard any news since then.

vishh · 2018-11-27T23:43:10Z

I'm on Google GKE and I see no easy way to disable it, but I keep searching....

Can you remove CPU limits from your containers for now?

mariusgrigoriu · 2019-02-11T23:18:24Z

According to the CPU manager docs, CFS quota is not used to bound the CPU usage of these containers as their usage is bound by the scheduling domain itself. But we're experiencing CFS throttling.

This makes the static CPU manager mostly pointless as setting a CPU limit to achieve the Guaranteed QoS class negates any benefit due to throttling.

Is it a bug that CFS quotas are set at all for pods on static CPU?

hjacobs · 2019-02-12T09:20:38Z

For additional context (learned this yesterday): @hrzbrg (MyTaxi) contributed a flag to Kops to disable CPU throttling: kubernetes/kops#5826

alok87 · 2019-02-14T21:17:52Z

Please share a summary of the problem here. It is not very clear what the problem is and in what scenarios users are impacted and what exactly is required to fix it?

Our understanding at present is when we cross limits we get penaltied and throttled. So say we have a cpu quota of 3 cores and in the first 5ms we consumed 3 cores then in the 100ms slice we will get throttled for 95ms, and in this 95ms our containers cannot do anything. And we have seen to get throttled even when the cpu spikes are not visible in the cpu usage metrics. We assume that it is because the time window of measuring cpu usage is in seconds and the throttling is happening at micro seconds level, so it averages out and is not visible. But the bug mentioned here has left us confused now.

Few questions:

When the node is at 100% cpu? Is this a special case in which all containers get throttled regardless of their usage?
When this happens does all containers get 100% cpu throttled?
What triggers this bug to get triggered in the node?
What is the difference between not using limits and disabling cpu.cfs_quota?
Is not disabling limits a risky solution when there are many burstable pods and one pod can cause the instability in the node and impact other pods which are running over their requests?
Separately, according to the kernel doc process may get throttled when the parent quota is fully consumed. What is parent in the container context here(is it related to this bug)? https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/scheduler/sched-bwc.txt

	a. it fully consumes its own quota within a period
	b. a parent's quota is fully consumed within its period

What is needed to fix them? Upgrade kernel version?

We have faced a fairly big outage and it looks closely related(if not the root cause) to all our pods getting stuck in throttling restart loop and not able to scale up. We are digging into the details to find the real issue. I will be opening a separate issue explaining in details about our outage.

Any help here is greatly appreciated.

cc @justinsb

mariusgrigoriu · 2019-02-15T04:44:14Z

One of our users set a CPU limit and got throttled into timing out their liveness probe causing an outage of their service.

We're seeing throttling even when pinning containers to a CPU. For example a CPU Limit of 1 and pinning that container to run only on the one CPU. It should be impossible to exceed the quota given any period if your quota were exactly the number of CPU you have, yet we see throttling in every case.

I thought I saw it posted somewhere that kernel 4.18 solves the problem. I haven't tested it yet, so it would be nice if someone could confirm.

clkao · 2019-02-23T02:45:27Z

torvalds/linux@512ac99 in 4.18 seems to be the relevant patch for this issue.

Adds a monzo.com/cpu-period resource, which allows tuning the period of time over which the kernel tracksw CPU throttling. In upstream Kubernetes versions pre-1.12, this is not tunable and is hardcoded to the kernel default (100ms). We originally introduced this after seeing long GC pauses clustered around 100ms [1], which was eventually traced to CFS throttling. Essentially it's recommended for very latency sensitive & bursty workloads (like HTTP microservices!) it's recommended to set the CFS quota period lower. We mostly set ours at 5ms across the board. See [2] and [3] for further discussion in the Kubernetes repository. This is fixed in upstream 1.12 via a slightly different path [4]; the period is now tunable via a kubelet CLI flag. This doesn't give us as fine-grained control, but we can still set this and optimise for the vast majority of our workloads. [1] golang/go#19378 [2] kubernetes#51135 [3] kubernetes#67577 [4] kubernetes#63437

Adds a monzo.com/cpu-period resource, which allows tuning the period of time over which the kernel tracksw CPU throttling. In upstream Kubernetes versions pre-1.12, this is not tunable and is hardcoded to the kernel default (100ms). We originally introduced this after seeing long GC pauses clustered around 100ms [1], which was eventually traced to CFS throttling. Essentially it's recommended for very latency sensitive & bursty workloads (like HTTP microservices!) it's recommended to set the CFS quota period lower. We mostly set ours at 5ms across the board. See [2] and [3] for further discussion in the Kubernetes repository. This is fixed in upstream 1.12 via a slightly different path [4]; the period is now tunable via a kubelet CLI flag. This doesn't give us as fine-grained control, but we can still set this and optimise for the vast majority of our workloads. [1] golang/go#19378 [2] kubernetes#51135 [3] kubernetes#67577 [4] kubernetes#63437 Squashed commits: commit 61551b0 Merge: a446c68 de2c6cb Author: Miles Bryant <milesbryant@monzo.com> Date: Wed Mar 13 16:16:17 2019 +0000 Merge pull request #2 from monzo/v1.9.11-kubelet-register-cpu-period Register nodes with monzo.com/cpu-period resource commit de2c6cb Author: Miles Bryant <milesbryant@monzo.com> Date: Wed Mar 13 15:14:58 2019 +0000 Register nodes with monzo.com/cpu-period resource We have a custom pod resource which allows tuning the CPU throttling period. Upgrading to 1.9 causes this to break scheduling logic, as the scheduler and pod preemption controller takes this resource into account when deciding where to place pods, and which pods to pre-empt. This patches the kubelet so that it registers its node with a large amount of this resource - 10000 * max number of pods (default 110). We typically run pods with this set to 5000, so this should be plenty. commit a446c68 Author: Miles Bryant <milesbryant@monzo.com> Date: Tue Jan 29 16:43:03 2019 +0000 ResourceConfig.CpuPeriod is now uint64, not int64 Some changes to upstream dependencies between v1.7 and v1.9 mean that the CpuPeriod field of ResourceConfig has changed type; unfortunately this means the Monzo CFS period patch doesn't compile. This won't change behaviour at all - the apiserver already validates that `monzo.com/cpu-period` can never be negative. The only edge case is if someone sets it to higher than the int64 positive bound (this will result in an overflow), but I don't think this is worth mitigating commit 1ead2d6 Author: Oliver Beattie <oliver@obeattie.com> Date: Wed Aug 9 22:57:53 2017 +0100 [PLAT-713] Allow the CFS period to be tuned for containers

…tion of cpu-local slices It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate over longer timeframes. This greatly improves performance of high-thread-count, non-cpu bound applications with low cfs_quota_us allocation on high-core-count machines. In the case of an artificial testcase (10ms/100ms of quota on 80 CPU machine), this commit resulted in almost 30x performance improvement, while still maintaining correct cpu quota restrictions. That testcase is available at https://github.com/indeedeng/fibtest. Fixes: 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition") Signed-off-by: Dave Chiluk <chiluk+linux@indeed.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Phil Auld <pauld@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: John Hammond <jhammond@indeed.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Kyle Anderson <kwa@yelp.com> Cc: Gabriel Munos <gmunoz@netflix.com> Cc: Peter Oskolkov <posk@posk.io> Cc: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Brendan Gregg <bgregg@netflix.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1563900266-19734-2-git-send-email-chiluk+linux@indeed.com Signed-off-by: celtare21 <celtare21@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Reinazhard <muh.alfarozy@gmail.com>

…tion of cpu-local slices commit de53fd7aedb100f03e5d2231cfce0e4993282425 upstream. It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate over longer timeframes. This greatly improves performance of high-thread-count, non-cpu bound applications with low cfs_quota_us allocation on high-core-count machines. In the case of an artificial testcase (10ms/100ms of quota on 80 CPU machine), this commit resulted in almost 30x performance improvement, while still maintaining correct cpu quota restrictions. That testcase is available at https://github.com/indeedeng/fibtest. Fixes: 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition") Signed-off-by: Dave Chiluk <chiluk+linux@indeed.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Phil Auld <pauld@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: John Hammond <jhammond@indeed.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Kyle Anderson <kwa@yelp.com> Cc: Gabriel Munos <gmunoz@netflix.com> Cc: Peter Oskolkov <posk@posk.io> Cc: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Brendan Gregg <bgregg@netflix.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1563900266-19734-2-git-send-email-chiluk+linux@indeed.com Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> (cherry picked from commit 3dec71e388f95382d83ebb5589f0016eac4a6d2b)

…tion of cpu-local slices It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate over longer timeframes. This greatly improves performance of high-thread-count, non-cpu bound applications with low cfs_quota_us allocation on high-core-count machines. In the case of an artificial testcase (10ms/100ms of quota on 80 CPU machine), this commit resulted in almost 30x performance improvement, while still maintaining correct cpu quota restrictions. That testcase is available at https://github.com/indeedeng/fibtest. Fixes: 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition") Signed-off-by: Dave Chiluk <chiluk+linux@indeed.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Phil Auld <pauld@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: John Hammond <jhammond@indeed.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Kyle Anderson <kwa@yelp.com> Cc: Gabriel Munos <gmunoz@netflix.com> Cc: Peter Oskolkov <posk@posk.io> Cc: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Brendan Gregg <bgregg@netflix.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1563900266-19734-2-git-send-email-chiluk+linux@indeed.com Signed-off-by: celtare21 <celtare21@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Reinazhard <muh.alfarozy@gmail.com>

…ving expiration of cpu-local slices It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate over longer timeframes. This greatly improves performance of high-thread-count, non-cpu bound applications with low cfs_quota_us allocation on high-core-count machines. In the case of an artificial testcase (10ms/100ms of quota on 80 CPU machine), this commit resulted in almost 30x performance improvement, while still maintaining correct cpu quota restrictions. That testcase is available at https://github.com/indeedeng/fibtest. Fixes: 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition") Signed-off-by: Dave Chiluk <chiluk+linux@indeed.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Phil Auld <pauld@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: John Hammond <jhammond@indeed.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Kyle Anderson <kwa@yelp.com> Cc: Gabriel Munos <gmunoz@netflix.com> Cc: Peter Oskolkov <posk@posk.io> Cc: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Brendan Gregg <bgregg@netflix.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1563900266-19734-2-git-send-email-chiluk+linux@indeed.com Signed-off-by: Raphiel Rollerscaperers <rapherion@raphielgang.org> Signed-off-by: ethan-halsall <ethan.halsall@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: CloudedQuartz <ravenklawasd@gmail.com>

…tion of cpu-local slices commit de53fd7aedb100f03e5d2231cfce0e4993282425 upstream. It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate over longer timeframes. This greatly improves performance of high-thread-count, non-cpu bound applications with low cfs_quota_us allocation on high-core-count machines. In the case of an artificial testcase (10ms/100ms of quota on 80 CPU machine), this commit resulted in almost 30x performance improvement, while still maintaining correct cpu quota restrictions. That testcase is available at https://github.com/indeedeng/fibtest. Fixes: 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition") Signed-off-by: Dave Chiluk <chiluk+linux@indeed.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Phil Auld <pauld@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: John Hammond <jhammond@indeed.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Kyle Anderson <kwa@yelp.com> Cc: Gabriel Munos <gmunoz@netflix.com> Cc: Peter Oskolkov <posk@posk.io> Cc: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Brendan Gregg <bgregg@netflix.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1563900266-19734-2-git-send-email-chiluk+linux@indeed.com Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

…tion of cpu-local slices commit de53fd7aedb100f03e5d2231cfce0e4993282425 upstream. It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate over longer timeframes. This greatly improves performance of high-thread-count, non-cpu bound applications with low cfs_quota_us allocation on high-core-count machines. In the case of an artificial testcase (10ms/100ms of quota on 80 CPU machine), this commit resulted in almost 30x performance improvement, while still maintaining correct cpu quota restrictions. That testcase is available at https://github.com/indeedeng/fibtest. Fixes: 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition") Signed-off-by: Dave Chiluk <chiluk+linux@indeed.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Phil Auld <pauld@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: John Hammond <jhammond@indeed.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Kyle Anderson <kwa@yelp.com> Cc: Gabriel Munos <gmunoz@netflix.com> Cc: Peter Oskolkov <posk@posk.io> Cc: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Brendan Gregg <bgregg@netflix.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1563900266-19734-2-git-send-email-chiluk+linux@indeed.com Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Signed-off-by: Ratoriku <a1063021545@gmail.com>

…tion of cpu-local slices It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate Signed-off-by: Hadad <repo-sync@outlook.com>

…tion of cpu-local slices commit de53fd7aedb100f03e5d2231cfce0e4993282425 upstream. It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate over longer timeframes. This greatly improves performance of high-thread-count, non-cpu bound applications with low cfs_quota_us allocation on high-core-count machines. In the case of an artificial testcase (10ms/100ms of quota on 80 CPU machine), this commit resulted in almost 30x performance improvement, while still maintaining correct cpu quota restrictions. That testcase is available at https://github.com/indeedeng/fibtest. Fixes: 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition") Signed-off-by: Dave Chiluk <chiluk+linux@indeed.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Phil Auld <pauld@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: John Hammond <jhammond@indeed.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Kyle Anderson <kwa@yelp.com> Cc: Gabriel Munos <gmunoz@netflix.com> Cc: Peter Oskolkov <posk@posk.io> Cc: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Brendan Gregg <bgregg@netflix.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1563900266-19734-2-git-send-email-chiluk+linux@indeed.com Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> (cherry picked from commit 3dec71e388f95382d83ebb5589f0016eac4a6d2b)

…tion of cpu-local slices It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate Signed-off-by: Hadad <repo-sync@outlook.com>

…tion of cpu-local slices It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate over longer timeframes. This greatly improves performance of high-thread-count, non-cpu bound applications with low cfs_quota_us allocation on high-core-count machines. In the case of an artificial testcase (10ms/100ms of quota on 80 CPU machine), this commit resulted in almost 30x performance improvement, while still maintaining correct cpu quota restrictions. That testcase is available at https://github.com/indeedeng/fibtest. Fixes: 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition") Signed-off-by: Dave Chiluk <chiluk+linux@indeed.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Phil Auld <pauld@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: John Hammond <jhammond@indeed.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Kyle Anderson <kwa@yelp.com> Cc: Gabriel Munos <gmunoz@netflix.com> Cc: Peter Oskolkov <posk@posk.io> Cc: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Brendan Gregg <bgregg@netflix.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1563900266-19734-2-git-send-email-chiluk+linux@indeed.com Signed-off-by: celtare21 <celtare21@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Reinazhard <muh.alfarozy@gmail.com>

…tion of cpu-local slices commit de53fd7aedb100f03e5d2231cfce0e4993282425 upstream. It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate over longer timeframes. This greatly improves performance of high-thread-count, non-cpu bound applications with low cfs_quota_us allocation on high-core-count machines. In the case of an artificial testcase (10ms/100ms of quota on 80 CPU machine), this commit resulted in almost 30x performance improvement, while still maintaining correct cpu quota restrictions. That testcase is available at https://github.com/indeedeng/fibtest. Fixes: 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition") Signed-off-by: Dave Chiluk <chiluk+linux@indeed.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Phil Auld <pauld@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: John Hammond <jhammond@indeed.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Kyle Anderson <kwa@yelp.com> Cc: Gabriel Munos <gmunoz@netflix.com> Cc: Peter Oskolkov <posk@posk.io> Cc: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Brendan Gregg <bgregg@netflix.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1563900266-19734-2-git-send-email-chiluk+linux@indeed.com Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> (cherry picked from commit 3dec71e388f95382d83ebb5589f0016eac4a6d2b)

…ving expiration of cpu-local slices It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate over longer timeframes. This greatly improves performance of high-thread-count, non-cpu bound applications with low cfs_quota_us allocation on high-core-count machines. In the case of an artificial testcase (10ms/100ms of quota on 80 CPU machine), this commit resulted in almost 30x performance improvement, while still maintaining correct cpu quota restrictions. That testcase is available at https://github.com/indeedeng/fibtest. Fixes: 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition") Signed-off-by: Dave Chiluk <chiluk+linux@indeed.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Phil Auld <pauld@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: John Hammond <jhammond@indeed.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Kyle Anderson <kwa@yelp.com> Cc: Gabriel Munos <gmunoz@netflix.com> Cc: Peter Oskolkov <posk@posk.io> Cc: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Brendan Gregg <bgregg@netflix.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1563900266-19734-2-git-send-email-chiluk+linux@indeed.com Signed-off-by: Raphiel Rollerscaperers <rapherion@raphielgang.org> Signed-off-by: ethan-halsall <ethan.halsall@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: CloudedQuartz <ravenklawasd@gmail.com>

…tion of cpu-local slices It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate over longer timeframes. This greatly improves performance of high-thread-count, non-cpu bound applications with low cfs_quota_us allocation on high-core-count machines. In the case of an artificial testcase (10ms/100ms of quota on 80 CPU machine), this commit resulted in almost 30x performance improvement, while still maintaining correct cpu quota restrictions. That testcase is available at https://github.com/indeedeng/fibtest. Fixes: 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition") Signed-off-by: Dave Chiluk <chiluk+linux@indeed.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Phil Auld <pauld@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: John Hammond <jhammond@indeed.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Kyle Anderson <kwa@yelp.com> Cc: Gabriel Munos <gmunoz@netflix.com> Cc: Peter Oskolkov <posk@posk.io> Cc: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Brendan Gregg <bgregg@netflix.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1563900266-19734-2-git-send-email-chiluk+linux@indeed.com Signed-off-by: celtare21 <celtare21@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Reinazhard <muh.alfarozy@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Tashfin Shakeer Rhythm <tashfinshakeerrhythm@gmail.com>

…tion of cpu-local slices It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate over longer timeframes. This greatly improves performance of high-thread-count, non-cpu bound applications with low cfs_quota_us allocation on high-core-count machines. In the case of an artificial testcase (10ms/100ms of quota on 80 CPU machine), this commit resulted in almost 30x performance improvement, while still maintaining correct cpu quota restrictions. That testcase is available at https://github.com/indeedeng/fibtest. Fixes: 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition") Signed-off-by: Dave Chiluk <chiluk+linux@indeed.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Phil Auld <pauld@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: John Hammond <jhammond@indeed.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Kyle Anderson <kwa@yelp.com> Cc: Gabriel Munos <gmunoz@netflix.com> Cc: Peter Oskolkov <posk@posk.io> Cc: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Brendan Gregg <bgregg@netflix.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1563900266-19734-2-git-send-email-chiluk+linux@indeed.com Signed-off-by: celtare21 <celtare21@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Reinazhard <muh.alfarozy@gmail.com>

…tion of cpu-local slices It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac99 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate over longer timeframes. This greatly improves performance of high-thread-count, non-cpu bound applications with low cfs_quota_us allocation on high-core-count machines. In the case of an artificial testcase (10ms/100ms of quota on 80 CPU machine), this commit resulted in almost 30x performance improvement, while still maintaining correct cpu quota restrictions. That testcase is available at https://github.com/indeedeng/fibtest. Fixes: 512ac99 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition") Signed-off-by: Dave Chiluk <chiluk+linux@indeed.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Phil Auld <pauld@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: John Hammond <jhammond@indeed.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Kyle Anderson <kwa@yelp.com> Cc: Gabriel Munos <gmunoz@netflix.com> Cc: Peter Oskolkov <posk@posk.io> Cc: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Brendan Gregg <bgregg@netflix.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1563900266-19734-2-git-send-email-chiluk+linux@indeed.com Signed-off-by: celtare21 <celtare21@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Reinazhard <muh.alfarozy@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Tashfin Shakeer Rhythm <tashfinshakeerrhythm@gmail.com>

…tion of cpu-local slices commit de53fd7aedb100f03e5d2231cfce0e4993282425 upstream. It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate over longer timeframes. This greatly improves performance of high-thread-count, non-cpu bound applications with low cfs_quota_us allocation on high-core-count machines. In the case of an artificial testcase (10ms/100ms of quota on 80 CPU machine), this commit resulted in almost 30x performance improvement, while still maintaining correct cpu quota restrictions. That testcase is available at https://github.com/indeedeng/fibtest. Fixes: 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition") Signed-off-by: Dave Chiluk <chiluk+linux@indeed.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Phil Auld <pauld@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: John Hammond <jhammond@indeed.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Kyle Anderson <kwa@yelp.com> Cc: Gabriel Munos <gmunoz@netflix.com> Cc: Peter Oskolkov <posk@posk.io> Cc: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Brendan Gregg <bgregg@netflix.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1563900266-19734-2-git-send-email-chiluk+linux@indeed.com Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> (cherry picked from commit 3dec71e388f95382d83ebb5589f0016eac4a6d2b)

…tion of cpu-local slices It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate over longer timeframes. This greatly improves performance of high-thread-count, non-cpu bound applications with low cfs_quota_us allocation on high-core-count machines. In the case of an artificial testcase (10ms/100ms of quota on 80 CPU machine), this commit resulted in almost 30x performance improvement, while still maintaining correct cpu quota restrictions. That testcase is available at https://github.com/indeedeng/fibtest. Fixes: 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition") Signed-off-by: Dave Chiluk <chiluk+linux@indeed.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Phil Auld <pauld@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: John Hammond <jhammond@indeed.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Kyle Anderson <kwa@yelp.com> Cc: Gabriel Munos <gmunoz@netflix.com> Cc: Peter Oskolkov <posk@posk.io> Cc: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Brendan Gregg <bgregg@netflix.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1563900266-19734-2-git-send-email-chiluk+linux@indeed.com Signed-off-by: Hadad <repo-sync@outlook.com>

…tion of cpu-local slices commit de53fd7aedb100f03e5d2231cfce0e4993282425 upstream. It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176d74ac ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate over longer timeframes. This greatly improves performance of high-thread-count, non-cpu bound applications with low cfs_quota_us allocation on high-core-count machines. In the case of an artificial testcase (10ms/100ms of quota on 80 CPU machine), this commit resulted in almost 30x performance improvement, while still maintaining correct cpu quota restrictions. That testcase is available at https://github.com/indeedeng/fibtest. Fixes: 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition") Signed-off-by: Dave Chiluk <chiluk+linux@indeed.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Phil Auld <pauld@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: John Hammond <jhammond@indeed.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Kyle Anderson <kwa@yelp.com> Cc: Gabriel Munos <gmunoz@netflix.com> Cc: Peter Oskolkov <posk@posk.io> Cc: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Brendan Gregg <bgregg@netflix.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1563900266-19734-2-git-send-email-chiluk+linux@indeed.com Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

…tion of cpu-local slices commit de53fd7aedb100f03e5d2231cfce0e4993282425 upstream. It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate over longer timeframes. This greatly improves performance of high-thread-count, non-cpu bound applications with low cfs_quota_us allocation on high-core-count machines. In the case of an artificial testcase (10ms/100ms of quota on 80 CPU machine), this commit resulted in almost 30x performance improvement, while still maintaining correct cpu quota restrictions. That testcase is available at https://github.com/indeedeng/fibtest. Fixes: 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition") Signed-off-by: Dave Chiluk <chiluk+linux@indeed.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Phil Auld <pauld@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: John Hammond <jhammond@indeed.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Kyle Anderson <kwa@yelp.com> Cc: Gabriel Munos <gmunoz@netflix.com> Cc: Peter Oskolkov <posk@posk.io> Cc: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Brendan Gregg <bgregg@netflix.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1563900266-19734-2-git-send-email-chiluk+linux@indeed.com Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> (cherry picked from commit 3dec71e388f95382d83ebb5589f0016eac4a6d2b)

…tion of cpu-local slices It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate over longer timeframes. This greatly improves performance of high-thread-count, non-cpu bound applications with low cfs_quota_us allocation on high-core-count machines. In the case of an artificial testcase (10ms/100ms of quota on 80 CPU machine), this commit resulted in almost 30x performance improvement, while still maintaining correct cpu quota restrictions. That testcase is available at https://github.com/indeedeng/fibtest. Fixes: 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition") Signed-off-by: Dave Chiluk <chiluk+linux@indeed.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Phil Auld <pauld@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: John Hammond <jhammond@indeed.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Kyle Anderson <kwa@yelp.com> Cc: Gabriel Munos <gmunoz@netflix.com> Cc: Peter Oskolkov <posk@posk.io> Cc: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Brendan Gregg <bgregg@netflix.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1563900266-19734-2-git-send-email-chiluk+linux@indeed.com Signed-off-by: celtare21 <celtare21@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Reinazhard <muh.alfarozy@gmail.com>

…tion of cpu-local slices commit de53fd7aedb100f03e5d2231cfce0e4993282425 upstream. It has been observed, that highly-threaded, non-cpu-bound applications running under cpu.cfs_quota_us constraints can hit a high percentage of periods throttled while simultaneously not consuming the allocated amount of quota. This use case is typical of user-interactive non-cpu bound applications, such as those running in kubernetes or mesos when run on multiple cpu cores. This has been root caused to cpu-local run queue being allocated per cpu bandwidth slices, and then not fully using that slice within the period. At which point the slice and quota expires. This expiration of unused slice results in applications not being able to utilize the quota for which they are allocated. The non-expiration of per-cpu slices was recently fixed by 'commit 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition")'. Prior to that it appears that this had been broken since at least 'commit 51f2176 ("sched/fair: Fix unlocked reads of some cfs_b->quota/period")' which was introduced in v3.16-rc1 in 2014. That added the following conditional which resulted in slices never being expired. if (cfs_rq->runtime_expires != cfs_b->runtime_expires) { /* extend local deadline, drift is bounded above by 2 ticks */ cfs_rq->runtime_expires += TICK_NSEC; Because this was broken for nearly 5 years, and has recently been fixed and is now being noticed by many users running kubernetes (kubernetes/kubernetes#67577) it is my opinion that the mechanisms around expiring runtime should be removed altogether. This allows quota already allocated to per-cpu run-queues to live longer than the period boundary. This allows threads on runqueues that do not use much CPU to continue to use their remaining slice over a longer period of time than cpu.cfs_period_us. However, this helps prevent the above condition of hitting throttling while also not fully utilizing your cpu quota. This theoretically allows a machine to use slightly more than its allotted quota in some periods. This overflow would be bounded by the remaining quota left on each per-cpu runqueueu. This is typically no more than min_cfs_rq_runtime=1ms per cpu. For CPU bound tasks this will change nothing, as they should theoretically fully utilize all of their quota in each period. For user-interactive tasks as described above this provides a much better user/application experience as their cpu utilization will more closely match the amount they requested when they hit throttling. This means that cpu limits no longer strictly apply per period for non-cpu bound applications, but that they are still accurate over longer timeframes. This greatly improves performance of high-thread-count, non-cpu bound applications with low cfs_quota_us allocation on high-core-count machines. In the case of an artificial testcase (10ms/100ms of quota on 80 CPU machine), this commit resulted in almost 30x performance improvement, while still maintaining correct cpu quota restrictions. That testcase is available at https://github.com/indeedeng/fibtest. Fixes: 512ac999d275 ("sched/fair: Fix bandwidth timer clock drift condition") Signed-off-by: Dave Chiluk <chiluk+linux@indeed.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Phil Auld <pauld@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: John Hammond <jhammond@indeed.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Kyle Anderson <kwa@yelp.com> Cc: Gabriel Munos <gmunoz@netflix.com> Cc: Peter Oskolkov <posk@posk.io> Cc: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Brendan Gregg <bgregg@netflix.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1563900266-19734-2-git-send-email-chiluk+linux@indeed.com Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> (cherry picked from commit 3dec71e388f95382d83ebb5589f0016eac4a6d2b)

k8s-ci-robot added the needs-sig label Aug 20, 2018

k8s-ci-robot added sig/node kind/bug and removed needs-sig labels Aug 20, 2018

bobrik mentioned this issue Aug 21, 2018

Avoid setting CPU limits for Guaranteed pods #51135

Closed

hjacobs mentioned this issue Aug 22, 2018

Disable CFS quota zalando-incubator/kubernetes-on-aws#1335

Merged

bobrik mentioned this issue Aug 26, 2018

Clickhouse doesn't respect cgroup limits ClickHouse/ClickHouse#2261

Open

gouthamve mentioned this issue Oct 24, 2018

CPUThrottlingHigh false positives kubernetes-monitoring/kubernetes-mixin#108

Open

nikhita mentioned this issue Nov 19, 2018

Fix CPUThrottlingHigh alert kubermatic/kubermatic#2367

Closed

fabriziofortino mentioned this issue Jan 24, 2019

[stable/elasticsearch] do not set default resources limits for all nodes types helm/charts#10872

Closed

3 tasks done

willejs mentioned this issue Feb 27, 2019

Use kernel 4.18 in EKS and ECS Amazon Linux AMIs to solve CFS throttling issues. aws/containers-roadmap#175

Closed

LucasRouckhout mentioned this issue Jun 22, 2021

CPUThrottlingHigh alert for metrics-server-nanny (addon-resizer:1.8.11-gke.0) kubernetes/autoscaler#4141

Open

zkutasi mentioned this issue Jul 9, 2021

HTTPProxy validation takes up to 5 minutes projectcontour/contour#3845

Open

iand mentioned this issue Jul 29, 2021

chore(visor): Remove CPU limits/requests filecoin-project/helm-charts#102

Open

kubernetes / kubernetes

CFS quotas can lead to unnecessary throttling #67577

CFS quotas can lead to unnecessary throttling #67577

bobrik commented Aug 20, 2018

neolit123 commented Aug 20, 2018

liggitt commented Aug 20, 2018

bobrik commented Aug 21, 2018

hjacobs commented Aug 22, 2018

vishh commented Aug 23, 2018

juliantaylor commented Aug 30, 2018

vishh commented Aug 30, 2018

prune998 commented Nov 26, 2018

hjacobs commented Nov 27, 2018

prune998 commented Nov 27, 2018

timoreimann commented Nov 27, 2018

vishh commented Nov 27, 2018

mariusgrigoriu commented Feb 11, 2019

hjacobs commented Feb 12, 2019

alok87 commented Feb 14, 2019 •

edited

mariusgrigoriu commented Feb 15, 2019

clkao commented Feb 23, 2019

kubernetes / kubernetes

CFS quotas can lead to unnecessary throttling #67577

CFS quotas can lead to unnecessary throttling #67577

Comments

bobrik commented Aug 20, 2018

neolit123 commented Aug 20, 2018

liggitt commented Aug 20, 2018

bobrik commented Aug 21, 2018

hjacobs commented Aug 22, 2018

vishh commented Aug 23, 2018

juliantaylor commented Aug 30, 2018

vishh commented Aug 30, 2018

prune998 commented Nov 26, 2018

hjacobs commented Nov 27, 2018

prune998 commented Nov 27, 2018

timoreimann commented Nov 27, 2018

vishh commented Nov 27, 2018

mariusgrigoriu commented Feb 11, 2019

hjacobs commented Feb 12, 2019

alok87 commented Feb 14, 2019 • edited

mariusgrigoriu commented Feb 15, 2019

clkao commented Feb 23, 2019

alok87 commented Feb 14, 2019 •

edited