[9.x] Use route parameters in view

[yoeriboven]

Route::view('route/{parameter}', 'view');

I expected $parameter to be available in the view.
There is also a test which makes it seem like it is the expected behavior.

This will actually throw an exception:

Undefined variable $parameter

This PR fixes this.

It takes all function parameters, removes the default values and adds them to the view's data.

[jasonmccreary]

@taylorotwell, since this has been merged, what do we think about revisiting #40192 (this, but for implicitly bound models)?