diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/Json/JsonResource.php b/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/Json/JsonResource.php
index f98f2cb53e45..f55fc71461e7 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/Json/JsonResource.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/Json/JsonResource.php
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ protected static function newCollection($resource)
      */
     public function resolve($request = null)
     {
-        $data = $this->toArray(
+        $data = $this->toAttributes(
             $request ?: Container::getInstance()->make('request')
         );
 
@@ -124,6 +124,17 @@ public function resolve($request = null)
         return $this->filter((array) $data);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Transform the resource into an array.
+     *
+     * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
+     * @return array|\Illuminate\Contracts\Support\Arrayable|\JsonSerializable
+     */
+    public function toAttributes(Request $request)
+    {
+        return $this->toArray($request);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Transform the resource into an array.
      *
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/Json/ResourceCollection.php b/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/Json/ResourceCollection.php
index 81cfc1bd3181..025ab9b95f42 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/Json/ResourceCollection.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/Json/ResourceCollection.php
@@ -96,9 +96,9 @@ public function count(): int
      * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
      * @return array|\Illuminate\Contracts\Support\Arrayable|\JsonSerializable
      */
-    public function toArray(Request $request)
+    public function toAttributes(Request $request)
     {
-        return $this->collection->map->toArray($request)->all();
+        return $this->collection->map->resolve($request)->all();
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/JsonApi/AnonymousResourceCollection.php b/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/JsonApi/AnonymousResourceCollection.php
index 4f66aad50947..ebc314652249 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/JsonApi/AnonymousResourceCollection.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/JsonApi/AnonymousResourceCollection.php
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ public function with($request)
      * @return array
      */
     #[\Override]
-    public function toArray(Request $request)
+    public function toAttributes(Request $request)
     {
         return $this->collection
             ->map(fn ($resource) => $resource->resolveResourceData($request))
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/JsonApi/Concerns/ResolvesJsonApiElements.php b/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/JsonApi/Concerns/ResolvesJsonApiElements.php
index 909fb7c4416c..67469fd9c656 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/JsonApi/Concerns/ResolvesJsonApiElements.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/JsonApi/Concerns/ResolvesJsonApiElements.php
@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\Relation;
 use Illuminate\Http\Request;
+use Illuminate\Http\Resources\Json\JsonResource;
 use Illuminate\Http\Resources\JsonApi\Exceptions\ResourceIdentificationException;
 use Illuminate\Http\Resources\JsonApi\JsonApiResource;
+use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
 use Illuminate\Support\Collection;
 use Illuminate\Support\Str;
 use JsonSerializable;
@@ -53,6 +55,10 @@ public function resolveResourceData(Request $request): array
      */
     protected function resolveResourceIdentifier(Request $request): string
     {
+        if (! is_null($resourceId = $this->toId($request))) {
+            return $resourceId;
+        }
+
         if (! $this->resource instanceof Model) {
             throw ResourceIdentificationException::attemptingToDetermineIdFor($this);
         }
@@ -68,6 +74,10 @@ protected function resolveResourceIdentifier(Request $request): string
      */
     protected function resolveResourceType(Request $request): string
     {
+        if (! is_null($resourceType = $this->toType($request))) {
+            return $resourceType;
+        }
+
         if (! $this->resource instanceof Model) {
             throw ResourceIdentificationException::attemptingToDetermineTypeFor($this);
         }
@@ -83,7 +93,7 @@ protected function resolveResourceType(Request $request): string
      */
     protected function resolveResourceAttributes(Request $request): array
     {
-        $data = $this->toArray($request);
+        $data = $this->toAttributes($request);
 
         if ($data instanceof Arrayable) {
             $data = $data->toArray();
@@ -92,6 +102,7 @@ protected function resolveResourceAttributes(Request $request): array
         }
 
         $data = (new Collection($data))
+            ->mapWithKeys(fn ($value, $key) => is_int($key) ? [$value => $this->resource->{$value}] : [$key => $value])
             ->transform(fn ($value) => value($value, $request))
             ->all();
 
@@ -168,12 +179,17 @@ public function resolveIncludedResources(Request $request): array
         $relations = new Collection;
 
         foreach ($this->loadedRelationshipsMap as $relation => $uniqueKey) {
-            $resource = rescue(fn () => $relation->toResource(), new JsonApiResource($relation), false);
+            $resourceInstance = rescue(fn () => $relation->toResource(), new JsonApiResource($relation), false);
+
+            if (! $resourceInstance instanceof JsonApiResource &&
+                $resourceInstance instanceof JsonResource) {
+                $resourceInstance = new JsonApiResource($resourceInstance->resource);
+            }
 
             $relations->push([
                 'id' => $uniqueKey[1],
                 'type' => $uniqueKey[0],
-                'attributes' => $resource->toArray($request),
+                'attributes' => Arr::get($resourceInstance->resolve($request), 'data.attributes', []),
             ]);
         }
 
@@ -189,7 +205,7 @@ public function resolveIncludedResources(Request $request): array
      */
     protected function resolveResourceLinks(Request $request): array
     {
-        return $this->links($request);
+        return $this->toLinks($request);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -199,7 +215,7 @@ protected function resolveResourceLinks(Request $request): array
      */
     protected function resolveResourceMetaInformation(Request $request): array
     {
-        return $this->meta($request);
+        return $this->toMeta($request);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/JsonApi/JsonApiResource.php b/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/JsonApi/JsonApiResource.php
index 0c592876a3fb..b595332790d0 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/JsonApi/JsonApiResource.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Http/Resources/JsonApi/JsonApiResource.php
@@ -54,21 +54,21 @@ public static function configure(?string $version = null, array $ext = [], array
     /**
      * Get the resource's ID.
      *
-     * @return string
+     * @return string|null
      */
-    public function id(Request $request)
+    public function toId(Request $request)
     {
-        return $this->resolveResourceIdentifier($request);
+        return null;
     }
 
     /**
      * Get the resource's type.
      *
-     * @return string
+     * @return string|null
      */
-    public function type(Request $request)
+    public function toType(Request $request)
     {
-        return $this->resolveResourceType($request);
+        return null;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ public function type(Request $request)
      *
      * @return array
      */
-    public function links(Request $request)
+    public function toLinks(Request $request)
     {
         return $this->jsonApiLinks;
     }
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ public function links(Request $request)
      *
      * @return array
      */
-    public function meta(Request $request)
+    public function toMeta(Request $request)
     {
         return $this->jsonApiMeta;
     }
diff --git a/tests/Integration/Http/Resources/JsonApi/JsonApiResourceTest.php b/tests/Integration/Http/Resources/JsonApi/JsonApiResourceTest.php
index ac95b9af7813..c86b3a5bd261 100644
--- a/tests/Integration/Http/Resources/JsonApi/JsonApiResourceTest.php
+++ b/tests/Integration/Http/Resources/JsonApi/JsonApiResourceTest.php
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ public function toArray(Request $request)
 
 class UserApiResource extends JsonApiResource
 {
-    public function toArray(Request $request)
+    public function toAttributes(Request $request)
     {
         return [
             'name' => $this->name,
@@ -186,11 +186,11 @@ public function user()
 
 class PostApiResource extends JsonApiResource
 {
-    public function toArray(Request $request)
+    public function toAttributes(Request $request)
     {
         return [
-            'title' => $this->title,
-            'content' => $this->content,
+            'title',
+            'content',
         ];
     }
 }